{"info": {"total": 68737, "parameters": {"skip": 0, "limit": 1000, "select": "accession_number,accession_number_sortable,cover_accession_number,department,gallery,classification_type,department,collection"}}, "data": [{"id": 94979, "accession_number": "1915.534", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Nathaniel Hurd, c. 1765. John Singleton Copley (American, 1738\u20131815). Oil on canvas; framed: 90.5 x 78 x 6.5 cm (35 5/8 x 30 11/16 x 2 9/16 in.); unframed: 76.2 x 64.8 cm (30 x 25 1/2 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Gift of the John Huntington Art and Polytechnic Trust, 1915.534", "current_location": "204 Colonial American", "title": "Nathaniel Hurd", "creation_date": "c. 1765", "creation_date_earliest": 1760, "creation_date_latest": 1770, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["America"], "technique": "oil on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "American Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "American - Painting", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 90.5 x 78 x 6.5 cm (35 5/8 x 30 11/16 x 2 9/16 in.); Unframed: 76.2 x 64.8 cm (30 x 25 1/2 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 0.905, "width": 0.78, "depth": 0.065}, "unframed": {"height": 0.762, "width": 0.648}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 317001, "title": "Inaugural Exhibition", "description": "<i>Inaugural Exhibition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (co-organizer) (June 6-September 20, 1916).", "opening_date": "1916-06-06T05:00:00"}, {"id": 312517, "title": "The Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition", "description": "<i>The Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 26-October 4, 1936).", "opening_date": "1936-06-26T04:00:00"}, {"id": 312341, "title": "The Silver Jubilee Exhibition", "description": "<i>The Silver Jubilee Exhibition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 23-September 28, 1941).", "opening_date": "1941-06-23T04:00:00"}, {"id": 705378, "title": "Silver and American Tradition", "description": "<i>Silver and American Tradition</i>. Milwaukee Art Museum, Milwaukee, WI (organizer) (February 13-March 19, 1953).", "opening_date": "1953-02-13T05:00:00"}, {"id": 304248, "title": "Style, Truth and the Portrait", "description": "<i>Style, Truth and the Portrait</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (October 1-November 19, 1963).", "opening_date": "1963-10-01T04:00:00"}, {"id": 520707, "title": "Four Centuries of American Masterpieces", "description": "<i>Four Centuries of American Masterpieces</i>. 1964 New York World's Fair, New York, NY (May 1-October 18, 1964).", "opening_date": "1964-05-01T04:00:00"}, {"id": 520960, "title": "John Singleton Copley: A Retrospective Exhibition", "description": "<i>John Singleton Copley: A Retrospective Exhibition</i>. National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. (organizer) (September 18-October 31, 1965); The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY (November 20, 1965-January 2, 1966); Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Boston, MA (January 22-March 6, 1966).", "opening_date": "1965-09-18T04:00:00"}, {"id": 444647, "title": "The Face of Liberty", "description": "<i>The Face of Liberty</i>. Amon Carter Museum, Fort Worth, TX (organizer) (December 23, 1975-February 8, 1976).", "opening_date": "1975-12-23T05:00:00"}, {"id": 417433, "title": "John Singleton Copley's America", "description": "<i>John Singleton Copley's America</i>. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston (June 7-August 27, 1995); The Metropolitan Museum of Art (organizer) (September 26, 1995-January 7, 1996); Museum of Fine Arts, Houston (February 4-April 28, 1996).", "opening_date": "1995-06-07T04:00:00"}, {"id": 222076, "title": "Nathaniel Hurd", "description": "<i>Nathaniel Hurd</i>. Memorial Art Gallery of the University of Rochester, NY (November 22, 1999-April 10, 2000).", "opening_date": "1999-11-22T00:00:00"}, {"id": 180609, "title": "CMA @ Oberlin - American Portraits", "description": "<i>CMA @ Oberlin - American Portraits</i>. Allen Memorial Art Museum, Oberlin, OH (August 29-December 17, 2006).", "opening_date": "2006-08-29T00:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "Cleveland, Cleveland Museum of Art, The Inaugural Exhibition (6 June-20 September, 1916); cat. p. 255.", "opening_date": "1916-06-06T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Boston, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, One Hundred Colonial Portraits (19 June-21 September 1930), cat. no. 50.", "opening_date": "1930-06-19T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Cleveland, Cleveland Museum of Art, Catalogue of the Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition of the Cleveland Museum of Art: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition (26 June-4 October, 1936), illus. plate II, cat. no. 23, pp. 21-22.", "opening_date": "1936-06-26T00:00:00"}, {"description": "New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art, An Exhibition of Paintings by John Singleton Copley: In Commemoration of the Two-Hundredth Anniversary of His Birth (22 December, 1936-14 February, 1937), illus. 16.", "opening_date": "1936-12-22T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Baltimore, Baltimore Museum of Art, Two Hundred Years of American Painting, (15 January-28 February, 1938), no. 2.", "opening_date": "1938-01-15T00:00:00"}, {"description": "New Haven, Yale University Gallery of Fine Arts, Masterpieces of New England Silver 1650-1800, (18 June-10 September, 1939), ill. no. 224, p. 94.", "opening_date": "1939-06-18T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Flint, Mich., Flint Institute of Arts, Art Marches On: The Opening and Dedicating Exhibition of the New Flint Institute of Arts (14 November-31 December, 1941), illus no. 53, p. 30.", "opening_date": "1941-11-14T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Oberlin, Ohio, The Dudley P. Allen Memorial Art Museum, The Arts in the Americas in the Eighteenth Century (1946), cat. no. 1 (see Bulletin of the Allen Memorial Art Museum, Oberlin College, vol. III, no. 3 (May, 1946).", "opening_date": "1946-05-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Dallas, The Dallas Museum of Fine Arts, Survey of American Painting from 1700 to the Present (5 October - 3 November 1946); cat. 200 Years of American Painting.", "opening_date": "1946-10-05T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Denver, The Denver Art Museum, American Heritage: An Exhibitions of Paintings and Crafts 1770-1790 (7 March-11 April 1948), ill. p. 9.", "opening_date": "1948-03-07T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Denver, The Denver Art Museum, Portraiture Through the Ages (9 January - 15 February 1950).", "opening_date": "1950-01-09T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Houston, Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, George Washington's World (15 January - 14 February 1954), cat. no. 5.", "opening_date": "1954-01-15T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Boston, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Colonial Silversmiths, Masters and Apprentices (13 November - 30 December 1956).", "opening_date": "1956-11-13T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Jewett Art Center, Wellesley College, Massachusetts, Four Boston Masters (10 April-11 May, 1959), cat. no. 8, repr. p. 25; traveled to Boston, Museum of Fine Arts (19 May - 26 June 1959).", "opening_date": "1959-04-10T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Cleveland, The Cleveland Museum of Art, Style, Truth and the Portrait (1 October -10 November, 1963), ill. cat. no. 29.", "opening_date": "1963-10-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "New York, The Gallery at The Better Living Center, New York World's Fair, Four Centuries of American Masterpieces (22 May-18 October 1964), p. 18, illus. p. 18; (arranged by the Skowhegan School of Painting and Sculpture).", "opening_date": "1964-05-22T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Washington, DC, National Gallery of Art, John Singleton Copley, 1738-1815 (18 September - 31 October 1965), pp. 45-9, illus. p. 47; traveled to New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art (20 November 1965 - 2 January 1966); traveled to Boston, Museum of Fine Arts (22 January - 6 February 1966).", "opening_date": "1965-09-18T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Fort Worth, Amon Carter Museum of Western Art, The Face of Liberty: Founders of the United States (23 December 1975 - 8 February 1976), illus. colorplate 16.", "opening_date": "1975-12-23T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Cleveland, The Cleveland Museum of Art, Silver in American Life (24 June - 16 August 1981); exhibited in gallery but not in catalogue.", "opening_date": "1981-06-24T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Boston, Museum of Fine Arts, John Singleton Copley in America (7 June - 27 August 1995), traveled to New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art (26 September 1995 - 7 January 1996), traveled to Houston, Museum of Fine Arts (4 February - 28 April 1996), did not travel to Milwaukee, Milwaukee Art Museum; cat. no. 21, p. 57, 93, 119, 208-11, 248, 300, 312.", "opening_date": "1995-06-07T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Rochester, New York, Memorial Art Gallery of the University of Rochester, ABOUT FACE: Copley's Portrait of Nathaniel Hurd, Colonial Silversmith and Engraver, (1 November 1999-1 March 2000), see Porticus journal.", "opening_date": "1999-11-01T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Benjamin Hurd [1739-1781], Halifax, Nova Scotia, by descent to his son, John Hurd", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "-1781", "sortorder": null}, {"description": "John Hurd, Halifax, Nova Scotia, by descent to his two daughters", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1781-", "sortorder": null}, {"description": "Daughters of John Hurd [d. by 1860], Halifax, Nova Scotia, to Mrs. Thomas Barry", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "-by 1860", "sortorder": null}, {"description": "Mrs. Thomas Barry [d. 1869], Halifax, Nova Scotia, by gift to Walter Wesselhoeft", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "By 1860-1869", "sortorder": null}, {"description": "Walter Wesselhoeft [1838-1920], Cambridge, MA, consigned to the Copley Gallery", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1869-1915", "sortorder": null}, {"description": "(Copley Gallery, Boston, MA, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1915", "sortorder": null}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, Ohio", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1915-", "sortorder": null}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": ["350.1915"], "did_you_know": "The artist Copley\u2019s in-laws were consignees for the cargo dumped during the Boston Tea Party.", "description": "Hurd was a prominent silversmith and engraver in Boston, and the warm gaze and unforced smile in his portrait by Copley suggest the friendship between the two artists. Hurd's open-collared shirt, as well as the rakishly tilted turban that covers his shaved head in place of a ceremonial powdered wig, create an air of informality that is unusual for a portrait of this time.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60502218"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1915.534-nathaniel-hurd"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "David Franklin, and C. Griffith Mann. <em>Treasures of the Cleveland Museum of Art. </em>Cleveland, OH, London: Cleveland Museum of Art ; in association with Scala Publishers, 2012.", "page_number": "Mentioned, p. 220; reproduced, p. 221.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Lange, Amanda E., \"We Are Family: Heraldic Decorative Arts in Early America,\" <em>Historic Deerfield</em> 14 (Autumn 2013).", "page_number": "Mentioned, p. 3; reproduced, p. 4.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Perkins, Augustus Thorndike. <em>A Sketch of the Life and a List of Some of the Works of John Singleton Copley</em>. Boston: Priv. Print, 1873.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 17, 75-6", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bayley, Frank W. <em>The Life and Works of John Singleton Copley: Founded on the Work of Augustus Thorndike Perkins</em>. Boston, MA: Taylor Press, 1915.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 151-152", "url": null}, {"citation": "W. H. D. \"The Fine Arts: Fine Portrait by Copley.\" <em>The Boston Transcript, </em>October, 1915.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>The American Art News. </em>14:23 (March 11, 1916): 1-10.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 5", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Clevel'd Gets Early Am'ns.\" <em>The American Art News. </em>14:24 (March 18, 1916): 1-8.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 1", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"The Inauguration.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. 3:2 (July, 1916): 1-24.", "page_number": "Reproduced: opposite p. 1", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bell, Hamilton. \"Early American Portraits at the Cleveland Museum of Art.\" <em>The American Magazine of Art</em>. 7:12 (October, 1916).", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 484-5; Reproduced: p. 485", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>An Appreciation of Copley's \"Nathaniel Hurd\": John Huntington Collection</em>. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1918.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Special Exhibition Cabinet.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. 5:1. (January 1918).", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 3", "url": "www.jstor.org/stable/25136158"}, {"citation": "Dunlap, William. <em>A History of the Rise and Progress of the Arts of Design in the United States</em>. 1. Boston: C.E. Goodspeed &amp; Co, 1918.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 172-4; Reproduced: opposite p. 173", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Report of the Museum's Second Year.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 5, no. 6/7 (1918): 69-79.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 71", "url": "www.jstor.org/stable/25136208"}, {"citation": "Clearwater, Alphonso Trumpbour, and C. Louise Avery. <em>American Silver of the 17th and 18th Centuries: A Study Based on the Clearwater Collection. </em>New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1920.", "page_number": "Reproduced: fig. 101", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Early Portrait Study by Copley.\" <em>Art News. </em>22:19 (February 16, 1923).", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 9", "url": null}, {"citation": "L. P. \"Portrait of Nathaniel Hurd by Copley.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. 10:3 (March 1923).", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 39-40", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"When Copley Portrayed an Early Craftsman.\" <em>Art News.</em> (June 9, 1923).", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 4", "url": null}, {"citation": "National Collection of Fine Arts (U.S.), Washington Loan Exhibition Committee. <em>Exhibition of Early American Paintings, Miniatures and Silver</em>. Washington, D.C.: National Gallery of Art, 1925.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 80", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1925.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 7-8; Reproduced: p. 8", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook_80839/page/n10"}, {"citation": "Dow, George Francis. <em>The Arts &amp; Crafts in New England, 1704-1775; Gleanings from Boston Newspapers Relating to Painting, Engraving, Silversmiths, Pewterers, Clockmakers, Furniture, Pottery, Old Houses, Costume, Trades and Occupations, &amp; C...</em> Topsfield, MA: Wayside Press, 1927.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 8; Reproduced: frontispiece", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1928.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 8", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1928/page/n12"}, {"citation": "<em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art. </em>Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1928.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 8", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1928#page=12"}, {"citation": "Bayley, Frank W. <em>Five Colonial Artists of New England: Joseph Badger, Joseph Blackburn, John Singleton Copley; Robert Feke, John Smibert</em>. Boston, MA: Privately Printed, 1929.", "page_number": "Reproduced: fig. 229", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bolton, Theodore and Harry Lorin Binsse. \"John Singleton Copley.\" <em>The Antiquarian. </em>15:6 (December, 1930).", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 80-81", "url": null}, {"citation": "Stark, Harold. <em>Art in America from 1600 to 1865; An Illustrated Guide for a National Radio Broadcast from February 3 to May 19, 1934</em>. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1934.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 19", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cahill, Holger, and Alfred H. Barr, Jr., eds. <em>Art in America: A Complete Survey</em>. New York, NY: Reynal &amp; Hitchcock, 1935.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 17; Reproduced: p. 18", "url": null}, {"citation": "Milliken, William. \"Special Number for the 20th Anniversary Exhibition of the Cleveland Museum of Art: Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition.\" <em>The Art News.</em> (June 13, 1936).", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 14", "url": null}, {"citation": "Burroughs, Louise. \"John Singleton Copley.\" <em>Bulletin of the Metropolitan Museum of Art.</em> 31:12 (December 1936).", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 254", "url": null}, {"citation": "Frankfurter, Alfred M. \"J. S. Copley, American Master.\" <em>Art News.</em> 35:13 (December 26, 1936).", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 12", "url": null}, {"citation": "Jewell, Edward Alden. \"Copley: Metropolitan Opens Bicentennial Show.\" <em>The New York Times, </em>December 27, 1936.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 9", "url": null}, {"citation": "Parker, Barbara Neville, and Anne Bolling Wheeler. <em>John Singleton Copley; American Portraits in Oil, Pastel, and Miniature</em>. Boston, MA: Museum of Fine Arts, 1938.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 118-9, pl. 61A", "url": null}, {"citation": "French, Hollis. <em>Jacob Hurd and His Sons Nathaniel &amp; Benjamin: Silversmiths 1702-1781. </em>Cambridge, MA: Riverside Press for the Walpole Society, 1939.", "page_number": "Reproduced: frontispiece; Mentioned: pp. 138-40", "url": null}, {"citation": "Francis, Henry. \"Loans to Important Exhibitions.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art </em>26, no. 7 (July 1939): 123", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 123", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25138029"}, {"citation": "Hagen, Oskar. <em>The Birth of the American Tradition in Art</em>. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1940.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 89; Mentioned: pp. 102-105", "url": null}, {"citation": "Foote, Helen S. \"A Collection of Early American Silver Gift of Hollis French.\" <em>The</em> <em>Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> 27:9 (November, 1940).", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 135", "url": null}, {"citation": "Flint Institute of Arts. <em>Art Marches on!: The Opening and Dedicating Exhibition of the New Flint Institute of Arts</em>. Flint, MI: The Institute, 1941.", "page_number": "Reproduced and Mentioned: p. 30, fig. 50", "url": null}, {"citation": "Milliken, William. \"Silver Jubilee Exhibition.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art </em>28, no.6 (June 1941): 88-108", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 88", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25140932"}, {"citation": "\"Cleveland's First 25 Years.\" <em>ARTnews. </em>40:11 (September, 1941).", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 13, 25; Reproduced: p. 13", "url": null}, {"citation": "Walker, John, and Macgill James. <em>Great American Paintings from Smibert to Bellows, 1729-1924</em>. London: Oxford University Press, 1943.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 10", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Cleveland Museum.\" <em>Life</em> (September 20, 1943).", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 68", "url": null}, {"citation": "King, Winnifred. \"Their Hands.\" <em>The Christian Science Monitor. </em>November 20, 1943.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Adams, James Truslow. <em>Album of American History</em>. volume 1. New York, NY: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1944.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 345", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Paintings in the Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> [Cleveland]: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1945.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 12", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAPaintings1945/page/n20"}, {"citation": "\"The Arts in America in the Eighteenth Century.\" <em>Bulletin of the Allen Memorial Art Museum, Oberlin College</em>. 3:3 (May, 1946).", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 67, 90, 99; Reproduced: p. 66", "url": null}, {"citation": "Phillips, John Marshall. <em>American Silver</em>. New York, NY: Chanticleer Press, 1949.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 82-6; Reproduced: p. 83", "url": null}, {"citation": "Barker, Virgil. <em>American Painting: History and Interpretation</em>. New York, NY: The Macmillan Company, 1950.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 144, 147-8; Reproduced: p. 145", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"A bird's-eye view of early American painting.\" <em>Antiques.</em> 62 (November 1952).", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 402", "url": null}, {"citation": "Milliken, William Mathewson. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. New York: H.N. Abrams, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 60", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Handbook.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 529", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1958/page/n96"}, {"citation": "\"Portraits of American Craftsmen.\" <em>Antiques. </em>76. (October 1959).", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 321", "url": null}, {"citation": "Larkin, Oliver W. <em>Art and Life in America</em>. New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1960.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pl. 1", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Kindlers Malerei Lexicon</em>. volume 1. Zurich, Switzerland: 1964.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 776", "url": null}, {"citation": "Museum of Fine Arts, Saint Petersburg. <em>Inaugural Exhibition, February 7 Through March 7, 1965</em>. Saint Petersburg, FL: 1965.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 161", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n184"}, {"citation": "Prown, Jules David. <em>John Singleton Copley: In America 1738-1774</em>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1966.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 52-55; Reproduced: no. 177", "url": null}, {"citation": "Wright, Louis B., George B. Tatum, John W. McCoubrey, and Robert C. Smith. <em>The Arts In America: The Colonial Period</em>. New York, NY: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 204", "url": null}, {"citation": "Wilson, Patricia Boyd. <em>The Christian Science Monitor.</em> January 19, 1966.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Myers, Bernard S. <em>Art and Civilization</em>. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1967.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 319-320; Reproduced: p. 319", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cirker, Hayward, and Blanche Cirker. <em>Dictionary of American Portraits: 4045 Pictures of Important Americans from Earliest Times to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century</em>. New York, NY: Dover Publications, Inc., 1967", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 322", "url": null}, {"citation": "McLanathan, Richard B. K. <em>The American Tradition in the Arts</em>. New York: Harcourt, Brace &amp; World, 1968.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 91-2", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 161", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n184"}, {"citation": "Plate, Robert. <em>John Singleton Copley: America's First Great Artist. </em>New York, NY: David McKay Co, 1969.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 27, 48", "url": null}, {"citation": "Novak, Barbara. <em>American Painting of the Nineteenth Century: Realism, Idealism, and the American Experience</em>. New York, NY: Praeger Publishers, 1969.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 24-5; Reproduced: p. 24", "url": null}, {"citation": "Glubok, Shirley, and Gerard Nook. The Art of Colonial America. New York, NY: The Macmillan Company, 1970.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 25", "url": null}, {"citation": "Mooz, Ralph Peter. \"The Art of Robert Feke.\" Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 1970.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 177", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lee, Sherman E. Introduction to <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Hannover: Knorr &amp; Hirth, 1970.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 64; Reproduced: no. 29", "url": null}, {"citation": "Neumeyer, Alfred. \"Nordamerikanische Kunst.\" <em>Die Kunst des 18</em>. <em>Jahrhunderts</em>. ed. Harald Keller. Berlin: Propylaen Verlag, 1971.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 431, pl. 68", "url": null}, {"citation": "Fales, Martha Gandy. <em>Early American Silver</em>. New York: E.P. Dutton &amp; Co, 1973.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 94, 239, 319", "url": null}, {"citation": "Adler, Mortimer Jerome, ed. <em>The Revolutionary Years: Britannica's Book of the American Revolution</em>. Chicago, IL: Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc., 1976.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 245", "url": null}, {"citation": "Wilmerding, John. <em>American Art</em>. Harmondsworth, England: Penguin Books, 1976.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 38", "url": null}, {"citation": "Montgomery, Charles F., and Patricia E. Kane. <em>American Art, 1750-1800: Towards Independence</em>. Boston, MA: Published for Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven, and the Victoria and Albert Museum, London, by the New York Graphic Society, 1976.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 132", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"American Image.\" <em>Plain Dealer</em>. Section 5 - 8. (January 18, 1976).", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: Section 5 - 8", "url": null}, {"citation": "Brown, Milton W. <em>American Art to 1900: Painting, Sculpture, Architecture</em>. New York: H.N. Abrams, 1977.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 101-2; Reproduced: no. 164, p. 102", "url": null}, {"citation": "Johnson, Mark M. \"Portrait Painting - An Image of Man.\" <em>Arts and Activities. </em>82 (September 1977).", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 34; Reproduced: p. 36", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 198", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n218"}, {"citation": "Ward, Barbara McLean, and Gerald W. R. Ward, eds. <em>Silver in American Life: Selections from the Mabel Brady Garvan and Other Collections at Yale University.</em> New York: American Federation of Arts, 1979.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 76", "url": null}, {"citation": "Boros, Ethel. \"Early American Silver.\" <em>Plain Dealer.</em> (September 22, 1979).", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 34-5; Reproduced: p. 34", "url": null}, {"citation": "Emlen, Robert P. \"Wedding Silver for the Browns: A Rhode Island Family Patronizes a Boston Goldsmith.\" <em>The American Art Journal</em>. 56:2 (Spring 1984).", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 8", "url": null}, {"citation": "Janson, H. W. <em>History of Art</em>. Third edition. New York, NY: Prentice Hall &amp; Harry Abrams, 1986.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 20; Reproduced: p. 21", "url": null}, {"citation": "Buchanan, Penelope D. \"John Singleton Copley: Portrait of Nathaniel Hurd.\" <em>Art Education</em>. 40:1 (January 1987).", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 27-8; Reproduced: p. 28", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Handbook of The Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1991.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 114", "url": null}, {"citation": "Turner, Evan H., ed. <em>Object Lessons: Cleveland Creates an Art Museum</em>. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1991.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 45; Reproduced: p. 46", "url": null}, {"citation": "Chong, Alan. <em>European &amp; American Painting in the Cleveland Museum of Art: A Summary Catalogue</em>. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1993.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 43", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kissick, John. <em>Art, Context and Criticism</em>. Madison, WI: Brown &amp; Benchmark, 1993.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 352", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cunningham, Lawrence S., and John J. Reich. <em>Culture and Values: a Survey of the Western Humanities</em>. Second edition. Fort Worth, IN: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1994.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 282", "url": null}, {"citation": "Janson, H. W. <em>History of Art</em>. Fifth edition. New York, NY: Prentice Hall &amp; Harry Abrams, 1995.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 42, pl. 26", "url": null}, {"citation": "Barratt, Carrie Rebora. <em>John Singleton Copley in America</em>. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, distributed by H.N. Abrams, 1995.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 209", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kissick, John. <em>Art, Context and Criticism</em>. Second edition. Madison, WI: Brown &amp; Benchmark, 1996.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 382", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kane, Patricia E., Francis Hill Bigelow, John Marshall Phillips, and Jeannine J. Falino. <em>Colonial Massachusetts Silversmiths and Jewelers: A Biographical Dictionary Based on the Notes of Francis Hill Bigelow &amp; John Marshall Phillips</em>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Art Gallery, 1997.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 615", "url": null}, {"citation": "Rather, Susan. \"Carpenter, Tailor, Shoemaker, Artist: Copley and Portrait Painting around 1770.\" <em>The Art Bulletin.</em> 79:2 (June 1997).", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 284-5; Reproduced: p. 285", "url": null}, {"citation": "Ohlig, Rudolf, and Hildegard Hogen. <em>Der Glanz der Residenzen: Renaissance und Barock in Europa, Schwarzafrika und Altamerika</em>. Leipzig: F.A. Brockhaus, 1998.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 424", "url": null}, {"citation": "Ward, Gerald W. R. \"Nathaniel Hurd.\" <em>American National Biography,</em> v. 2. ed. Garraty, John A., and Mark C. Carnes. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1999.", "page_number": "Mentioned; p. 556-7", "url": null}, {"citation": "Fortune, Brandon Brame, and Deborah Jean Warner. <em>Franklin and His Friends: Portraying the Man of Science in Eighteenth-Century America</em>. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian National Portrait Gallery, 1999.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 62, fig. 4-14", "url": null}, {"citation": "May, Sally Ruth, Jane Takac, and Barbara J. Bradley. <em>Knockouts: A Pocket Guide</em>. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2001.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 44", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kammen, Michael et al. Seeing America: Painting and Sculpture from the Collection of the Memorial Art Gallery of the University of Rochester. Rochester, N.Y.: University of Rochester Press, 2006.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 22", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cole, Mark, \"Two by Copley\", Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Cleveland Art: The Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em>. Vol. 46 no. 08, October 2006", "page_number": "Mentioned & reproduced: p. 7", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2006-08/page/6"}, {"citation": "Adams, Henry. <em>What's American about American art?: a gallery tour in the Cleveland Museum of Art. </em>Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2008.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 40 - 41", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 44", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Ward, Gerald W. R. <em>Paul Revere: Sons of Liberty Bowl. </em>Boston: MFA Publications, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, 2016.", "page_number": "Mentioned p. 12; reproduced: p. 11", "url": null}, {"citation": "Rather, Susan. <em>The American School: Artists and Status in the Late-Colonial and Early National Era</em>. New Haven, CT : Yale University Press, 2016.", "page_number": "Mentioned & Reproduced: pp. 41-42, fig. 30", "url": null}, {"citation": "Ripley, Elizabeth. <em>Copley; A Biography</em>. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Company, 1967.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 24; Reproduced: p. 25", "url": null}, {"citation": "Corey Phelon Geske, \u201cTheoria to practica and Congregational Independency: From John Singleton Copley's portraiture of \u2018Liberty,\u2019 Rev. Jonathan Mayhew identified, to Rev. Lemuel Haynes's Liberty Further Extended, c. 1776,\u201d Granville History Digital Collection, accessed July 18, 2023, Mentioned pp. 49-55; reproduced pp. 50-51. <u>https://granvillehistory.omeka.net/items/show/1531</u>", "page_number": "", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Manca, Joseph. \"John Singleton Copley's Portrait of Reverend Joseph Sewall: New England and Transatlantic Contexts.\" <em>Historical Journal of Massachusetts </em>51, no.2 (Summer 2023): 30-59.", "page_number": "Mentioned p.51; Reproduced p.50, (fig.11)", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Filstrup, Chris, and Jane Merrill. <em>The Turban: A History from East to West.</em> London, UK: Reaktion Books, 2025.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 112-114", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1915.534", "images": {"annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1915.534/1915.534_web.jpg", "width": "748", "height": "893", "filesize": "402404", "filename": "1915.534_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1915.534/1915.534_print.jpg", "width": "2849", "height": "3400", "filesize": "5904910", "filename": "1915.534_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1915.534/1915.534_full.tif", "width": "4609", "height": "5500", "filesize": "76080612", "filename": "1915.534_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2009-12-08T19:20:36", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1915.534/1915.534_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "752", "height": "893", "filesize": "432453"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1915.534/1915.534_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "2865", "height": "3400", "filesize": "6309012"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1915.534/1915.534_alt0_full.tif", "width": "5406", "height": "6416", "filesize": "104088368"}}], "creditline": "Gift of the John Huntington Art and Polytechnic Trust", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Leigh and Mary Carter Gallery", "athena_id": 94979, "creators": [{"id": 2409, "description": "John Singleton Copley (American, 1738\u20131815)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1738", "death_year": "1815", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1916-01-10T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1760, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 1765", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:05:36.196000"}, {"id": 102578, "accession_number": "1921.1239", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Portrait of Dora Wheeler, 1882\u201383. William Merritt Chase (American, 1849\u20131916). Oil on canvas; framed: 180.6 x 188.6 x 11 cm (71 1/8 x 74 1/4 x 4 5/16 in.); unframed: 159.8 x 166.4 cm (62 15/16 x 65 1/2 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Gift of Mrs. Boudinot Keith in memory of  Mr. and Mrs. J. H. Wade, 1921.1239", "current_location": "208 American Gilded Age and Realism", "title": "Portrait of Dora Wheeler", "creation_date": "1882\u201383", "creation_date_earliest": 1882, "creation_date_latest": 1883, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["America"], "technique": "oil on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "American Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "American - Painting", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 180.6 x 188.6 x 11 cm (71 1/8 x 74 1/4 x 4 5/16 in.); Unframed: 159.8 x 166.4 cm (62 15/16 x 65 1/2 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 1.806, "width": 1.886, "depth": 0.11}, "unframed": {"height": 1.598, "width": 1.664}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "signed lower right:  WM M. Chase [WM in monogram]", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 312517, "title": "The Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition", "description": "<i>The Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 26-October 4, 1936).", "opening_date": "1936-06-26T04:00:00"}, {"id": 312462, "title": "Exhibition of American Painting from 1860 Until Today", "description": "<i>Exhibition of American Painting from 1860 Until Today</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 23-October 4, 1937).", "opening_date": "1937-06-23T04:00:00"}, {"id": 360895, "title": "Painting Today and Yesterday in the United States", "description": "<i>Painting Today and Yesterday in the United States</i>. Santa Barbara Museum of Art, Santa Barbara, CA (organizer) (June 5-September 1, 1941).", "opening_date": "1941-06-05T04:00:00"}, {"id": 520746, "title": "The First West Coast Retrospective Exhibition of Paintings by William Merritt Chase", "description": "<i>The First West Coast Retrospective Exhibition of Paintings by William Merritt Chase</i>. Art, Design & Architecture Museum, UC Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA (organizer) (October 6-November 8, 1964); Museum of Contemporary Art, San Diego, La Jolla, CA (December 1-27, 1964); Fine Arts Museum of San Francisco, Legion of Honor, San Francisco, CA (January 10-February 7, 1965); Seattle Art Museum, Seattle, WA (March 3-April 4, 1965); The Gallery of Modern Art, New York, NY (April 27-May 30, 1965).", "opening_date": "1964-10-06T04:00:00"}, {"id": 302330, "title": "Heritage and Horizon: American Painting 1776 - 1976", "description": "<i>Heritage and Horizon: American Painting 1776 - 1976</i>. Buffalo AKG Art Museum, Buffalo, NY (organizer) (March 7-April 11, 1976); The Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit, MI (May 2-June 13, 1976); The Toledo Museum of Art, Toledo, OH (July 4-August 15, 1976); The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (September 8-October 10, 1976).", "opening_date": "1976-03-07T05:00:00"}, {"id": 309658, "title": "Portraiture: The Image of the Individual", "description": "<i>Portraiture: The Image of the Individual</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (November 22, 1983-January 22, 1984).", "opening_date": "1983-11-22T05:00:00"}, {"id": 215111, "title": "American Impressionism, Images \"of hope, of life, of promise\"", "description": "<i>American Impressionism, Images \"of hope, of life, of promise\"</i>. Worcester Art Museum, Worcester, MA (organizer) (October 4, 1997-January 4, 1998).", "opening_date": "1997-10-04T00:00:00"}, {"id": 207232, "title": "Candace Wheeler:  The Art and Enterprise of American Design, 1875-1900", "description": "<i>Candace Wheeler:  The Art and Enterprise of American Design, 1875-1900</i>. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY (organizer) (October 10, 2001-January 6, 2002).", "opening_date": "2001-10-10T00:00:00"}, {"id": 184052, "title": "Cleveland Collects American Art of the Gilded Age", "description": "<i>Cleveland Collects American Art of the Gilded Age</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (February 23-May 18, 2003).", "opening_date": "2003-02-23T00:00:00"}, {"id": 224230, "title": "After Whistler: The Artist and His Influence on American Painting", "description": "<i>After Whistler: The Artist and His Influence on American Painting</i>. High Museum of Art, Atlanta, GA (organizer) (November 22, 2003-February 8, 2004); The Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit, MI (March 13-June 6, 2004).", "opening_date": "2003-11-15T00:00:00"}, {"id": 179631, "title": "CMA Highlights", "description": "<i>CMA Highlights</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art (organizer) (June 21-September 11, 2005).", "opening_date": "2005-06-21T00:00:00"}, {"id": 213635, "title": "Americans in Paris", "description": "<i>Americans in Paris</i>. National Gallery, London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (organizer) (February 22-May 21, 2006); Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Boston, MA (June 25-September 24, 2006); The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY (October 16, 2006-January 28, 2007).", "opening_date": "2006-02-22T00:00:00"}, {"id": 213855, "title": "William Merritt Chase: A Modern Master", "description": "<i>William Merritt Chase: A Modern Master</i>. The Phillips Collection, Washington, DC (organizer) (June 4-September 11, 2016); Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Boston, MA (October 9, 2016-January 16, 2017).", "opening_date": "2016-06-04T00:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>Salon.</em> Paris, France (1883).", "opening_date": "1883-01-01T04:56:02Z"}, {"description": "<em>Internationale Kunstausstellung</em>, Crystal Palace, Munich, Germany (1883).", "opening_date": "1883-01-01T04:56:02Z"}, {"description": "<em>Exhibition of Pictures, Studies, and Sketches by Mr. Wm. M. Chase under the Auspices of the American Art Association. </em>Boston Art Club, (November 13\u2013December 4, 1886), cat. 10, as Portrait of Miss Dora Wheeler.", "opening_date": "1886-11-13T05:00:00Z"}, {"description": "<em>Paintings by Mr. William M. Chase. </em>Moore's Art Galleries, New York, (March 2\u20133, 1887), cat. 115, [lent by Miss. Wheeler].", "opening_date": "1887-03-02T05:00:00Z"}, {"description": "<em>Chase Centennial Exhibition: Commemorating the Birth of William Merritt Chase</em>, <em>November 1, 1849.</em> John Herron Art Institute, Indianapolis (1949), no. 15, illus.", "opening_date": "1949-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>The 75th Anniversary Exhibition of Painting &amp; Sculpture by 75 Artists Associated with the Art Students League of New York. </em>Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York (1951), xiii, no. 6, p. 1, illus. p. 6.", "opening_date": "1951-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>150th Anniversary Exhibition. </em>Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Philadelphia (15 January\u201313 March 1955); cat. no. 59, not illus.", "opening_date": "1955-01-15T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>American Portraiture in the Grand Manner: 1720-1920. </em>Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Art (1981\u201382), traveled to Smithsonian Institution, National Portrait Gallery.", "opening_date": "1981-01-01T05:00:00Z"}, {"description": "<em>William Merritt Chase: Portraits. </em>Akron, Akron Art Museum (1982).", "opening_date": "1982-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>William Merritt Chase, 1849-1916: A Leading Spirit in American Art.</em> University of Washington Henry Art Gallery, Seattle (1983).", "opening_date": "1983-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>In Pursuit of Beauty: Americans and the Aesthetic Movement. </em>Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York (1986\u201387)", "opening_date": "1986-01-01T05:00:00Z"}, {"description": "<em> American Impressionism and Realism: The Painting of Modern Life, 1885-1915. </em>The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York (1994).", "opening_date": "1994-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Dennis Miller Bunker: American Impressionist. </em>Museum of Fine Arts, Boston (1994).", "opening_date": "1994-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Annual Exhibition</em>. Calumet Club, New York, NY (1884).", "opening_date": "1884-01-01T05:00:00Z"}, {"description": "<em>National Academy of Design, Society of American Artists Seventh Annual Exhibition</em>, New York, NY (May 26-June 21, 1884).", "opening_date": "1884-05-26T05:00:00Z"}, {"description": "<em>Inter-State Industrial Exposition of Chicago Twelfth Annual Exhibition</em>. Art Hall Gallery D, Chicago, IL (September 3-October 18,1884).", "opening_date": "1884-09-03T05:00:00Z"}, {"description": "<em>Portraits of American Women, from Romanticism to Surrealism. </em>Portraits, Inc., New York (December 5\u201329, 1945); cat. no. 15.", "opening_date": "1945-12-05T05:00:00Z"}, {"description": "<em>Survey of American Painting.</em> Pittsburgh, Carnegie Institute (1940), no. 155, pl. 49.", "opening_date": "1940-01-01T05:00:00Z"}, {"description": "<em>William Merritt Chase: A Retrospective Exhibition. </em>The Parrish Art Museum, Southampton, Long Island, New York (1957), illus. p. 47, no. 31.", "opening_date": "1957-01-01T05:00:00Z"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Dora Wheeler, later Mrs. Boudinot Keith [1856-1940], New York, NY, by donation to the Cleveland Museum of Art", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1883-1921", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, Ohio", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1921-", "sortorder": 3}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Chase and Wheeler worked together to raise money for constructing the Statue of Liberty's pedestal.", "description": "Dora Wheeler became Chase's first student when he returned from overseas study in Munich and set up a teaching studio in New York. At the time, few American artists accepted women as private pupils. After her course of study, Wheeler joined her mother in launching a successful decorating firm, one of the first businesses in the country to be operated entirely by women. For the firm, she designed luxurious textiles, and the embroidered silk tapestry that fills the background in her portrait references her occupational interest. Chase's portrait was awarded a gold medal at an international exhibition of contemporary art in Munich in 1883, and later that year was also shown in Paris. At some later point, the painting was acquired by the sitter, who subsequently donated it to the museum.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60503334"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1921.1239-portrait-of-dora-whe"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Stein, Roger B. \"The Aesthetic Craze.\" <em>ARTnews </em>48, no. 8 (December 1986): 3 ;100-105.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 3; Mentioned and Reproduced: P. 100", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Connor, Holly Pyne, Newark Museum, McNay Art Museum, and Frick Art &amp; Historical Center. <em>Off the Pedestal : New Women in the Art of Homer, Chase, and Sargent.</em> Newark, N.J., New Brunswick, N.J.: Newark Museum ; Rutgers University Press, 2006.", "page_number": "Mentioned, pp. 40-41; reproduced, fig. 25.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Van Hook, Bailey, \"Decorative Images of American Women: The Aristocratic Aesthetic of the Late Nineteenth Century,\" <em>Smithsonian Studies in American Art</em> 4 (Winter 1990).", "page_number": "Mentioned, p. 53.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Dominic Green, \"The Body Electric,\" <em>Art &amp; Antiques</em> (Summer 2016).", "page_number": "Mentioned, p. 91; reproduced, p. 89.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Judith H. Dobrzynski, \"Between Old and New,\" <em>Wall Street Journal</em>, August 11, 2016.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced, p. D4.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Brownell, W. C. \"American Pictures at the Salon.\" <em>The Magazine of Art </em>6 (1883): 492-501.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 494-495", "url": null}, {"citation": "Dumas, F. G., Henry Houssaye, and Ludovic Baschet. <em>[Paris salon de ...]</em>. Paris, France: Liepmannssohn ed Dufour, 1883.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 506", "url": null}, {"citation": "Internationale Kunstausstellung. <em>Illustrierter Katalog der internationalen Kunstausstellung im ko\u0308nigl. Glaspalaste in Mu\u0308nchen</em>. Munchen, Germany : Knorr &amp; Hirth, 1883-1937", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 347", "url": null}, {"citation": "Society of American Artists. <em>Catalogue of the Exhibition</em>. New York, NY: [Society of American Artists], 1800.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 24", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Catalogue of the Art Hall of the Inter-State Industrial Exposition of Chicago, 1884 : Twelfth Annual Exhibition Open from September 3d until October 18th</em>. Chicago, IL: Rand, McNally, 1884.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 354", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Mr. William M. Chase's Art.\" <em>The Art Interchange </em>12, no. 13 (June 19, 1884): 148.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 148", "url": null}, {"citation": "Pecht. \"A German Critic on American Art.\" <em>The Art Amateur</em> 11, no. 4 (1884): 76-79.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 78", "url": "www.jstor.org/stable/25628198"}, {"citation": "\"The Brush.\" <em>Chicago Tribune. </em>(September 14, 1884): 17.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 17", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"A Boston Estimate of a New York Painter.\" <em>The Art Interchange </em>17, no. 12 (December 4, 1886): 179.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 179", "url": null}, {"citation": "Wheeler, Candace. <em>Yesterdays in a Busy Life</em>. New York: Harper, 1918.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 253", "url": null}, {"citation": "J.C.G. \"Painting by Chase Given to Cleveland.\" <em>American Art News</em> 20, no. 15 (Jan. 21, 1922): 5.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 5", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25589899"}, {"citation": "Milliken, W. M. \u201cPortrait of Miss Dora Wheeler by William Merritt Chase.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 9, no. 3 (1922): 39\u201342.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 37", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cortissoz, Royal. <em>American Artists</em>. New York: C. Scribner's Sons, 1923.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 166", "url": null}, {"citation": "Whiting, Frederic. \"The Cleveland Museum of Art.\" <em>Art and Archaeology </em>16 (November 1923): 187-194.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 191.", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1925.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: 32", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook_80839/page/n34"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1928.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 41", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1928/page/n45"}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. Catalogue of the Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition of the Cleveland Museum of Art: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition : June Twenty-Sixth to October Fourth 1936. [Cleveland, Ohio]: [Cleveland Museum of Art], 1936.", "page_number": "no. 379", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Catalogue of an Exhibition of American Painting from 1860 until Today at the Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> [Cleveland]: [Printed by the Artcraft Printing Co.], 1937.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 16, no. 30;Reproduced: pl. XIV, no. 30", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lane, James W. \u201cThis YEAR the CARNEGIE NATIONAL: Pittsburgh\u2019s Brilliant Survey of 160 Years of U.S. Painting.\u201d <em>ARTnews</em> 39, no. 4 (October 26, 1940): 7\u201318.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 15-16", "url": null}, {"citation": "Saint-Gaudens, Homer. <em>The American Artist and His Times</em>. New York: Dodd, Mead &amp; Company, 1941.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 185, pl. 33", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, and Henry Sayles Francis. <em>Paintings in the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Picture Book, No. 1. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1945.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 14", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAPaintings1945/mode/2up"}, {"citation": "<em>Paintings in the Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> [Cleveland]: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1945.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 14", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAPaintings1945/page/n22"}, {"citation": "Flexner, James Thomas. \"The Great Chase.\" <em>ARTnews </em>48, no. 8 (December 1949): 32-34; 60.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 33; Mentioned: P. 34", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Handbook.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 538", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1958/page/n99"}, {"citation": "Neumeyer, A. \"Chase, William Merritt.\" <em>Kindlers Malerei Lexikon: 1000 Malersignaturen, 1200 farbige Reproducktionen, 3000 schwarzweisse Reproduktionen in sechs Ba\u0308nden.</em> Zu\u0308rich : Kindler Verlag, 1964.", "page_number": "Mentioned: Band I, P. 730", "url": null}, {"citation": "University of California, Santa Barbara. Art Gallery. <em>The First West Coast Retrospective Exhibition of Paintings by William Merritt Chase, 1849-1916: An Exhibition Organized by the Art Gallery, University of California, Santa Barbara, in Cooperation with La Jolla Museum of Art, La Jolla; California Palace of the Legion of Honor, San Francisco; Seattle Art Museum, Seattle; with a Final Presentation at the Gallery of Modern Art Including the Huntington Hartford Collection, New York; 1964-1965</em>. Santa Barbara, Calif, 1964.", "page_number": "", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Francis, Henry. \"Portraits by Wheeler and Chase.\" <em>The Bulletin of The</em> <em>Cleveland Museum of Art</em> LII, no. 1 (January, 1965):19-22.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 20, fig. 2", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 188", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n212"}, {"citation": "Wittke, Carl Frederick. <em>The First Fifty Years: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1916-1966.</em> [Cleveland]: John Huntington Art and Polytechnic Trust, Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 88", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 188", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n212"}, {"citation": "Milgrome, David. <em>The Art of William Merrit Chase</em>. 1970.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 74-76; Reproduced: p. p. 206", "url": null}, {"citation": "Flexner, James Thomas. <em>Nineteenth Century American Painting</em>. New York, NY: Putnam, 1970.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 166; Mentioned: p. 171", "url": null}, {"citation": "Flexner, James Thomas. <em>Nineteenth Century American Painting</em>. New York: Putnam, 1970.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 166; mentioned: P. 171", "url": null}, {"citation": "Wilmerding, John, and R. Peter Mooz. <em>The Genius of American Painting</em>. London. United Kingdom: Weidenfeld &amp; Nicolson, 1973.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 165-167; Reproduced: p. 166", "url": null}, {"citation": "Albright-Knox Art Gallery, Detroit Institute of Arts, and Toledo Museum of Art. <em>Heritage and Horizon: American Painting, 1776-1976. </em>[Toledo]: Toledo Museum of Art, 1976.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 43", "url": null}, {"citation": "Pisano, Ronald G. \u201cTeaching Career of William Merritt Chase.\u201d <em>American Artist</em> 40 (May 1976): 26-33, 63-66..", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 28; reproduced: P. 30", "url": null}, {"citation": "Young, Mahonri Sharp. <em>American Realists, Homer to Hopper</em>. New York, NY: Watson-Guptill Publications, 1977.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 100", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 233", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n253"}, {"citation": "Marling, Karal Ann. \"Portrait of the Artist as a Young Woman: Miss Dora Wheeler.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 65, no. 2 (1978): 47-57.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 46; mentioned: P. 47-48", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25159564"}, {"citation": "\"Les Chronique des Arts.\" <em>Gazette des Beaux-Arts</em> (November 1978): 27.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 27, fig. 31", "url": null}, {"citation": "Pisano, Ronald G. <em>William Merritt Chase</em>. New York, NY: Watson-Guptill, 1979.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 8, 29: Reproduced: p. 29", "url": null}, {"citation": "Quick, Michael, Marvin S. Sadik, and William H. Gerdts. <em>American Portraiture in the Grand Manner, 1720-1920</em>. Los Angeles, CA: Los Angeles County Museum of Art, 1981.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 68; Reproduced: p. 69", "url": null}, {"citation": "Ludwig, Horst. <em>Mu\u0308nchner Maler im 19. Jahrhundert</em>. Mu\u0308nchen, Germany: Bruckmann, 1981.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 173-174; Reproduced: p. 173", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>William Merritt Chase: Portraits, Akron Art Museum, 5 June-29 August, 1982</em>. Akron, Ohio (70 E. Market St., Akron 44308): The Museum, 1982.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 10, 12-14; Reproduced: P. 13", "url": null}, {"citation": "Betsky, Celia. \"In the Artists Studio.\" <em>Portfolio</em> 4 (January-February 1982): 38-39.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 39", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bienenstock, Jennifer A. Martin. <em>The Formation and Early Years of the Society of American Artists, 1877-1884</em>. 1983.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 163-183, 316, 405-407", "url": null}, {"citation": "Johnston, Sona. <em>American Paintings, 1750-1900, from the Collection of the Baltimore Museum of Art</em>. Baltimore, MD: The Museum, 1983.", "page_number": "Reproduced:.p. 69", "url": null}, {"citation": "Pisano, Ronald G. <em>A Leading Spirit in American Art: William Merritt Chase, 1849-1916</em>. Seattle, WA: Henry Art Gallery, University of Washington, 1983.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 63,175; Reproduced: p. 16, 172", "url": null}, {"citation": "Boyle, Richard J. <em>American Impressionism</em>. Boston, MA: New York Graphic Society, 1974.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 182-206; Reproduced: p. 185", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bolger, Doreen. <em>In Pursuit of Beauty: Americans and the Aesthetic Movement</em>. New York, NY: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1986.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 41, 406-407; Reproduced: p. 325", "url": null}, {"citation": "Simon, Robin. <em>The Portrait in Britain and America: With a Biographical Dictionary of Portrait Painters, 1680-1914</em>. Oxford, United Kingdom: Phaidon, 1987.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 32; Reproduced: p. 45", "url": null}, {"citation": "Fink, Lois Marie. <em>American Art at the Nineteenth-Century Paris Salons</em>. Washington, DC.: National Museum of American Art, Smithsonian Institution, 1990.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 240, 329; Reproduced: p. 266", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bryant, Keith L. <em>William Merritt Chase, a Genteel Bohemian</em>. Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press, 1991.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 102-104, 136; Reproduced: p. 103", "url": null}, {"citation": "Hiesinger, Ulrich W. <em>Impressionism in America: The Ten American Painters</em>. Munich, Germany: Prestel, 1991.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p, 81", "url": null}, {"citation": "Butor, Michel, Jennifer Martin, Claude Massu, Sarah Nichols, Alexandra Parigoris, Denys Riout, and David Travis. <em>L'Art des Etats-Unis</em>. Paris, France: Citadelles &amp; Mazenod, 1992.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 209-210; Reproduced: p. 548", "url": null}, {"citation": "Chong, Alan. <em>European &amp; American Painting in the Cleveland Museum of Art: A Summary Catalogue</em>. Cleveland,OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1993.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 36", "url": null}, {"citation": ".Weinberg, H. Barbara, Doreen Bolger, and David Park Curry. <em>American Impressionism and Realism: The Painting of Modern Life, 1885-1915</em>. New York, NY: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1994.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 38-41; Reproduced: p.", "url": null}, {"citation": "Hirshler, Erica E. <em>Dennis Miller Bunker: American Impressionist</em>. Boston, MA: Museum of Fine Arts Boston, 1994.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 46-47", "url": null}, {"citation": "Fuller, Margaret, and Donna Dickenson. <em>Woman in the Nineteenth Century and Other Writings</em>. Oxford, NY: Oxford University Press, 1994.", "page_number": "Reproduced: cover", "url": null}, {"citation": "Baigell, Matthew. <em>A Concise History of American Painting and Sculpture</em>. New York, NY: IconEditions, 1996.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 161", "url": null}, {"citation": "Van Hook, Bailey. <em>Angels of Art: Women and Art in American Society, 1876-1914</em>. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1996.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 49-67; Reproduced: p. 65", "url": null}, {"citation": "Brigham, David R. American Impressionism: Paintings of Promise. Worcester, Mass: Worcester Art Museum, 1997.", "page_number": "pp. 25-26, illus. p. 53, Pl. 13", "url": null}, {"citation": "Brigham, David R. <em>American Impressionism: Paintings of Promise</em>. Worcester, MA: Worcester Art Museum, 1997.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 25-26; Reproduced: p. 53", "url": null}, {"citation": "Turner, Jane. <em>Encyclopedia of American Art Before 1914</em>. New York, NY: Grove's Dictionaries, 2000.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 90", "url": null}, {"citation": "Groseclose, Barbara S. <em>Nineteenth-Century American Art</em>. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2000.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 49-59; Reproduced: p. 55", "url": null}, {"citation": "Peck, Amelia, and Carol Irish. Candace Wheeler: The Art and Enterprise of American Design, 1875-1900. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2001.", "page_number": "cat. no. 47, illus. p. 175", "url": "http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15324coll10/id/48949"}, {"citation": "May, Sally Ruth, Jane Takac, and Barbara J. Bradley. <em>Knockouts: A Pocket Guide</em>. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2001.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 50-51; Reproduced: p. 50", "url": null}, {"citation": "Merrill, Linda, and James McNeill Whistler. After Whistler: The Artist and His Influence on American Painting. Atlanta: High Museum of Art, 2003.", "page_number": "exh. cat no. 22, p.150-151", "url": null}, {"citation": "Tinterow, Gary, Genevie\u0300ve Lacambre, and Deborah L. Rolda\u0301n. <em>Manet/Vela\u0301zquez: The French Taste for Spanish Painting</em>. New York, NY: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2003.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 290, fig. 10.34", "url": null}, {"citation": "Merrill, Linda, and James McNeill Whistler. <em>After Whistler: The Artist and His Influence on American Painting</em>. Atlanta, GA: High Museum of Art, 2003.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 150-151", "url": null}, {"citation": "Merrill, Linda, and James McNeill Whistler. <em>After Whistler: The Artist and His Influence on American Painting</em>. Atlanta, GA: High Museum of Art, 2003.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 150-151", "url": null}, {"citation": "Curry, David Park. <em>James Mcneill Whistler: Uneasy Pieces</em>. Richmond, VA: Virginia Museum of Fine Arts in association with Quantuck Lane Press, 2004.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 164-219; Reproduced: p. 197", "url": null}, {"citation": "Weber, Bruce, Sarah Kate Gillespie, and William Merritt Chase. <em>Chase Inside and Out: the Aesthetic Interiors of William Merritt Chase</em>. New York, NY: Berry-Hill Galleries, 2004.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 32-34; Reproduced: p. 33", "url": null}, {"citation": "Adler, Kathleen, Erica E. Hirshler, H. Barbara Weinberg, David Park Curry, Rodolphe Rapetti, and Christopher Riopelle. Americans in Paris, 1860-1900. London: National Gallery, 2006.", "page_number": "pp. 34, 236, plate 14", "url": null}, {"citation": "Adler, Kathleen, Erica E. Hirshler, H. Barbara Weinberg, David Park Curry, Rodolphe Rapetti, and Christopher Riopelle. <em>Americans in Paris, 1860-1900</em>. London, United Kingdom: National Gallery, 2006.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 34, 236; Reproduced: p. 35", "url": null}, {"citation": "Connor, Holly Pyne. <em>Off the Pedestal: New Women in the Art of Homer, Chase, and Sargent</em>. Newark, NJ.: Newark Museum, 2006.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 40, 43; Reproduced: p. 44", "url": null}, {"citation": "Brooklyn Museum, Teresa A. Carbone, Barbara Dayer Gallati, and Linda S. Ferber. <em>American Paintings in the Brooklyn Museum: Artists Born by 1876</em>. New York, NY: Brooklyn Museum, 2006.", "page_number": "Mentioned:  p. 362,369", "url": null}, {"citation": "Pisano, Ronald G., William Merritt Chase, and D. Frederick Baker. <em>The Complete Catalogue of Known and Documented Work by William Merritt Chase (1849-1916)</em>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2006.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 27, 50-51; Reproduced: p. 50", "url": null}, {"citation": "Goldin, Marco. <em>America!: storie di pittura dal nuovo mondo</em>. Treviso, Italy : Linea d\u2019ombra libri, 2007.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 380", "url": null}, {"citation": "Gallati, Barbara Dayer, and Ortrud Westheider. <em>High Society: American Portraits of the Gilded Age : Bucerius Kunst Forum, Hamburg, June 7-August 31, 2008</em>. Munich, Germany: Hirmer, 2008.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 48, fig. 2", "url": null}, {"citation": "Miller, Angela L., Janet Catherine Berlo, Bryan Jay Wolf, and Jennifer L. Roberts. <em>American Encounters: Art, History, and Cultural Identity</em>. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc., 2008.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 48, fig. 2", "url": null}, {"citation": "Rudolph, William Keyse, A. Kate Sheerin, Chloe Barnett, and Julian Onderdonk. <em>Julian Onderdonk: American Impressionist</em>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2008.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 17-18; Reproduced: p. 18", "url": null}, {"citation": "Hirshler, Erica E., <em>Sargent's Daughters: The Biography of a Painting</em>. Boston, MA: MFA Publications, 2009.", "page_number": "Reperoduced: p. 111", "url": null}, {"citation": "Ringelberg, Kirstin. <em>Redefining Gender in American Impressionist Studio Paintings: Work Place/Domestic Space</em>. Surrey, UK, England: Ashgate, 2010.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 87-88; Reproduced:  p. 87", "url": null}, {"citation": "Reason, Akela, and Thomas Eakins. <em>Thomas Eakins and the Uses of History</em>. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2010.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 78, fig. 31", "url": null}, {"citation": "Marter, Joan M. <em>The Grove Encyclopedia of American Art</em>. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2011.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 445-446", "url": null}, {"citation": "Pohl, Frances K. <em>Framing America: A Social History of American Art</em>. New York, NY: Thames &amp; Hudson, 2012.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 289, fig. 5.38", "url": null}, {"citation": "Marozeau, Maureen, and Matthieu de Sainte-Croix. <em>Art: 365 histoires pour e\u0301pater la galerie</em>. Paris, France: La Martinie\u0300re, 2012.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 36-37", "url": null}, {"citation": "Major, Judith K. <em>Mariana Griswold Van Rensselaer: A Landscape Critic in the Gilded Age</em>. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press, 2013.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 31", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 50", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Hirshler, Erica E. <em>William Merritt Chas</em>e. Boston, Mass.: MFA Publications, Museum of Fine Arts, 2016.", "page_number": "Mentioned pp. 27-28; reproduced: pp. 24-25, 33.", "url": null}, {"citation": "Smithgall, Elsa. <em>William Merritt Chase: A Modern Master.</em> Washington, D.C.: The Phillips Collection; New Haven; London: in association with Yale University Press, 2016.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 103, pl. 16", "url": null}, {"citation": "Green, Dominic. \"The Body Eclectic.\" <em>Art &amp; Antiques</em>, (Summer 2016): 88-93.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 89", "url": null}, {"citation": "Smithgall, Elsa. \"William Merritt Chase: A Modern Master\". <em>American Art Review</em>. 28, no.4 (Aug. 2016): 48-55, 111-112.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 53", "url": null}, {"citation": "Carr, Carolyn Kinder. <em>Sara Tyson Hallowell: Pioneer Curator and Art Advisor in the Gilded Age. </em>Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press, 2009.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 41", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Adams, Henry. <em>What's American About American Art?: A Gallery Tour in the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2008.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 104-105", "url": null}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1921.1239", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1921.1239/1921.1239_web.jpg", "width": "939", "height": "893", "filesize": "175673", "filename": "1921.1239_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1921.1239/1921.1239_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "3254", "filesize": "8163185", "filename": "1921.1239_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1921.1239/1921.1239_full.tif", "width": "5000", "height": "4786", "filesize": "71824808", "filename": "1921.1239_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [], "creditline": "Gift of Mrs. Boudinot Keith in memory of  Mr. and Mrs. J. H. Wade", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "The Cleveland Foundation Gallery", "athena_id": 102578, "creators": [{"id": 3071, "description": "William Merritt Chase (American, 1849\u20131916)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1849", "death_year": "1916", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1921-11-17T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1882, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1882\u201383", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Portrait of Miss Dora Wheeler"], "is_highlight": true, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:05:00.868000"}, {"id": 92937, "accession_number": "1922.1133", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Stag at Sharkey's, 1909. George Bellows (American, 1882\u20131925). Oil on canvas; framed: 110 x 140.5 x 8.5 cm (43 5/16 x 55 5/16 x 3 3/8 in.); unframed: 92 x 122.6 cm (36 1/4 x 48 1/4 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Hinman B. Hurlbut Collection, 1922.1133", "current_location": "208 American Gilded Age and Realism", "title": "Stag at Sharkey's", "creation_date": "1909", "creation_date_earliest": 1909, "creation_date_latest": 1909, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["America"], "technique": "oil on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "American Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "American - Painting", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 110 x 140.5 x 8.5 cm (43 5/16 x 55 5/16 x 3 3/8 in.); Unframed: 92 x 122.6 cm (36 1/4 x 48 1/4 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 1.1, "width": 1.405, "depth": 0.085}, "unframed": {"height": 0.92, "width": 1.226}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "signed upper left:  Geo Bellows, / Copyrighted 190[9]; inscribed on back:  Geo Bellows / 146 E. 19th St. N.Y. / \"Club Night\" / 67.", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 616736, "title": "Second Exhibition of Contemporary American Painting", "description": "<i>Second Exhibition of Contemporary American Painting</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 8-July 10, 1922).", "opening_date": "1922-06-08T00:00:00"}, {"id": 315560, "title": "Memorial Exhibition of the Work of George Bellows", "description": "<i>Memorial Exhibition of the Work of George Bellows</i>. The Metropolitan Museum of Art (organizer) (co-organizer) (October 12-November 22, 1925).", "opening_date": "1925-10-12T05:00:00"}, {"id": 354980, "title": "The George Wesley Bellows Memorial Exhibition", "description": "<i>The George Wesley Bellows Memorial Exhibition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (February 16-March 22, 1926).", "opening_date": "1926-02-16T05:00:00"}, {"id": 315582, "title": "The George Bellows Exhibition", "description": "<i>The George Bellows Exhibition</i>. Columbus Museum of Art, Columbus, OH (organizer) (co-organizer) (January 22-March 1, 1931).", "opening_date": "1931-01-22T05:00:00"}, {"id": 315601, "title": "Olympic Competition and Exhibition of Art", "description": "<i>Olympic Competition and Exhibition of Art</i>. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (organizer) (co-organizer) (July 30, 1932-August 31, 1931).", "opening_date": "1932-07-30T04:00:00"}, {"id": 315604, "title": "American Painting & Sculpture 1862-1932", "description": "<i>American Painting & Sculpture 1862-1932</i>. Museum of Modern Art, NY (organizer) (co-organizer) (October 31, 1932-January 31, 1933).", "opening_date": "1932-10-31T05:00:00"}, {"id": 315608, "title": "Century of Progress: Exhibition of Paintings and Sculpture", "description": "<i>Century of Progress: Exhibition of Paintings and Sculpture</i>. Art Institute of Chicago (organizer) (co-organizer) (June 1-November 1, 1933).", "opening_date": "1933-06-01T04:00:00"}, {"id": 315619, "title": "A Loan Exhibition of American Paintings Since 1900", "description": "<i>A Loan Exhibition of American Paintings Since 1900</i>. William Rockhill Nelson Gallery (co-organizer) (December 10, 1933-January 31, 1934).", "opening_date": "1933-12-10T05:00:00"}, {"id": 312517, "title": "The Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition", "description": "<i>The Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 26-October 4, 1936).", "opening_date": "1936-06-26T04:00:00"}, {"id": 312462, "title": "Exhibition of American Painting from 1860 Until Today", "description": "<i>Exhibition of American Painting from 1860 Until Today</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 23-October 4, 1937).", "opening_date": "1937-06-23T04:00:00"}, {"id": 315639, "title": "Trois Si\u00e8cles d'art aux Etats-Unis", "description": "<i>Trois Si\u00e8cles d'art aux Etats-Unis</i>. Galerie national du Jeu de Paume, Paris, France (organizer) (co-organizer) (May 24-July 31, 1938).", "opening_date": "1938-05-24T04:00:00"}, {"id": 315643, "title": "Life in America: A Special Loan Exhibition of Paintings Held During the Period of the New York World's Fair", "description": "<i>Life in America: A Special Loan Exhibition of Paintings Held During the Period of the New York World's Fair</i>. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY (organizer) (co-organizer) (April 24-October 29, 1939).", "opening_date": "1939-04-24T05:00:00"}, {"id": 315650, "title": "An Exhibition of Great Paintings in Aid of the Canadian Red Cross and of Small Pictures by Members of The Ontario Society of Artists", "description": "<i>An Exhibition of Great Paintings in Aid of the Canadian Red Cross and of Small Pictures by Members of The Ontario Society of Artists</i>. Art Gallery of Ontario, Ontario M5T 1G4, Canada (organizer) (co-organizer) (November 15-December 15, 1940).", "opening_date": "1940-11-15T05:00:00"}, {"id": 312341, "title": "The Silver Jubilee Exhibition", "description": "<i>The Silver Jubilee Exhibition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 23-September 28, 1941).", "opening_date": "1941-06-23T04:00:00"}, {"id": 315655, "title": "Sport in American Art", "description": "<i>Sport in American Art</i>. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Boston, MA (organizer) (co-organizer) (October 10-December 10, 1944).", "opening_date": "1944-10-10T04:00:00"}, {"id": 315676, "title": "George Bellows: Paintings, Drawings, and Prints", "description": "<i>George Bellows: Paintings, Drawings, and Prints</i>. The Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL (organizer) (co-organizer) (January 31-March 10, 1946).", "opening_date": "1946-01-31T05:00:00"}, {"id": 315679, "title": "American Paintings: From the Eighteenth Century to the Present Day", "description": "<i>American Paintings: From the Eighteenth Century to the Present Day</i>. Tate Modern, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (organizer) (co-organizer) (June 1-July 31, 1946).", "opening_date": "1946-06-01T04:00:00"}, {"id": 315684, "title": "Sport in Art", "description": "<i>Sport in Art</i>. Buffalo AKG Art Museum, Buffalo, NY (organizer) (co-organizer) (January 24-February 22, 1948).", "opening_date": "1948-01-24T05:00:00"}, {"id": 315689, "title": "The Ring and the Glove", "description": "<i>The Ring and the Glove</i>. Addison Gallery of American Art, Andover, MA (co-organizer) (September 17-November 14, 1948).", "opening_date": "1948-09-17T04:00:00"}, {"id": 315693, "title": "Milestones of American Painting in Our Century", "description": "<i>Milestones of American Painting in Our Century</i>. Montr\u00e9al Museum of Fine Arts, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (March 15-April 15, 1948); Colorado Springs Fine Arts Center, CO (May 5-June 25, 1948); The Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston, Boston, MA (organizer) (co-organizer) (January 20-March 1, 1949); Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, de Young Museum, San Francisco, CA (July 10-August 25, 1949); Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles, CA (September 7-October 16, 1949); The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (November 3-December 18, 1949).", "opening_date": "1949-01-20T05:00:00"}, {"id": 315703, "title": "Aspects of New York City Life", "description": "<i>Aspects of New York City Life</i>. The Century Association (organizer) (co-organizer) (March 1-April 30, 1950).", "opening_date": "1950-03-01T05:00:00"}, {"id": 311898, "title": "35th Anniversary Exhibition", "description": "<i>35th Anniversary Exhibition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 20-September 30, 1951).", "opening_date": "1951-06-20T04:00:00"}, {"id": 315706, "title": "Exhibition of Sporting Art", "description": "<i>Exhibition of Sporting Art</i>. The Century Association (organizer) (co-organizer) (January 13-March 28, 1954).", "opening_date": "1954-01-13T05:00:00"}, {"id": 300857, "title": "Art: The International Language", "description": "<i>Art: The International Language</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art (October 2-November 4, 1956).", "opening_date": "1956-10-02T04:00:00"}, {"id": 315754, "title": "George Bellows: A Retrospective Exhibition", "description": "<i>George Bellows: A Retrospective Exhibition</i>. National Gallery of Art (organizer) (co-organizer) (January 19-February 24, 1957).", "opening_date": "1957-01-19T05:00:00"}, {"id": 315758, "title": "Paintings by George Bellows", "description": "<i>Paintings by George Bellows</i>. Columbus Museum of Art, Columbus, OH (organizer) (co-organizer) (March 21-April 21, 1957).", "opening_date": "1957-03-21T05:00:00"}, {"id": 315762, "title": "Four Centuries of American Art", "description": "<i>Four Centuries of American Art</i>. Minneapolis Institute of Arts, MN (organizer) (co-organizer) (November 27, 1963-January 19, 1964).", "opening_date": "1963-11-27T05:00:00"}, {"id": 315769, "title": "200 Years of American Painting", "description": "<i>200 Years of American Painting</i>. Saint Louis Art Museum, St. Louis, MO (organizer) (co-organizer) (April 1-May 31, 1964).", "opening_date": "1964-04-01T05:00:00"}, {"id": 315773, "title": "Triumph of Realism: An Exhibition of European and American Realist Paintings 1850-1910", "description": "<i>Triumph of Realism: An Exhibition of European and American Realist Paintings 1850-1910</i>. The Brooklyn Museum, Brooklyn, NY (organizer) (co-organizer) (October 3-November 19, 1967).", "opening_date": "1967-10-03T04:00:00"}, {"id": 315797, "title": "The Painters' America: Rural and Urban Life, 1810-1910", "description": "<i>The Painters' America: Rural and Urban Life, 1810-1910</i>. Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, NY (organizer) (co-organizer) (September 18-November 10, 1974); Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, Houston, TX (December 5, 1974-January 19, 1975); Oakland Museum of California, Oakland, CA (February 10-March 30, 1975).", "opening_date": "1974-09-18T04:00:00"}, {"id": 302330, "title": "Heritage and Horizon: American Painting 1776 - 1976", "description": "<i>Heritage and Horizon: American Painting 1776 - 1976</i>. Buffalo AKG Art Museum, Buffalo, NY (organizer) (March 7-April 11, 1976); The Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit, MI (May 2-June 13, 1976); The Toledo Museum of Art, Toledo, OH (July 4-August 15, 1976); The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (September 8-October 10, 1976).", "opening_date": "1976-03-07T05:00:00"}, {"id": 315829, "title": "George Wesley Bellows: Paintings, Drawings, and Prints", "description": "<i>George Wesley Bellows: Paintings, Drawings, and Prints</i>. Columbus Museum of Art, Columbus, OH (organizer) (co-organizer) (April 1-May 8, 1979); Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, Richmond, VA (June 29-August 5, 1979); Des Moines Art Center, Des Moines, IA (September 17-October 28, 1979); Worcester Art Museum, Worcester, MA (November 16-December 28, 1979).", "opening_date": "1979-04-01T05:00:00"}, {"id": 315863, "title": "Bellows: The Boxing Pictures", "description": "<i>Bellows: The Boxing Pictures</i>. National Gallery of Art (organizer) (co-organizer) (September 5, 1982-January 2, 1983).", "opening_date": "1982-09-05T04:00:00"}, {"id": 316624, "title": "The Paintings of George Bellows", "description": "<i>The Paintings of George Bellows</i>. Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, NY (February 16-May 10, 1992); Columbus Museum of Art, Columbus, OH (October 11, 1992-January 3, 1993); Amon Carter Museum, Fort Worth, TX (February 20-May 9, 1993).", "opening_date": "1992-02-16T05:00:00"}, {"id": 316631, "title": "Metropolitan Lives: The Ashcan Artists and Their New York, 1897-1917", "description": "<i>Metropolitan Lives: The Ashcan Artists and Their New York, 1897-1917</i>. National Museum of American Art, Washington, DC (co-organizer) (November 17, 1995-March 17, 1996).", "opening_date": "1995-11-17T05:00:00"}, {"id": 218347, "title": "The American Century: Art and Culture 1900-2000 (Part 1: 1900-1950)", "description": "<i>The American Century: Art and Culture 1900-2000 (Part 1: 1900-1950)</i>. Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, NY (organizer) (April 22-September 5, 1999).", "opening_date": "1999-04-22T00:00:00"}, {"id": 179631, "title": "CMA Highlights", "description": "<i>CMA Highlights</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art (organizer) (June 21-September 11, 2005).", "opening_date": "2005-06-21T00:00:00"}, {"id": 177291, "title": "George Bellows (1882-1925)", "description": "<i>George Bellows (1882-1925)</i>. National Gallery of Art, Landover, MD (organizer) (June 10-October 8, 2012); The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY (November 13, 2012-February 18, 2013); Royal Academy of Arts, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (March 16-June 9, 2013).", "opening_date": "2012-06-10T00:00:00"}, {"id": 222001, "title": "George Bellows and the American Experience", "description": "<i>George Bellows and the American Experience</i>. Columbus Museum of Art, Columbus, OH (organizer) (August 23, 2013-January 4, 2014).", "opening_date": "2013-08-23T00:00:00"}, {"id": 200468, "title": "Stag at Sharkey\u2019s: George Bellows and the Art of Sports", "description": "<i>Stag at Sharkey\u2019s: George Bellows and the Art of Sports</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (May 14-September 18, 2016).", "opening_date": "2016-05-14T00:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "Columbus, The Columbus Gallery of Fine Arts, The George Bellows Exhibition (22 January-1 March 1931), see Bulletin of The Columbus Gallery of Fine Arts (January, 1931), vol. 1, no. 1, cat. no. 269, illus. p. I, 15.", "opening_date": "1931-01-22T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Chicago, The Art Institute of Chicago, Century of Progress: Exhibition of Paintings and Sculpture (1 June-1 November 1933), illus. cat. no. 434, listed p. 60.", "opening_date": "1933-06-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Cleveland, The Cleveland Museum of Art, The Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition of The Cleveland Museum of Art; The Official Art Exhibit of The Great Lakes Exposition (26 June-4 October 1936)", "opening_date": "1936-06-26T00:00:00"}, {"description": "New York, Whitney Museum of American Art, New York Realists, 1900-1914 (9 February-5 March 1937), cat. no. 8, illus., listed p. 12.", "opening_date": "1937-02-09T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Philadelphia, The Philadelphia Museum, Art in the United States: Painting, Sculpture, Prints, Crafts (20 June-13 September 1942), illus.", "opening_date": "1942-06-20T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Buffalo, The Buffalo Fine Arts Academy, Albright Art Gallery, Sport in Art (24 January-22 February 1948), no. 5.", "opening_date": "1948-01-24T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Andover, MA, Addison Gallery of American Art, Phillips Academy, The Ring and the Glove (17 September-14 November 1948), see Bellows: The Boxing Pictures p. 76: the exhibition originated at the Museum of the City of New York, Stag was only shown at Addison and did not appear in the catalogue.", "opening_date": "1948-09-17T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Boston, Institute of Contemporary Art, Milestones of American Painting in Our Century (20 January-1 March 1949); traveled to: Montreal, Art Association of Montreal (15 March-15 April 1949); Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs Fine Arts Center (5 May-25 June 1949); San Francisco, M. H. de Young Museum (10 July-25 August 1949); Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum (7 September-16 October 1949); Cleveland, The Cleveland Museum of Art (3 November-18 December 1949); cat. no. 3, listed p. 29, pp. 38-39, illus. p. 39.", "opening_date": "1949-01-20T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Boston, The Institute of Contemporary Art; traveled to: Louisville, J. B. Speed Memorial Gallery; San Francisco, M. H. de Young Musuem; Buffalo, Albright Gallery; Montreal, Art Association of Montreal; Cleveland, The Cleveland Museum of Art; notes that the exhibition toured from 1 January-31 December, but does not give specific dates.", "opening_date": null}, {"description": "New York, The Century Association, Aspects of New York City Life (1 March-30 April 1950), listed in catalogue.", "opening_date": "1950-03-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "New York, The Century Association, Exhibition of Sporting Art (13 January-28 March 1954), listed in catalogue.", "opening_date": "1954-01-13T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Columbus, The Columbus Gallery of Fine Arts, Paintings by George Bellows (21 March-21 April 1957), cat. no. 11, illus. front cover.", "opening_date": "1957-03-21T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Brooklyn, The Brooklyn Museum, Triumph of Realism: An Exhibition of European and American Realist Paintings 1850-1910 (3 October-19 November 1967), see Bellows: The Boxing Pictures p. 76: not in catalogue and did not go on tour.", "opening_date": "1967-10-03T00:00:00"}, {"description": "New York, Whitney Museum of American Art, The Painters' America: Rural and Urban Life, 1810-1910 (20 September-10 November 1974); traveled to: Houston, The Museum of Fine Arts (5 December 1974-19 January 1975); Oakland, The Oakland Museum (10 February-30 March 1975), cat. no. 6, illus. p. 132, fig. 154.", "opening_date": "1974-09-20T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Buffalo, Albright-Knox Art Gallery, Heritage and Horizon: American Painting 1776-1976 (6 March-11 April 1976); traveled to: Detroit, The Detroit Institute of Arts (5 May-13 June 1976); Toledo, The Toledo Museum of Art (4 July-15 August 1976); Cleveland, The Cleveland Museum of Art (8 September-10 October 1976); cat. no. 38, illus.", "opening_date": "1976-03-06T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Washington, D.C., National Gallery of Art, Bellows: The Boxing Pictures (5 September-2 January 1983), illus. cat. no. 2, plate 4, also included E. A. Carmean, Jr.'s essay \"Bellows: The Boxing Paintings,\" pp. 27-47, illus. in article p. 32, fig. 28; listed p. 74 with small illus.", "opening_date": "1983-09-05T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Art, The Paintings of George Bellows (16 February-10 May 1992); traveled to: New York, Whitney Museum of American Art (5 June-30 August 1992); Columbus, Columbus Museum of Art (11 October 1992-3 January 1993); Fort Worth, Amon Carter Museum (20 February-9 May 1993); illus. figs. 16, 17 in Michael Quick's essay \"Technique and Theory: The Evolution of George Bellows' Painting Style,\" and fig. 9 in Marianne Doezema's \"The 'Real' New York;\" cat. not numbered.", "opening_date": "1992-02-16T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Washington, D. C., National Museum of American Art, Metropolitan Lives: The Ashcan Artists and Their New York, 1897-1917 (17 November 1995-17 March 1996), illus. fig. 179, p. 164, also included pp. 46-48, 81-88, 156-158, 163-171, 208-210, 215-217, 220, 223. (Not in CMA library: OCLC 921076645)", "opening_date": "1995-11-17T00:00:00"}, {"description": "New York, Whitney Museum of American Art, The American Century: Art &amp; Culture 1900-1950 (23 April-22 August 1999)", "opening_date": "1999-04-23T00:00:00"}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art (06/21/2005 - 09/11/2005); \"CMA Highlights\"", "opening_date": "2005-06-21T00:00:00"}, {"description": "National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC (6/10/2012 - 10/8/2012),Metropolitan Museum of Art, NY (11/13/2012 - 2/18/2013), and the Royal Academy of Arts, London, UK (3/16/2013): \"George Bellows (1882-1925)\", ex. cat. no. 17, p, 82, detail on cover and inside cover. (Not in CMA library: OCLC 801141298)", "opening_date": "2012-06-10T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Philadelphia, The Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, The One Hundred and Fifth Annual Exhibition of The Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts (23 January-20 March 1910), cat. no. 323, listed p. 37 as Club Night.", "opening_date": "1910-01-23T00:00:00"}, {"description": "New York, Galleries 29-31 West Thirty-Fifth St., Exhibition of Independent Artists (1-27 April 1910), cat. no 20 as Club Night.", "opening_date": "1910-04-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "New York, Madison Gallery, (early 1911), see Bellows: The Boxing Pictures p. 75.", "opening_date": "1911-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Syracuse, Syracuse Museum of Fine Arts, Summer Exhibition of Paintings by American Artists (10 May-1 October 1911), no. 1 as Club Night; see Bulletin of Syracuse Museum of Fine Arts (October, 1911.", "opening_date": "1911-05-10T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Chicago, Marshall Filed (1911), see Bellows: The Boxing Pictures p. 75.", "opening_date": "1911-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Curtis Studios (1911), see Bellows: The Boxing Pictures p. 75.", "opening_date": "1911-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Cedar Rapids, IA, The Cedar Rapids Art Association, Art Gallery, Public Library, Iowa, Fifth Annual Art Exhibition (5-14 February 1913), no. 2.", "opening_date": "1913-02-05T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Rochester, NY, Rochester Industrial Exposition (7-19 September 1914), no. 6 as Club Night; see Bellows: The Boxing Pictures p. 75.", "opening_date": "1914-09-07T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Chicago, The Art Institute of Chicago, Paintings by George Bellows (10 December 1914-3 January 1915), no. 16 as Club Night; see Bulletin of The Art Institute of Chicago (1 January 1915), vol. IX, no. 1, p. 2-4, 8.", "opening_date": "1914-12-10T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Detroit, Detroit Museum of Art, Exhibition of Paintings by George Bellows (6-29 January 1915), no. 16 as Club Night; see Bulletin of The Detroit Museum of Art (January, 1915), vol. IX, no. 1, pp. 2, 4.", "opening_date": "1915-01-06T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Los Angeles, Los Angeles Museum of History, Science, and Art, Paintings by George Bellows (7-28 February 1915), no. 16 as Club Night.", "opening_date": "1915-02-07T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Minneapolis, The Minneapolis Institute of Art, Paintings by Lester D. Boronda; Paintings by George Bellows (4-31 May 1915), no. 37 as Club Night; see Bulletin of The Minneapolis Institute of Arts (May, 1915), vol. IV, no. 5, p. 46.", "opening_date": "1915-05-04T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Muskegon, MI, Hackley Art Gallery, Exhibition of Oil Paintings by George Bellows (9 June-August 1915), as Club Night.", "opening_date": "1915-06-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Worcester, MA, Worcester Art Museum, Exhibition of Paintings by George Bellows, New York City (5-26 September 1915), no. 13 as Club Night.", "opening_date": "1915-09-05T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Cincinnati, Cincinnati Art Museum, Special Exhibition of Paintings by Mr. George Bellows (October, 1915), no. 4 as Club Night.", "opening_date": "1915-10-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "New York, Sponsored by The Junior Art Patrons of America, Fine Arts Building, First Retrospective Exhibition of American Art (7-21 May 1921), cat. no. 10, listed p. 13, not illus.", "opening_date": "1921-05-07T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "(Marie Sterner, New York, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->Marie Sterner, owner of the Marie Sterner Gallery in New York, was Bellows' dealer.</div>"], "date": "By 1922", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1922-", "sortorder": 2}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [{"id": 103801, "description": "A Stag at Sharkey's, 1916. George Bellows (American, 1882\u20131925). Lithograph; image: 26.7 x 20 cm (10 1/2 x 7 7/8 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Gift of Charles T. Brooks, 1921.909", "relationship": null}], "former_accession_numbers": ["1059.1922", "1133.1922"], "did_you_know": "George Bellows was raised in Columbus, Ohio, and attended Ohio State University where he played baseball and basketball.", "description": "Bellows was no stranger to Sharkey\u2019s Athletic Club, a raucous saloon with a backroom boxing ring, located near his studio. Founded by Tom \u201cSailor\u201d Sharkey, an ex-fighter who had also served in the US Navy, the club attracted men seeking to watch or participate in matches. Because public boxing was illegal in New York at the time, a private event had to be arranged in order for a bout to take place. Participation was usually limited to members of a particular club, but whenever an outsider competed, he was given temporary membership and known as a \u201cstag.\u201d Although boxing had its share of detractors who considered it uncouth at best or barbaric at worst, its proponents\u2014among them President Theodore Roosevelt\u2014regarded it a healthy manifestation of manliness. Around the time Bellows painted <em>Stag at Sharkey\u2019s, </em>boxing was moving from a predominantly working-class enterprise to one with greater genteel appeal. For some contemporaries, boxing was a powerful analogy for the notion that only the strongest and fittest would flourish in modern society.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3425144"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1922.1133-stag-at-sharkey-s"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Rihn, Andrew. \"On Bellows and Rodin: Stag Fights, Explosions, and Spectatorship,\" <em>Cleveland Review of Books, </em>November 4, 2022.", "page_number": "https://www.clereviewofbooks.com/writing/on-bellows-and-rodin-stag-fights-explosions-and-spectatorship", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Saggese, Jordana Moore. Heavyweight : Black Boxers and the Fight for Representation. Durham: Duke University Press, 2024.", "page_number": "Mentioned, pp. 184-85, 197, 202, 214-16, 223; reproduced, p. 186.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Schjeldahl, Peter, \"Young and Gifted,\" <em>New Yorker</em>, June 25, 2012.", "page_number": "Mentioned pp. 78-79; reproduced p. 78.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Lopez, Jonathan, \"Packing a Punch,\" <em>Art and Antiques </em>(June 2012).", "page_number": "Mentioned pp. 24-25; reproduced p. 40.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "", "page_number": "", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Wolfe, M. Melissa, ed. <em>George Bellows Revisited : New Considerations of the Painter\u2019s Oeuvre</em>. (Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2016).", "page_number": "Mentioned pp. 9-10, 103; reproduced p. 7.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Davidson, Susan, ed. <em>Art in America : 300 Years of Innovation</em>. (London: Merrell, 2007).", "page_number": "Mentioned p. 30; reproduced p. 32.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Wallraf-Richartz-Gesellschaft in K\u00f6ln, and Wallraf-Richartz-Museum--Fondation Corboud. <em>Es War Einmal in Amerika : 300 Jahre US-Amerikanische Kunst.</em> Edited by Barbara Schaefer and Anita Hachmann. K\u00f6ln: Wienand Verlag : Wallraf-Richartz-Museum &amp; Fondation Corboud, 2018.", "page_number": "Mentioned, p. 168-69; reproduced, p. 168.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Raspe, Becky, \"Curator Corner,\" <em>Canvas</em> (Fall 2018).", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced, p. 46.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Kelly, Grace V., \"Ohio-Born Artists Hold Front Rank in Museum's U.S. Painting Exhibition,\" <em>Plain Dealer, </em>Women's Magazine and Amusement Section.", "page_number": "Mentioned, p. 14-C.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Wallach, Alan. <em>Trouble in Paradise : Twenty-Four Essays on the Social History of American Art</em>. Leiden: Brill, 2025.", "page_number": "Mentioned p. 325; reproduced p. 327.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Milliken, William M. \"The Second Exhibition of Contemporary American Painting.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> 9:6 (June, 1922). 95-102.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 95-96; Reproduced: p. 106", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25136578"}, {"citation": "Glasier, Jessie C. \"Museum Gets Prize-Winning Canvases: Bellows Subject, Kent Landscape Are Acquisitions.\" <em>The Plain Dealer </em>(Cleveland, OH), June 18, 1922.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 3", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Cleveland Museum Acquires Typical Pictures by Bellows and Kent.\" <em>American Art News.</em> 20:37 (24 June 1922). pp. 1-10.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 6", "url": null}, {"citation": "Milliken, William M. \"Two Examples of Modern Painting: The Maine Coast, by Rockwell Kent.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> 9:10 (December, 1922). pp. 171-175.", "page_number": "Reproduced: front cover", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Memorial Exhibition of the Work of George Bellows. </em>New York, NY: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1925.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 18, 24; Reproduced: p. 48", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1925.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 36", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook_80839/page/n38"}, {"citation": "Cortissoz, Royal. \"Paintings and Prints by George Bellows: The Memorial Exhibition at the Metropolitan.\" <em>New York Herald Tribune</em> (New York, NY), October 11, 1925.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "T. S. \u201cBellows\u2019 Lithographs.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 13, no. 2 (February 1926): 32\u201333, 37.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 32-33; Reproduced: p. 37", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25136902"}, {"citation": "Isham, Samuel, and Royal Cortissoz. <em>The History of American Painting</em>. New York, NY: Macmillan Company, 1927.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 576-579; Reproduced: p. 568", "url": null}, {"citation": "Mather, Frank Jewett, Charles Rufus Morey, and W. J. Henderson. <em>The Pageant of America: The American Spirit in Art</em>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1927.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 138-139, 153-154; Reproduced: p. 153, fig. 249", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Un Artiste Americain.\" <em>L'illustration.</em> 85 (September, 1927). pp. 308-31.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 310", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1928.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 44", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1928/page/n48"}, {"citation": "Bellows, Emma S. <em>The Paintings of George Bellows</em>. New York, NY: A.A. Knopf, 1929.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. VIII-XI; Reproduced: fig. 20", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kelly, Grace V. \"'Stag at Sharkey's.\" <em>The Plain Dealer </em>(Cleveland, OH), May 9, 1929.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 24", "url": null}, {"citation": "Eggers, George W. <em>George Bellows</em>. New York: Whitney Museum of American Art, 1931.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 7-18; Reproduced: p. 42-43", "url": null}, {"citation": "Neuhaus, Eugen. <em>The History &amp; Ideals of American Art</em>. Stanford University, CA: Stanford University Press; London: Oxford University Press, 1931.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 339-340", "url": null}, {"citation": "Clark, Edna Maria. <em>Ohio Art and Artists</em>. Richmond, VA: Garrett &amp; Massie, 1932.", "page_number": "p. 205-210", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>American Painting &amp; Sculpture, 1862-1932</em>. New York, NY: Museum of Modern Art, 1932.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 25", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Olympic Competition and Exhibition of Art: Catalogue of the Exhibition at the Los Angeles Museum of History, Science and Art</em>: Los Angeles, CA: Neuner Printing &amp; Lithograph Co., 1932.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 50; Reproduced: illus. section", "url": null}, {"citation": "Mechlin, Leila. \"The Olympic Art Exhibition.\" <em>The American Magazine of Art.</em> 25:3 (September, 1932). p. 136-150.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 148", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Art's Progress in America for 100 Years Shown at World's Fair.\" <em>The Art Diges</em>t. 8:16 (15 May 1933). p. 28-29.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 28-29; Reproduced: 29", "url": null}, {"citation": "Frankfurter, Alfred M. \"Art in the Century of Progress.\" <em>The Fine Arts.</em> 20:2 (June, 1933). p. 7-8, 59-61.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 7-8, 59-61; Reproduced: p. 44", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"A Stag at Sharkey's.\" <em>Chicago Tribune</em> (Chicago, IL), October 22, 1933.", "page_number": "Reproduced:", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"The Picture of the Week.\" <em>The Plain Dealer </em>(Cleveland, OH), November 12 1933.", "page_number": "Reproduced", "url": null}, {"citation": "Pollak, Frances M., and Greta A. Cornell. \"George Wesley Bellows-Painter and Graver.\" <em>The Index of Twentieth Century Artists</em>. 1:6 (March, 1934). p. 92-93.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 92-93", "url": null}, {"citation": "Gardner, Helen. <em>Art Through the Ages: An Introduction to Its History &amp; Significance</em>. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1936.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 687", "url": null}, {"citation": "Burroughs, Alan. <em>Limners and Likenesses; Three Centuries of American Painting</em>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1936.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 206-211.", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Catalogue of the Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition of the Cleveland Museum of Art: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition.</em> Cleveland, Ohio: Artcraft Printing Company, 1936.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 129-130", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Catalogue of an Exhibition of American Painting from 1860 Until Today at the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: Artcraft Printing Co., 1937.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 11-12, no. 5", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Trois sie\u0300cles d'art aux E\u0301tats-Unis: exposition organise\u0301e en collaboration avec le Museum of Modern Art, New-York</em>. Paris, France: E\u0301ditions des muse\u0301es nationaux, 1938.", "page_number": "Reproduced: illus. fig. 28", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Bellows (1882-1925).\" <em>Life, </em>31 October 1938.", "page_number": "Reproduced", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Life in America: A Special Loan Exhibition of Paintings Held During the Period of the New York World's Fair, April 24 to October 29</em>. New York, NY: [Scribner Press], 1939.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 211", "url": null}, {"citation": "Francis, Henry. \"Loans to Important Exhibitions.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art </em>26, no. 7 (July 1939): 123", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 123", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25138029"}, {"citation": "Stites, Raymond S. <em>The Arts and Man</em>. New York, NY: Whittlesey House; London: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1940.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 804-806; Reproduced: p. 806", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>An Exhibition of Great Paintings in Aid of the Canadian Red Cross and of Small Pictures by Members of the Ontario Society of Artists</em>. Toronto, Canada: The Art Gallery of Toronto, 1940.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 24", "url": null}, {"citation": "McB[ride], H[enry]. \"As to the Style in Art.\" <em>The Sun</em> (New York, NY), January 6, 1940.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Francis, Henry Sayles. \"The Lithographs of George Wesley Bellows.\" <em>Print Collector's Quarterly. </em>27 (April, 1940). p. 138-165.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Milliken, William M. \"Silver Jubilee Exhibition.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 28, no. 6 (1941): 88-111.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 89; Reproduced: p. 111", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25140932"}, {"citation": "\"Cleveland Offers the Evidence for the First 25 Years.\" <em>ARTnews.</em> 40:11 (September, 1941). p. 13-25.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 13, 25; Reproduced: p. 25", "url": null}, {"citation": "Boswell, Peyton. <em>George Bellows</em>. New York, NY: Crown Publishers, 1942.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 9-30; Reproduced: p. 37", "url": null}, {"citation": "Walker, John, and Macgill James. <em>Great American Paintings from Smibert to Bellows, 1729-1924</em>. London: Oxford University Press, 1943.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 1, 17-20; Reproduced: p. 21, fig. 101", "url": null}, {"citation": "Boswell, Peyton. \"Bellows' First Patron.\" <em>Art Digest.</em> 18 (15 January 1943).", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Sport in American Art</em>. Boston, MA: Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, 1944.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 8", "url": null}, {"citation": "Edgell, George H. \"Pursuit of Pleasure in Paint: Boston Presents the First Exhibition of 'Sport in American Art.'\" <em>ARTnews.</em> 43:12 (1-14 October, 1944). p. 13-26.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 13-14, 26; Reproduced: p. 15", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Paintings in the Cleveland Museum of Art. </em>[Cleveland]: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1945.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 15", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAPaintings1945/page/n23"}, {"citation": "Tunis, John R. \"Painter of the Prize Ring Drama: The National Gallery Honors George Bellows, Who Captured Not Only the Color, But Also the Cruelty of the Prize Ring.\" <em>The New York Times Magazine</em> (New York, NY), 7 January 1945.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 18; Reproduced: p. 19", "url": null}, {"citation": "Sweet, Frederick A. \"Bellows 23 Years after Dempsey-Firpo.\" <em>ARTnews.</em> 44:19 (January, 1946). p. 12-28.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 12-13, 27-28", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>American Painting: From the Eighteenth Century to the Present Day</em>. London, England: The Tate Gallery, 1946.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 9", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>George Bellows: Paintings, Drawings and Prints</em>. Chicago, IL: The Art Institute of Chicago, 1946.", "page_number": "Mentiond: p. 37", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bulliet, C. J. \"First Full View of George Bellows for Chicago.\"<em> Art Digest. </em>21 (1 February 1946).", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 8", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"George W. Bellows: An American Master of Realistic Painting Comes Into His Own With Big Memorial Show.\" <em>Life,</em> March 25, 1946.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 75-83; 1917 lithograph Reproduced: p. 76-77", "url": null}, {"citation": "Rich, Daniel Catton. \"Bellows Revalued.\" <em>Magazine of Art. </em>39 (April, 1946): p. 145-147.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 145-147", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"American Art: From the XVIIIth Century to the Present Day: Pictures Now on Exhibition at the Tate Gallery.\" <em>The Illustrated London News,</em> June 22, 1946.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 688-689; Reproduced: p. 688", "url": null}, {"citation": "Sutton, Denys. \"La Peinture Am\u00e9ricaine \u00e0 la Tate Gallery.\" <em>Gazette des Beaux-Arts</em>, June 28, 1946.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Winchester, Alice. \"American Painting in London: A Comment on The Tate Gallery Exhibition.\" <em>Antiques. </em>51:2 (February, 1947). p. 100-127.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 100-101, 108, 127", "url": null}, {"citation": "Dame, Lawrence.\"Regarding Art: The Stags on Ropes.\" <em>Boston Herald,</em> October 17, 1948.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Gardner, Helen. <em>Art Through the Ages</em>. 3rd edition. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co, 1949.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 395-396; Reproduced: p. 395", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Revolt in Boston: Shootin' Resumes in the Art World.\" <em>Life,</em> February 21, 1949.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 85", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Catalogue de reproductions en couleurs de la peinture de 1860 a\u0300 1949</em>. Paris: UNESCO, 1949.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 44-45; Reproduced: p. 45", "url": null}, {"citation": "Rowland, Benjamin, Jr. \"American Painting Since 1900.\" <em>Phoenix</em>. 4 (April 1949). p. 85-111.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 91", "url": null}, {"citation": "Robb, David M. <em>The Harper History of Painting: The Occidental Tradition</em>. New York: Harper, 1951.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 892-896; Reproduced: p. 894, fig. 494", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bazin, Germain. <em>History of Modern Painting</em>. New York: Hyperion Press; distributed by Macmillan, 1951.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 285, 287; Reproduced: p. 290", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Pittura Americana Moderna.\" <em>Sele arte</em>. Firenze: Studio italiano di storia dell'arte, 1952.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 13-16; Reproduced: p. 13", "url": null}, {"citation": "Brown, Milton W. <em>American Painting: From the Armory Show to the Depression.</em> Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1955.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 33-36, 167-172; Reproduced: p. 34", "url": null}, {"citation": "Morris, Charles W. <em>Varieties of Human Value</em>. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1956.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 144-162; Reproduced: fig. 77", "url": null}, {"citation": "Craven, Thomas. <em>The Rainbow Book of Art</em>. Cleveland: World Pub. Co, 1956.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 236-237; Reproduced: p. 233", "url": null}, {"citation": "Schulberg, Budd. <em>The Harder They Fall</em>. 2nd edition. New York: Random House Publishing, 1956.", "page_number": "Reproduced: cover", "url": null}, {"citation": "Eliot, Alexander. <em>Three Hundred Years of American Painting</em>. New York: Time Inc, 1957.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 284, 289-293; Reproduced: p. 290", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>George Bellows: A Retrospective Exhibition</em>. Washington, DC: National Gallery of Art, 1957.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 47", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Paintings by George Bellows at Columbus Gallery of Fine Arts. </em>Columbus, OH: The Columbus Gallery of Fine Arts, 1957.", "page_number": "Reproduced: cover", "url": null}, {"citation": "Huth, John F. \"An Artist at Ohio.\" <em>Pictorial Magazine</em>, <em>The Plain Dealer </em>(Cleveland, OH), January 20, 1957.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 18; Mentioned; pp. 18-19", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Handbook.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 550", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1958/page/n102"}, {"citation": "Milliken, William Mathewson. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Collections</em>. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1960.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 40-42", "url": null}, {"citation": "Munro, Eleanor C. <em>The Golden Encyclopedia of Art: Painting, Sculpture, Architecture, and Ornament, from Prehistoric Times to the Twentieth Century</em>. New York: Golden Press, 1961.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 243", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>The Fireside Book of Boxing. </em>Edited by Wilfred Charles Heinz. New York: Simon And Schuster, 1961.", "page_number": "Reproduced: front cover", "url": null}, {"citation": "Chase, Alice Elizabeth. <em>Famous Paintings: An Introduction to Art</em>. New York: Platt &amp; Munk, 1962.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 54-55", "url": null}, {"citation": "Selvig, Forrest, ed. <em>Four Centuries of American Art</em>. Minneapolis, MN: The Minneapolis Institute of Arts, 1963.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 23", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bazin, Germain. <em>Kindlers Malerei Lexikon: 1000 Malersignaturen, 1200 farbige Reproducktionen, 3000 schwarzweisse Reproduktionen in sechs Ba\u0308nden</em>. Zurich: Kindler Verlag, 1964.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 302-303; Reproduced: p. 302.", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>200 Years of American Painting, April 1-May 31, 1964</em>. St. Louis, MO: City Art Museum of St. Louis, 1964.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 35", "url": null}, {"citation": "Seaver, Edwin. \"The Sand Cart, George Bellows (American School 1882-1925).\" <em>Book-of-the-Month-Club News</em>, 1965.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Morgan, Charles H. <em>George Bellows, Painter of America</em>. New York: Reynal, 1965.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 9, 69, 98-102, 124-127, 197-199, 217-221, 254-255; Reproduced: pp. 320, 321", "url": null}, {"citation": "Laver, James. <em>The Age of Optimism: Manners and Morals 1848-1914</em>. London: Weidenfeld &amp; Nicolson, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 190", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n214"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 190", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n214"}, {"citation": "Brown, Milton W. <em>American Painting: From the Armory Show to the Depression.</em> Princeton, NJ: The University Press, 1972.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 34", "url": ""}, {"citation": "\u201cA Check List. American Paintings and Water Colors of the Eighteenth, Nineteenth, and Early Twentieth Centuries in the Cleveland Museum of Art.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 60, no. 1 (January 1973): 21\u201335.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 22, no. 15", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25152465"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 236", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n256"}, {"citation": "<em>George Wesley Bellows: Paintings, Drawings, and Prints</em>. Columbus, OH: Columbus Museum of Art, 1979.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 23", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kitaj, R. B., and Timothy Hyman. \"A Return to London\" IN <em>Kitaj Paintings, Drawings, Pastels.</em> John Ashebury, Joe Shannon, Jane Livingston, 41. New York, N.Y.: Thames and Hudson, 1983.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 41", "url": null}, {"citation": "Ohio Historical Society, and Ohio History Connection. Timeline: A Publication of the Ohio Historical Society. [Columbus, Ohio]: The Society, 1984.", "page_number": "20", "url": null}, {"citation": "Salwen, Peter. <em>Upper West Side Story: A History and Guide. </em>New York: Abbeville Press Publishers, 1989.", "page_number": "Referenced: p. 181-182, 202", "url": null}, {"citation": "Haskell, Barbara. <em>The American Century: Art &amp; Culture, 1900-1950</em>. New York, NY: Whitney Museum of American Art, 1999.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 92-93", "url": null}, {"citation": "Adams, Henry. <em>What's American about American art?: a gallery tour in the Cleveland Museum of Art. </em>Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2008.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 46 - 47", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Christie, Manson &amp; Woods International Inc. American Art. New York: Christie's, December 5, 2013 .", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 54", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Fagg, John. \"George Bellows.\" <em>Print Quarterly.</em> 31:1 (March 2014). 107-111.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 110, fig. 106.", "url": null}, {"citation": "Gillies, Max. \"Exploring Ohio's Art.\" <em>Fine Art Connoisseur. </em>11:5 (September/October 2014).", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 100", "url": null}, {"citation": "Milan, Wardell, Cay Sophie Rabinowitz, Alvin Hall, Carter E. Foster, and Leslie Hewitt. <em>Wardell Milan: Between Late Summer and Early Fall</em>. New York, NY : Osmos Books, 2015.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 37", "url": null}, {"citation": "Brock, Charles. \"George Bellows: Reviews and Reflections.\" In <em>George Bellows Revisited: New Considerations of the Painter's Oeuvre.</em> Melissa M. Wolfe, ed. Newcastle upon Tyne, UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2016.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 7, fig. 1.1. Mentioned 9, 10, 103, 105.", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cole, Mark. \"This Sporting Life: The work of artist (and athlete) George Bellows.\u201d <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em> 56, no. 3 (May/June 2016): 13.", "page_number": "Reproduced and Mentioned: p. 13", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2016-03"}, {"citation": "Boylan, Alexis L. <em>Ashcan Art, Whiteness, and the Unspectacular Man.</em> New York: Bloomsbury Academic, 2017.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pl. 4", "url": null}, {"citation": "Slayton, Robert A. <em>Beauty in the City: The Ashcan School. </em>Albany: Excelsior Editions, State University of New York Press, 2017.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 143, fig. 8.13", "url": null}, {"citation": "Corbett, David Peters. Die Ashcan School: Lebensbilder der New Yorker und iher Stadt. In <em>Es war einmal in Amerika: 300 Jahre US-Amerikanische Kunst, 164-171. </em>Barbara Schaefer and Anita Hachmann, 2018.", "page_number": "Reproduced; p. 168, abb. 13", "url": null}, {"citation": "Johnston, April Nehring. <em>The Making of Cleveland's Artist: The Aesthetic and Cultural Politics of Boundary Crossing in the Industrial Landscape Paintings of Carl Gaertner, 1923-1952.</em> Thesis, Washington University, 2019.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 24", "url": null}, {"citation": "Sublette, J. Mark. <em>Maynard Dixon's American West: Along the Distant Mesa</em>. Tucson, AZ: Mark Sublette Medicine Man Gallery, 2018.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 267, fig. 318", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Punch drunk.\" <em>Christie's magazine</em> (November/December 2019): 108-117.", "page_number": "Mentioned p. 113-114; Reproduced p. 116-117", "url": null}, {"citation": "Santos, Guillermo. \"Jonathan Barbieri y Los Santos Bebedores.\" In <em>La Pierde Almas: Historia de Una Cantina, </em>edited by Jonathan Barbieri, 33-41. [Santa Mar\u00eda del Tule, Oaxaca, M\u00e9xico]: Quarentena Ediciones, 2021.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 37", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Guttmann, Allen. \"Representation.\" In <em>A Cultural History of Sport, </em>edited by Mike Huggins, 187-215.London, UK: Bloomsbury Academic, 2021.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 196, fig. 8.4", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Pearson, Harry. \"Competitive streaks.\"<em> Apollo</em> 193, no. 698 (June 2021): 60-65.", "page_number": "Reproduction p.60, fig. 1; mentioned p. 64", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cueff, Alain. <em>Ciels d'Ame\u0301rique 1801-2001</em>. Paris: Belles Lettres, 2023.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 175-176, fig. 63", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1922.1133", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1922.1133/1922.1133_web.jpg", "width": "1194", "height": "893", "filesize": "152341", "filename": "1922.1133_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1922.1133/1922.1133_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2542", "filesize": "1240178", "filename": "1922.1133_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1922.1133/1922.1133_full.tif", "width": "10552", "height": "7890", "filesize": "249794924", "filename": "1922.1133_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2009-11-13T16:25:47", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1922.1133/1922.1133_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "1199", "height": "893", "filesize": "815482"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1922.1133/1922.1133_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2533", "filesize": "6988238"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1922.1133/1922.1133_alt0_full.tif", "width": "4783", "height": "3564", "filesize": "51160904"}}, {"date_created": "2013-06-20T19:16:59", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1922.1133/1922.1133_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "1196", "height": "893", "filesize": "182971"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1922.1133/1922.1133_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2538", "filesize": "1713738"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1922.1133/1922.1133_alt1_full.tif", "width": "7763", "height": "5795", "filesize": "134982796"}}, {"date_created": "2008-08-13T14:09:15", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1922.1133/1922.1133_alt2_web.jpg", "width": "1130", "height": "893", "filesize": "807664"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1922.1133/1922.1133_alt2_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2688", "filesize": "7087105"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1922.1133/1922.1133_alt2_full.tif", "width": "4347", "height": "3437", "filesize": "44865488"}}, {"date_created": "2009-12-09T01:50:06", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1922.1133/1922.1133_alt3_web.jpg", "width": "1130", "height": "893", "filesize": "836713"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1922.1133/1922.1133_alt3_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2688", "filesize": "7342730"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1922.1133/1922.1133_alt3_full.tif", "width": "4347", "height": "3437", "filesize": "44865824"}}], "creditline": "Hinman B. Hurlbut Collection", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "The Cleveland Foundation Gallery", "athena_id": 92937, "creators": [{"id": 3005, "description": "George Bellows (American, 1882\u20131925)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": "An accomplished athlete, George Bellows (1882\u20131925) was an especially appropriate artist to address the subject of sports. Born and raised in Columbus, Ohio, he played baseball and basketball as a youth, developing sufficient ability to letter in both at Ohio State University. According to some accounts, scouts for the Cincinnati Reds took notice of his shortstop talents. However, Bellows\u2019s first love, art, ultimately intervened, and after his junior year he relocated to New York to study painting. In a remarkably short period he became the leading artist of his generation, a reputation fueled through boxing subjects such as <em>Stag at Sharkey\u2019s.</em> In his later years he developed recreational passions for tennis and billiards, which he routinely played with friends. Bellows\u2019s life was cut short at the age of 42, due to complications after his appendix ruptured.", "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1882", "death_year": "1925", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1922-06-09T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1909, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1909", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Club Night"], "is_highlight": true, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:03:22.955000"}, {"id": 151904, "accession_number": "1927.1984", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "The Biglin Brothers Turning the Stake, 1873. Thomas Eakins (American, 1844\u20131916). Oil on canvas; framed: 117 x 167 x 6.5 cm (46 1/16 x 65 3/4 x 2 9/16 in.); unframed: 101.3 x 151.4 cm (39 7/8 x 59 5/8 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Hinman B. Hurlbut Collection, 1927.1984", "current_location": "207 American Realism", "title": "The Biglin Brothers Turning the Stake", "creation_date": "1873", "creation_date_earliest": 1873, "creation_date_latest": 1873, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["America"], "technique": "oil on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "American Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "American - Painting", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 117 x 167 x 6.5 cm (46 1/16 x 65 3/4 x 2 9/16 in.); Unframed: 101.3 x 151.4 cm (39 7/8 x 59 5/8 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 1.17, "width": 1.67, "depth": 0.065}, "unframed": {"height": 1.013, "width": 1.514}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "signed lower left:  EAKINS 73.", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 312517, "title": "The Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition", "description": "<i>The Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 26-October 4, 1936).", "opening_date": "1936-06-26T04:00:00"}, {"id": 312462, "title": "Exhibition of American Painting from 1860 Until Today", "description": "<i>Exhibition of American Painting from 1860 Until Today</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 23-October 4, 1937).", "opening_date": "1937-06-23T04:00:00"}, {"id": 312341, "title": "The Silver Jubilee Exhibition", "description": "<i>The Silver Jubilee Exhibition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 23-September 28, 1941).", "opening_date": "1941-06-23T04:00:00"}, {"id": 311898, "title": "35th Anniversary Exhibition", "description": "<i>35th Anniversary Exhibition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 20-September 30, 1951).", "opening_date": "1951-06-20T04:00:00"}, {"id": 445590, "title": "Thomas Eakins: Retrospective Exhibition", "description": "<i>Thomas Eakins: Retrospective Exhibition</i>. Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, NY (organizer) (September 21-November 21, 1970).", "opening_date": "1970-09-21T04:00:00"}, {"id": 302330, "title": "Heritage and Horizon: American Painting 1776 - 1976", "description": "<i>Heritage and Horizon: American Painting 1776 - 1976</i>. Buffalo AKG Art Museum, Buffalo, NY (organizer) (March 7-April 11, 1976); The Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit, MI (May 2-June 13, 1976); The Toledo Museum of Art, Toledo, OH (July 4-August 15, 1976); The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (September 8-October 10, 1976).", "opening_date": "1976-03-07T05:00:00"}, {"id": 205372, "title": "Thomas Eakins: The Rowing Pictures", "description": "<i>Thomas Eakins: The Rowing Pictures</i>. National Gallery of Art (June 23-September 29, 1996); Yale University Art Gallery (organizer) (October 11, 1996-January 14, 1997); The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (February 19-May 15, 1997).", "opening_date": "1996-06-23T00:00:00"}, {"id": 205787, "title": "Thomas Eakins, American Realist", "description": "<i>Thomas Eakins, American Realist</i>. Philadelphia Museum of Art, Philadelphia, PA (organizer) (September 30, 2001-January 6, 2002); Mus\u00e9e d'Orsay, Paris, France (February 3-May 12, 2002); The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY (June 10-September 15, 2002).", "opening_date": "2001-09-20T00:00:00"}, {"id": 184052, "title": "Cleveland Collects American Art of the Gilded Age", "description": "<i>Cleveland Collects American Art of the Gilded Age</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (February 23-May 18, 2003).", "opening_date": "2003-02-23T00:00:00"}, {"id": 224558, "title": "Time Stands Still: Muybridge and the Instantaneous Photography Movement", "description": "<i>Time Stands Still: Muybridge and the Instantaneous Photography Movement</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (February 15-May 16, 2004).", "opening_date": "2004-02-15T00:00:00"}, {"id": 179631, "title": "CMA Highlights", "description": "<i>CMA Highlights</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art (organizer) (June 21-September 11, 2005).", "opening_date": "2005-06-21T00:00:00"}, {"id": 216543, "title": "Manly Pursuits: The Sporting Images of Thomas Eakins", "description": "<i>Manly Pursuits: The Sporting Images of Thomas Eakins</i>. Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles, CA (organizer) (July 25-October 23, 2010).", "opening_date": "2010-07-25T00:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "Long Branch, NJ, unknown location (Summer, 1878) as Biglen Brothers turning the Stake-boat; see Thomas Eakins: The Rowing Pictures (Washington, D.C, 1996).", "opening_date": "1996-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Boston, Charitable Mechanics Association, 13th Exhibition (2 September-2 November 1878) as Turning the Stake; see Thomas Eakins: The Rowing Pictures (Washington, D.C, 1996).", "opening_date": "1996-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Philadelphia, Philadelphia Society of Artists, 2nd Annual Exhibition (1 November-6 December 1880) as Turning the Stake, A pair oared Race; see Thomas Eakins: The Rowing Pictures (Washington, D.C, 1996).", "opening_date": "1996-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "St. Louis, Art Hall, 21st St. Louis Fair, (3-8 October 1881) as Turning the Stake-boat; see Thomas Eakins: The Rowing Pictures (Washington, D.C, 1996).", "opening_date": "1996-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Denver, National Mining and Industrial Exposition, 1st Annual Exposition (1 August-30 September 1882) as Biglen Brothers turning the Stake-boat; see Thomas Eakins: The Rowing Pictures (Washington, D.C, 1996).", "opening_date": "1996-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "New York, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Loan Exhibition of the Works of Thomas Eakins (5 November-3 December 1917), illus. cat. no. 3, pl. 3 as The Biglin Brothers Turning the Stake-Boat.", "opening_date": "1917-11-05T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Philadelphia, The Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Memorial Exhibition of the Works of the Late Thomas Eakins (23 December 1917-13 January 1918), illus. cat. no. 33, listed p. 86.", "opening_date": "1917-12-23T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Philadelphia, Department of Fine Arts, Paintings, Sculpture, and Prints in the Department of Fine Arts Sesqui-centennial International Exposition (1926), listed cat. no. 360, p. 70.", "opening_date": "1926-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Cleveland, The Cleveland Museum of Art, Memorial Exhibition of Paintings by Thomas Eakins, Albert P. Ryder, and J. Alden Weir (15 December 1927-23 January 1928)", "opening_date": "1927-12-15T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Philadelphia, PA, Pennsylvania Museum of Art, Work of Thomas Eakins (March 1930) New York, The Museum of Modern Art, Sixth Loan Exhibition: Winslow Homer, Albert P. Ryder, Thomas Eakins (May, 1930), illus. cat. no. 94, listed p. 29.", "opening_date": "1930-03-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Los Angeles, Los Angeles Museum of History, Science, and Art, Olympic Competition and Exhibition of Art (30 July 30-31 August 1932), listed cat. no. 753, p. 51.", "opening_date": "1931-07-30T00:00:00"}, {"description": "New York, Whitney Museum of American Art, American Genre: The Social Scene in Paintings and Prints (26 March-29 April 1935) cat. no. 28, listed p. 16, not illus.", "opening_date": "1935-03-26T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Baltimore, The Baltimore Museum of Art, Thomas Eakins 1844-1916: A Retrospective Exhibition of His Paintings (1 December 1936-1 January 1937), illus. cat. no. 5.", "opening_date": "1936-12-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Detroit, Detroit Institute of Art, Eighteenth Annual Exhibition of American Art (2 April-3 May 1937) cat. no. 1, listed p. 8, not illus.", "opening_date": "1937-04-02T00:00:00"}, {"description": "New York, National Academy of Design, The Special World's Fair Exhibition (8 May-25 July 1939), listed cat. no.213.", "opening_date": "1939-05-08T00:00:00"}, {"description": "San Francisco, The California Palace of the Legion of Honor, Seven Centuries of Painting: A Loan Exhibition of Old and Modern Masters (29 December 1939 - 28 January 1940), illus. cat. no. L-153, listed p. 50.", "opening_date": "1939-12-29T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Detroit, The Detroit Institute of Arts, Five Centuries of Marine Painting (6 March-5 April 1942), listed no. 117, pp. 37-38, not illus.", "opening_date": "1942-03-06T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Philadelphia, Philadelphia Museum of Art, Thomas Eakins Centennial Exhibitions (8 April-14 May, 1944), illus. cat. no. 17, p. 123, listed p. 134.", "opening_date": "1944-04-08T00:00:00"}, {"description": "New York, M. Knoedler &amp; Company, A Loan Exhibition of the Works of Thomas Eakins 1844-1944, Commemorating the Centennial of His Birth (3 June-31 July 1944) illus. cat. no. 6.", "opening_date": "1944-06-03T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Boston, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston Sport in American Art (10 October-10 December 1944), listed cat. no. 26, p.11, not illus.", "opening_date": "1944-10-10T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Pittsburgh, Department of Fine Arts, Carnegie Institute, Thomas Eakins: Centennial Exhibition 1844-1944 (26 April-1 June 1945), illus. cat. no. 110.", "opening_date": "1945-04-26T00:00:00"}, {"description": "London, The Tate Gallery, American Painting: From the Eighteenth Century to the Present Day (June - July 1946), illus. cat. no. 70, listed p. 12.", "opening_date": "1946-06-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Saginaw Museum, Michigan, (2-28 November 1948), Thomas Eakins Centennial, no catalogue can be found for this show.", "opening_date": "1948-11-02T00:00:00"}, {"description": "New York, NY, The Century Association, Exhibition of Paintings by Thomas Eakins (10 January-18 February 1951) no catalogue can be found for this show.", "opening_date": "1951-01-10T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Akron, OH, Akron Art Institute, Masterpiece Series ( 30 December 1952-1 February 1953) no catalogue.", "opening_date": "1952-12-30T00:00:00"}, {"description": "New York, Wildenstein &amp; Co., Landmarks in American Art, 1670-1950 (26 February-28 March 1953), illus. cat. no. 25, pl. 25 as The Biglen Brothers Turning the Stake.", "opening_date": "1953-02-26T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Syracuse, Syracuse Museum of Fine Arts, 125 Years of American Art (16 September-11 October 1953), illus. cat . no. no. 18 as Turning the Stake Boat.", "opening_date": "1953-09-16T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, 150th Anniversary Exhibition (15 January-13 March 1955); listed p. 65, cat. no. 74, not illus.", "opening_date": "1955-01-15T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Washington, DC, National Gallery of Art, Smithsonian Institution, Thomas Eakins: A Retrospective Exhibition (8 October-12 November 1961); traveled to Chicago, The Art Institute of Chicago (1 December 1961-7 January 1962); to Philadelphia, Philadelphia Museum of Art (1 February-18 March 1962), illus. cat. no. 9, p. 43.", "opening_date": "1961-10-08T00:00:00"}, {"description": "New York, Whitney Museum of Art, Thomas Eakins: Retrospective Exhibition (22 September-21 November 1970), illus. cat. no. 10, p. 37, listed p. 69.", "opening_date": "1970-09-22T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Buffalo, Albright-Knox Art Gallery, Heritage and Horizon: American Painting 1776-1976 (6 March- 11 April 1976); traveled to Detroit, The Detroit Institute of Arts (5 May-13 June 1976); to Toledo, The Toledo Museum of Art (4 July-15 August 1976); to Cleveland, The Cleveland Museum of Art (8 September-10 October 1976), illus. cat. no. 22, illus.", "opening_date": "1976-03-06T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Philadelphia, Philadelphia Museum of Art, Thomas Eakins Exhibition: Artist of Philadelphia (29 May-1 August 1982); traveled to Boston, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston (22 September-28 November 1982), illus. cat. no. 18, p. 22, illus.", "opening_date": "1982-05-29T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Boston, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston A New World: Masterpieces of American Paintings 1760-1910 (7 September-13 November 1983); traveled to Washington, DC, Corcoran Gallery of American Art (7 December 1983-12 February 1984); to Paris, Grand Palais (16 March-11 June 1984) illus. cat. no. 58, p. 118, pp. 267-268, illus. p. 267.", "opening_date": "1983-09-07T00:00:00"}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art (06/21/2005 - 09/11/2005); \"CMA Highlights\"", "opening_date": "2005-06-21T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Susan MacDowell Eakins [1851-1938], Philadelphia, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->Ownership of Eakins' unsold works passed to his wife, Susan Macdowell Eakins, upon his death in 1916.</div>"], "date": "1916-1927", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1927-", "sortorder": 2}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [{"id": 121189, "description": "The Biglin Brothers Turning the Stake, 1873. Thomas Eakins (American, 1844\u20131916). Graphite and brush and brown wash; sheet: 35.5 x 43.1 cm (14 x 16 15/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Mr. and Mrs. William H. Marlatt Fund, 1942.1066", "relationship": null}], "former_accession_numbers": ["1955.27", "1984.1927"], "did_you_know": "Rowing was among the most popular spectator sports in the U.S. during the 1870s.", "description": "Eakins's painting celebrates athletic teamwork while commemorating an actual event, a famous rowing race that took place on the Schuylkill River in Philadelphia during May 1872. Throngs of spectators line the riverbank and watch as Barney and John Biglin negotiate the tricky turn around a stake marking the halfway point in the contest. Their competitors, seen in the middle distance at the right, lag behind. The Biglin brothers won the race, cementing their status as the most celebrated oarsmen of the era. Trained in the United States and France, Eakins spent almost his entire artistic career in his hometown of Philadelphia. He is renowned for the unsentimental realism in his paintings, whose compositions he developed through painstakingly prepared figure and perspective drawings.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117088141", "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60475307"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1927.1984-the-biglin-brothers"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "", "page_number": "", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Koja, Stephan, Nicolai Cikovsky, and \u00d6sterreichische Galerie Belvedere. <em>America : The New World in 19th-Century Painting. </em>Munich: Prestel, 1999.", "page_number": "Mentioned, p. 224.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "David Franklin, and C. Griffith Mann. <em>Treasures of the Cleveland Museum of Art. </em>Cleveland, OH, London: Cleveland Museum of Art ; in association with Scala Publishers, 2012.", "page_number": "Mentioned, p. 266; reprouced, p. 267.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Davis, John, Jennifer A. Greenhill, and Jason David LaFountain, eds.<em> A Companion to American Art.</em> Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley Blackwell, 2015.", "page_number": "Reproduced, p. 149.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "McFeely, William S. <em>Portrait : The Life of Thomas Eakins</em>. New York, NY: W.W. Norton, 2007.", "page_number": "Mentioned pp. 69-70, 87.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Koehler, S. R. \u201cSecond Annual Exhibition of the Philadelphia Society of Artists(Opened November 1. Closed December 6).\u201d <em>The American Art Review</em> 2, no. 3 (January 1881): 103\u201315.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 110", "url": "https://doi.org/10.2307/20559774"}, {"citation": "Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, N.Y.). <em>Loan Exhibition of the Works of Thomas Eakins, New York, November 5 to December 3, MCMXVII.</em> New York: The De Vinne press, 1917.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pg 1; Reproduced: cat. no. 3, pl. 3", "url": "https://archive.org/details/loanexhibitionof00metr_2/page/20/mode/2up"}, {"citation": "Burroughs, Alan. \"Catalogue of Work of Thomas Eakins (1869-1916).\" <em>The Arts</em> 5, no. 6 (June 1924): 328-335.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 329", "url": ""}, {"citation": "\u201cCatalogue of the Works of Thomas Eakins.\u201d <em>Bulletin of the Pennsylvania Museum</em> 25, no. 133 (March 1930): 17\u201333.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 19, no. 25", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/3794383"}, {"citation": "M.M \"Exhibitions.\" <em>The International Studio </em>30 (June 1930): 70-74.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 70; Reproduced: P. 74", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Goodrich, Lloyd, and Thomas Eakins. <em>Thomas Eakins: His Life and Work</em>. New York, NY: Whitney Museum of American Art, 1933.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 37-47; Reproduced: pl. 8", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cahill, Holger, and Alfred H. Barr. <em>Art in America in Modern Times</em>. New York, NY:: Reynal &amp; Hitchcock,1934.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 79-81; Reproduced: p. 81", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. Catalogue of the Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition of the Cleveland Museum of Art: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition : June Twenty-Sixth to October Fourth 1936. [Cleveland, Ohio]: [Cleveland Museum of Art], 1936.", "page_number": "listed cat. no. 355, p. 132 as Turning Stake Boat, or Biglin Brothers Turning Stake Boat", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Catalogue of an Exhibition of American Painting from 1860 until Today at the Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> [Cleveland]: [Printed by the Artcraft Printing Co.], 1937.<br>Published as: <em>Turning Stake Boat</em>", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 20, no. 56; Reproduced: pl. IX, no. 56", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"The Story of American Painting Is Retold in Cleveland Exhibition.\" <em>Art Digest </em>11, no. 19 (August 1937): 5-9.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 6", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Sweeney, J. J. \"L'Art Contemporain aux Etats-Unis.\" <em>Cahiers d'Art </em>13 (1938): 45-57.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 50; Reproduced: P. 57", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Francis, Henry. \"Loans to Important Exhibitions.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art </em>26, no. 7 (July 1939): 123", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 123", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25138029"}, {"citation": "McKinney, Roland Joseph, Aime\u0301e Crane, and Andre\u0301 Gloeckner. <em>Thomas Eakins</em>. New York, NY: Crown Publishers, 1942.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 9-22; Reproduced: p. 67", "url": null}, {"citation": "Richardson, E. P., and Robert Freund. <em>American Romantic Painting</em>. New York, NY: E. Weyhe, 1944.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p.5-22, 31-32; Reproduced: no. 231", "url": null}, {"citation": "Watkins, Franklin. \"Eakins.\" <em>ARTnews </em>63, no. 5 (April 15, 1944): 10-13.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 11", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Goodrich, Lloyd. \"Thomas Eakins Today.\" <em>Magazine of Art </em>37, no. 5 (May 1944): 162-166.", "page_number": "", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Ormsbee, Thomas H. \"Thomas Eakins, American Realist Painter.\" <em>American Collector: Biweekly for Dealers and Collectors </em>13, no. 6 (July 1944): 162-166.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 165.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "<em>Paintings in the Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> [Cleveland]: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1945.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 13", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAPaintings1945/page/n21"}, {"citation": "O'Connor, Jr., John. \"Thomas Eakins, Consistent Realist.\" <em>Carnegie Magazine </em>19, no. 2 (April 1945): 35-39.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 39", "url": ""}, {"citation": "McHenry, Margaret. <em>Thomas Eakins Who Painted</em>. Oreland? PA: [Privately printed for the author], 1946.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 23-24, 155", "url": null}, {"citation": "Winchester, Alice. \"American Painting in London: A Comment On the Tate Gallery Exhibition.\" <em>The Magazine Antiques </em>51, no. 2 (February 1947): 100-108.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 105, fig. 44", "url": ""}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Handbook.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 541", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1958/page/n100"}, {"citation": "Milliken, William Mathewson. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> New York: H.N. Abrams, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 60-61", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Porter, Fairfield. <em>Thomas Eakins</em>. New York: George Braziller,1959.", "page_number": "Reproduced: Pl. 11", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Grosser, Maurice. <em>Critic's Eye</em>. Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill, 1962.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 166", "url": null}, {"citation": "Grosser, Maurice. <em>Critic's Eye</em>. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1962.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 166", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Kessler, Charles S. \"The Realism of Thomas Eakins.\" <em>Arts Magazine </em>36, no. 4 (January 1962): 16-22.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 17-18", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Gracza, Margaret Young. <em>The Ship and the Sea in Art</em>. Minneapolis, MN: Lerner Publications Co, 1965.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 52", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 187", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n211"}, {"citation": "Schendler, Sylvan. <em>Eakins</em>. Boston, MA: Little, Brown, 1967.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 33-40, 284-285; Reproduced: p. 39, fig. 14", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 187", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n211"}, {"citation": "Hamilton, George Heard. <em>19th and 20th Century Art: Painting, Sculpture, Architecture</em>. New York: H.N. Abrams, 1970.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 112, fig. 97", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, and Berthold Fricke. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> Hannover: Knorr &amp; Hirth, 1970.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 68-69", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Adams, Celeste, Rita Myers, and Adele Z. Silver.<em> An Introduction to American Art in the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1972.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 12-13", "url": ""}, {"citation": "\u201cA Check List. American Paintings and Water Colors of the Eighteenth, Nineteenth, and Early Twentieth Centuries in the Cleveland Museum of Art.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 60, no. 1 (January 1973): 21\u201335.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 25, no. 57", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25152465"}, {"citation": "Parry, Ellwood C., and Maria Chamberlin-Hellman. \u201cThomas Eakins as an Illustrator, 1878-1881.\u201d <em>American Art Journal</em> 5, no. 1 (May 1973): 20\u201345.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 35", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/1593941"}, {"citation": "Albright-Knox Art Gallery, Detroit Institute of Arts, and Toledo Museum of Art. <em>Heritage and Horizon: American Painting, 1776-1976 : </em>[Exhibition. [Toledo]: Toledo Museum of Art, 1976.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: No. 22", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, and Phyllis D. Rosenzweig. <em>The Thomas Eakins Collection of the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden</em>. Washington DC: Published for the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Smithsonian Institution, by the Smithsonian Institution Press, 1977.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 50-51", "url": null}, {"citation": "Johnson, Mark M. \"American Landscapes.\" <em>Arts and Activities </em>82, no. 4 (December 1977): 28-33.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 31; Reproduced: P. 29, fig. 3", "url": ""}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 232", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n252"}, {"citation": "Johns, Elizabeth. \"Thomas Eakins: A Case for Reassessment.\" <em>Arts Magazine </em>53, no. 9 (May 1979): 130-133.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 131", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Johnson, Mark M. <em>Idea to Image: Preparatory Studies from the Renaissance to Impressionism.</em> Cleveland, Ohio: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1980.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 44-45, fig. 50", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Weinberg, Barbara H. \"American Impressionism in Cosmopolitan Context.\" <em>Arts Magazine </em>(November 1980): 160-165.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 163-164, fig. 8", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Silver, Adele Z. <em>Guide to the Galleries.</em> Cleveland, Ohio: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1981.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 83-84, fig. 77", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Goodrich, Lloyd. <em>Thomas Eakin</em>s. Cambridge, Mass: Published for the National Gallery of Art [by] Harvard University Press, 1982.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 83, Vol. I; Reproduced: P. 86, fig. 29", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Wilmerding, John. \u201cPhiladelphia. Thomas Eakins.\u201d <em>The Burlington Magazine</em> 124, no. 954 (September 1982): 583\u201385.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 583; Reproduced: P. 585, fig. 40", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/880963"}, {"citation": "Goodrich, Lloyd. \"The Art of Thomas Eakins.\" <em>Portfolio </em>4, no. 5 (September/October 1982): 60-65.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 61-62", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Parry, Ellwood. \"The 'Exact, Uncompromising' Eye of Thomas Eakins.\" <br><em>ARTnews </em>81, no. 8 (October 1982): 80-83.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 82", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Rosenblum, Robert, and H. W. Janson. <em>19th Century Art</em>. New York: Abrams, 1984.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 357-358; Reproduced: P. 340, pl. 58", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Weinberg, H. Barbara. <em>The American Pupils of Jean-Le\u0301on Ge\u0301ro\u0302me. </em>Fort Worth, Tex: Amon Carter Museum, 1984.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 41-42, fig. 27", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Johns, Elizabeth. \"Thomas Eakins: Strokes of Genius.\" <em>Art &amp; Antiques</em> (September 1984): 72-76.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 74-75", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Milroy, Elizabeth. <em>Thomas Eakins' Artistic Training, 1860-1870. </em>Thesis, University of Pennsylvania, 1986.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 326; Reproduced: P. 418, fig. 57", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Hubbard, Roberta. \"Cleveland: A Cultural Campaign.\" <em>Horizon </em>29, no. 10 (December 1986): 16-24.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 16", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Fried, Michael. <em>Realism, Writing, Disfiguration: On Thomas Eakins and Stephen Crane. </em>Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 47-48, fig. 36", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Kimmerle, Constance. <em>Thomas Eakins' Exploration of the Mechanism and Laws of Human Expression and Understanding in Themes of Mental Effort and Creative Activity.</em> Thesis, Dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 1989.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 369", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Miyazaki, Katsumi. <em>Insho\u0304-ha No Miryoku.</em> Kyo\u0304to: Do\u0304ho\u0304sha Shuppan, 1990.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 71", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Griffin, Randall C. \u201cThomas Anshutz\u2019s \u2018The Ironworkers\u2019 Noontime\u2019: Remythologizing the Industrial Worker.\u201d <em>Smithsonian Studies in American Art</em> 4, no. 3/4 (Summer-Autumn 1990): 129\u201343.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 139, fig. 13", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/3109019"}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Interpretations: Sixty-Five Works from the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, Ohio: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1991.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: no. 31", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Weinberg, H. Barbara. <em>The Lure of Paris: Nineteenth-Century American Painters and Their French Teachers.</em> New York: Abbeville Press Publishers, 1991.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 9-10, pl. 5", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Wilmerding, John. <em>American Views: Essays on American Art.</em> Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1991.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 314; Reproduced: P. 316, fig. 214", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, Ohio: The Museum, 1991.", "page_number": "Reproduced; p. 32", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1991/page/n147"}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Masterpieces from East and West. </em>New York, NY: Rizzoli International, 1992.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 145", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Homer, William Innes. <em>Thomas Eakins: His Life and Art. </em>New York: Abbeville Press, 1992.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 61, fig. 50", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Chong, Alan. <em>European &amp; American Painting in the Cleveland Museum of Art: A Summary Catalogue</em>. Cleveland, Ohio: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1993.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 71", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Wilmerding, John. <em>Thomas Eakins (1844-1916) and the Heart of American Life.</em> London: National Portrait Gallery, 1993.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 20, 69", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Griffin, Randall C. <em>Thomas Anshutz: Artist and Teach</em>er. Huntington, N.Y. : Heckscher Museum in association with the University of Washington Press, Seattle, 1994.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 46; Reproduced: P. 48, fig. 16", "url": ""}, {"citation": "\"1993 Annual Report.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 81, no. 6 (1994): 143-218.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 170", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25161457"}, {"citation": "Berger, Martin Andrew. <em>Determining Manhood: Constructions of Sexuality in the Art of Thomas Eakins.</em> Dissertation Yale University, 1995.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 32-37; Reproduced: P. 173, fig. 8", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Milroy, Elizabeth, and W. Douglass Paschall. <em>Guide to the Thomas Eakins Research Collection with a Lifetime Exhibition Record and Bibliography.</em> Philadelphia, Pa: Philadelphia Museum of Art, 1996.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 21, 23, 36", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cooper, Helen A. Thomas Eakins: The Rowing Pictures. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Art Gallery, 1996.", "page_number": "illus. fig. no. 26, p. 51, listed p. 137", "url": null}, {"citation": "Distel, Anne. \"Yerres.\" In <em>Gustave Caillebotte: The Unknown Impressionist.</em> Anne Distel, 45-62. London: Royal Academy of Arts, in association with Ludion Press, Ghent, 1996.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 48-49, fig. 5", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Baigell, Matthew.<em> A Concise History of American Painting and Sculpture.</em> New York: IconEditions, 1996.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 139-140, fig. 137", "url": ""}, {"citation": "M\u00f8rstad, Erik. <em>Malerileksikon: Teknikker, motivtyper og estetikk. </em>Oslo: Ad Notam Gyldendal, 1996.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 283", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Werbel, Amy Beth. <em>Perspective in the Life and Art of Thomas Eakins.</em> Dissertation, Yale University, 1996.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 118; Reproduced: P. 244, fig. 58", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cooper, Helen. \"The Rowing Pictures of Thomas Eakins.\" <em>The Magazine Antiques </em>150, no. 2 (August 1996): 166-177.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 173; Reproduced: P. 174-175", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Loos, Ted. \"Eakins's Shell Game.\" <em>Art &amp; Antiques </em>19, no. 10 (November 1996): 99-105.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 102", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Masschelein-Currie, Christina. 1997. \u201cThomas Eakins under the Microscope: A Technical Study of the Rowing Paintings.\u201d <em>American Artist</em> 61, no. 654 ( January 1997): 12-19.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 15-17, figs. 1-4, 7-9", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Foster, Kathleen A., and Mark Bockrath. <em>Thomas Eakins Rediscovered: Charles Bregler's Thomas Eakins Collection at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts.</em> New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 83, 125, 126, 143", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Berger, Martin A. \"Modernity and Gender in Thomas Eakins's Swimming.\" <em>American Art </em>11, no. 3 (Fall 1997): 32-47.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 36, fig. 3; Mentioned: P. 38", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Burns, Sara Lea. \"Thomas Eakins Exposed.\" <em>Nineteenth-Century Studies </em>13 (1999): 139-152.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 143; Reproduced: P. 145", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Groseclose, Barbara S.<em> Nineteenth-Century American Art.</em> Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 103, no. 65", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Mishory, Alec. <em>Art History: An Introduction.</em> Tel-Aviv: Open University of Israel, 2000.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 83, no. 69", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Berger, Martin A. <em>Man Made: Thomas Eakins and the Construction of Gilded Age Manhood</em>. Berkeley, Calif: University of California Press, 2000.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 3, 23, 133 n. 51; Reproduced: Pl. 2", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Sewell, Darrel, Kathleen A. Foster, and Thomas Eakins. Thomas Eakins: [... on the Occasion of the Exhibition \"Thomas Eakins. American Realist\" ... Philadelphia Museum of Art, October 4, 2001, to January 6, 2002 ...]. [New Haven, Conn.]: Yale Univ. Press, 2001.", "page_number": "illus. pl. 6, p. 45, pp. 27-40, 390-391", "url": null}, {"citation": "Ledes, Allison Eckardt. \"Current and Coming: Eakins in Philadelphia.\" <em>The Magazine Antiques </em>160, no. 4 (October 2001): 398-400.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 400; Reproduced: P. 398", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Esten, John.<em> Thomas Eakins: The Absolute Male.</em> New York, NY: Universe Pub, 2002.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 39; mentioned: P. 78", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Esten, John, and Thomas Eakins. Thomas Eakins: The Absolute Male. New York, NY: Universe Pub, 2002.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 61-63", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Homer, William Innes. <em>Thomas Eakins: His Life and Art</em>. New York: Abbeville Press, 2002.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 61-63, fig. 50", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Pinelli, Orietta Rossi. \"Un Pittore a Bordo Ring.\" <em>Art e dossier </em>175 (February 2002): 36-43.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 39", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>American Painting</em>. Cleveland, Ohio: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2003.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 2", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Griffin, Randall C. <em>Homer, Eakins, and Anshutz: The Search for American Identity in the Gilded Age.</em> University Park, Pa: Pennsylvania State University, 2004.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 50, fig. 19", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Rosenblum, Robert, and H. W. Janson. <em>19th-Century Art. </em>Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 2005.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 364, fig. 350", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Adams, Henry. <em>Eakins Revealed: The Secret Life of an American Artist.</em> Oxford [England]: Oxford University Press, 2005.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 270, 243-244, 337; Reproduced: P. 192", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Updike, John. <em>Still Looking: Essays on American A</em>rt. New York: Knopf, 2005.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 76", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Burns, Sarah. \"Ordering the Artist's Body: Thomas Eakins's Acts of Self-Portrayal.\"<em> American Art </em>19, no. 1 (Spring 2005): 82-107.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 91", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Kirkpatrick, Sidney. <em>The Revenge of Thomas Eakin</em>s. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006.", "page_number": "Reproduced: Pl. 5; Mentioned: P. 444, 146-147, 151-154, 160, 174, 187, 254", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Novak, Barbara. <em>Nature and Culture: American Landscape and Painting, 1825-1875.</em> New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2007.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 222, fig. 10.15", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cooper, James F. \"Is Thomas Eakins a Great Artist?\" <em>American Arts Quarterly </em>24, no. 2 (Spring 2007): 2-9.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 3, 8", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Fonsmark, Anne-Birgitte, Dorothee Hansen, and Gry Hedin. <em>Gustave Caillebotte.</em> Ostfildern: Hatje Cantz, 2008.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 112, fig. 4", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Adams, Henry. <em>What's American About American Art?: A Gallery Tour in the Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2008.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 90-93", "url": ""}, {"citation": "\"Welcome Back!\" <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine </em>48, no. 5 (May/June 2008): 5-6.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 6", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cole, Mark, \"Picture Perfect\", Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Cleveland Art: The Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em>. Vol. 48 no. 8, October 2008", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced (detail), p. 8.", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2008-08/page/8"}, {"citation": "Leja, Michael. \"Composite Images In a Hybrid Medium by Thomas Eakins and His Contemporaries.\" In <em>Shared Intelligence: American Painting and the Photograph.</em> Barbara Buhler Lynes, and Jonathan Weinberg, 28-41. Berkeley [Calif.]: University of California Press, 2011.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 32-33", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Guttmann, Allen. S<em>ports and American Art from Benjamin West to Andy Warhol.</em> Amherst [Mass.]: University of Massachusetts Press, 2011.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 106; Reproduced: Pl. 17", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Fort, Ilene Susan. <em>Manly Pursuits: Writings on the Sporting Images of Thomas Eakins. </em>[Los Angeles]: Los Angeles County Museum of Art, 2011.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 66, 67, 227, 345-350; Reproduced: P. 43", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Franklin, David, and C. Griffith Mann. <em>Treasures from the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2012.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 266-267", "url": ""}, {"citation": "", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 25", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2012-04/page/24/mode/2up"}, {"citation": "\"Personal Favorite: Gloria Plevin.\" <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine </em>53, no. 4 (July/August 2013): 16.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 16", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 49", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Davis, John, Jennifer A. Greenhill and Jason David LaFountain. <em>A Companion to American Art.</em> Malden, MA: Wiley- Blackwell, 2015.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 149, figure 9.2 Mention: p. 148", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Personal Favorite: William Busta.\" <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine </em>55, no. 6 (November/December 2015): 12.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 12", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2015-06/page/12/mode/2up"}, {"citation": "Hendricks, Gordon. <em>The Life and Work of Thomas Eakins</em>. New York, NY: Grossman Publishers, 1974.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 65-86, 296-298, 335-336; Reproduced: pl. 12 and 13 (detail).", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lanouette, William. The Triumph of the Amateurs: The Rise, Ruin, and Banishment of Professional Rowing in the Gilded Age, Guilford, Connecticut : Lyons Press, 2021, 215", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 215, Reproduced; second page of image section following p. 138", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1927.1984", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1927.1984/1927.1984_web.jpg", "width": "1263", "height": "835", "filesize": "780656", "filename": "1927.1984_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1927.1984/1927.1984_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2247", "filesize": "5271592", "filename": "1927.1984_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1927.1984/1927.1984_full.tif", "width": "7164", "height": "4735", "filesize": "101799424", "filename": "1927.1984_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2011-06-27T18:03:53", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1927.1984/1927.1984_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "1193", "height": "893", "filesize": "805436"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1927.1984/1927.1984_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2545", "filesize": "7465362"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1927.1984/1927.1984_alt0_full.tif", "width": "6668", "height": "4992", "filesize": "99887404"}}, {"date_created": "2011-06-27T17:37:42", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1927.1984/1927.1984_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "1180", "height": "893", "filesize": "803354"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1927.1984/1927.1984_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2574", "filesize": "7327788"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1927.1984/1927.1984_alt1_full.tif", "width": "6465", "height": "4896", "filesize": "94984952"}}, {"date_created": "2011-06-27T17:45:38", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1927.1984/1927.1984_alt2_web.jpg", "width": "1193", "height": "893", "filesize": "808645"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1927.1984/1927.1984_alt2_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2545", "filesize": "7276175"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1927.1984/1927.1984_alt2_full.tif", "width": "6668", "height": "4992", "filesize": "99888472"}}, {"date_created": "2011-06-27T18:14:55", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1927.1984/1927.1984_alt3_web.jpg", "width": "1193", "height": "893", "filesize": "795831"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1927.1984/1927.1984_alt3_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2545", "filesize": "7483128"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1927.1984/1927.1984_alt3_full.tif", "width": "6668", "height": "4992", "filesize": "99886904"}}, {"date_created": "2008-06-23T15:28:22", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1927.1984/1927.1984_alt4_web.jpg", "width": "1240", "height": "893", "filesize": "910498"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1927.1984/1927.1984_alt4_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2448", "filesize": "6362609"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1927.1984/1927.1984_alt4_full.tif", "width": "4556", "height": "3280", "filesize": "44874484"}}], "creditline": "Hinman B. Hurlbut Collection", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "The Payne Fund Gallery", "athena_id": 151904, "creators": [{"id": 4037, "description": "Thomas Eakins (American, 1844\u20131916)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1844", "death_year": "1916", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1927-12-20T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1873, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1873", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": true, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:09:35.482000"}, {"id": 110180, "accession_number": "1928.8", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "The Race Track (Death on a Pale Horse), c. 1896\u20131908. Albert Pinkham Ryder (American, 1847\u20131917). Oil on canvas; framed: 84.5 x 102 x 6.5 cm (33 1/4 x 40 3/16 x 2 9/16 in.); unframed: 70.5 x 90 cm (27 3/4 x 35 7/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Purchase from the J. H. Wade Fund, 1928.8", "current_location": "207 American Realism", "title": "The Race Track (Death on a Pale Horse)", "creation_date": "c. 1896\u20131908", "creation_date_earliest": 1896, "creation_date_latest": 1908, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["America"], "technique": "oil on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "American Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "American - Painting", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 84.5 x 102 x 6.5 cm (33 1/4 x 40 3/16 x 2 9/16 in.); Unframed: 70.5 x 90 cm (27 3/4 x 35 7/16 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 0.845, "width": 1.02, "depth": 0.065}, "unframed": {"height": 0.705, "width": 0.9}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "Signed lower left: \"A. P. Ryder\"", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 312517, "title": "The Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition", "description": "<i>The Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 26-October 4, 1936).", "opening_date": "1936-06-26T04:00:00"}, {"id": 312462, "title": "Exhibition of American Painting from 1860 Until Today", "description": "<i>Exhibition of American Painting from 1860 Until Today</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 23-October 4, 1937).", "opening_date": "1937-06-23T04:00:00"}, {"id": 312428, "title": "Expressionism and Related Movements", "description": "<i>Expressionism and Related Movements</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (January 26-February 28, 1939).", "opening_date": "1939-01-26T05:00:00"}, {"id": 312341, "title": "The Silver Jubilee Exhibition", "description": "<i>The Silver Jubilee Exhibition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 23-September 28, 1941).", "opening_date": "1941-06-23T04:00:00"}, {"id": 311898, "title": "35th Anniversary Exhibition", "description": "<i>35th Anniversary Exhibition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 20-September 30, 1951).", "opening_date": "1951-06-20T04:00:00"}, {"id": 314043, "title": "Art of the United States: 1670-1966", "description": "<i>Art of the United States: 1670-1966</i>. Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, NY (organizer) (September 28-November 27, 1966).", "opening_date": "1966-09-28T04:00:00"}, {"id": 302330, "title": "Heritage and Horizon: American Painting 1776 - 1976", "description": "<i>Heritage and Horizon: American Painting 1776 - 1976</i>. Buffalo AKG Art Museum, Buffalo, NY (organizer) (March 7-April 11, 1976); The Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit, MI (May 2-June 13, 1976); The Toledo Museum of Art, Toledo, OH (July 4-August 15, 1976); The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (September 8-October 10, 1976).", "opening_date": "1976-03-07T05:00:00"}, {"id": 443572, "title": "Kaleidoscope of American Painting, Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries", "description": "<i>Kaleidoscope of American Painting, Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries</i>. William Rockhill Nelson Gallery, Kansas City, MO (organizer) (December 1, 1977-January 22, 1978).", "opening_date": "1977-12-01T05:00:00"}, {"id": 188842, "title": "Conserving the Past for the Future", "description": "<i>Conserving the Past for the Future</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (March 4-May 6, 2001).", "opening_date": "2001-03-04T00:00:00"}, {"id": 184052, "title": "Cleveland Collects American Art of the Gilded Age", "description": "<i>Cleveland Collects American Art of the Gilded Age</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (February 23-May 18, 2003).", "opening_date": "2003-02-23T00:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art, Loan Exhibition of the Works of Albert P. Ryder (11 March - 14 April 1918), cat. no. 48, pl. 48.", "opening_date": "1918-03-11T00:00:00"}, {"description": "New York, The Metropolitan Museum of Art (1918\u20131924).", "opening_date": "1918-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "New York, Anderson Galleries, American Art from the Collections of Members of the Associated Dealers in American Painting (8 - 26 February 1927).", "opening_date": "1927-02-08T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Cleveland, Ohio, Cleveland Museum of Art, Memorial Exhibition of Paintings by Thomas Eakins, Albert P. Ryder, and J. Alden Weir (1928).", "opening_date": "1928-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "New York, The Museum of Modern Art, Sixth Loan Exhibition: Winslow Homer, Albert P. Ryder, Thomas Eakins (May 1930), no. 61, p. 61.", "opening_date": "1930-05-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "New York, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, The Taste of Today in Masterpieces of Painting Before 1900 (10 July - 2 October 1932).", "opening_date": "1932-07-10T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Chicago, Art Institute of Chicago, The Century of Progress Exhibition (1 June - 1 November 1933), no. 475.", "opening_date": "1933-06-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Paris, Mus\u00e9e du Jeu de Paume, Trois Si\u00e8cles d'Art aux \u00c9tats-Unis (May - July 1938), no. 144.", "opening_date": "1938-05-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "New York, The Museum of Modern Art, Art in Our Time: The Tenth Anniversary Exhibition of The Museum of Modern Art (April - October 1939), cat. no. 26, pl. 26.", "opening_date": "1939-04-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "New York, M. Knoedler &amp; Co., Two American Romantics of the Nineteenth Century: Robert Loftin Newman 1827-1912, Albert Pinkham Ryder 1847 - 1917 (13 November - 2 December 1939), no. 9.", "opening_date": "1939-11-13T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Hartford, Connecticut, Wadsworth Atheneum, Night Scenes (15 February - 7 March 1940), no. 56.", "opening_date": "1940-02-15T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Pittsburgh, Carnegie Institute, Survey of American Painting (24 October - 15 December 1940), cat. no. 205 (not ill.)", "opening_date": "1940-10-24T00:00:00"}, {"description": "London, The Tate Gallery, American Painting: from the Eighteenth Century to the Present Day (Summer 1946), cat. no. 178.", "opening_date": "1946-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "New York, Whitney Museum of American Art, Ryder Centenary Exhibition (18 October - 30 November 1947), no. 31, ill. p. 34.", "opening_date": "1947-10-18T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Philadelphia, Philadelphia Museum of Art, Diamond Jubilee Exhibition: Masterpieces of American Painting (4 November 1950 - 11 February 51); no. 62.", "opening_date": "1950-11-04T00:00:00"}, {"description": "New York, National Academy of Design, The American Tradition Exhibition of Paintings (3 December - 16 December1951), no. 120, ill. p. 44.", "opening_date": "1951-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Buffalo, New York, Albright Art Gallery, Expressionism in American Painting (10 May - 29 June 1952), no. 4, ill. p. 13.", "opening_date": "1952-05-10T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Frankfurt, St\u00e4delsches Kunstinstitut, Hundert Jahre Amerikanische Malerei 1800-1900, An Exhibition Circulated by the American Federation of Arts (14 March - 3 May 1953); traveled to M\u00fcnchen, Bayerische Staatsgemaldesammlungen (15 May - 28 June 1953); traveled to Hamburg, Kunstalle (18 July - 30 August 1953), cat. no. 78, p. 34, ill. p. 21.", "opening_date": "1953-03-14T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Rome, Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna, Mostra di Pittura Americana del XIX Secolo (19 January - 7 February 1954), cat. no. 53, pl. 19.", "opening_date": "1954-01-19T00:00:00"}, {"description": "New York, Whitney Museum of American Art, American Painting in the Nineteenth Century (1954), cat. no. 53.", "opening_date": "1954-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Washington, D. C., The Corcoran Gallery, The American Muse (1959), cat. no. 63.", "opening_date": "1959-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Buffalo, New York, Albright-Knox Art Gallery, Heritage and Horizon: American Painting 1776 - 1976 (6 March - 11 April 1976), cat. no. 26; traveled to Detroit, Detroit Institute of Arts (5 May - 13 June 1976); traveled to Toledo, Toledo Museum of Art (4 July - 15 August 1976); traveled to Cleveland, Cleveland Museum of Art (8 September - 10 October 1976).", "opening_date": "1976-03-06T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Kansas City, Missouri, William Rockhill Nelson Gallery of Art, Kaleidoscope of American Painting, Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries (2 December 1977 - 22 January 1978), no. 37, ill. p. 34.", "opening_date": "1977-12-02T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Washington, D.C., National Museum of American Art, The Art of Albert Pinkham Ryder (6 April - 29 July 1990); traveled to Brooklyn, Brooklyn Museum of Art (14 September 1990 - 8 January 1991); exhibition catalog published for the NMAA by the Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1989), p.l 98, fig 86, cat. no. 51, p. 275.", "opening_date": "1990-04-06T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Albert Pinkham Ryder [1847-1914], New York, NY, sold to Louis Lehmeier", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "c. 1896\u20131906", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "Louis Lehmeier, returned to the artist", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->1It is unclear why Lehmeier, an acquaintance of Ryder, returned the painting to the artist.</div>"], "date": "1906\u2013by 1913", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "Albert Pinkham Ryder, probably sold to Albert T. Sanden", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "After 1906\u2013by 1913", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "Albert T. Sanden, New York, NY", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->1Sanden, one of Ryder's closest friends, owned 11 paintings by the artist, most of which he purchased directly from the artist.&nbsp; Since Lehmeier returned this painting to Ryder, it is probable that this painting was one of them.</div>"], "date": "By 1913\u20131924", "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "(Ferargil Galleries, New York, NY, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->1Thomas H. Russell of Ferargil Galleries wrote to Margaret Evans of the Butler Institute of American Art that they had just acquired a group of Ryder paintings, including \"The Race Track,\" known as the \"Sanden pictures.\"</div>"], "date": "1924", "sortorder": 5}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, Ohio", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1928\u2013", "sortorder": 6}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": ["1931.27"], "did_you_know": "Counterclockwise horse racing in the United States was not standardized until the 1920s.", "description": "Ryder\u2019s subject was inspired by a horse race that took place in New York during 1888. One of the artist\u2019s friends wagered $500 on the race and then died by suicide after the horse lost. Medieval symbolism infuses the composition: death appears as a skeleton on horseback holding a scythe with which he cuts down the living, while a snake\u2014a sign of temptation and evil\u2014slithers in the foreground. An intense man, Ryder worked on the painting for several years and was deeply reluctant to part with it.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60513294"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1928.8-the-race-track-death"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "<em>The Art Digest</em> (Feb. 1, 1928):2.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>The Art Digest</em> (Feb. 1, 1928): 2.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Zachary Ross, \u201cLinked by Nervousness: Albert Pinkham Ryder and Dr. Albert T. Sanden,\u201d <em>American Art</em> 17.2 (Summer 2003): 86-96.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Sophie G. Lehmaier, letter, June 26, 1947, Goodrich, Lloyd and Edith Havens Papers Relating to Albert Pinkham Ryder, #F32, Special Collections, University of Delaware Library.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Davis, John and Michael Leja, <em>Art of the United States 1750-2000: Primary Sources.</em> (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2020).", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced, p. 219.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Blakelock, Ralph Albert, Sheldon Memorial Art Gallery, New Jersey State Museum, and Nebraska Art Association. Ralph Albert Blakelock, 1847-1919 : [Exhibition] January 14-February 9, 1975, Sheldon Memorial Art Gallery, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska [and] May 4-June 7, 1975, New Jersey State Museum, Trenton, New Jersey. [Lincoln]: [Nebraska Art Association], 1974.", "page_number": "Mentioned p. 13.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Vincent, Glyn, and Ralph Albert Blakelock. The Unknown Night : The Madness and Genius of R.A. Blakelock, an American Painter. 1st ed. New York: Grove Press, 2003.", "page_number": "Mentioned p. 157.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Gibran, Kahlil, Suheil B. Bushrui, Tania Sammons, and Telfair Museum of Art. <em>The Art of Kahlil Gibran at Telfair Museums.</em> Savannah, Georgia: Telfair Museum of Art, 2010.", "page_number": "Mentioned p. 14; reproduced p. 15.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Kazarian, Choghakate. \"Unquicken the Pace: Albert Pinkham Ryder's Ripening Paintings.\" Ph.D. dissertation, Courtald Institute of Art, London, 2024.", "page_number": "Mentioned vol. 1, pp. 136-41, 155, 177, 179; illustrated, vol. 2, p. 49.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Anderson, Sherwood. <em>Les Chevaux de L\u2019adolescence : Nouvelles. </em>Monaco: Rocher, 2006.", "page_number": "Reproduced, cover (detail).", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Novak, Barbara. <em>Voyages of the Self : Pairs, Parallels, and Patterns in American Art and Literature.</em> Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007. Accessed December 29, 2025.", "page_number": "Mentioned, pp. 114, 128; reproduced, p. 115.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Davis, John, Michael Leja. <em>Art of the United States, 1750-2000: Primary Sources. </em>Edited by Francesca Rose. Chicago, Illinois: Terra Foundation for American Art, 2020.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced, p. 219.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "", "page_number": "Mentioned, p. 65; reproduced, p. 64-65.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "David Franklin, and C. Griffith Mann. <em>Treasures of the Cleveland Museum of Art. </em>Cleveland, OH, London: Cleveland Museum of Art ; in association with Scala Publishers, 2012.", "page_number": "Mentioned, p. 282; reproduced, p. 283.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Grant, Simon, ed. <em>In My View: Personal Reflections on Art by Today\u2019s Leading Artists.</em> London: Thames &amp; Hudson, 2012.", "page_number": "Mentioned, p. 100-101; reproduced, p. 101", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Milliken, William M., \"Superb Art Display Marks Cleveland Museum's 20th Anniversary,\" <em>Art Digest</em> 10 (July 1, 1936).", "page_number": "Reproduced, p. 11.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "W. M. M. \u201c\u2018The Race Track,\u2019 or \u2018Death on a Pale Horse\u2019 by Albert Pinkham Ryder.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 15, no. 3 (March 1928): 65\u201371.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 65-71; Reproduced: P. 67", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25137113"}, {"citation": "Burroughs, Alan. <em>Limners and Likenesses; Three Centuries of American Painting.</em> Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1936.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 155-156", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Catalogue of an Exhibition of American Painting from 1860 until Today at the Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> [Cleveland]: [Printed by the Artcraft Printing Co.], 1937.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 37-38, no. 164; Reproduced: pl. V", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Milliken, William M. \u201cAmerican Painting from 1860 until Today.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 24, no. 6 (June 1937): 96\u201398.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 97", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25137854"}, {"citation": "Kent, Rockwell, ed. <em>World-Famous Paintings.</em> New York: Wise &amp; Co., Inc, 1939.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pl. 96", "url": null}, {"citation": "Francis, Henry. \"Loans to Important Exhibitions.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art </em>26, no. 7 (July 1939): 123", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 123", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25138029"}, {"citation": "Milliken, William. \"Silver Jubilee Exhibition.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art </em>28, no.6 (June 1941): 88-108", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 91", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25140932"}, {"citation": "<em>Paintings in the Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> [Cleveland]: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1945.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 15", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAPaintings1945/page/n23"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Handbook.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 542", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1958/page/n100"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 188", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n212"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 188", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n212"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 233", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n253"}, {"citation": "Kitaj, R. B., and Timothy Hyman. \"A Return to London\" IN <em>Kitaj Paintings, Drawings, Pastels.</em> John Ashebury, Joe Shannon, Jane Livingston, 41. New York, N.Y.: Thames and Hudson, 1983.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 41", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Interpretations: Sixty-Five Works from the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, Ohio: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1991.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: no. 37", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Gardner, Helen, Richard G. Tansey and Fred S. Kleiner.<em> Gardner's Art Through the Ages</em>. Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1996.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 1009, fig. 26-87", "url": null}, {"citation": "Dijkstra, Bram. <em>American Expressionism: Art and Social Change, 1920-1950. </em>New York: H.N. Abrams, in association with the Columbus Museum of Art, 2003.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: P. 67-68, fig. 18", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Novak, Barbara. <em>American Painting of the Nineteenth Century: Realism, Idealism, and the American Experience</em>. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2007.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: P. 176-177, fig. 12.1", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Adams, Henry. <em>What's American About American Art?: A Gallery Tour in the Cleveland Museum of Art. </em>Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2008.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 10, fig. 4, 94-95", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Wilson, Kristina. <em>The Modern Eye: Stieglitz, MoMA, and the Art of the Exhibition, 1925-1934</em>. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: P. 123", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, David Franklin, and C. Griffith Mann. <em>Treasures from the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2012.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 282-283", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 53", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Kim, Miri. \"\"Right Matter in the Right Place\": The Paintings of Albert Pinkham Ryder.\" <em>Center 35: Record of Activities and Research Reports </em>(June 2014-May 2015): 112-115.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 114; reproduced: p. 112", "url": null}, {"citation": "Moore, John L., Esther Jun, Clodagh Keogh, William H. Robinson, Danni Shen, Enid Shomer, and Reto Thu\u0308ring. Demise: Rina Banerjee, Esperanza Corte\u0301s, Jae Rhim Lee, Brian Maguire, Paolo Pelosini, Levent Tuncer. 2018, 4.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: pp. 4-7.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Arendsee, M., and M. Steinman-Arendsee. \"Take the CAN disability aesthetics tour, at the Cleveland Museum of art.\" <em>CAN Journal</em> (Winter 2019/20): 76-87.", "page_number": "Reproduced & mentioned: p. 80", "url": null}, {"citation": "McCree, J. Woodrow. Washington Irving's Critique of American Culture: Sketching a Vision of World Citizenship. 2021.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 133, fig. 5.1", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, and David Franklin. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> London: Scala Arts &amp; Heritage Publishers Ltd, 2012.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: P. 64-65", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Kazarian, Choghakate. \"Unquicken the Pace: Albert Pinkham Ryder\u2019s Ripening Paintings.\" PhD diss., Courtauld Institute of Art, 2024.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 49, Vol. II; Mentioned: p. 136-140, fig. 36, Vol. I", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1928.8", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1928.8/1928.8_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "711", "filesize": "190928", "filename": "1928.8_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1928.8/1928.8_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2685", "filesize": "3014421", "filename": "1928.8_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1928.8/1928.8_full.tif", "width": "14577", "height": "11511", "filesize": "503415724", "filename": "1928.8_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2004-08-23T19:15:20", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1928.8/1928.8_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "1136", "height": "893", "filesize": "799109"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1928.8/1928.8_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2673", "filesize": "7530476"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1928.8/1928.8_alt0_full.tif", "width": "7242", "height": "5694", "filesize": "123742276"}}, {"date_created": "2015-05-11T12:28:52", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1928.8/1928.8_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "743", "filesize": "202756"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1928.8/1928.8_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2807", "filesize": "2426444"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1928.8/1928.8_alt1_full.tif", "width": "7179", "height": "5926", "filesize": "127658884"}}, {"date_created": "2008-08-13T14:38:31", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1928.8/1928.8_alt2_web.jpg", "width": "1074", "height": "893", "filesize": "820469"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1928.8/1928.8_alt2_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2826", "filesize": "8179526"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1928.8/1928.8_alt2_full.tif", "width": "3829", "height": "3183", "filesize": "36605784"}}, {"date_created": "2015-05-11T12:47:13", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1928.8/1928.8_alt3_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "781", "filesize": "201007"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1928.8/1928.8_alt3_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2952", "filesize": "2685028"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1928.8/1928.8_alt3_full.tif", "width": "6259", "height": "5435", "filesize": "102082984"}}], "creditline": "Purchase from the J. H. Wade Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "The Payne Fund Gallery", "athena_id": 110180, "creators": [{"id": 3267, "description": "Albert Pinkham Ryder (American, 1847\u20131917)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1847", "death_year": "1917", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1928-01-06T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1896, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 1896\u20131908", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": true, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:06:53.847000"}, {"id": 137259, "accession_number": "1962.2", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Mme L... (Laure Borreau), 1863. Gustave Courbet (French, 1819\u20131877). Oil on fabric; framed: 112.4 x 93 x 12.1 cm (44 1/4 x 36 5/8 x 4 3/4 in.); unframed: 81 x 61.2 cm (31 7/8 x 24 1/8 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund, 1962.2", "current_location": "222 Impressionism & Post-Impressionism", "title": "Mme L... (Laure Borreau)", "creation_date": "1863", "creation_date_earliest": 1863, "creation_date_latest": 1863, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["France, 19th century"], "technique": "oil on fabric", "support_materials": [], "department": "Modern European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "Mod Euro - Painting 1800-1960", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 112.4 x 93 x 12.1 cm (44 1/4 x 36 5/8 x 4 3/4 in.); Unframed: 81 x 61.2 cm (31 7/8 x 24 1/8 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 1.124, "width": 0.93, "depth": 0.121}, "unframed": {"height": 0.81, "width": 0.612}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "Signed lower right: Gustave Courbet / . . 63\r\n", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 302276, "title": "Year in Review - 1962", "description": "<i>Year in Review - 1962</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 24-November 25, 1962).", "opening_date": "1962-10-24T04:00:00"}, {"id": 304248, "title": "Style, Truth and the Portrait", "description": "<i>Style, Truth and the Portrait</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (October 1-November 19, 1963).", "opening_date": "1963-10-01T04:00:00"}, {"id": 444095, "title": "Gustave Courbet", "description": "<i>Gustave Courbet</i>. Mus\u00e9e du Louvre, Paris, France (October 1, 1977-January 2, 1978).", "opening_date": "1977-10-01T04:00:00"}, {"id": 220961, "title": "Courbet, Artist and Entrepeneur", "description": "<i>Courbet, Artist and Entrepeneur</i>. Mus\u00e9e Cantonal des Beaux-Arts, Lausanne, Switzerland (November 21, 1998-February 21, 1999).", "opening_date": "1998-11-21T00:00:00"}, {"id": 216847, "title": "Faces of Impressionism: Portraits from American Collections", "description": "<i>Faces of Impressionism: Portraits from American Collections</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (May 28-July 30, 2000).", "opening_date": "1999-10-10T00:00:00"}, {"id": 182153, "title": "Monet to Dal\u00ed: Modern Masters from the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Monet to Dal\u00ed: Modern Masters from the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. Beijing World Art Museum (May 26-August 27, 2006); Mori Art Center (September 16-November 26, 2006); Seoul Art Center, South Korea (December 22, 2006-March 28, 2007); Seoul Olympic Museum of Art, South Korea (April 7-May 20, 2007); Vancouver Art Gallery, Vancouver, Canada (June 9-September 16, 2007); The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 21, 2007-January 13, 2008); Frist Art Museum, Nashville, TN (February 15-June 1, 2008); Utah Museum of Fine Arts, Salt Lake City, UT (June 22-September 21, 2008); The Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit, MI (October 12, 2008-January 18, 2009).", "opening_date": "2006-05-27T00:00:00"}, {"id": 522048, "title": "1863 \u2022 PARIS \u2022 1874: Revolution in Art - From the Salon to Impressionism", "description": "<i>1863 \u2022 PARIS \u2022 1874: Revolution in Art - From the Salon to Impressionism</i>. Wallraf-Richartz Museum, K\u00f6ln, Germany (organizer) (March 15-July 28, 2024) https://www.wallraf.museum/ausstellungen/aktuell/2024-03-15-paris-1874/.", "opening_date": "2024-03-15T04:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>Salon.</em> Palais des Champs-\u00c9lys\u00e9es, Paris, France. Salon (1863).", "opening_date": null}, {"description": "<em>Exposition d'art fran\u00e7ais du XIXe si\u00e8cle.</em> Paul Rosenberg, Possibly Paris, France (1917).", "opening_date": "1917-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Cinquante ans de peinture fran\u00e7aise</em>. Mus\u00e9e des Arts D\u00e9coratifs, Paris, France (1925).", "opening_date": "1925-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Portraits et figures de femmes. Ingres \u00e0 Picasso</em>. Galerie de La Renaissance, Paris, France (1928).", "opening_date": "1928-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Exposition Gustave Courbet</em>. Palais des Beaux-Arts de la ville de Paris (Petit Palais), Paris, France (1929).", "opening_date": "1929-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Exposition d'oeuvres importantes de Grands Ma\u00eetres du dix-neuvi\u00e8me si\u00e8cle</em>. Galerie Paul Rosenberg, Paris, France (1931).", "opening_date": "1931-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em> Loans in Honor of the Opening of the Avery Memorial.</em> Wadsworth Athenaeum. Hartford, CT (1934).", "opening_date": "1934-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Exposition Gustave Courbet</em>. Paul Rosenberg, Paris, France (1937).", "opening_date": "1937-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Honderd Jaar Fransche Kunst.</em> Stedelijk Museum. Amsterdam, Netherlands (1938).", "opening_date": "1938-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Gustave Courbet 1819-1877</em>. London, Rosenberg &amp; Helft Ltd., London, United Kingdom (1938).", "opening_date": "1938-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Great French Masters of the Nineteenth Century</em>: Corot to Van Gogh. Paul Rosenberg &amp; Co. New York, NY (1942).", "opening_date": "1942-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>French Art of the 19th and 20th Centuries </em>. Rhode Island School of Design Museum of Art, Providence, RI (1942).", "opening_date": "1942-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Art of the United Nations</em>. M. H. de Young Memorial Museum, San Francisco, CA (1945).", "opening_date": "1945-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Great French Masters of the 19th Century.</em> Possibly Paul Rosenberg &amp; Co, New York, NY (November, 17 -December 6, 1947).", "opening_date": "1947-12-06T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Exhibition of 19th Century French Paintings. </em>Paul Rosenberg &amp; Co., New York, NY (1954).", "opening_date": "1954-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Loan Exhibition of Paintings by Gustave Courbet</em>. Paul Rosenberg &amp; Co., New York, NY (1956).", "opening_date": "1956-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Gustave Courbet 1819-1877</em>. Philadelphia Museum of Art, Philadelphia, PA; (December 17, 1959-February 14, 1960); Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA (February 26, 1960-April 14, 1960).", "opening_date": "1959-12-17T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Courbet in Private French Collections</em>. Galerie Claude Aubry, Paris, France (May 5-June 25, 1966).", "opening_date": "1966-05-05T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Gustave Courbet 1819-1877. </em>Villa Medici, Rome, Italy (October 28, 1969-January 6, 1970).", "opening_date": "1969-10-28T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Courbet 1819-1877</em>. Galerie Daber, Paris, France (October 16 to November 15, 1975).", "opening_date": "1975-10-16T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Gustave Courbet 1819-1877</em>. Royal Academy, London, United Kingdom (January 19-March 19, 1977); Grand Palais, Paris, France (October 1, 1977-January 2, 1978).", "opening_date": "1977-01-19T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Courbet und Deutschland.</em> Stadische Galerie,Hamburg, Germany (October 19-December 17, 1978); Stadelsches Kunstinstitut, Frankfurt, Germany (January 17-March 18, 1979).", "opening_date": "1978-10-19T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Courbet Reconsidered</em>. Brooklyn Museum, Brooklyn, NY (November 4, 1988-January 16, 1989); Minneapolis Institute of Arts, Minneapolis, MN (February 18-April 30, 1989).", "opening_date": "1989-02-18T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "(Drouot, Paris, France, Artist's estate sale,  December 9, 1881, lot 11, stock number 2070, sold to Durand-Ruel)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1881", "sortorder": null}, {"description": "(Durand-Ruel, Paris France, December 10, 1881, sold to Max Flersheim)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1881", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "(Paul Rosenberg and Company, New York, NY by 1934, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art, 1962)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "by 1934-1962", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1962-", "sortorder": 4}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Courbet once wrote of Laure Borreau, the sitter in this portrait, \"I am in love with a splendid lady, the driving force behind my triumph.\"", "description": "Gustave Courbet painted four portraits of Madame\rLaure Borreau; this is the last and most highly\rdeveloped. As a Realist, Courbet aimed to represent\rwhat he saw in the visible, tangible world. He\rrepresented Madame Borreau in a black silk dress\rembellished with lace and a matching hat. Gold\rand violet lights of sunset softly illuminate the\rbackground. However, the portrait is not idealized.\rCourbet\u2019s inclusion of her shadowed eyes and full-fleshed\rneck prompted one critic to write, \u201cI daresay\rin nature she may be very pretty, but in Courbet\u2019s\rpicture she is nothing less than offensive.\u201d", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60466132"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1962.2-mme-l-laure-borreau"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Hamerton, Philip Gilbert. \"The Salon of 1863.\" <em>The Fine Arts Quarterly Review</em> 1 (1863): 15-262.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 244", "url": null}, {"citation": "Mantz, Paul. \"Salon de 1863.\" <em>Gazette des Beaux-Arts</em> 14 (1863): 481-506.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 498-499", "url": null}, {"citation": "Burty, Philippe. \"Une Lettre de M. Courbet.\" <em>La Chronique des Arts et de la Curiosite\u0301 </em>June 7, 1863: 253.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 253", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Exposition des \u0153uvres de Gustave Courbet: a l'E\u0301cole des beaux-arts (mai 1882): Catalogu</em>e. Paris: Impr. E\u0301mile Martinet, 1882.", "page_number": "Mentioned: Supplement p. 26", "url": null}, {"citation": "Estignard, Alexandre. <em>Courbet Sa Vie, Ses Oeuvres.</em> Besan\u00e7on: Delagrange-Louys, 1896.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 162", "url": null}, {"citation": "Riat, Georges, and Paul Vitry. <em>Gustave Courbet, peintre</em>. Paris, France: H. Floury, 1906.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 214", "url": null}, {"citation": "Le\u0301ger, Charles. <em>Courbet, selon les caricatures et les images</em>. Paris, France: P. Rosenberg, 1920.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 119", "url": null}, {"citation": "Le\u0301ger, Charles. <em>Courbet.</em> Paris: Nilsson, 1925.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 72", "url": null}, {"citation": "Alexandre, Arsene. \"Portraits et Figures de Femmes.\" <em>La Renaissance </em>11 (July/August 1928).", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 261, no. 45", "url": null}, {"citation": "Le\u0301ger, Charles. <em>Courbet</em>. Paris: E\u0301ditions G. Cre\u0300s, 1929.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 95, 98; reproduced: Pl. 35", "url": null}, {"citation": "Courthion, Pierre. <em>Courbet</em>. Paris, France: Librairie Floury, 1931.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 31; Reproduced: p. 91, pl. 57", "url": null}, {"citation": "Courthion, Pierre. <em>Courbet.</em> Paris: Librairie Floury, 1931.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 34, 91; reproduced: Pl. 57", "url": null}, {"citation": "Le\u0301ger, Charles. <em>Courbet</em>. Paris, France: Braun, 1934.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p.38", "url": null}, {"citation": "Baillods, Jules. <em>Courbet Vivant</em>. Neucha\u0302tel, Switzerland: Delachaux &amp; Niestle\u0301, 1940.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 48", "url": null}, {"citation": "Le\u0301ger, Charles. <em>Courbet et son Temps; Lettres et Documents Ine\u0301dits.</em> Paris: E\u0301ditions Universelles, 1948.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 86", "url": null}, {"citation": "Mack, Gerstle. <em>Gustave Courbet</em>. New York, NY: Knopf, 1951.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 170, pl. 37", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Les Amis de Gustave Courbet </em>20 (1957): 11.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 11", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lee, Sherman E. \"Year in Review 1962.\" <em>The Bulletin of The Cleveland Museum of Art XLVIIII</em>, no.9 (November, 1962):198-227.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 229, no. 89", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lurie, Ann Tzeutschler. \"Gustave Courbet, Madame Boreau..\" <em>The Bulletin of The Cleveland Museum of Art XLVIIII</em>, no.4 (April, 1962):66-71.", "page_number": "Reproduced: cover", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, \u201cMadame Boreau by Courbet,\u201d April 2, 1962, Cleveland Museum of Art Archives.", "page_number": null, "url": "https://archive.org/details/cmapr0926"}, {"citation": "Saisselin, Re\u0301my G. <em>Style, Truth, and the Portrait</em>. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1963.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 76", "url": null}, {"citation": "Saisselin, R\u00e9my Gilbert. \u201cPortrait in History: Some Connections between Art and Literature.\u201d <em>Apollo: The International Magazine for Collectors</em> 78 (October 1963): 281\u201388.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 287", "url": null}, {"citation": "Borea, E. \"Notiziario: Style, Truth, and the Portrait.\" <em>Arte Antica e Moderna </em>24 (Ottobre-Dicembre 1963): 7-8.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 7-8, no. 16", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 170", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n194"}, {"citation": "<em>Courbet dans les Collections Prive\u0301es Franc\u0327aises ... 5 mai-25 juin 1966, [Galerie] Claude Aubry ... Paris. </em>Paris: Galerie C. Aubry, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 13", "url": null}, {"citation": "Aymar, Gordon Christian. <em>The Art of Portrait Painting; Portraits Through the Centuries As Seen Through the Eyes of a Practicing Portrait Painter</em>. Philadelphia, PA: Chilton Book Co, 1967.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 78, pl. 35", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 170", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n194"}, {"citation": "Laclotte, Michel, Palma Bucarelli, and He\u0301le\u0300ne Toussaint. <em>Gustave Courbet (1819-1877)</em>. Rome. Italy: De Luca, 1969.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Bonniot, Roger. <em>Gustave Courbet en Saintonge, 1862-1863</em>. Paris, France: C. Klincksieck, 1973.", "page_number": "Reproduced: fig. 53; mentioned: P. 124, 209, 217-248, 269, 295-299", "url": null}, {"citation": "Champa, Kermit Swiler. <em>Studies in Early Impressionism</em>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1973.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 34, fig. 47", "url": null}, {"citation": "Daber, Alfred. <em>Courbet, 1819-1877: </em>Paris, France: Galerie Daber, 1975.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 6", "url": null}, {"citation": "Toussaint, He\u0301le\u0300ne. <em>Gustave Courbet: 1819-1877 : [exposition organise\u0301e par la Re\u0301union des muse\u0301es nationaux et l'Arts Council of Great Britain], Grand Palais, 30 septembre 1977-2 janvier 1978 : [catalogue</em>. Paris, France: Ministe\u0300re de la culture et de l'environnement, E\u0301ditions des muse\u0301es nationaux, 1977.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 68", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 210", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n230"}, {"citation": "Fernier, Robert. <em>La vie et l'\u0153uvre de Gustave Courbet: catalogue raisonne\u0301</em>. Lausanne, Switzerland: Bibliothe\u0300que des Arts, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: vol. I, no. 358", "url": null}, {"citation": "Hofmann, Werner, and Klaus Herding. <em>Courbet und Deutschland: [Hamburger Kunsthalle, 19. Oktober-17. Dezember 1978, Sta\u0308dt. Galerie im Sta\u0308delschen Kunstinst. Frankfurt am Main, 17. Januar-18. Ma\u0308rz 1979</em>. Ko\u0308ln, Germany: Du Mont, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 37, fig. e", "url": null}, {"citation": "Heilmeier, Hans. \"Von Ingres bis Picasso.\" <em>Das Kunstblatt</em> (1978): 277-288.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 280", "url": null}, {"citation": "Morse, John D. <em>Old Master Paintings in North America: Over 3000 Masterpieces by 50 Great Artists</em>. New York, NY: Abbeville Press, 1979.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 72", "url": null}, {"citation": "Abe, Yoshio. Courbet. <em>Ku\u0304rube</em>. To\u0304kyo\u0304, Japan: Ko\u0304dansha, 1981.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 116, no. 30", "url": null}, {"citation": "Foucart, Bruno, <em>Courbet</em>. Norwalk, CT: Easton Press, 1983.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 48; Mentioned: p. 69", "url": null}, {"citation": "Courthion, Pierre. <em>L'opera completa di Courbet</em>. Milano, Italy: Rizzoli, 1985.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 341", "url": null}, {"citation": "Faunce, Sarah, and Linda Nochlin. <em>Courbet Reconsidered</em>. Brooklyn, NY: Brooklyn Museum, 1988.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 40", "url": null}, {"citation": "ten-Doesschate Chu,, Petra. <em>Letters of Gustave Courbet</em>. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1992.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 218-219; Reproduced: p. 221, fig. 35", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Masterpieces from East and West</em>. New York, NY: Rizzoli International, 1992.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 140", "url": null}, {"citation": "Abe, Yoshio . <em>Ku\u0304rube = Gustave Courbet</em>. To\u0304kyo\u0304, Japan: Asahi Shinbunsha, 1993.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 91, pl. 37", "url": null}, {"citation": "Chong, Alan. <em>European &amp; American Painting in the Cleveland Museum of Art: A Summary Catalogue. </em>Cleveland, Ohio: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1993.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 45", "url": null}, {"citation": "Andreotti, Margherita. \"The Joseph Winterbotham Collection.\" <em>Art Institute of Chicago Museum Studies</em> 20, no. 2 (1994): 111-92.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 112", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/4112960"}, {"citation": "Kostenevich, A. G. <em>Hidden treasures revealed: impressionist masterpieces and other important French paintings preserved by the State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg</em>. New York, NY: Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation, The State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg in association with H.N. Abrams, 1995.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 33", "url": null}, {"citation": "Fernier, Jean-Jacques. <em>Courbet, l'amour--: Baltasar Lobo, sculptures : Christian Welter, un regard amoureux</em>. Ornans, France: Muse\u0301e Gustave Courbet, 1996.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 82", "url": null}, {"citation": "ten-Doesschate Chu, Petra, and Jo\u0308rg Zutter. <em>Courbet: artiste et promoteur de son \u0153uvre</em>. Paris, France: Flammarion, 1998.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 19; p. 26-27", "url": null}, {"citation": "D'Argencourt, Louise and Roger Diederen. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art: Catalogue of Paintings, Part Four; European Paintings of the 19th Century.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1999.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 61", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bajou-Charpentreau, Vale\u0301rie, and Gustave Courbet. <em>Courbet</em>. Paris, France: A. Biro, 2003.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 268", "url": null}, {"citation": "Riat, Georges. <em>Gustave Courbet</em>. Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam: Baseline Co, Ltd., 2008.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 126, fig. 70", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lobstein, Dominique. \"Le Retour de la Conference et les Salons de 1863.\" In <em>Le Retour de la Confe\u0301rence: Un Tableau Disparu, </em>29-36. [Ornans]: Muse\u0301e Gustave Courbet; Besanc\u0327on: Sekoya, 2015.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 32", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Schaefer, Barbara, and Wallraf-Richartz-Museum. <em>Paris 1863-1874: Revolution in Der Kunst: Vom Salon Zum Impressionismus</em>. K\u00f6ln: Wienand, 2024.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 122-123, no. 3", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1962.2", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1962.2/1962.2_web.jpg", "width": "684", "height": "893", "filesize": "345987", "filename": "1962.2_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1962.2/1962.2_print.jpg", "width": "2604", "height": "3400", "filesize": "5231419", "filename": "1962.2_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1962.2/1962.2_full.tif", "width": "4123", "height": "5384", "filesize": "66624912", "filename": "1962.2_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [], "creditline": "Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Nancy F. and Joseph P. Keithley Gallery", "athena_id": 137259, "creators": [{"id": 1600, "description": "Gustave Courbet (French, 1819\u20131877)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": "Born into a wealthy farmer's family, Courbet began his training in 1831 at the Petit S\u00e9minaire in Ornans where, beginning in 1833, he studied under \"le p\u00e8re Baud,\" who had been a pupil of Gros (q.v.). He was befriended by poet Max Buchon, who would later write the first article on Courbet, claiming that he was the artist for the people. In 1837, hoping that Gustave would become a lawyer, his father sent him to the Coll\u00e8ge Royal in Besan\u00e7on. Despite his father's ambitions, Courbet began to study art at the academy there with Charles-Antoine Flageoulot (1774-1840), a former student of David (q.v.). By 1839 Courbet had moved to Paris to pursue a career in art. He refrained from entering the \u00c9cole des Beaux-Arts, studying instead briefly with Charles de Steuben (1788-1856) and preferring to learn how to paint by copying the works of the Old Masters in the museums. Courbet also wanted to work after life models and enrolled at the Acad\u00e9mie Suisse. He began to submit paintings to the Salon, the majority of which were rejected. In 1846-47 Courbet traveled to the Netherlands where he studied the works of Rembrandt and Hals. The following year ten of his paintings were shown at the Salon, and together with his friends Baudelaire, Champfleury, and Buchon he became labeled a \"realist.\" Courbet's paintings shown at the 1851 Salon-Stonebreakers (1849, formerly Dresden Gem\u00e4ldegalerie, destroyed during World War II), Peasants of Flagey (1850-55, Mus\u00e9e des Beaux-Arts, Besan\u00e7on), and The Burial at Ornans (1849-50, Mus\u00e9e d'Orsay, Paris)-elicited criticism. Because Courbet represented the peasants as he saw them, without ennobling or idealizing them, his works met with disapproval. Moreover, these representations of peasants appeared at a time when the upper classes felt threatened by social unrest and by the instability of the republic. In 1855 Courbet financed an independent Pavillon du R\u00e9alisme near the Universal Exposition, where he showed his Painter's Studio (1854-55, Mus\u00e9e d'Orsay, Paris). He began to travel extensively, including visits to Gent, Brussels, Antwerp, Bruges, Cologne, Mainz, and Strasbourg. He returned to Germany in 1858, and while in Frankfurt, he began to paint the stag hunts he witnessed. The following year he visited the Normandy coast, painting seascapes, some of which became almost abstractions. Courbet turned to still lifes in 1862-63 when visiting the Saintonge area, yet he still continued to create landscapes and portraits. By 1870 he was offered the Legion of Honor but refused it because of his opposition to the imperial government. During the Paris Commune from March to May 1871, Courbet became an active member of the government. As chairman of the Commission for the Protection of the Artistic Monuments of Paris, he suggested the Vend\u00f4me Column be dismantled because it was an imperial symbol. The Commune decided instead to topple the column. When the Commune was defeated, Courbet was held responsible for this act of vandalism and was jailed for six months. In 1873 the government decided to rebuild the column at Courbet's expense. Unable to pay and fearful of being arrested, Courbet moved to Switzerland, where he spent the rest of his life in exile.", "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1819", "death_year": "1877", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1962-02-17T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1863, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1863", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Madame Laure Borreau (La Dame au Chapeau noir)"], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-04-01 19:07:10.957000"}, {"id": 141639, "accession_number": "1965.233", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Twilight in the Wilderness, 1860. Frederic Edwin Church (American, 1826\u20131900). Oil on canvas; unframed: 101.6 x 162.6 cm (40 x 64 in.); framed: 124 x 185 x 13 cm (48 13/16 x 72 13/16 x 5 1/8 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Mr. and Mrs. William H. Marlatt Fund, 1965.233", "current_location": "206 American Landscape", "title": "Twilight in the Wilderness", "creation_date": "1860", "creation_date_earliest": 1860, "creation_date_latest": 1860, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["America"], "technique": "oil on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "American Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "American - Painting", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Unframed: 101.6 x 162.6 cm (40 x 64 in.); Framed: 124 x 185 x 13 cm (48 13/16 x 72 13/16 x 5 1/8 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 1.24, "width": 1.85, "depth": 0.13}, "unframed": {"height": 1.016, "width": 1.626}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "Signed and dated lower right: \"F. E. CHURCH / -60-\"", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 300794, "title": "Year in Review: 1965", "description": "<i>Year in Review: 1965</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 27-November 14, 1965).", "opening_date": "1965-10-27T04:00:00"}, {"id": 316990, "title": "Frederic Edwin Church", "description": "<i>Frederic Edwin Church</i>. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC (organizer) (co-organizer) (February 2-March 13, 1966); Albany Institute of History and Art, Albany, NY (March 30-April 30, 1966); M. Knoedler & Co., Inc. (June 1-30, 1966).", "opening_date": "1966-03-30T05:00:00"}, {"id": 314043, "title": "Art of the United States: 1670-1966", "description": "<i>Art of the United States: 1670-1966</i>. Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, NY (organizer) (September 28-November 27, 1966).", "opening_date": "1966-09-28T04:00:00"}, {"id": 314948, "title": "Wilderness", "description": "<i>Wilderness</i>. Corcoran Gallery of Art, Washington, DC (organizer) (co-organizer) (October 9-November 14, 1971).", "opening_date": "1971-10-09T04:00:00"}, {"id": 302330, "title": "Heritage and Horizon: American Painting 1776 - 1976", "description": "<i>Heritage and Horizon: American Painting 1776 - 1976</i>. Buffalo AKG Art Museum, Buffalo, NY (organizer) (March 7-April 11, 1976); The Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit, MI (May 2-June 13, 1976); The Toledo Museum of Art, Toledo, OH (July 4-August 15, 1976); The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (September 8-October 10, 1976).", "opening_date": "1976-03-07T05:00:00"}, {"id": 315054, "title": "American Light: The Luminist Movement, 1850-1875", "description": "<i>American Light: The Luminist Movement, 1850-1875</i>. National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC (organizer) (co-organizer) (February 10-June 15, 1980).", "opening_date": "1980-02-10T05:00:00"}, {"id": 304561, "title": "Visions of Landscape: East and West", "description": "<i>Visions of Landscape: East and West</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (February 17-March 21, 1982).", "opening_date": "1982-02-17T05:00:00"}, {"id": 314070, "title": "A New World: Masterpieces of American Painting, 1760 - 1910", "description": "<i>A New World: Masterpieces of American Painting, 1760 - 1910</i>. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Boston, MA (organizer) (co-organizer) (September 7-November 13, 1983); Corcoran Gallery of Art, Washington, DC (December 7, 1983-February 12, 1984).", "opening_date": "1983-09-07T04:00:00"}, {"id": 315079, "title": "American Paradise: The World of the Hudson River School", "description": "<i>American Paradise: The World of the Hudson River School</i>. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY (organizer) (co-organizer) (October 4, 1987-January 3, 1988).", "opening_date": "1987-10-04T04:00:00"}, {"id": 315091, "title": "Bilder Aus des Neuen Welt: Amerikanische Malerei des 18. und 19. Jahrhunderts (Paintings from the New World: American Paintings from the 18th and the 19th Century)", "description": "<i>Bilder Aus des Neuen Welt: Amerikanische Malerei des 18. und 19. Jahrhunderts (Paintings from the New World: American Paintings from the 18th and the 19th Century)</i>. Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Nationalgalerie, Berlin, Germany (organizer) (November 17, 1988-February 12, 1989); Orangerie des Schlosses Charlottenburg, Berlin, Germany (November 17, 1988-February 12, 1989); Kunsthaus Z\u00fcrich, CH-8024 Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland (March 3-May 15, 1989).", "opening_date": "1988-11-17T05:00:00"}, {"id": 315126, "title": "Frederic Edwin Church", "description": "<i>Frederic Edwin Church</i>. National Gallery of Art (co-organizer) (October 8, 1989-January 28, 1990).", "opening_date": "1989-10-08T04:00:00"}, {"id": 311444, "title": "Object Lessons: Cleveland Creates an Art Museum", "description": "<i>Object Lessons: Cleveland Creates an Art Museum</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 7-September 8, 1991).", "opening_date": "1991-06-07T04:00:00"}, {"id": 221835, "title": "America. The New World in 19th-century Painting\r\nAmerica. Die Neue Welt in Bildern des 19. Jahrhunderts", "description": "<i>America. The New World in 19th-century Painting\r\nAmerica. Die Neue Welt in Bildern des 19. Jahrhunderts</i>. Belvedere, Wien, Austria (organizer) (March 17-June 20, 1999).", "opening_date": "1999-03-17T00:00:00"}, {"id": 221738, "title": "The American Sublime", "description": "<i>The American Sublime</i>. Tate Britain, London (organizer) (February 20-May 19, 2002); Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, Museum of American Art, Philadelphia, PA (June 17-August 25, 2002); Minneapolis Institute of Art, Minneapolis, MN (September 22-November 17, 2002).", "opening_date": "2002-02-20T00:00:00"}, {"id": 179631, "title": "CMA Highlights", "description": "<i>CMA Highlights</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art (organizer) (June 21-September 11, 2005).", "opening_date": "2005-06-21T00:00:00"}, {"id": 205195, "title": "Maine Sublime: Frederic Church\u2019s \u201cTwilight in the Wilderness\u201d", "description": "<i>Maine Sublime: Frederic Church\u2019s \u201cTwilight in the Wilderness\u201d</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 4, 2014-January 25, 2015).", "opening_date": "2014-10-04T00:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "Goupil's Gallery, New York, June 1860.", "opening_date": "1860-01-01T04:56:02Z"}, {"description": "New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art and National Academy of Design, The New York Centennial Loan Exhibition of Paintings, Selected from the Private Art Galleries, (1876), no. 125, listed as being part of J. T. Johnston's collection.", "opening_date": "1876-01-01T04:56:02Z"}, {"description": "New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art, Paintings by Frederic E. Church, N. A., (28 May to 15 October1900), illustrated in catalogue as plate 6.", "opening_date": "1900-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Baltimore, The Municipal Art Society of Baltimore, Art Loan Exhibition, (1902), no. 89, listed as the property of Miss Garrett.", "opening_date": "1902-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Washington, D. C., National Collection of Fine Arts, Smithsonian Institution, Frederic Edwin Church, (12 February to 13 March 1966), no. 44; E18/ C56 W319. Exhibition traveled to the Albany Institute of History and Art (30 March through 30 April 1966), and, without Twilight in the Wilderness, to M. Knoedler and Company, New York (1 June through 30 June 1966).", "opening_date": "1966-02-12T00:00:00"}, {"description": "New York, Whitney Museum of American Art, Art of the United States: 1670-1966, (28 September to 27 November, 1966), no. 48, brief comments about the color in Twilight in the Wilderness by Lloyd Goodrich, p. 25, catalogue.", "opening_date": "1966-09-28T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Washington, D. C., The National Endowment for the Arts with the Corcoran Gallery of Art, Wilderness, (9 October to 14 November 1971), no. 69.", "opening_date": "1971-10-09T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Buffalo, New York, Albright-Knox Art Gallery, Heritage and Horizon: American Painting 1776-1976, (6 March to 11 April 1976), no. 10. Exhibition traveled to the Detroit Institute of Arts (5 May through 13 June 1976), The Toledo Museum of Art (4 July through 15 August 1976), and the Cleveland Museum of Art, (8 September through 10 October 1976).", "opening_date": "1976-03-06T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Washington, D. C., National Gallery of Art, American Light: The Luminist Movement, 1850-1875, (10 February through 15 June 1980), no. 204; includes the following remarks: in \"Design and Measurement in Luminist Art\", Lisa Andrus discusses the composition of and quality of light in Twilight in the Wilderness, p.36; Earl A. Powell's \"Luminism and the American Sublime\" describes Church's use of cadmium colors to achieve brilliant light in many of his paintings, including Twilight in the Wilderness; and Twilight's role in the development of the 19th century ideal of the sublime, p. 92; \"Church and Luminism: Light for America's Elect\" by David C. Huntington describes how Church's technique in Twilight in the Wilderness erases all evidence of the artist's touch, p. 170, illus. 167.", "opening_date": "1980-02-10T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Boston, Museum of Fine Arts, A New World: Masterpieces of American Painting, 1760- 1910, (7 September through 13 November 1983), no. 39.", "opening_date": "1983-09-07T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Also traveled to The Corcoran Gallery of Art, Washington, D. C. (7 December 1983- 12 February 1984) and, without Twilight in the Wilderness, to Grand Palais, Paris (16 March- 11 June 1984).", "opening_date": "1984-03-16T00:00:00"}, {"description": "New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art, American Paradise: The World of the Hudson River School, (4 October 1987 through 3 January 1988), pp.45, 251-4.", "opening_date": "1987-10-04T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Berlin, Staatliche Museen Preu\u00dfischer Kulturbesitz, Nationalgalerie, Orangerie des Schlosses Charlottenburg, Bilder Aus des Neuen Welt: Amerikanische Malerei des 18. und 19. Jahrhunderts, (22 November 1988 through 5 February 1989), no. 15. Exhibition traveled to Kunsthaus Zurich, (3 March - 15 May 1989).", "opening_date": "1989-03-03T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Washington, D. C., National Gallery of Art, Frederic Edwin Church, (8 October 1989 to 28 January 1990), no. 34, catalogue text by Franklin Kelly, pp. 58-59, 61-62, illus. p. 110, cat. 34.", "opening_date": "1989-10-08T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Vienna, Osterreichischen Galerie Belvedere, America: Die Neue Welt in Bildern des 19 Jahrunderts, (17 March through 20 June 1999), no. 45.", "opening_date": "1999-03-17T00:00:00"}, {"description": "London, The Tate Britain, American Sublime: Landscape Painting in the United States, 1820-1880, (21 February - 19 May 2002), no. 25; pp. 129-131, p. 55-6, illus. p. 115, 131; Exhibition traveled to the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, Philadelphia (17 June -25 August 2002) and Minneapolis Institute of Art (22 September- 17 November 2002).", "opening_date": "2002-02-21T00:00:00"}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art (06/21/2005 - 09/11/2005); \"CMA Highlights\"", "opening_date": "2005-06-21T00:00:00"}, {"description": "New York, Avery's Gallery, (1866). Also shown at Dusseldorf Gallery, New York, 1866. Both exhibitions held in connection with auction, according to The Round Table, 10 March 1866. (See reference above.)", "opening_date": null}, {"description": "New Haven, Connecticut, Yale College, Second Annual Exhibition of the Yale School of the Fine Arts, Founded as a Department of Yale College by the Late Augustus Russell Street of New Haven, Conn., (1870), no. 114, listed as the property of John T. Johnston.", "opening_date": null}, {"description": "New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art and National Academy of Design, The New York Centennial Loan Exhibition of Paintings, Selected from the Private Art Galleries, (1876), no. 125, listed as being part of J. T. Johnston's collection.", "opening_date": null}, {"description": "New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art, Paintings by Frederic E. Church, N. A., (28 May to 15 October1900), illustrated in catalogue as plate 6.", "opening_date": "1900-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Baltimore, The Municipal Art Society of Baltimore, Art Loan Exhibition, (1902), no. 89, listed as the property of Miss Garrett.", "opening_date": "1902-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Washington, D. C., National Collection of Fine Arts, Smithsonian Institution, Frederic Edwin Church, (12 February to 13 March 1966), no. 44; E18/ C56 W319. Exhibition traveled to the Albany Institute of History and Art (30 March through 30 April 1966), and, without Twilight in the Wilderness, to M. Knoedler and Company, New York (1 June through 30 June 1966).", "opening_date": "1966-02-12T00:00:00"}, {"description": "New York, Whitney Museum of American Art, Art of the United States: 1670-1966, (28 September to 27 November, 1966), no. 48, brief comments about the color in Twilight in the Wilderness by Lloyd Goodrich, p. 25, catalogue.", "opening_date": "1966-09-28T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Washington, D. C., The National Endowment for the Arts with the Corcoran Gallery of Art, Wilderness, (9 October to 14 November 1971), no. 69.", "opening_date": "1971-10-09T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Buffalo, New York, Albright-Knox Art Gallery, Heritage and Horizon: American Painting 1776-1976, (6 March to 11 April 1976), no. 10. Exhibition traveled to the Detroit Institute of Arts (5 May through 13 June 1976), The Toledo Museum of Art (4 July through 15 August 1976), and the Cleveland Museum of Art, (8 September through 10 October 1976).", "opening_date": "1976-03-06T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Washington, D. C., National Gallery of Art, American Light: The Luminist Movement, 1850-1875, (10 February through 15 June 1980), no. 204; includes the following remarks: in \"Design and Measurement in Luminist Art\", Lisa Andrus discusses the composition of and quality of light in Twilight in the Wilderness, p.36; Earl A. Powell's \"Luminism and the American Sublime\" describes Church's use of cadmium colors to achieve brilliant light in many of his paintings, including Twilight in the Wilderness; and Twilight's role in the development of the 19th century ideal of the sublime, p. 92; \"Church and Luminism: Light for America's Elect\" by David C. Huntington describes how Church's technique in Twilight in the Wilderness erases all evidence of the artist's touch, p. 170, illus. 167.", "opening_date": "1980-02-10T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Boston, Museum of Fine Arts, A New World: Masterpieces of American Painting, 1760- 1910, (7 September through 13 November 1983), no. 39.", "opening_date": "1983-09-07T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Also traveled to The Corcoran Gallery of Art, Washington, D. C. (7 December 1983- 12 February 1984) and, without Twilight in the Wilderness, to Grand Palais, Paris (16 March- 11 June 1984).", "opening_date": "1984-03-16T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Berlin, Staatliche Museen Preu\u00dfischer Kulturbesitz, Nationalgalerie, Orangerie des Schlosses Charlottenburg, Bilder Aus des Neuen Welt: Amerikanische Malerei des 18. und 19. Jahrhunderts, (22 November 1988 through 5 February 1989), no. 15. Exhibition traveled to Kunsthaus Zurich, (3 March - 15 May 1989).", "opening_date": "1989-03-03T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Washington, D. C., National Gallery of Art, Frederic Edwin Church, (8 October 1989 to 28 January 1990), no. 34, catalogue text by Franklin Kelly, pp. 58-59, 61-62, illus. p. 110, cat. 34.", "opening_date": "1989-10-08T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Vienna, Osterreichischen Galerie Belvedere, America: Die Neue Welt in Bildern des 19 Jahrunderts, (17 March through 20 June 1999), no. 45.", "opening_date": "1999-03-17T00:00:00"}, {"description": "London, The Tate Britain, American Sublime: Landscape Painting in the United States, 1820-1880, (21 February - 19 May 2002), no. 25; pp. 129-131, p. 55-6, illus. p. 115, 131; Exhibition traveled to the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, Philadelphia (17 June -25 August 2002) and Minneapolis Institute of Art (22 September- 17 November 2002).", "opening_date": "2002-02-21T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "William T. Walters [1820-1894], Baltimore, MD, consigned to Samuel Putnam Avery for sale at Henry H. Leeds and Co.", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->Walters, a prominent collector and namesake of the Walters Art Museum, commissioned the painting from Church in 1860.&nbsp;</div>"], "date": "1860-1864", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "(Henry H. Leeds and Co., New York, NY, Feb. 12-13, 1864)", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->Consigned to Samuel Putnam Avery by Walters, the painting seems to have been bought in by Avery at this sale and then put up for auction again in 1866.&nbsp;</div>"], "date": "1864", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "(Samuel Putnam Avery [1822-1904], New York, NY)", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->After likely buying in the painting at the 1864 auction, Avery, a close associate of Walters, offered it for sale again in 1866.&nbsp;</div>"], "date": "1864-1866", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "(Leeds and Minor at Old Dusseldorf Gallery, New York, NY, March 9, 1866, no. 174, sold to John Taylor Johnston)", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->This auction included \u201cthe entire collection of the foreign oil and water color paintings, consigned to Samuel P. Avery,\" \u201dto which will be added the celebrated picture by F.E. Church, Twilight in the Wilderness.\"&nbsp; As in the 1864 auction, here, too, Walters consigned the painting to Avery for sale.&nbsp;</div>"], "date": "1866", "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "John Taylor Johnston [1820-1893], New York, NY", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1866-1876", "sortorder": 5}, {"description": "(Chickering Hall, John Taylor Johnston sale, Dec. 19-22, 1876, sold to John Work Garrett?)", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->According to Emily de Forest, Johnston's daughter and Robert de Forest's wife, the painting was purchased at this sale by Mary Garrett.&nbsp; Lockwood de Forest, Robert's brother, however, maintains it was purchased by John Work Garrett and then descended to his daughter, Mary.&nbsp;</div>"], "date": "1876", "sortorder": 6}, {"description": "John Work Garrett [1820-1884], Baltimore, MD, by descent to his daughter, Mary E. Garrett?", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1876-probably 1884", "sortorder": 7}, {"description": "Mary E. Garrett [1854-1909], Baltimore, MD, sold to Robert de Forest", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->Mary Garrett was a close friend of the de Forests.&nbsp;</div>"], "date": "Probably 1884-at least 1902", "sortorder": 8}, {"description": "Robert de Forest [1848-1931], Parkers Point, CT, by descent to his brother, Lockwood de Forest", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->&nbsp;According to Robert's wife, Emily, he purchased the painting from Mary Garrett.&nbsp;</div>"], "date": "After 1902-1931", "sortorder": 9}, {"description": "Lockwood de Forest [1850\u20131932], Santa Barbara, CA, by descent to his son, Alfred Victor de Forest", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1931-1932", "sortorder": 10}, {"description": "Alfred Victor de Forest [1888-1945], Marlborough, NH, by descent to his son, Taber de Forest", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1932-1945", "sortorder": 11}, {"description": "Taber de Forest [1913\u20131978], Maine, sold to David Wilson McCoy", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1945-early 1960s", "sortorder": 12}, {"description": "David Wilson McCoy [1916\u20132011], Lyme, CT, sold to Robert Paul Weimann, Jr., Ansonia, CT", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1963", "sortorder": 13}, {"description": "Robert Paul Weimann, Jr. [1925\u20131978], Ansonia, CT, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "c. 1963\u201365", "sortorder": 14}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1965-", "sortorder": 15}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "An image of this painting has a cameo in the Harrison Ford film <em>Clear and Present Danger</em>.", "description": "In his New York studio, Church painted this spectacular view of a blazing sunset over wilderness near Mount Katahdin in Maine, which he had sketched during a visit nearly two years earlier. Although Church often extolled the grandeur of American landscape in his work, this painting appears to have additional overtones. Created on the eve of the Civil War, the painting's subject can be interpreted as symbolically evoking the coming conflagration. Church's considerable technical skills and clever showmanship contributed to his fame as the premier artist of his generation. Rather than debut this painting in an annual exhibition with works by other artists as was the custom, Church instead exhibited it by itself at a prestigious art gallery. Coaxed by advance publicity and highly favorable press reviews, several hundred spectators flocked to admire it during its seven-week run.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56879420"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1965.233-twilight-in-the-wild"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "<em>New York Herald</em> (June 8, 1860): 10.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Lockwood de Forest, letter to Emily de Forest, Sept. 16, 1931, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Franklin W. Kelly, letter to William S. Talbot, Oct. 21, 1982, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Art Exhibitions and Sales,\" <em>The Nation</em> 2 (March 15, 1866): 346.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Franklin W. Kelly, letter to William S. Talbot, Oct. 21, 1982, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Art Notes,\" <em>The Round Table</em> 3 (March 10, 1866): 151.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Art Exhibitions and Sales,\u201d <em>The Nation</em> 2 (March 15, 1866): 346.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Eleanor Harvey, email to Victoria Sears Goldman, April 8, 2013, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Auction Sales,\u201d<em> New York Times</em> (March 6, 1866): 6.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "\u201cArt Notes,\u201d <em>The Round Table</em> 3 (March 10, 1866): 151.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Franklin W. Kelly, letter to William S. Talbot, May 5, 1982, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Franklin W. Kelly, letter to William S. Talbot, Oct. 21, 1982, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Harold Kirker, letter to Sherman Lee, July 10, 1969, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Emily de Forest, letter to Lockwood de Forest, Sept. 10, 1931, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Emily de Forest, letter to Lockwood de Forest, Sept. 10, 1931, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Lockwood de Forest, letter to Emily de Forest, Sept. 16, 1931, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Lockwood de Forest, letter to Emily de Forest, Sept. 16, 1931, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Emily de Forest, letter to Lockwood de Forest, Sept. 10, 1931, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Sander, Kathleen Waters. <em>Mary Elizabeth Garrett: Society and Philanthropy in the Gilded Age</em>. Baltimore, Md: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Emily de Forest, letter to Lockwood de Forest, Sept. 10, 1931, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Lockwood de Forest, letter to Emily de Forest, Sept. 16, 1931, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Harold Kirker, letter to Sherman Lee, July 10, 1969, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Emily de Forest, letter to Lockwood de Forest, Sept. 10, 1931, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Lockwood de Forest, letter to Emily de Forest, Sept. 16, 1931, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Harold Kirker, letter to Sherman Lee, July 10, 1969, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Marion de Forest, letter to James H. Dempsey, Jr., June 6, 1982, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "William S. Talbot, letter to Kevin Avery, Oct. 27, 1986, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Marion de Forest, letter to James H. Dempsey, Jr., June 6, 1982, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Harold Kirker, letter to Sherman Lee, July 10, 1969, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Taber de Forest, letter to William S. Talbot, Jan. 12, 1970, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Harold Kirker, letter to William S. Talbot, Sept. 18, 1969, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Marion de Forest, letter to James H. Dempsey, Jr., June 6, 1982, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Taber de Forest, letter to William S. Talbot, Jan. 12, 1970, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Taber de Forest, letter to William S. Talbot, Jan. 12, 1970, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Coloquio Internacional de Historia del Arte Zacatecas, Zac. 1994, Gustavo Curiel, Renato Gonza\u0301lez Mello, Juana Gutie\u0301rrez Haces, and Universidad Nacional Auto\u0301noma de Me\u0301xico Instituto de Investigaciones Este\u0301ticas. <em>Arte, Historia E Identidad En Ame\u0301rica : Visiones Comparativas : XVII Coloquio Internacional de Historia Del Arte.</em> Me\u0301xico: UNAM, Instituto de Investigaciones Este\u0301ticas, 1994.", "page_number": "Mantioned p. 255.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Albany Institute of History and Art, Tammis Kane Groft, and Mary Alice Mackay. <em>Albany Institute of History &amp; Art : 200 Years of Collecting. </em>1st ed. New York, [Lanham, Md.]: Hudson Hills Press in association with Albany Institute of History and Art, 1998.", "page_number": "Mentioned p. 102.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Stebbins, Theodore E., Jr. <em>Rethinking American Art: Collectors, Critics, and the Changing Canon</em>. (Boston: Godine, 2025).", "page_number": "Mentioned pp. 16 and 73.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Barringer, Tim, \"Anglo-American Sublime,\" <em>Magazine Antiques</em> 192 (November/December 2025).", "page_number": "Mentioned p. 114, 117; reproduced p. 117.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Kornhauser, Elizabeth Mankin, T. J. Barringer, Dorothy Mahon, Christopher Riopelle, Shannon Vittoria, Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, N.Y.), and National Gallery (Great Britain). <em>Thomas Cole\u2019s Journey : Atlantic Crossings</em>. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2018.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced p. 239.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Avery, Kevin J., and Elizabeth Jacks. <em>Sanford R. Gifford in the Catskills. </em>Edited by Kate Menconeri. Catskill, N.Y.: Thomas Cole National Historic Site, 2017.", "page_number": "Mentioned, p. 15; reproduced, p. 14.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "O\u2019Keeffe, Georgia, Tate Modern (Gallery), Kunstforum Wien, and Art Gallery of Ontario. <em>Georgia O\u2019Keeffe.</em> Edited by Tanya Barson. New York: Abrams, 2016.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced, p. 11.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Mitchell, Mark D., <em>George Inness in Italy.</em> Philadelphia, Pa.: Philadelphia Museum of Art, 2011.", "page_number": "Mentioned, p. 21; reproduced, p. 22.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Howat, John K., <em>Frederic Church. </em>New Haven: Yale University Press, 2005.", "page_number": "Mentioned, pp. 99-10; reproduced, cover (detail), p. 99.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Kusserow, Karl, Alan C. Braddock, Miranda Belarde-Lewis, Teddy Cruz, Rachael Ziady DeLue, Mark Dion, Fonna Forman, et al. <em>Nature\u2019s Nation: American Art and Environment.</em> Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Art Museum, 2018.", "page_number": "Mentioned, p. 123.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "<em>Mizue</em> 820 (August 1973).", "page_number": "Reproduced, p. 39.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "\"Must This Mansion Be Destroyed?,\" <em>Life </em>60 (May 13, 1996).", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced p. 76.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "<em>Judy Ledgerwood: Twilight in the Wilderness, </em>exh. cat. (New York: Gray New York, 2025).", "page_number": "Mentioned p. 5.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Johnson, Victoria. <em>Glorious Country, How the Artist Frederic Church Brought the World to America and America to the World.</em> (New York: Scribner, 2026).", "page_number": "Mentioned, pp. 154-57, 164-66, 271, 308; reproduced, color plate.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "\"Mr. Church's Last Picture,\" <em>New York Times</em> (Jun. 7, 1860).", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 185", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n209"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 185", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n209"}, {"citation": "Talbot, William S. \u201cAmerican Visions of Wilderness.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 56, no. 4 (April 1969): 151\u2013166.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 159-163, figs. 9-11", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25152270"}, {"citation": "National Endowment for the Arts, and Corcoran Gallery of Art. <em>Wilderness</em>. New York: Printed by Benson Litho; for sale by the Corcoran Gallery of Art, Washington, 1971.", "page_number": "Cat. No. 69", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 229", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n249"}, {"citation": "New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art, <em>American Paradise: The World of the Hudson River School,</em> (4 October 1987 through 3 January 1988).", "page_number": "pp. 45, 251-4.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Carr, Gerald. \"Frederic Edwin Church and Mexico.\" In <em>Arte, Historia e Identidad en America: Visiones Comparativas, </em>edited by Gustavo Curiel. Mexico: Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, 1994.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 255", "url": null}, {"citation": "May, Sally Ruth. <em>Knockouts: a pocket guide.</em> Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2001.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 48, p. 48 - 49", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Keck, Michaela. <em>Walking in the Wilderness: The Peripatetic Tradition in Nineteenth-Century American Literature and Painting</em>. Heidelberg: Winter, 2006.", "page_number": "p. 160, fig. 3.28", "url": null}, {"citation": "Adams, Henry. <em>What's American about American art?: a gallery tour in the Cleveland Museum of Art. </em>Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2008.", "page_number": "Reproduced: fig. 8, p. 11; p. 74 - 75", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cole, Mark, \"Picture Perfect\", Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Cleveland Art: The Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em>. Vol. 48 no. 8, October 2008", "page_number": "Mentioned & reproduced: p. 9", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2008-08/page/8"}, {"citation": "Cole, Mark. \"New Spaces in the Cleveland Museum of Art.\" <em>American Art </em>24, no. 2 (Summer 2010)", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 16; Reproduced: p. 16", "url": null}, {"citation": "Mitchell, Mark DeSaussure, and George Inness. <em>George Inness in Italy</em>. Philadelphia, PA: Philadelphia Museum of Art, 2011.", "page_number": "21. Reproduced: 22, fig. 7", "url": null}, {"citation": "Janson, H. W., Penelope J. E. Davies, and H. W. Janson. <em>Janson's History of Art: The Western Tradition.</em> Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2011.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 834-835, fig. 24.10", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 48; reproduced: P. 42-43", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cole, Mark. \u201cTwilight in the Wilderness: A close look at an American masterpiece.\u201d <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine </em>54, no. 4 (July/August 2014): 4-5.", "page_number": "Reproduced: Cover, p. 5; Mentioned: p. 4, 5", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2014-04"}, {"citation": "Raab, Jennifer. <em>Frederic Church: The Art and Science of Detail</em>. New Haven, CT : Yale University Press, 2015.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 93, fig. 40", "url": null}, {"citation": "Sotheby's (Firm). <em>American Paintings, Works on Paper and Sculpture: The Collection of A. Alfred Taubman, Volume Three.</em> New York: Sotheby's, 2015.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 68", "url": null}, {"citation": "Avery, Kevin J. <em>Sanford R. Gifford in the Catskills.</em> Catskill, N.Y.: Thomas Cole National Historic Site, 2017.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 14, fig. 12", "url": null}, {"citation": "Fortenberry, Diane, ed.<em> The Art Museum.</em> London; New York: Phaidon Press, 2017.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 285, no. 4", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kornhauser, Elizabeth Mankin. \"Cole's Legacy.\" In <em>Thomas Cole's Journey: Atlantic Crossings. </em>Elizabeth Mankin Kornhauserand T. J. Barringer. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2018.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 239, fig. 141", "url": null}, {"citation": "Christie' New York. <em>Post-War and Contemporary Art; Afternoon Session. May 15, 2018.<br></em>", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 134", "url": null}, {"citation": "Crosman, Christopher B. <em>John Moore: After the Rain, October 24 - December 6, 2019.</em> New York: Hirschl and Adler Modern, 2019.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 10", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Green, Tyler. <em>Emerson's Nature and the Artists: Idea As Landscape, Landscape As Idea</em>. Munich: Prestel, 2021.", "page_number": "Reproduced: Frontispiece, P. 102, fig. 43; Mentioned: P. 102", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Neely, Evan Robert. <em>Political Economy, Race, and the Image of Nature in the United States, 1825-1878. </em>New York: Routledge, 2024.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 98", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Diaz, Eva. \"Decolonizing Site: Place-scape and Land-sense.\" In <em>Widening the Lens: Photography, Ecology, and the Contemporary Landscape, </em>edited by Dan Leers, 37-48. Pittsburgh: Carnegie Museum of Art, 2024.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 37", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Barringer, Tim. \"Anglo-American Sublime.\" <em>The Magazine Antiques</em> 192, n. 6 (November/December 2025): 112-117.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 114 ; Mentioned and reproduced: p. 117", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1965.233", "images": {"annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1965.233/1965.233_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "562", "filesize": "254485", "filename": "1965.233_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1965.233/1965.233_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2123", "filesize": "1604230", "filename": "1965.233_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1965.233/1965.233_full.tif", "width": "7673", "height": "4791", "filesize": "110309980", "filename": "1965.233_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1965.233/1965.233_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "656", "filesize": "336550"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1965.233/1965.233_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2478", "filesize": "2517286"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1965.233/1965.233_alt0_full.tif", "width": "4336", "height": "3160", "filesize": "41147088"}}], "creditline": "Mr. and Mrs. William H. Marlatt Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Baker & Hostetler LLP Gallery", "athena_id": 141639, "creators": [{"id": 2697, "description": "Frederic Edwin Church (American, 1826\u20131900)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1826", "death_year": "1900", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1965-09-11T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1860, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1860", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": true, "updated_at": "2026-04-17 15:16:37.063000"}, {"id": 149410, "accession_number": "1978.63", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "In the Waves (Dans les Vagues), 1889. Paul Gauguin (French, 1848\u20131903). Oil on fabric; framed: 123.8 x 106 x 7 cm (48 3/4 x 41 3/4 x 2 3/4 in.); unframed: 92.5 x 72.4 cm (36 7/16 x 28 1/2 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Gift of Mr. and Mrs. William Powell Jones, 1978.63", "current_location": "222 Impressionism & Post-Impressionism", "title": "In the Waves (Dans les Vagues)", "creation_date": "1889", "creation_date_earliest": 1889, "creation_date_latest": 1889, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["France, 19th century"], "technique": "oil on fabric", "support_materials": [], "department": "Modern European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "Mod Euro - Painting 1800-1960", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 123.8 x 106 x 7 cm (48 3/4 x 41 3/4 x 2 3/4 in.); Unframed: 92.5 x 72.4 cm (36 7/16 x 28 1/2 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 1.238, "width": 1.06, "depth": 0.07}, "unframed": {"height": 0.925, "width": 0.724}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "Signed lower center: P Gauguin. 89-\r\n", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 304286, "title": "Year in Review: 1978", "description": "<i>Year in Review: 1978</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (February 13-March 18, 1979).", "opening_date": "1979-02-13T05:00:00"}, {"id": 310025, "title": "Creativity in Art and Science, 1860-1960", "description": "<i>Creativity in Art and Science, 1860-1960</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (September 16-November 8, 1987).", "opening_date": "1987-09-16T04:00:00"}, {"id": 441402, "title": "The Art of Paul Gauguin", "description": "<i>The Art of Paul Gauguin</i>. National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. (organizer) (May 1-July 31, 1988); The Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL (September 17-December 11, 1988); Galeries Nationales du Grand Palais, Paris, France, Paris, France (January 9-April 24, 1989).", "opening_date": "1988-05-01T04:00:00"}, {"id": 218060, "title": "Gauguin's 'Nirvana'. Painters at Le Pouldu, 1889-1890", "description": "<i>Gauguin's 'Nirvana'. Painters at Le Pouldu, 1889-1890</i>. Wadsworth Atheneum Museum of Art, Hartford, CT (organizer) (January 27-April 29, 2001).", "opening_date": "2001-01-27T00:00:00"}, {"id": 220471, "title": "Gauguin and the Origins of Symbolism", "description": "<i>Gauguin and the Origins of Symbolism</i>. Museo Nacional Thyssen-Bornemisza, Madrid, Spain (organizer) (September 28, 2004-January 9, 2005).", "opening_date": "2004-09-28T00:00:00"}, {"id": 179631, "title": "CMA Highlights", "description": "<i>CMA Highlights</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art (organizer) (June 21-September 11, 2005).", "opening_date": "2005-06-21T00:00:00"}, {"id": 182153, "title": "Monet to Dal\u00ed: Modern Masters from the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Monet to Dal\u00ed: Modern Masters from the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. Beijing World Art Museum (May 26-August 27, 2006); Mori Art Center (September 16-November 26, 2006); Seoul Art Center, South Korea (December 22, 2006-March 28, 2007); Seoul Olympic Museum of Art, South Korea (April 7-May 20, 2007); Vancouver Art Gallery, Vancouver, Canada (June 9-September 16, 2007); The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 21, 2007-January 13, 2008); Frist Art Museum, Nashville, TN (February 15-June 1, 2008); Utah Museum of Fine Arts, Salt Lake City, UT (June 22-September 21, 2008); The Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit, MI (October 12, 2008-January 18, 2009).", "opening_date": "2006-05-27T00:00:00"}, {"id": 195556, "title": "Paul Gauguin: Paris, 1889", "description": "<i>Paul Gauguin: Paris, 1889</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 4, 2009-January 18, 2010); Van Gogh Museum, 1070 AJ Amsterdam, Netherlands (February 18-June 6, 2010).", "opening_date": "2009-10-04T00:00:00"}, {"id": 229635, "title": "Gauguin: Maker of Myth", "description": "<i>Gauguin: Maker of Myth</i>. Tate Modern, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (organizer) (September 30, 2010-January 18, 2011); National Gallery of Art, Landover, MD (February 21-May 30, 2011).", "opening_date": "2010-09-30T00:00:00"}, {"id": 230536, "title": "Friction of Ideas: Gauguin, Van Gogh, Bernard", "description": "<i>Friction of Ideas: Gauguin, Van Gogh, Bernard</i>. Ordrupgaard, Charlottenlund, Copenhagen, Denmark (organizer) (February 6-June 22, 2014).", "opening_date": "2014-02-06T00:00:00"}, {"id": 216766, "title": "Gauguin: Artist as Alchemist", "description": "<i>Gauguin: Artist as Alchemist</i>. The Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL (organizer) (June 25-September 10, 2017); Galeries Nationales du Grand Palais, 75008 Paris, France (October 9, 2017-January 21, 2018).", "opening_date": "2017-06-25T00:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "Paris, Caf\u00e9 de M. Volpini. Exposition de peintures du Groupe Impressionniste et Synth\u00e9tiste (1889), no. 44, Dans les vagues.", "opening_date": "1889-01-01T05:00:00Z"}, {"description": "Paris, Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 du Salon d'Automne au Grand Palais. (1906), no. 25, L'Ondine (Bretagne), G. Fayet collection.", "opening_date": "1906-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Paris, Galerie L. Dru. Exposition r\u00e9trospective de P. Gauguin (1923), no. 12, 1889, La femme de la mer.", "opening_date": "1923-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Basel, Kunsthalle. Paul Gauguin 1848-1903 (1928), no. 59, Die Welle, Leicester Galleries, London.", "opening_date": "1928-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Berlin, Galerie Thannhauser. Paul Gauguin 1848-1903 (1928), no. 42.", "opening_date": "1928-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "New York, Museum of Modern Art. C\u00e9zanne, Gauguin, Seurat, Van Gogh (1929), no. 42 (repr.).", "opening_date": "1929-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Cleveland, Kinney and Levan Building. Catalogue of the Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition under the Auspices of the Cleveland School of Art (1936), no. 275.", "opening_date": "1936-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "New York, Wildenstein. Paul Gauguin 1848-1903 (1936), no. 11.", "opening_date": "1936-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Cambridge, Mass., Fogg Art Museum. Paul Gauguin 1848-1903 (1936), no. 12.", "opening_date": "1936-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Toledo Museum of Art. C\u00e9zanne-Gauguin (1936), no. 4 (repr.), lent by Mr. and Mrs. Frank H. Ginn.", "opening_date": "1936-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "New York, Wildenstein. A Loan Exhibition of Paul Gauguin (1946), no. 6, lent by Mr. and Mrs. W. Powell Jones; 22 (repr.).", "opening_date": "1946-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Museum of Fine Arts, Houston. Paul Gauguin, His Place in the Meeting of East and West (1954), no. 14 (Odine [sic] or Woman in the Waves).", "opening_date": "1954-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "New York, Wildenstein. Loan Exhibition: Gauguin (1956), no. 18, 37 (repr.).", "opening_date": "1956-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Palm Beach, Society of the Four Arts; Coral Gables, Lowe Gallery of the University of Miami. Paul Gauguin 1848-1903 (1956), no. 13 (repr.).", "opening_date": "1956-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Art Institute of Chicago; New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art. Gauguin (1959), no. 18, 35 (repr.).", "opening_date": "1959-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "New York, Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum. Gauguin and the Decorative Style (1966), 46.", "opening_date": "1966-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "London, Tate Gallery. Gauguin and the Pont-Aven Group (1966), 21, no. 17 (Woman in the Waves), 22, pl. 14c.", "opening_date": "1966-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Toronto, Art Gallery of Ontario; Amsterdam, Van Gogh Museum. Vincent van Gogh and the Birth of Cloisonism (1981), 44, 65 (repr.), 204-5.", "opening_date": "1981-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Baltimore, Walters Art Gallery. Gauguin and the School of Pont-Aven (1994-95), 43, add. no. 1 (repr.).", "opening_date": "1994-01-01T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "On consignment with Boussod & Valadon, Paris, FR.", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->Under the title given by Gauguin, Femme nue dans la vague. (see, John Rewald, 1973, 49).</div>"], "date": "1890", "sortorder": null}, {"description": "(Gauguin sale, Paris, FR, February 23, 1891, lot 14, to M. Jeanson)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1891", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "(Joseph Hessel, Paris, FR, March 1906, sold to Gustave Fayet)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1906", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "(Gustave Fayet [1865\u20131925], Paris, FR, February 1907, sold to Ambroise Vollard)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1906\u20131907", "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "(Paul \u00c9luard, Paris, FR, who probably bought it at Galerie Dru in 1923)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "probably 1923", "sortorder": 5}, {"description": "(Drouot, Paris, FR, December 12, 1927, lot 103, sold to Hessel)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1927", "sortorder": 6}, {"description": "Leicester Galleries, London, UK.", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1928", "sortorder": 7}, {"description": "Purchased by Frank H. Ginn, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1929", "sortorder": 8}, {"description": "Mr. and Mrs. Powell Jones, Gates Mills, OH, given to the Cleveland Museum of Art.", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1978", "sortorder": 9}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1978\u2013", "sortorder": 10}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": ["610.68", "1110.78"], "did_you_know": "Gauguin likely painted this work of art during his time in a small coastal village called Pont-Aven where he sought to immerse himself in nature and escape modern civilization.", "description": "Painted at Pont-Aven in northwest France, this depiction of a nude figure throwing herself into the sea suggests a metaphor for a modern European woman forsaking civilization and abandoning herself to her natural, primitive instincts. The simplified lines and exaggerated colors, especially the contrasting green and orange, seem invented rather than observed from life. Exhibiting the painting at the Caf\u00e9 Volpini in Paris in 1889, Gauguin established himself as a leader of the Symbolist movement in art.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60473553"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1978.63-in-the-waves-dans-le"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Washington/Chicago/Paris. <em>The Art of Paul Gauguin (1988-89)</em>, 74, 199, no. 80 (repr.) (English ed.); no. 80 (repr.) (French ed.).", "page_number": "", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Hartford, CT: Wadsworth Atheneum. <em>Gauguin's Nirvana. Painters at Le Pouldu 1889-90</em>. color repr. p. 132, cat. no. 3, fig. no. 178, p. 149.", "page_number": "", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Paul Gauguin: Paris, 1889</em>, ex. cat. no. 43", "page_number": "", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Tate Modern, London. <em>Gauguin: Maker of Myth.</em> ex. cat. 92, p. 161.", "page_number": "", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Henning, Edward B. \u201c\u2018Woman in the Waves\u2019 by Paul Gauguin.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 71, no. 8 (October 1984): 280\u2013289.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 280\u201389.", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25159880"}, {"citation": "Henning, Edward B. <em>Creativity in Art and Science, 1860-1960.</em> [Cleveland, Ohio]: Published by the Cleveland Museum of Art in cooperation with Indiana University Press, 1987.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 48, pl. III; Mentioned and reproduced: P. 108, no. 16", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Robinson, William H. \"Puvis De Chavannes's \"Summer\" and the Symbolist Avant-Garde.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 78, no. 1 (1991): 2-27.", "page_number": "Reproduced and Mentioned: p. 13-14", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25161310"}, {"citation": "Robinson, William H. \"Vuillard's <em>Under the Trees</em> from the Nabi Cycle <em>The Public Gardens</em>.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 79, no. 4 (1992): 111-27.", "page_number": "Reproduced and Mentioned: p. 113", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25161356"}, {"citation": "Argencourt, Louise d', and Roger Diederen. <em>Catalogue of Paintings</em>. <em>Pt. 4. European Paintings of the 19th Century</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1974.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 274-279, Vol. I, no. 100", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 293", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Pinchon, Pierre. \"<em>Tahiti Mysterieux Rivage 1890-1895.\" </em>Dossier de l'art, 252 (September 2017): 28-45.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 31", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Groom, Gloria Lynn, ed. <em>Gauguin: Artist as Alchemist.</em> Chicago: The Art Institute of Chicago, 2017.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 56 (detail); pp. 190-191, cat. #118; Mention: p. 188", "url": null}, {"citation": "Fe\u0301melat, Armelle. <em>Gauguin, d'art et de liberte\u0301</em>. Neuilly-sur-Seine: Michel Lafon: BeauxArts \u00c9ditions, 2017.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 112", "url": null}, {"citation": "Gue\u0301gan, Ste\u0301phane. <em>Gauguin: voyage au bout de la terre.</em> Paris: Che\u0302ne Editions, 2017.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 122", "url": null}, {"citation": "Tate Gallery. \"Exhibition Diary: Autumn Highlights.\" <em>Tate Etc. </em>41 (Autumn 2017): 14.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 14", "url": null}, {"citation": "Brettell, Richard R. <em>On Modern Beauty: Three Paintings by Manet, Gauguin, and Cezanne</em>. Los Angeles: The J. Paul Getty Museum, 2019.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 45, no. 29", "url": null}, {"citation": "Jamet, Christian. <em>Gauguin: Les Chemins de la Spiritualite\u0301. </em>Paris: Cohen&amp;Cohen, 2020.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 78-81, ill. 46", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Marangoni, Eleonora. <em>Viceversa: Il Mondo Visto di Spalle</em>. [Monza]: Johan &amp; Levi editore, 2020.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 73-74, fig. 61", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cariou, A., Dorthe Vangsgaard Nielsen, Timothy Stroud, Rene\u0301 Lauritsen, and Paul Gauguin. <em>Gauguin and His Friends.</em> [Copenhagen] : Ordrupgaard,2022.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 83, fig. 32", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Boyle-Turner, Caroline. <em>Paul Gauguin: Une Renaissance a\u0300 Pont-Aven. </em>Cha\u0302teaulin: Locus Solus,2023.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 27", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1978.63", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1978.63/1978.63_web.jpg", "width": "700", "height": "900", "filesize": "277344", "filename": "1978.63_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1978.63/1978.63_print.jpg", "width": "2646", "height": "3400", "filesize": "3820562", "filename": "1978.63_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1978.63/1978.63_full.tif", "width": "11539", "height": "14827", "filesize": "513298268", "filename": "1978.63_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2007-10-16T19:27:33", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1978.63/1978.63_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "692", "height": "893", "filesize": "513409"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1978.63/1978.63_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "2633", "height": "3400", "filesize": "7561382"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1978.63/1978.63_alt0_full.tif", "width": "4119", "height": "5318", "filesize": "65749204"}}, {"date_created": "2017-05-23T13:47:08", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1978.63/1978.63_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "654", "filesize": "273245"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1978.63/1978.63_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2472", "filesize": "3680807"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1978.63/1978.63_alt1_full.tif", "width": "15662", "height": "11386", "filesize": "535014324"}}], "creditline": "Gift of Mr. and Mrs. William Powell Jones", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Nancy F. and Joseph P. Keithley Gallery", "athena_id": 149410, "creators": [{"id": 1776, "description": "Paul Gauguin (French, 1848\u20131903)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": "Gauguin spent the first seven years of his life with his mother and great uncle in Peru. In 1855 his mother took him back to France where he attended boarding school. He joined the merchant marine when he was seventeen and began traveling around South America. When Gauguin's mother died in 1868, Gustave Arosa, an art collector and photographer, became his legal guardian. Arosa's collection included works by Corot (q.v.), Courbet (q.v.), Delacroix (q.v.), and the Barbizon painters, and it was he who would encourage Gauguin to start painting. In 1872 Arosa found a job for Gauguin at a brokerage firm, giving him financial security. The following year he married a Danish woman, Mette Gad. Gauguin had already started painting and sculpting in his spare time and first exhibited at the Salon in 1876 with a landscape.1 He was asked by Pissarro (q.v.) and Degas (q.v.) to participate in the fourth impressionist exhibition in 1879, where from then on he would exhibit regularly. Durand-Ruel began purchasing his paintings, and in turn Gauguin started to collect the works of his colleagues, such as Manet (q.v.) and Renoir (q.v.) and, in particular, C\u00e9zanne (q.v.) and Pissarro. He went to Pontoise in 1882, where he painted with C\u00e9zanne and Pissarro, who along with Degas continued to influence him at this period. In 1883 Gauguin decided to become a full-time artist. In 1884 he moved with his wife and children to Rouen and then to Copenhagen, but he failed to earn a comfortable living. He returned to Paris in 1886 and met ceramicist Ernest Chaplet (1835-1909), who introduced him to his m\u00e9tier. Gauguin distanced himself from impressionism and in 1888 worked in Pont-Aven with \u00c9mile Bernard (1868-1941), who had been experimenting with creating compositions using flat areas of color and dark outlines (cloissonism). Gauguin also studied Japanese prints and Indonesian art. The impact of these influences is evident in Gauguin's Vision after the Sermon: Jacob Wrestling with the Angel (1888, National Gallery of Scotland, Edinburgh), so far removed from his earlier impressionist style. Succumbing to van Gogh's (q.v.) many requests, Gauguin agreed to travel to Arles and paint with the artist; their characters, however, proved incompatible. Theo van Gogh, who worked for Boussod Valadon &amp; Cie, would in the meantime sell Gauguin's work. For the next two years, Gauguin traveled often around Brittany. In search of a more pure and unspoiled culture, he auctioned off his paintings in 1891 in order to finance a journey to Tahiti. Upon his arrival, he was disappointed to find many expatriates and developed areas, yet he was still able to capture in his works an uncultivated spirit. He not only made paintings but also created bold woodcuts and sculptures and was an avid writer. Gauguin returned to France in 1893, where he was given a solo exhibition by Durand-Ruel that was not particularly successful. He decided to leave Europe again in 1895, moving to Tahiti and later to Hivaoa, a more remote island in the Marquesas. Because he abandoned naturalistic colors and used formal distortions in order to achieve expressive compositions, Gauguin's work became an inspiration for many subsequent artists. 1. Possibly Wildenstein 1964, no. 12.", "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1848", "death_year": "1903", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1978-11-20T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1889, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1889", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:03:18.910000"}, {"id": 149112, "accession_number": "1977.43", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Church Street El, 1920. Charles Sheeler (American, 1883\u20131965). Oil on canvas; framed: 60 x 67.5 x 6 cm (23 5/8 x 26 9/16 x 2 3/8 in.); unframed: 41 x 48.5 cm (16 1/8 x 19 1/8 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Mr. and Mrs. William H. Marlatt Fund, 1977.43", "current_location": "226A American Modern", "title": "Church Street El", "creation_date": "1920", "creation_date_earliest": 1920, "creation_date_latest": 1920, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["America"], "technique": "oil on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "American Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "American - Painting", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 60 x 67.5 x 6 cm (23 5/8 x 26 9/16 x 2 3/8 in.); Unframed: 41 x 48.5 cm (16 1/8 x 19 1/8 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 0.6, "width": 0.675, "depth": 0.06}, "unframed": {"height": 0.41, "width": 0.485}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "Signed lower right: \"Sheeler 1920\"", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 302666, "title": "Year in Review: 1977", "description": "<i>Year in Review: 1977</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (December 28, 1977-January 22, 1978).", "opening_date": "1977-12-28T05:00:00"}, {"id": 442371, "title": "American Realism, 1920 - 1940", "description": "<i>American Realism, 1920 - 1940</i>. Academy of Fine Arts, Berlin, Berlin 1000, Germany (organizer) (November 9-December 28, 1980).", "opening_date": "1980-11-09T05:00:00"}, {"id": 310243, "title": "The Precisionist Aesthetic in American Art", "description": "<i>The Precisionist Aesthetic in American Art</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (January 24-April 9, 1989).", "opening_date": "1989-01-24T05:00:00"}, {"id": 205796, "title": "Mad for Modernism: Earl Horter and His Collection", "description": "<i>Mad for Modernism: Earl Horter and His Collection</i>. Philadelphia Museum of Art (organizer) (March 7-May 16, 1999).", "opening_date": "1999-03-07T00:00:00"}, {"id": 226121, "title": "Der k\u00fchle Blick", "description": "<i>Der k\u00fchle Blick</i>. Kunsthalle der Hypo-Kulturstiftung, Munich, Germany (organizer) (June 1-September 2, 2001).", "opening_date": "2001-06-01T00:00:00"}, {"id": 177240, "title": "Charles Sheeler: Mediums and Messages", "description": "<i>Charles Sheeler: Mediums and Messages</i>. National Gallery of Art, Landover, MD (organizer) (May 7-September 4, 2006); The Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL (October 15, 2006-January 7, 2007); Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, de Young Museum, San Francisco, CA (February 10-May 6, 2007).", "opening_date": "2006-05-07T00:00:00"}, {"id": 176614, "title": "Youth and Beauty: Art of the American Twenties", "description": "<i>Youth and Beauty: Art of the American Twenties</i>. The Brooklyn Museum, Brooklyn, NY (organizer) (October 28, 2011-January 22, 2012); The Dallas Museum of Art, Dallas, TX (February 24-May 27, 2012); The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (July 1-September 16, 2012).", "opening_date": "2011-10-28T00:00:00"}, {"id": 292179, "title": "The Cult of the Machine: Precision in American Art", "description": "<i>The Cult of the Machine: Precision in American Art</i>. Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, de Young Museum, San Francisco, CA (March 24-August 12, 2018); The Dallas Museum of Art, Dallas, TX (September 16, 2018-January 6, 2019).", "opening_date": "2018-03-24T04:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "New York, Whitney Studio Galleries, Exhibition of Selected Works by Charles Sheeler (1 March-31 March 1924).", "opening_date": "1924-03-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Cleveland, Cleveland Museum of Art, The Precisionist Aesthetic in American Art (24 January-9 April 1989)", "opening_date": "1989-01-24T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Philadelphia, The Philadelphia Museum of Art, Mad for Modernism: Earl Horter and His Collection, (7 March-16 May 1999), plate 78, p. 122, also included two footnotes concerning Sheeler and his relationship to Horter (p. 61), and pp. 173, 180-181, 184.", "opening_date": "1999-03-07T00:00:00"}, {"description": "New York, Whitney Museum of American Art, The American Century: Art &amp; Culture 1900-1950 (23 April-22 August 1999), cat. no. 273, illus. p. 148.", "opening_date": "1999-04-23T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Munich, Kunsthalle der Hypo-Kulturstiftung, Der k\u00fchle Blick: Realismus der Zwanzigerjahre in Europa und Amerika (1 June-2 September 2001), illus. p. 311.", "opening_date": "2001-06-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "National Gallery of Art (5/7/2006-9/4/2006), Art Institute of Chicago (10/15/2006-1/7/2007), Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, MH de Young Museum (2/10/2007-5/6/2007): \"Charles Sheeler: Mediums and Messages\"", "opening_date": "2006-05-07T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Brooklyn Museum of Art (10/28/2011 - 1/22/2012), Dallas Museum of Art (2/24/2012 - 5/27/2012), and Cleveland Museum of Art (7/1/2012 - 9/16/2012): \"Youth and Beauty: Art of the American Twenties\", Fig. 105, p. 143.", "opening_date": "2011-10-28T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>The Collection of Earl Horter.</em> Pennsylvania Museum of Art, Philadelphia, PA (February 17-1-March 13, 1934).", "opening_date": "1934-03-13T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Modern Paintings from the Collection of Mr. Earl Horter of Philadelphia</em>. The Arts Club of Chicago, Chicago, IL (April 3 - April 26, 1934); no. 57", "opening_date": "1934-04-03T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Charles Sheeler: Paintings, Drawings, Photographs</em>. Museum of Modern Art. New York, NY (1939), no. 11, listed p. 46.", "opening_date": "1939-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Charles Sheeler.</em> National Collection of Fine Arts, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC (October 10-November 24 ,1968); Philadelphia Museum of Art, Philadelphia, PA (January 10-February 16, 1969); Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, NY (March 11-April 27,1969); no. 24, illus. p. 39,", "opening_date": "1969-01-10T00:00:00"}, {"description": "mentioned briefly in essays by both Martin Friedman (\"The Art of Charles Sheeler: Americana in a Vacuum\") p. 40, and Bartlett Hayes (\"Reminiscence\") p. 70.", "opening_date": null}, {"description": "Berlin, Academy of Fine Arts, America: Traum und Depression 1920-1940, (1980), pp. 109-137, illus. p. 89, pl. 8, cat. no. 292.", "opening_date": "1980-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "San Francisco, San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, Images of America: Precisionist Painting and Modern Photography, (9 September-7 November 1982); traveled to Saint Louis, The Saint Louis Art Museum (6 December 1982-30 January 1983); Baltimore, The Baltimore Museum of Art (28 February-25 April 1983); Des Moines, Des Moines Art Center (23 May-17 July 1983); Cleveland, The Cleveland Museum of Art (15 August-9 October 1983), no. 92, plate 18 (also reproduced on cover),", "opening_date": "1982-09-09T00:00:00"}, {"description": "included essay by Karen Tsujimoto entitled \"Charles Sheeler: Precisionist Painter and Modern Photographer,\" (pp. 73-85, 172-173) which discusses the CMA painting.", "opening_date": null}, {"description": "Boston, Museum of Fine Arts, Charles Sheeler: Paintings and Drawings, (13 October 1987- 3 January 1988); traveled to New York, Whitney Museum of American Art (28 January-17 April 1988); Dallas, Dallas Museum of Art (15 May-10 July 1988), no. 16, p. 80,", "opening_date": "1988-01-28T00:00:00"}, {"description": "also included parts from essay by Carol Troyen and Erica E. Hirshler, \"From the Eyes Inward: Paintings and Drawings by Charles Sheeler,\" (pp. 9-11, 36-37), which point out the fact that the CMA painting was derived from Manhatta.", "opening_date": null}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, Ohio", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1977-", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "(Robert Schoelkopf Gallery, New York, NY, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "-1977", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "(Harold Diamond, New York, NY) 1", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->1 According to Andy Schoelkopf, Harold Diamond acquired the painting from Mrs. Horter, but because Diamond had little experience in selling Sheeler's works, he consigned the painting to Robert Schoelkopf to sell.&nbsp; Diamond most likely never&nbsp; owned the painting. Schoelkopf sold the painting rather quickly after a visit from Sherman Lee, who happened to see the painting soon after it was received from Diamond.&nbsp;</div>"], "date": "?", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "Elizabeth Lentz Horter [1900-1985], South Langhorne, PA", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "Probably 1940-at least 1969", "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "Earl Horter [1880-1940], Philadelphia, PA 1", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->1Horter's ownership of this painting by 1934 is confirmed by an exhibition of his collection at the Philadelphia Museum of Art in that year.</div>"], "date": "By 1930-probably 1940", "sortorder": 5}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Sheeler and his good friend, the poet William Carlos Williams, patronized speakeasies together during Prohibition.", "description": "Capturing the soaring heights of New York City, this painting is a dramatic bird's-eye view of Broadway and Wall Street, showing a conglomeration of buildings at left and center, and the Church Street elevated train at right. Sheeler based his composition on an image from the short movie <em>Manhatta</em> (1920-21), which he made with the photographer Paul Strand. One of the first avant-garde American films, <em>Manhatta</em> celebrates the dynamic metropolis through a series of carefully composed shots of Lower Manhattan. As typical with Sheeler's work, the artist simplified forms and eliminated textures in <em>Church Street El</em> to concentrate on rhythmic interplay of shapes and color, and patterns of light and shadow.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60473381"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1977.43-church-street-el"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Robert Schoelkopf Gallery, expect notice, April 27, 1977, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Andy Schoelkopf, telephone conversation with Victoria Sears Goldman, April 16, 2013.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Shoemaker, Innis H., Christa Clarke, and William S. Wierzbowski. <em>Mad for Modernism: Earl Horter and His Collection</em>. 1999.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, David Franklin, and C. Griffith Mann. <em>Treasures of the Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> Cleveland, OH, London: Cleveland Museum of Art ; in association with Scala Publishers, 2012.", "page_number": "Mentioned p. 304; reproduced p. 305.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Miller, Angela L., Janet Catherine Berlo, Bryan Jay Wolf, Jennifer L. Roberts, Margaretta M. Lovell, David M. Lubin. <em>American Encounters : Art, History, and Cultural Identity. </em>St. Louis, Missouri: Washington University Libraries, 2008.", "page_number": "Mentioned, p. 456; reproduced, p. 457.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "\"Above the Turmoil of New York, a Painting by Charles Sheeler-Photograph.\" <em>Vanity Fair</em> 16, no. 2 (April 1921).", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 47", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Manhattan: The Proud and Passionate City- Photographs.\" <em>Vanity Fair</em> 18, no. 2 (April 1922).", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 51", "url": null}, {"citation": "Watson, Forbes. \"Charles Sheeler.\" <em>The Arts</em> 3, no. 5 (May 1923).", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 344", "url": null}, {"citation": "Rourke, Constance. <em>Charles Sheeler: Artist in the American Tradition</em>. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1938.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 89, 91, 94, 96, 106, 147, 180, 187; Reproduced: p. 53", "url": null}, {"citation": "Devree, Howard. \"Exhibition Reviews: Sheeler Complete.\" <em>Magazine of Art </em>32, no. 11 (November 1939).", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 644-645; Reproduced: p. 645", "url": null}, {"citation": "Brown, Milton W. \"Cubist-Realism: An American Style.\" <em>Marsyas </em>3 (1943-1945).", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 150; Reproduced: no. 5", "url": null}, {"citation": "Seeley, Carol. \"On the Nature of Abstract Painting in America.\" <em>Magazine of Art</em> 43, no. 5 (May 1950).", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 167", "url": null}, {"citation": "Hayes, Jr., Bartlett H. \"An Appreciation.\" In <em>Charles Sheeler: A Retrospective Exhibition. </em>Los Angeles: The Galleries, 1954.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 9", "url": null}, {"citation": "Wight, Frederick S. \"Charles Sheeler.\" In <em>Charles Sheeler: A Retrospective Exhibition. </em>Los Angeles: The Galleries, 1954.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 25, 27, 36", "url": null}, {"citation": "Wight, Frederick S. \"Charles Sheeler.\" <em>Art in America</em> 42, no. 3 (October 1954).", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 195", "url": null}, {"citation": "Brown, Milton. <em>American Painting From the Armory Show to the Depression. </em>Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1955.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 118; Reproduced: p. 120", "url": null}, {"citation": "Chanin, A.L. \"Sheeler: Purist Brush and Camera Eye.\" <em>ARTnews </em>54, no. 4 (June 1955).", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 71-72", "url": null}, {"citation": "Wight, Frederick S. \"Charles Sheeler.\" In <em>New Art in America: Fifty Painters of the 20th Century,</em> edited by John I. H. Baur. New York: A. Praeger Publishers, 1957.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 97", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cohen, George Michael. \"Charles Sheeler.\" <em>American Artist </em>23, no. 1 (January 1959).", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 34 ; Reproduced: p. 35", "url": null}, {"citation": "Craven, George M. \"Sheeler at Seventy-Five.\"<em> College Art Journal </em>18, no. 2 (Winter 1959).", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 137; Mentioned: p. 138", "url": null}, {"citation": "Larkin, Oliver W. <em>Art and Life in America.</em> New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1960.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 389; Reproduced: p. 387", "url": null}, {"citation": "Raoul, Rosine. \"Letter From New York: The Armory Show and its Decade.\" <em>Apollo</em> (April 1963).", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 335; Reproduced: p. 334, no. 3", "url": null}, {"citation": "Baur, John I. H. <em>Revolution and Tradition in Modern American Art. </em>Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 73", "url": null}, {"citation": "The National Collection of Fine Arts. <em>Charles Sheeler</em>. Washington, D.C.: The Smithsonian Institution Press, 1968.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 15, 155; Reproduced: p. 39, no. 24", "url": null}, {"citation": "Friedman, Martin. \"The Art of Charles Sheeler: Americana in a Vacuum.\" In <em>Charles Sheeler. </em>Washington, D.C.: The Smithsonian Institution Press, 1968.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 40", "url": null}, {"citation": "Hayes, Bartlett. \"Reminiscence.\" In <em>Charles Sheeler.</em> Washington, D.C.: The Smithsonian Institution Press, 1968.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 70", "url": null}, {"citation": "Davidson, Abraham A. \"Charles Sheeler: Paintings and Photographs at the Whitney.\" <em>Arts Magazine </em>43, no. 5 (March 1969).", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 40", "url": null}, {"citation": "Jaffe, Irma B. \"The Forming of the Avant-Garde, 1900-30. \" In <em>The Genius of American Painting</em>, edited by John Wilmerding. New York: William Morrow and Company, Inc., 1973.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 238,  Reproduced: p. 239", "url": null}, {"citation": "Davidson, Abraham A. <em>The Story of American Painting</em>. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1974.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 132, no. 119; Mentioned: p. 132, 133", "url": null}, {"citation": "Friedman, Martin. <em>Charles Sheeler</em>. New York: Watson-Guptill Publications, 1975.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 36; Reproduced: p. 56", "url": null}, {"citation": "Heller, Nancy, and Julia Williams. \"Charles Sheeler: American Industry as Landscape.\" <em>American Artist</em> 40, no. 402 (January 1976).", "page_number": "Mentioned p. 62", "url": null}, {"citation": "Driscoll, John Paul. \"Books in Review: Martin Friedman, Charles Sheeler.\" <em>Art Journal</em> 36, no. 1 (Fall 1976).", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Arnason, H.H. <em>History of Modern Art: Painting, Sculpture, Architecture</em>. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 1977.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 428; Reproduced: p. 428, no. 689", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lee, Sherman E. \"The Year in Review.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art </em>65, no. 1 (January 1978).", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 4", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Midwest Art History Society Newsletter, </em>October, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 5", "url": null}, {"citation": "Schulz, Bernhard. \"Made in America: Tecnik und Dingwelt in Prazisionismus.\" In <em>Amerika Traum und Depression 1920/40</em>. Berlin: Die Gesellschaft, 1980.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 89; Mentioned: p. 116, 534", "url": null}, {"citation": "Fillen-Yeh, Susan. \"Charles Sheeler: Industry, Fashion, and the Vanguard.\" <em>Arts Magazine</em> 54, no. 6 (February 1980).", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 157, no. 13; Mentioned: p. 157", "url": null}, {"citation": "Fillin-Yeh, Susan. \"Charles Sheeler and the Machine Age.\" PhD diss., The City University of New York, 1981.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. xiv, 152 note 58, 153, 206, 210-211, 249 note 18; Reproduced: p. 332, no. 80", "url": null}, {"citation": "Stewart, Patrick Leonard. \"Charles Sheeler, William Carlos Williams, and the Development of the Precisionist Aesthetic, 1917-1931.\" PhD diss., University of Delaware, 1981.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 33; Reproduced: p. 190, no. 8", "url": null}, {"citation": "Tsujimoto, Karen. <em>Images of Precisionist Painting: America and Modern Photography</em>. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1982.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 74, 79, 80; Reproduced: no. 18", "url": null}, {"citation": "Menton, Seymour. <em>Magic Realism Rediscovered, 1918-1981</em>. Philadelphia: Art Alliance Press, 1982.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 78-79", "url": null}, {"citation": "Albright, Thomas. \"Precisionism's Ambivalent Modernism.\" <em>ARTnews</em> 82, no. 1 (January 1983).", "page_number": "Mentioned p. 88; Reproduced: p. 87", "url": null}, {"citation": "Ricciotti, Dominic. \"The Revolution in Urban Transport: Max Weber and Italian Futurism.\" <em>The American Art Journal</em> 16 (Winter 1984).", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 61; Reproduced: 61, no. 13", "url": null}, {"citation": "Haskell, Barbara. <em>Ralston Crawford</em>. New York: Whitney Museum of American Art, 1985.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 14; Reproduced: p. 15, no. 4", "url": null}, {"citation": "Maroney, Jr., James H. <em>The Elite and Popular Appeal of the Art of Charles Sheeler. </em>New York: James Maroney, Inc., 1986.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 11", "url": null}, {"citation": "Wilson, Richard Guy, Dianne H. Pilgrim, and Dickran Tashjian. <em>The Machine Age in America 1918-1941</em>. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1986.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 219; Reproduced: p. 219", "url": null}, {"citation": "Wheat, Ellen Harkins. <em>Jacob Lawrence: American Painter.</em> Seattle: Seattle Art Museum, 1986.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 45, no. 24", "url": null}, {"citation": "Schleier, Merrill. <em>The Skyscraper in American Art, 1890-1931. </em>New York: Da Capo Press, 1986.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 80", "url": null}, {"citation": "Tichi, Cecelia. <em>Shifting Gears: Technology, Literature, Culture in Modernist America.</em> Charlotte: The University of North Carolina Press, 1987.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 253", "url": null}, {"citation": "Stern, Robert A.M., Gregory Gilmart, and Thomas Messins. <em>New York 1930: Architecture and Urbanism Between the Two World Wars</em>. New York: Rizzoli International Publications, Inc., 1987.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 53", "url": null}, {"citation": "Baker, John. <em>Henry Lee McFee and Formalist Realism in American Still Life 1923-1936</em>. Cranbury: Associated University Presses, 1987.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 99; Reproduced: p. 99, no. 126", "url": null}, {"citation": "Hammer, Martin. \"Exhibition Reviews: New York, Whitney Museum, Charles Sheeler.\" <em>The Burlington Magazine</em> 130, no. 1019 (Feb 1988).", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 164; Reproduced: p. 164, no. 107", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lubowsky, Susan. <em>George Ault.</em> New York: Whitney Museum of American Art, 1988.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 14; Reproduced: p. 14, no. 9", "url": null}, {"citation": "Ricciotti, Dominic. \"City Railways/Modernist Visions.\" In <em>The Railroad in American Art: Representations of Technological Change</em>. Japan: Toppan Printing Company, 1988.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 139-140, 143; Reproduced: p. 139, no. 106", "url": null}, {"citation": "Fillin- Yeh, Susan. \"Charles Sheeler's Rolling Power.\" In <em>The Railroad in American Art: Representations of Technological Change</em>, edited by Susan Danly and Leo Marx. Japan: Toppan Printing Company, 1988.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 158", "url": null}, {"citation": "Henry, Steven P. \"Exhibition: Charles Sheeler: Prints, Drawings, Photographs.\" <em>Dallas Museum of Art Bulletin</em> (Spring/Summer 1988).", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 17; Reproduced: p. 16", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lynton, Norbert. <em>The Story of Modern Art</em>. Oxford: Phaidon, 1989.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 162-163; Reproduced: p. 164", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lucie-Smith, Edward. <em>Art Deco Painting</em>. Oxford: Phaidon, 1990.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 21, no. 11", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of The Cleveland Museum of Art. </em>Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1991.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 146", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1991"}, {"citation": "Hinson, Tom E. <em>Sixty-Five Works from the Cleveland Museum of Art. </em>Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1991.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 38; Reproduced: p. 37", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lucic, Karen. <em>Charles Sheeler and the Cult of the Machine</em>. London: Reaktion Books, 1991.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 59-71; Reproduced: no. 33", "url": null}, {"citation": "Harnsberger, R. Scott, and David L. Henderson. <em>Ten Precisionist Artists: Annotated Bibliographies.</em> Westport: Greenwood Press, 1992.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 250, note 1080", "url": null}, {"citation": "Chong, Alan. <em>European and American Painting in The Cleveland Museum of Art: A Summary Catalogue,</em> Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1993.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 222", "url": null}, {"citation": "Schmied, Wieland. \"Precisionsit View and American Scene: The 1920s.\" In <em>American Art in the 20th Century: Painting and Sculpture 1913-1993</em>, edited by Christos M. Joachimides and Norman Rosenthal. New York: Prestel, 1993.", "page_number": "Mentioned: 471; Reproduced: p. 55, no. 8", "url": null}, {"citation": "Benke, Britta. <em>Georgia O'Keeffe 1887-1986: Blumen in der W\u00fcste</em> K\u00f6ln: Benedikt Taschen Verlag, 1994.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 52; Reproduced: p. 52", "url": null}, {"citation": "Stavitsky, Gail. \"Reordering Reality: Precisionist Directions in American Art, 1915-1941.\" In <em>Precisionism in America 1915-1941: Reordering Reality. </em>New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 1994.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 33, 35; Reproduced: p. 17, no. 5", "url": null}, {"citation": "Handy, Ellen. \"The Idea and the Fact: Painting, Photography, Film, Precisionists, and the Real World.\" In <em>Precisionism in America 1915-1941: Reordering Reality. </em>New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 1994.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 42-45", "url": null}, {"citation": "Honour, Hugh, and John Fleming. <em>A World History of Art. </em>4th ed. London: Laurence King Publishing, 1995.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 751; Reproduced: p. 752", "url": null}, {"citation": "Turner, Evan H. Foreward to <em>Catalogue of Photography,</em> Tom E. Hinson. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1996.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. XI", "url": null}, {"citation": "Hughes, Robert. <em>American Visions: The Epic History of Art in America. </em>New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1997.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 383; Reproduced: p. 384, no. 228", "url": null}, {"citation": "Arnason, H.H., and Marla F. Prather. <em>History of Modern Art.</em> New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1998.", "page_number": "Mentioned:  p. 419; Reproduced: p. 411, no. 216", "url": null}, {"citation": "Shoemaker, Innis Howe, Christa Clarke, and William Wierzbowski. <em>Mad for Modernism: Earl Horter and His Collection</em>. Philadelphia: Philadelphia Museum of Art, 1999.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 36, 173, 184; Reproduced: p. 122, no. 78", "url": null}, {"citation": "Haskell, Barbara. <em>The American Century: Art &amp; Culture 1900-1950</em>. New York: Whitney Museum of Art, 1999.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Brettell, Richard R. <em>Modern Art 1851-1929: Capitalism and Representation. </em>Oxford: Oxford Unviersity Press, 1999.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 43", "url": null}, {"citation": "May, Sally Ruth. <em>Knockouts: A Pocket Guide. </em>Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2001.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 58, 118", "url": null}, {"citation": "Baldacci, Paolo, Jean Clair, Hajo Duchting, Claudia Gian Ferrari, Magdalena Holzhey, Christiane Lange, Gerd Roos, and Wieland Schmied. <em>Der kuhle Blick: Realismus der zwanziger Jahre</em>. New York: Prestel, 2001.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 310; Reproduced: p. 311", "url": null}, {"citation": "Honour, Hugh, and John Fleming. <em>A World History of Art. </em>6th ed<em>. </em>London: Laurence King Publishing, 2002.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 815", "url": null}, {"citation": "Haas, Karen E. \"Charles Sheeler and Film.\" <em>Magazine Antiques. </em>Nov 2002.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 122-129; Reproduced: p. 126, pl XI.", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cameron, Dan.<em> Living Inside the Grid.</em> New York: New Museum of Contemporary Art, 2003.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 19", "url": null}, {"citation": "Fontbona, Francesc. <em>El Modernisme. </em>Barcelona: Edicions l'isard, 2003.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 168", "url": null}, {"citation": "Solans, Piedad. \"Cosmolgias de la Ciudad.\" In La Ciudad Collage: La Coleccion del IVAM<em>, </em>edited by Institut Valencia d'Art Modern. Valencia: IVAM, 2004.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 41, no. 8", "url": null}, {"citation": "Charles, Brock. <em>Charles Sheeler: Across Media.</em> Washington, DC: National Gallery of Art, 2006.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 31, 48, 50-52, 116; Reproduced: p. 60", "url": null}, {"citation": "Weber, Bruce. <em>Paintings of New York, 1800-1850</em>. San Francisco: Pomegranate, 2005.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 107", "url": null}, {"citation": "Honour, Hugh, and John Fleming. <em>A World History of Art. </em>7th ed<em>. </em>London: Laurence King Publishing, Ltd., 2005.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 805, fig. 20.11", "url": null}, {"citation": "Brock, Charles. \"Charles Sheeler: Across Media.\" <em>American Art Review</em> 18, no. 3 (May-June 2006).", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 165", "url": null}, {"citation": "Adams, Henry.<em> What's American about American Art? A Gallery Tour in the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2008.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 12, 129; Reproduced: p. 12, 128", "url": null}, {"citation": "Miller, Angela L., Janet C. Berlo, Bryan J. Wolf, and Jennifer L. Roberts. <em>American Encounters: Art, History and Cultural Identity. </em>Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education, Inc, 2012.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 14.7", "url": null}, {"citation": "Arnason, H.H. <em>History of Modern Art: Painting, Sculpture, Architecture, Photography. </em>6th ed. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall, 2010.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 376-377; Reproduced: p. 37", "url": null}, {"citation": "Carbone, Theresa A., ed. <em>Youth and Beauty: Art of the American Twenties. </em>New York: Skira Rizzolli Publications in association with the Brooklyn Museum, 2011.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 141-142  Reproduced: p. 143, no. 105", "url": null}, {"citation": "Franklin, David, and C. Griffith Mann. <em>Treasures from the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: The Cleveland Museum of Art; London: Scala Publishers Ltd, 2012.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 304; Reproduced: p. 305", "url": null}, {"citation": "Troyen, Carol, and Jorge Santis. \"Red-Hot American Painters: The Ashcan School.\" In <em>Return to the Ashcan</em>. Fort Lauderdale: Museum of Art, 2012.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 26, no. 3", "url": null}, {"citation": "Jensen, Kirsten M. \"Painting Manhatta: Modernism, Urban Planning, and New York, 1920-1940.\" In<em> Industrial Sublime: Modernism and the Transformation of New York's Rivers, 1900-1940.</em> Yonkers: Hudson River Museum in association with Empire State Editions, 2013.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 74, fig. 32.", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bering, Kunibert, and Rolf Niehoff. <em>Bildkompetenz: eine kunstdidaktische Perspektive</em>. Oberhausen, Germany: Athena, 2013.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 139", "url": null}, {"citation": "Arnason, H. H. and Elizabeth Mansfield. <em>History of Modern Art: Painting, Sculpture, Architecture, Photography. </em>Boston: Pearson, 2013.", "page_number": "Mentioned & Reproduced: pp.352-353", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 56", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Hiller, Susan. \"O'Keeffe as I see her, 1993.\" In <em>Georgia O'Keeffe</em>, edited by Tanya Barson. London: Tate Publishing, 2016.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 230", "url": null}, {"citation": "Maroney, Jr., James H. <em>Fresh Perspectives on Grant Wood, Charles Sheeler, and George Durrie. </em>Leicester, VT: Gala Books, Ltd, 2019.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 151-154, 170 ; Reproduced: p. 151", "url": null}, {"citation": "Maroney, James H. <em>Fresh Perspectives on Grant Wood, Charles Sheeler, and George H. Durrie</em>. Leicester, VT: Gala Books, Ltd., 2019.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 151", "url": null}, {"citation": "Troyen, Carol. \"To Truly Represent Our Age.\" In<em> The Immaculates: Paintings, Photographs and Prints, </em>Menconi &amp; Schoelkopf Fine Art, 6-19. New York, NY: Menconi + Schoelkopf, 2020.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 8-9, fig. 5", "url": ""}, {"citation": "\u201cRecommendations from Our Curators.\u201d <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine </em>61, no. 2 (Spring 2021): 31.", "page_number": "Reproduced and Mentioned: P. 31.", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1977.43", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1977.43/1977.43_web.jpg", "width": "1069", "height": "893", "filesize": "602527", "filename": "1977.43_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1977.43/1977.43_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2841", "filesize": "5386734", "filename": "1977.43_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1977.43/1977.43_full.tif", "width": "4446", "height": "3715", "filesize": "49578716", "filename": "1977.43_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2009-08-18T13:23:05", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1977.43/1977.43_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "780", "filesize": "226350"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1977.43/1977.43_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2946", "filesize": "1564031"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1977.43/1977.43_alt0_full.tif", "width": "3921", "height": "3397", "filesize": "40001524"}}, {"date_created": "2009-08-18T13:23:05", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1977.43/1977.43_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "1031", "height": "893", "filesize": "466627"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1977.43/1977.43_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2946", "filesize": "4871552"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1977.43/1977.43_alt1_full.tif", "width": "3921", "height": "3397", "filesize": "40001524"}}], "creditline": "Mr. and Mrs. William H. Marlatt Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Dr. Robert B. Benyo Trust Gallery", "athena_id": 149112, "creators": [{"id": 889, "description": "Charles Sheeler (American, 1883\u20131965)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": "Charles Sheeler American, 1883-1965\r\n\r\nPhiladelphia-born Charles Sheeler was a well-known precisionist painter and photographer. After studying at the School of Industrial Art in Philadelphia (1900-3), he spent the next three years as a student of painter William Merritt Chase at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts. Around 1910 he took up photography as a way to support himself.\r\n\tSheeler began as an architectural photographer, documenting buildings for Philadelphia architects, but was soon taking pictures of paintings and other works of art. He continued to paint (in 1913 a group of his works were exhibited in the famous Armory Show in New York) and to photograph, often using his photographs as the basis for paintings. In 1917 his photographs were included in a three-person show along with Paul Strand and Morton Schamberg at Marius de Zayas's Modern Gallery in New York.\r\n\tTwo years later Sheeler moved to New York and in 1920 collaborated with Paul Strand on the avant-garde film Manhatta (originally titled New York the Magnificent). In 1923 he began working as a staff photographer for Cond\u00e9 Nast publications. Four years later he received his most important commercial commission when Ford Motor Company hired him to photograph its River Rouge plant. A powerful series of images celebrating American industry resulted and were widely published. They also served as an inspiration for a number of his paintings.\r\n\tIn 1939 a small group of Sheeler's photographs were included in a retrospective of his work organized by the Museum of Modern Art, New York. Over the next decade he worked as staff photographer for the Metropolitan Museum of Art and focused primarily on painting in his own work, especially during the late 1940s and 1950s. In 1959, after suffering a stroke, Sheeler stopped painting and photographing; he died six years later from a second stroke. M.M.", "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1883", "death_year": "1965", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1977-05-10T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1920, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1920", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": true, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:04:31.863000"}, {"id": 124245, "accession_number": "1945.24", "share_license_status": "Copyrighted", "tombstone": "La Vie, 1903. Pablo Picasso (Spanish, 1881\u20131973). Oil on canvas; framed: 239 x 170 x 10 cm (94 1/8 x 66 15/16 x 3 15/16 in.); unframed: 196.5 x 129.2 cm (77 3/8 x 50 7/8 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Gift of the Hanna Fund, 1945.24. \u00a9 Estate of Pablo Picasso / Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York", "current_location": "223 20th Century Avant-Garde", "title": "La Vie", "creation_date": "1903", "creation_date_earliest": 1903, "creation_date_latest": 1903, "artists_tags": ["male", "Latine and Hispanic Artists"], "culture": ["Spain"], "technique": "oil on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "Modern European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "Mod Euro - Painting 1800-1960", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 239 x 170 x 10 cm (94 1/8 x 66 15/16 x 3 15/16 in.); Unframed: 196.5 x 129.2 cm (77 3/8 x 50 7/8 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 2.39, "width": 1.7, "depth": 0.1}, "unframed": {"height": 1.965, "width": 1.292}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": "\u00a9 Estate of Pablo Picasso / Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York", "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "Signed upper left: \"Picasso\"", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 301477, "title": "In Memoriam: Leonard C. Hanna, Jr.", "description": "<i>In Memoriam: Leonard C. Hanna, Jr.</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (March 4-April 7, 1958).", "opening_date": "1958-03-04T05:00:00"}, {"id": 518205, "title": "Picasso", "description": "<i>Picasso</i>. Tate Britain, London (July 5-September 18, 1960).", "opening_date": "1960-07-05T04:00:00"}, {"id": 515796, "title": "Picasso and the Theatre", "description": "<i>Picasso and the Theatre</i>. Mus\u00e9e des Augustins, Toulouse, France (organizer) (June 22-September 15, 1965).", "opening_date": "1965-06-22T04:00:00"}, {"id": 516237, "title": "Hommage a Pablo Picasso, Peintures", "description": "<i>Hommage a Pablo Picasso, Peintures</i>. Galeries Nationales du Grand Palais, 75008 Paris, France (November 20, 1966-February 12, 1967).", "opening_date": "1966-11-20T05:00:00"}, {"id": 442780, "title": "Pablo Picasso: A Retrospective", "description": "<i>Pablo Picasso: A Retrospective</i>. The Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY (organizer) (May 22-September 16, 1980).", "opening_date": "1980-05-22T04:00:00"}, {"id": 442184, "title": "Pablo Picasso", "description": "<i>Pablo Picasso</i>. The National Museum of Modern Art, Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (organizer) (co-organizer) (April 2-May 29, 1983); Kyoto Municipal Museum of Art, Kyoto, Japan (co-organizer) (June 10-July 24, 1983).", "opening_date": "1983-04-02T05:00:00"}, {"id": 442154, "title": "Pablo Picasso: Fruhwerk und Blaue Periode (Pablo Picasso: Early Work and the Blue Period)", "description": "<i>Pablo Picasso: Fruhwerk und Blaue Periode (Pablo Picasso: Early Work and the Blue Period)</i>. Kunstmuseum Bern, Bern, Switzerland (organizer) (December 6, 1984-February 17, 1985).", "opening_date": "1984-12-06T05:00:00"}, {"id": 177096, "title": "Picasso:  The Early Years, 1892-1906", "description": "<i>Picasso:  The Early Years, 1892-1906</i>. National Gallery of Art (organizer) (March 30-July 27, 1997); Museum of Fine Arts, Boston (September 10, 1997-January 4, 1998).", "opening_date": "1997-03-30T00:00:00"}, {"id": 218074, "title": "Picasso: The Artist's Studio", "description": "<i>Picasso: The Artist's Studio</i>. Wadsworth Atheneum Museum of Art, Hartford, CT (organizer) (June 7-September 23, 2001); The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (October 28, 2001-January 6, 2002).", "opening_date": "2001-06-07T00:00:00"}, {"id": 179631, "title": "CMA Highlights", "description": "<i>CMA Highlights</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art (organizer) (June 21-September 11, 2005).", "opening_date": "2005-06-21T00:00:00"}, {"id": 182153, "title": "Monet to Dal\u00ed: Modern Masters from the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Monet to Dal\u00ed: Modern Masters from the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. Vancouver Art Gallery, Vancouver, Canada (June 9-September 16, 2007); The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 21, 2007-January 13, 2008); Frist Art Museum, Nashville, TN (February 15-June 1, 2008); Utah Museum of Fine Arts, Salt Lake City, UT (June 22-September 21, 2008); The Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit, MI (October 12, 2008-January 18, 2009).", "opening_date": "2006-05-27T00:00:00"}, {"id": 220287, "title": "Picasso: Tradici\u00f3n y Vanguardia", "description": "<i>Picasso: Tradici\u00f3n y Vanguardia</i>. Museo Nacional del Prado, Madrid, Spain (organizer) (June 5-September 17, 2006).", "opening_date": "2006-06-05T00:00:00"}, {"id": 206339, "title": "Barcelona & Modernity: Picasso, Gaud\u00ed, Mir\u00f3, Dal\u00ed (1868-1939)", "description": "<i>Barcelona & Modernity: Picasso, Gaud\u00ed, Mir\u00f3, Dal\u00ed (1868-1939)</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 15, 2006-January 7, 2007); The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY (co-organizer) (March 4-June 3, 2007).", "opening_date": "2006-10-15T00:00:00"}, {"id": 200271, "title": "Picasso and the Mysteries of Life: La Vie", "description": "<i>Picasso and the Mysteries of Life: La Vie</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (December 12, 2012-April 21, 2013); Museu Picasso, Barcelona, Spain (October 10, 2013-January 19, 2014).", "opening_date": "2012-12-12T05:00:00"}, {"id": 218167, "title": "Lend-Back:  Painting the Modern Garden", "description": "<i>Lend-Back:  Painting the Modern Garden</i>. Wadsworth Atheneum Museum of Art, Hartford, CT (organizer) (September 11-December 7, 2015).", "opening_date": "2015-09-11T00:00:00"}, {"id": 291274, "title": "Picasso: Blue and Rose", "description": "<i>Picasso: Blue and Rose</i>. Mus\u00e9e d'Orsay, Paris, France (organizer) (September 18, 2018-January 6, 2019); Fondation Beyeler, CH-4125 Riehen/Basel, Switzerland (February 3-June 16, 2019).", "opening_date": "2018-09-18T04:00:00"}, {"id": 317581, "title": "Picasso and Paper", "description": "<i>Picasso and Paper</i>. Royal Academy of Arts, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (organizer) (co-organizer) (January 25-August 2, 2020) https://www.royalacademy.org.uk/exhibition/picasso-and-paper; The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (co-organizer) (December 8, 2024-March 23, 2025).", "opening_date": "2024-12-08T05:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>The Art of the Third Republic: French Painting 1870-1940, </em>Worcester Art Museum, Worcester, MA (February 22 - March 16, 1941).", "opening_date": "1941-02-22T05:00:00Z"}, {"description": "<em>Picasso: Forty Years of His Art, </em>Museum of Modern Art, New York. (November 15, 1939 - January 7, 1940).", "opening_date": "1939-11-15T05:00:00Z"}, {"description": "<em>Picasso, </em>Kunsthaus Z\u00fcrich (September 11-October 30, 1932).", "opening_date": "1932-09-11T04:00:00Z"}, {"description": "<em>Exposition Picasso</em>, Galeries Georges Petit, Paris (June 16-July 30, 1932).", "opening_date": "1932-06-16T04:00:00Z"}, {"description": "<em>Thirty Years of Pablo Picasso, </em>Reid and Lef\u00e8vre Gallery (June 1931).", "opening_date": "1931-06-01T04:00:00Z"}, {"description": "<em>Erste Sonderausstellung in Berlin, </em>Galerien Thannhauser (January 9- mid-February 1927).", "opening_date": "1927-01-09T05:00:00Z"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Sebasti\u00e0 Junyent [1865-1908], Barcelona, Spain (acquired from Picasso along with The Old Jews in 1904 for 500 pesetas)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1904", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "(Ambroise Vollard, Paris, France)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "(Justin K. Thannhauser [1892-1976], Munich/Berlin/Lucerne, acquired by 1926)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1926", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "(Reid & Lefevre, London, United Kingdom, by 1931, shared with Thannhauser)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1931", "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "(Etienne Bignou, Paris,France, by 1932, shared with Thannhauser and Reid & Lefevre)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1932", "sortorder": 5}, {"description": "Rhode Island School of Design, Providence, RI, 1937", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1937", "sortorder": 6}, {"description": "(Theodore Schempp [1904-1988], New York, NY,1944)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1944", "sortorder": 7}, {"description": "(Jacques Seligmann and Company, New York, NY,1944)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1944-1945", "sortorder": 8}, {"description": "(Jacques Seligmann and Company, New York, NY, 1945 sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1945", "sortorder": 9}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1945-", "sortorder": 10}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Picasso began drawing as a child and studying at an art school at age eleven. He later remarked that \"art is a lie that makes us realize the truth.\"", "description": "The subject of this painting has been interpreted variously as a realistic portrayal of a working-class couple facing the challenges of poverty and as a symbolic representation of the cycle of life, with the infant representing childhood, the couple representing youth, and the draped woman representing age. In 1901, depressed by the suicide of his friend, the poet and painter Carles Casagemas, Pablo Picasso began the melancholic paintings of his Blue Period (1901\u20134). Twenty-one years old and struggling to support himself, he restricted his palette to cool colors suggestive of night, mystery, dreams, and death. His interest in themes of suffering and social alienation culminated in this painting.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1799228"], "internet_archive": []}, "citations": [{"citation": "\"Pablo Ruiz Picasso.\" <em>El Liberal </em>(June 4, 1903): 2.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 2", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Sch\u00fcrer, Oskar. \"Picassos Klassizismus,\" in <em>Die Kunst f\u00fcr Alle</em>, 27 (Munich, April 1926).", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 204.", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>The Arts</em>, 9. no. 2 (February 1927)", "page_number": "Reproduced frontispiece, p. 60 in bound edition.", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Erste Sonderausstellung in Berlin</em>. Berlin: Galerien Thannhauser, 1927.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 117, cat. 175", "url": null}, {"citation": "Zervos, Christian. \"Picasso: Oeuvres in\u00e9dites anciennes.\" <em>Cahiers d'art</em>, 3 (1928).", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 109.", "url": null}, {"citation": "Gaunt, William. \"Picasso and the Cul-de-sac of Modern Painting.\" <em>Atelier </em>1, no. 3 (June 1931): 410-416.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 411", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Lefevre Gallery. <em>Thirty Years of Pablo Picasso : June 1931</em>. London: Alex. Reid &amp; Lefevre Ltd., 1931.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: cat. 3", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Earp, T.W. \"The Picasso Exhibition.\" <em>Apollo </em>14, no. 79 (July 1931): 40-42.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 40.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "<em>Exposition Picasso</em>. Paris: Galerie Georges Petit, 1932.", "page_number": "Reproduced:  no. 17.", "url": null}, {"citation": "Zervos, Christian. <em>Pablo Picasso, Vol. 1: Oeuvres de 1895 \u00e0 1906</em>. Paris: \u00c9ditions Cahiers d'art, 1, 1932.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 179; Reproduced: plate 83", "url": ""}, {"citation": "George, Waldemar. \"The Picasso Exhibition.\" <em>Formes </em>25 (May 1932): 268-271.", "page_number": "Reproduced", "url": ""}, {"citation": "\"Modern Recognition.\" <em>The Art News </em>30, no. 39 (August 13, 1932): 8.", "page_number": "Reproduced: on cover.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "<em>Pablo Picasso : Kleiner Katalog : 11. September Bis 30. Oktober 1932, Kunsthaus Zu\u0308rich.</em> Zu\u0308rich: Kunsthaus, 1932.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p.2. no. 18 (as Das Leben)", "url": ""}, {"citation": "\"Art Throughout America: Providence: A Newly Acquired Picasso of the Blue Period.\" <em>The Art News </em>36, no. 11 (December 11, 1937): 16.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 16.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "\"When Picasso was Blue.\" <em>The Art Digest </em>12, no. 6 (December 15, 1937): 5.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 5", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Daly, D. \"La Vie, Picasso.\" <em>Bulletin of the Rhode Island School of Design </em>26, no. 1 (January 1938): 2-3.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 2-3; Reproduced: on cover", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Barr, Alfred H., Jr., Picasso: <em>Forty Years of His Art</em>. New York: Museum of Modern Art, 1939.", "page_number": "Reproduced: cat. no. 19.", "url": null}, {"citation": "Worcester Art Museum. <em>The Art of the Third Republic; French Painting 1870-1940.</em> [Worcester, Mass.]: [Printed by the Davis Press], 1941.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: no. 34", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Slatkin, Charles E. <em>The Enjoyment of Art in America: A Survey of the Permanent Collections of Painting, Sculpture, Ceramics, and Decorative Arts in American and Canadian Museums. </em>Philadelphia and New York: J.B. Lippincott Company, 1942.", "page_number": "", "url": ""}, {"citation": "<em>Paintings in the Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1945.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. [6]", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAPaintings1945/page/n14"}, {"citation": "Francis, Henry. \"Picasso's 'La Vie.'\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art </em>32, no. 6 (June 1945): 88, 93-94.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 82; Mentioned: p. 88, 93-94", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25141213"}, {"citation": "Barr, Alfred H., Jr.,<em> Picasso:</em> <em>Fifty</em> <em>Years of His Art</em>. New York: Museum of Modern Art, 1946.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 26-27", "url": null}, {"citation": "M. Knoedler &amp; Co. <em>Picasso Before 1907: Loan Exhibition for the Benefit of The Public Education Association. </em>New York: Knoedler Galleries, 1947.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. 17", "url": ""}, {"citation": "<em>Picasso \"L'atelier:\" Paintings of 1956</em>. Lucerne: Galerie Rosengart, 1957.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 91, no. 25", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Handbook.</em> Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: cat. no. 521", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1958/page/n96"}, {"citation": "<em>In Memoriam: Leonard C. Hanna, Jr.</em> Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: no. 68", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Blunt, Anthony, and Phoebe Pool. <em>Picasso, the Formative Years; a Study of His Sources.</em> [Greenwich]: New York Graphic Society, 1962.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 20-21", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Milhau, Denis. <em>Picasso et Le the\u0301a\u0302tre.</em> Toulouse: Muse\u0301e des Augustins, 1965.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 41-42, cat. 1", "url": ""}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 196", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n220"}, {"citation": "Daix, Pierre, Georges Boudaille, and Joan Rosselet. <em>Picasso, 1900-1906: Catalogue raisonn\u00e9 de l'oeuvre peint</em>. Neuchatel: Ides et Calends, 1966-88.", "page_number": "Mentioned: 58-60, 64, and 222; Reproduced: p. 222-223, IX.13", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Sutton, Denys and Paolo Lecaldano. <em>The Complete Painting of Picasso: Blue and Rose Periods</em>. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 1968.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 94, cat. 89, plate XIII", "url": ""}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 195", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n219"}, {"citation": "Hennig, Edward B. \"Pablo Picasso: Fan, Salt Box, and Melon.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art </em>56, no. 8 (October 1969): 273-286.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 276, fig. 6", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25152288"}, {"citation": "Penrose, Roland, John Golding, and Daniel Henry Kahnweiler. <em>Picasso, 1881-1973</em>. London: Elek, 1973.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Reff, Theodore. \"Love and Death in Picasso's Early Work.\" <em>Artforum </em>11, no. 9 (May 1973): 64-73.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 66, fig. 5", "url": ""}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 241", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n261"}, {"citation": "McCully, Marilyn and Robert McVaugh. \"New Light on Picasso's <em>La Vie.</em>\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art </em>65 (February 1978): 67-71.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 67-71; Reproduced: p. 66", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25159566"}, {"citation": "Palau i Fabre, Josep. <em>Picasso, the Early Years, 1881-1907</em>. New York: Rizzoli, 1981.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 339-341, and 541; Reproduce, p. 341, no. 882", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Gedo, Mary Mathews. \"The Archaeology of a Painting: A Visit to the City of the Dead Beneath Picasso's <em>La Vie.</em>\" <em>Arts </em>56, no. 3 (November 1981): 116-129.", "page_number": "Reproduced: 116, fig. 1", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Kitaj, R. B., and Timothy Hyman. \"A Return to London.\" <em>Kitaj Paintings, Drawings, Pastels.</em> John Ashebury, Joe Shannon, Jane Livingston, 41. New York, NY: Thames and Hudson, 1983.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 41", "url": null}, {"citation": "McCully, Marilyn and Ju\u0308rgen Glaesemer. <em>Der Junge Picasso: Fr\u00fchwerk Und Blaue Periode.</em> Bern: Kunstmuseum, 1984.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p.166-176 and p. 283-293; Reproduce: p. 169, p. 283 and p. 293, kat. 194", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Spies, Werner. <em>Kontinent Picasso: Ausgewa\u0308hlte Aufsa\u0308tze aus zwei Jahrzehnten.</em> Mu\u0308nchen: Prestel, 1988.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 105-106, abb. 105", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Robinson, William H. \"Puvis De Chavannes's <em>Summer</em> and the Symbolist Avant-Garde.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 78, no. 1 (1991): 2-27.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 16", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25161310"}, {"citation": "Boggs, Jean Sutherland, Brigitte Le\u0301al, and Marie-Laure Bernadac. <em>Picasso and Things: The Still Lifes of Picasso</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1992.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 344", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Daix, Pierre. <em>Picasso: Life and Art</em>. New York: Icon Editions, 1993.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Gedo, Mary Mathews. <em>Looking at Art from the Inside Out : The Psychoiconographic Approach to Modern Art.</em> Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.", "page_number": "Discussed: p. 87-118; Reproduced, p. 89, fig. 28", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Daix, Pierre. <em>Dictionnaire Picasso</em>. Paris: R. Laffont, 1995.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 628-629, pl. 1", "url": null}, {"citation": "Asahi Shinbunsha. <em>Pikaso: 20-seiki no kyosho\u0304o</em>. Tokyo: Asahi Shinbunsha, 1995.", "page_number": "Reproduced:  fig. 8", "url": null}, {"citation": "Chipp, Herschel, Alan Wofsy, and Fernand Mourlot. <em>Picasso's paintings, watercolors, drawings and sculpture: a comprehensive illustrated catalogue, 1885-1973</em>. San Francisco: Alan Wofsy Fine Arts, 1995.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 24, fig. 1903-071", "url": null}, {"citation": "McCully, Marilyn and Natasha Staller. <em>Picasso: the Early Years, 1892-1906</em>. Washington, DC: National Gallery of Art, 1997.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 6, 190", "url": null}, {"citation": "Fukaya, Katsunori. <em>Pikaso ten: kaikan 10-shu\u0304nen kinen </em>(Pablo Picasso: 10th anniversary). Japan: Chu\u0304nichi Shinbunsha, 1998.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 19, no. 11", "url": null}, {"citation": "Spieler, Reinhard and Hans Belting. <em>Max Beckmann: Bildwelt und Weltbild in den Triptychen</em>. Cologne: DuMont, 1998.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 93, no. 15", "url": null}, {"citation": "Arnason, H. Harvard and Marla Prather. <em>History of Modern Art: Painting, Sculpture, Architecture, Photography</em>. New York, NY: Harry N. Abrams, 1998.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 165, pl. 87", "url": null}, {"citation": "Warncke, Carsten-Peter, Ingo F. Walther, and Michael Hulse. <em>Pablo Picasso: 1881-1973</em>. Cologne: Taschen, 1998.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 39", "url": null}, {"citation": "M\u00f8rstad, Erik. \"Jung og Picasso - Henderson og Pollock: Jungianismen som billedanalytisk verkt\u00f8y.\" <em>Kunst og Kultur </em>81, no. 1 (1998): 18-59.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 30; Reproduced, p. 36, ill. 3", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Kosinski, Dorothy M. <em>The Artist and the Camera: Degas to Picasso</em>. Dallas: Dallas Museum of Art, 1999.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 300, fig. 146", "url": null}, {"citation": "Richardson, John, and Marilyn McCully. <em>A Life of Picasso</em>. New York: Random House, 1991.", "page_number": "I:269-279.", "url": null}, {"citation": "Hunter, Sam, John M. Jacobus, and Daniel Wheeler. <em>Modern Art: Painting, Sculpture, Architecture</em>. New York, NY: Harry N. Abrams, 2000", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 134, no. 222", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Picasso: Museo Nacional de Colombia: mayo 13-agosto 11, Bogota\u0301, 2000</em>. Bogota\u0301, Colombia: Museo Nacional de Colombia, 2000.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 139", "url": null}, {"citation": "Le\u0301al, Brigitte, Christine Piot, and Marie-Laure Bernadac. <em>The Ultimate Picasso</em>. New York, NY: Harry N. Abrams, 2000.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 69, no. 133", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cox, Neil. <em>Cubism</em>. London: Phaidon, 2000.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 34-35, reproduced: fig. 15", "url": null}, {"citation": "Solender, Katherine, \"From Peacocks to Picasso\", Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Cleveland Art: The Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em>. Vol. 40 no. 09, November 2000", "page_number": "Mentioned & reproduced: p. 8-9", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2000-09/page/8"}, {"citation": "FitzGerald, Michael C., and William H. Robinson. <em>Picasso: The Artist's Studio</em>. Hartford: Wadsworth Atheneum Museum of Art and Yale University Press, 2001.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 98-99; p. 19, 22, 24, 63-87; Reproduced pp. 62, 98", "url": null}, {"citation": "Clair, Jean. <em>Picasso E\u0301rotique</em>. Munich: Prestel, 2001.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 91, fig. 5", "url": null}, {"citation": "To\u0304kyo\u0304 Sho\u0304ko\u0304 Kaigisho. <em>Kara\u0304 ko\u0304dine\u0304shon no kiso: kara\u0304 ko\u0304dine\u0304ta\u0304 kentei shiken 3-kyu\u0304 ko\u0304shiki tekisuto </em>(Introduction to color coordination). Tokyo: To\u0304kyo\u0304 Sho\u0304ko\u0304 Kaigisho, 2001", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 28", "url": null}, {"citation": "May, Sally Ruth, Jane Takac, and Barbara J. Bradley. <em>Knockouts: A Pocket Guide</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2001.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 54-55; Reproduced: p. 54", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lemoine, Serge. <em>From Puvis De Chavannes to Matisse and Picasso: Toward Modern Art</em>. Milan: Bompiani, 2002.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 41, fig. 19", "url": null}, {"citation": "Andersen, Wayne V. <em>Picasso's Brothel: Les Demoiselles D'Avignon</em>. New York, NY: Other Press, 2002", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 192, fig. 19", "url": null}, {"citation": "Oca\u00f1a, Mar\u00eda Teresa. <em>Picasso joven</em>. La Corun\u0303a: Fundacio\u0301n Pedro Barrie\u0301 de la Maza, Conde de Fenosa, 2002.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 72", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Sekai bijutsukan no tabi</em>. Tokyo: Sho\u0304gakukan, 2002.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 310", "url": null}, {"citation": "Meyer, Richard. <em>Representing the Passions: Histories, Bodies, Visions</em>. Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute, 2003.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 236, fig. 10", "url": null}, {"citation": "Becht-Jo\u0308rdens, Gereon and Peter Matthias Wehmeier. <em>Picasso und die christliche Ikonographie: Mutterbeziehung und ku\u0308nstlerische Position</em>. Berlin: Reimer, 2003.", "page_number": "Reproduced: cover and fig. 1", "url": null}, {"citation": "Senzoku, Nobuyuki. <em>Seiyo\u0304 kaiga meisaku hyakuissen</em>. Tokyo: Sho\u0304gakukan, 2003.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 182, fig.100", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Picasso in Istanbul</em>. Istanbul, Turkey: Sabanci University, Sakip Sabanci Museum, 2005.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 19, fig. 2", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lara Elizondo, Lupina. <em>Referencias de Picasso en Me\u0301xico: ocho pintores (1900-1950): Angel Za\u0301rraga, Diego Rivera, Carlos Me\u0301rida, Manuel Rodri\u0301guez Lozano, Alfonso Michel, Rufino Tamayo, Francisco Gutie\u0301rrez, Federico Cantu\u0301</em>. Me\u0301xico, DF: Qualitas Compan\u0303i\u0301a de Seguros, 2005.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 53", "url": null}, {"citation": "Burgess, Margaret, \"The Colorful Mr. Hanna\", Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Cleveland Art: The Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em>. Vol. 45 no. 09, November 2005", "page_number": "Mentioned & reproduced: 6", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2005-09/page/6"}, {"citation": "Berggruen, Olivier and Max Hollein. <em>Picasso und das Theater</em>. Ostfildern, Germany: Hatje Cantz, 2006.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 28, fig. 1", "url": null}, {"citation": "Adams, Laurie. <em>The Making and Meaning of Art</em>. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2006.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 147, fig. 8.2", "url": null}, {"citation": "Serraler, Francisco Calvo and Carmen Gime\u0301nez. <em>Picasso : Tradition and Avant-Garde</em>. Madrid: Museo Nacional del Prado; Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofi\u0301a, 2006.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 76-89; Reproduced: p. 77, cat. 1", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Robinson, William H., Jordi Falga\u0300s, and Carmen Belen Lord. <em>Barcelona and Modernity: Picasso, Gaudi\u0301, Miro\u0301, Dali\u0301</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art in association with Yale University Press, 2006.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 135; Reproduced p. 134", "url": null}, {"citation": "Calvo Serraller, Francisco. <em>Picasso: tradicio\u0301n y vanguardia: gui\u0301a antolo\u0301gica de la exposicio\u0301n, </em>Madrid: Fundacio\u0301n Amigos del Museo del Prado, 2006.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 8-9; Reproduced: p. 9", "url": null}, {"citation": "Robinson, William H., Laurence Channing, Barbara J. Bradley, and Margaret Burgess. <em>Monet to Dali\u0301: Impressionist and Modern Masterworks from the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2007.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Seki, Naoko. <em>Pikaso</em>. Tokyo, Japan: Sho\u0304gakukan, 2006.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 51", "url": null}, {"citation": "Hall, James. <em>The Sinister Side: How Left-Right Symbolism Shaped Western Art</em>. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2008.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 333, fig.37", "url": null}, {"citation": "Duchting, Hajo. <em>Pablo Picasso</em>. London: Prestel, 2008.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 6", "url": null}, {"citation": "Yu\u0304ki, Masako. <em>Pikaso egakareta koi: yattsu no koigokoro de yomitoku pikaso no miryoku</em>. Tokyo: Sho\u0304gakukan, 2008.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 21", "url": null}, {"citation": "Tinterow, Gary, Susan Alyson Stein, Magdalena Dabrowski, et al. <em>Picasso in the Metropolitan Museum of Art</em>. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2010.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 63, fig. 22.4", "url": null}, {"citation": "Arnason, H. Harvard and Elizabeth Mansfield. <em>History of Modern Art: Painting, Sculpture, Architecture, Photography</em>. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2010.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 160, no. 8.2", "url": null}, {"citation": "Giedion, Sigfried, Gotthard Jedlicka, and Piet Meyer. <em>Pablo Picasso in Zu\u0308rich--1932</em>. Bern, Switzerland: Meyer, 2010.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 80, Abb.15", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cox, Neil. <em>The Picasso Book</em>. London: Tate Publishing, 2010.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 10, fig. 2; Mentioned: p. 273-274", "url": null}, {"citation": "Galassi, Susan Grace and Marilyn McCully. <em>Picasso's Drawings, 1890-1921: Reinventing Tradition</em>. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2011.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 100, fig. 51", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>The Picasso Project: Picasso's Paintings, Watercolors, Drawings and Sculpture: A Comprehensive Illustrated Catalogue, 1885-1973: The Blue Period, 1902-1904, Barcelona and Paris</em>. San Francisco: Alan Wofsy Fine Arts, 2011.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 124, no. 1903-071", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Robinson, William H. <em>Picasso and the Mysteries of Life: La Vie</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2012.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 31", "url": null}, {"citation": "Zuffi, Stefano. <em>Colour in Art</em>. Antwerpen, Belgium: Ludion, 2012.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 139", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Treasures of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. London: Scala Books, 2012.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 292-293", "url": null}, {"citation": "Ramon, Artur. <em>Nada es bello sin el azar: quince episodios sobre pintura</em>. Barcelona: Elba, 2012.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 137, fig. 44", "url": null}, {"citation": "Valle\u0300s, Eduard and Isabel Cendoya. <em>Yo Picasso: self-portraits</em>. Barcelona: Ajuntament de Barcelona, Institut de Cultura: Museu Picasso, 2013.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 80, fig. 6, 7", "url": null}, {"citation": "Andral, Jean-Louis, Marilyn McCully, Michael Raeburn, et al. <em>Picasso dans la collection Nahmad</em>. Paris: E\u0301ditions Hazan, 2013.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 273-274, fig. 4; Mentioned: p. 419", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bozal Ferna\u0301ndez, Valeriano. <em>Historia de la pintura y la escultura del siglo XX en Espan\u0303a</em>. Madrid: Machado Grupo de Distribucion, 2013.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 45", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>The Art Newspaper 23</em>, no. 252 (December 2013).", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 32", "url": null}, {"citation": "Gual, Male\u0301n, Reyes Jime\u0301nez, and William H. Robinson. <em>Journey Through the Blue: La Vie. </em>Barcelona: Museu Picasso, 2013.", "page_number": "p. 103, cat. no. 20", "url": null}, {"citation": "Castan\u0303o, Antonia, Maria Teresa Ocan\u0303a, Neil Cox, Brigitte Le\u0301al, Valeriano Bozal Ferna\u0301ndez, Christopher Green. <em>Picasso en el taller</em>. Madrid: Fundaci\u00f3n MAPFRE, Instituto de Cultura, 2014.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 15, fig. 3", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 294-295", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Steele, Marcia. \"A Life Before <em>La Vie</em>: A recent cleaning of Picasso's masterpiece provided a unique opportunity for further research.\u201d <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em> 54, no. 1 (January/February 2014): 6-7.", "page_number": "Reproduced and Mentioned: p. 6-7", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2015-06"}, {"citation": "Pratesi, Ludovico. \"Le Sfide del Grande Transfiguratore.\" <em>Art e dossier</em>, no. 316 (December 2014).", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 30-35; Reproduced: p. 31", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Avec le Bleu une Histoire qui Dure.\" <em>Beaux arts magazine,</em> no. 368 (Fevrier 2015).", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 52-53; Reproduced: p. 52", "url": null}, {"citation": "Valle\u0300s, Eduard. <em>Picasso: obra catalana</em>. Barcelona: Enciclop\u00e8dia Catalana, 2015.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 236-237", "url": null}, {"citation": "Rogla\u0301n, Mark A.<em> Spanish Art in America</em>. Madrid: Ediciones El Viso 2016.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 82", "url": null}, {"citation": "Mu\u0308ller, Markus. \"The Many Metamorphoses of the Minotaur.\" In <em>Pablo Picasso</em>. Munich: Hirmer, 2016.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 14, fig. 4", "url": null}, {"citation": "Jones, Caroline A. <em>The Global Work of Art: World's Fairs, Biennials, and the</em> <em>Aesthetics of Experience.</em> Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2016.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 58-59, fig. 2.8", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Museum Masters: 2016-17 Companion Guide.</em> [Cleveland, Ohio]: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2016.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 46-47", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Kisters, Sandra.<em> The Lure of the Biographical: On the (Self-)Representation of Modern Artists.</em> Amsterdam: Valiz, 2017.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 57, n.171", "url": null}, {"citation": "Koldehoff, Stefan. \"Marketing Modernism: The Thannhauser Gallery and Its Clients.\" <em>Marketing Van Gogh</em>. Stefan Koldehoff, and Chris Stolwijk, eds., 56-81. Brussels: Mercatorfonds; Amsterdam: Van Gogh Museum, 2017.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 61, fig. 43", "url": null}, {"citation": "Jime\u0301nez-Blanco, Mari\u0301a Dolores. <em>Antes, Desde y Despue\u0301s del Cubismo: Picasso, Gris, Blanchard, Gargallo y Gonza\u0301lez, y Vuelta a Picasso.</em> Boadilla del Monte (Madrid): Machado Libros, 2017.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 97, fig. 1", "url": null}, {"citation": "Saragoza, Florence, and Pablo Picasso. Picasso et la maternite\u0301. 2017.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: pp. 22-23", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Rynck, Patrick de and Jon Thompson. <em>Understanding Painting: From Giotto to Warhol</em>. New York: Ludion, distributed by Abrams, 2018.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 237", "url": null}, {"citation": "Tasseau, Verane, and Jean-Louis Andral. <em>Pablo Picasso en 15 questions.</em> [Vanves] : Hazan, 2018.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 28-31", "url": null}, {"citation": "Moore, John L., Esther Jun, Clodagh Keogh, William H. Robinson, Danni Shen, Enid Shomer, and Reto Thu\u0308ring. Demise: Rina Banerjee, Esperanza Corte\u0301s, Jae Rhim Lee, Brian Maguire, Paolo Pelosini, Levent Tuncer. 2018, 6.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: pp. 4-6.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Bernardi, Claire, Stephanie Molins, and E\u0301milia Philippot. <em>Picasso: Bleu et Rose.</em> Vanves: Hazan: M'O, 2018.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 20-21", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Faerna, Jose\u0301 Mari\u0301a. <em>Picasso</em>. Barcelona: Poli\u0301grafa, 2018.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 25", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Lloyd, Christopher. <em>Picasso and the Art of Drawing.</em> London: Modern Art Press, 2018.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 44, fig. 25", "url": null}, {"citation": "Betard, D. \"Picasso en bleu, en rose et en chefs-d'oeuvre,\" <em>Beaux arts magazine</em>, 411 (Sept. 2018).", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 78-86; Reproduced: p. 81", "url": null}, {"citation": "Toscano, F. \"Becoming Picasso.\" <em>Modern Painters</em> (Sept. 2018).", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 104-110; Reproduced: p. 107", "url": null}, {"citation": "De Micci, L. \"L'alba del Genio e Blu e Rosa.\" <em>Il giornale dell'arte</em> 36, no. 389 (Sept. 2018).", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 39-40", "url": null}, {"citation": "Toscano, Frank. \"Becoming Picasso: A major exhibition at the Musee d'Orsay looks at six formative years early last century, now known as his Blue and Rose periods.\" <em>Modern painters : a quarterly journal of the fine arts 30, no. 8 (September 2018): 105-110</em>", "page_number": "Mentioned; p. 107", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Le Bon, Laurent, Claire Bernardi, Stephanie Molins, et al. <em>Picasso, Bleu et Rose.</em> Vanves: Hazan, 2018.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 180-182", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bouvier, Rapha\u00ebl, ed. <em>Picasso: The Blue and Rose Periods.</em> Riehen/Basel: Fondation Beyeler, 2019.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 118-119; 122-123", "url": null}, {"citation": "Picasso, Pablo. <em>Bijiasuo: yi wei tian cai de dan sheng = Picasso: Birth of a Genius.</em> \u5317\u4eac\u5e02: \u6587\u5316\u85dd\u8853\u51fa\u7248\u793e, 2019.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 219, 225", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Michael, Cora. \"Gauguin in the the Buckeye and Hoosier States: Portrait of Teuraheimata and its Midwestern Collectors.\" In <em>Paul Gauguin: Teuraheimata a Potoru, a Rediscovery, </em>11-19. New York: Jill Newhouse Gallery; [Akron, Ohio]: Thomas French Fine Art, 2019.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 14", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Bouvier, Raphae\u0308l. <em>Le Jeune Picasso: Pe\u0301riodes Bleue et Rose.</em> Riehen/Ba\u0302le, Suisse : Fondation Beyler ; Berlin : Hatje Cantz, 2019.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 22, 27", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Berggruen, Olivier. \"Painting as Drama: Picasso's Late Paintings.\" In <em>Picasso: The Late Work: from the Collection of Jacqueline Picasso.</em> Ortrud Westheider, and Michael Philipp, eds. Munich: Prestel, 2019.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 29-31", "url": null}, {"citation": "Ormiston, Rosalind. <em>Picasso</em>. Munich; London; New York: Prestel, 2020.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 50-51", "url": null}, {"citation": "Planas, Claustre Raffart. \"Early Works and the Blue Period.\" In <em>Picasso and Paper</em>. William H. Robinson, et al., 62-79. London: Royal Academy of Arts, 2020.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 75, cat. no. 48", "url": ""}, {"citation": "McCully, Marilyn. \"Picasso in the Studio.\" In <em>Picasso: Painting the Blue Period.</em> Kenneth Brummel, and Susan Behrends Frank, eds., 10-23. New York: DelMonico Books \u00b7 D.A.P.; Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Art Gallery of Ontario, 2021.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 18-19, fig. 16", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Frank, Susan Behrends. \"Chronology.\" In <em>Picasso: Painting the Blue Period.</em> Kenneth Brummel, and Susan Behrends Frank, eds., 294-321. New York: DelMonico Books \u00b7 D.A.P.; Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Art Gallery of Ontario, 2021.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 306-307, fig. 13", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Michels, Stefanie. <em>Leipziger Schule und Kritischer Realismus: die Sammlung Fritz P. Mayer</em>. Mu\u0308nchen: Hirmer, 2022.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 50", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Arn, Jackson. \"From God to 10,000 hours.\" <em>Art in America</em> 110, no.5 (June/July 2022): 42-47", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p.46", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Conzen, Ina. <em>Picasso</em>. Mu\u0308nchen: C.H.Beck, 2023.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 20, fig. 5", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Gue\u0301gan, Ste\u0301phane. <em>Picasso: Les Chefs-d\u2019\u0152uvre</em>. Paris: \u00c9ditions El Viso, 2023.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 2, 67, no. 22", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Lahuerta, Juan Jose\u0301. <em>Being an Artist : Julio Gonz\u00e1lez. </em>Valencia: Institut Valenci\u00e0 d\u2019Art Modern, 2023.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 40-41, fig. 54", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Rafart i Planas, Claustre. <em>Picasso Barcelona: A Cartography.</em> Translated by Jofre Homedes and Mark Waudby. Barcelona, Spain: Museu Picasso, Editorial Tenov, Barcelona City Council, 2023.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 122", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Maldonado, Guitemie. \"Picasso: Trajectoire d'un Geant.\" <em>Dossiers de l'Art</em> 307, no. 4 (2023): 10-27.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 12-13", "url": ""}, {"citation": "McPherson, Heather. <em>Picturing the Artist's Studio, from Delacroix to Picasso. </em>London: Lund Humphries, 2024.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 101; Reproduced: p. 103, fig. 74", "url": ""}], "catalogue_raisonne": "Zervos I.179; Sutton/Lecaldano 89; Daix, Boudaille, Rosselet IX.13; Palau i Fabre: 882; PP 1903-071", "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1945.24", "images": {}, "alternate_images": [], "creditline": "Gift of the Hanna Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Michael J. Horvitz Family Gallery", "athena_id": 124245, "creators": [{"id": 2160, "description": "Pablo Picasso (Spanish, 1881\u20131973)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": "Pablo Ruiz Picasso (1881-1973), the most prolific and influential artist of the 20th century, shifted the emphasis of art from its traditional concern with beauty toward radical innovation. The son of an art teacher, Picasso demonstrated remarkable talents as a child and entered the royal art academy in Madrid at age sixteen. Less than a year later, he abandoned his studies and soon joined several avant-garde artist and anarchist groups in Barcelona and Paris. After passing through a succession of stylistic periods, most notably the Blue (1901-1904) and Rose (1904-1906) Periods, he collaborated with Georges Braque (1882-1963) in 1908 to invent Cubism, a revolutionary method of restructuring pictorial space. Picasso remained active until his death in 1973. Although his art still appears radical, many of his works are over one hundred years old. Cubism, perhaps the most important development in 20th-century art, was invented around 1908 by Pablo Picasso (1881-1973) and Georges Braque (1882-1963). The most revolutionary aspect of the style was not its obvious emphasis on geometric form; rather, it was the introduction of a radically new approach to configuring pictorial space. Since the Renaissance, artists had used various methods to create the illusion of distant space receding behind the canvas surface. The Cubists rejected that idea and collapsed space by compressing foreground, middle ground, and background into a continuous web of overlapping, intersecting planes. During the 1910s, other painters and sculptors embraced or adapted Cubism to their own ends. This revolutionary approach inspired a host of related movements and continues to influence the visual language of artists, architects, and designers throughout the world.", "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1881", "death_year": "1973", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1945-02-21T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1903, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1903", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": true, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Life"], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-04-03 13:35:08.713000"}, {"id": 125249, "accession_number": "1947.209", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "The Large Plane Trees (Road Menders at Saint-R\u00e9my), 1889. Vincent van Gogh (Dutch, 1853\u20131890). Oil on fabric; framed: 104.5 x 124.5 x 7.6 cm (41 1/8 x 49 x 3 in.); unframed: 73.4 x 91.8 cm (28 7/8 x 36 1/8 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Gift of the Hanna Fund, 1947.209", "current_location": "222 Impressionism & Post-Impressionism", "title": "The Large Plane Trees (Road Menders at Saint-R\u00e9my)", "creation_date": "1889", "creation_date_earliest": 1889, "creation_date_latest": 1889, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["Netherlands"], "technique": "oil on fabric", "support_materials": [], "department": "Modern European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "Mod Euro - Painting 1800-1960", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 104.5 x 124.5 x 7.6 cm (41 1/8 x 49 x 3 in.); Unframed: 73.4 x 91.8 cm (28 7/8 x 36 1/8 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 1.045, "width": 1.245, "depth": 0.076}, "unframed": {"height": 0.734, "width": 0.918}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 312052, "title": "Work by Vincent Van Gogh", "description": "<i>Work by Vincent Van Gogh</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (November 3-December 12, 1948).", "opening_date": "1948-11-03T04:00:00"}, {"id": 338462, "title": "Van Gogh: Paintings and Drawings", "description": "<i>Van Gogh: Paintings and Drawings</i>. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY (October 21, 1949-January 15, 1950); The Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL (February 1-April 15, 1950).", "opening_date": "1949-10-21T05:00:00"}, {"id": 300437, "title": "Four Modes of Composition", "description": "<i>Four Modes of Composition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (September 10-October 27, 1954).", "opening_date": "1954-09-10T04:00:00"}, {"id": 301477, "title": "In Memoriam: Leonard C. Hanna, Jr.", "description": "<i>In Memoriam: Leonard C. Hanna, Jr.</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (March 4-April 7, 1958).", "opening_date": "1958-03-04T05:00:00"}, {"id": 338466, "title": "Van Gogh in St. Remy and Auvers", "description": "<i>Van Gogh in St. Remy and Auvers</i>. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY (organizer) (November 25, 1986-March 22, 1987).", "opening_date": "1986-11-25T05:00:00"}, {"id": 310025, "title": "Creativity in Art and Science, 1860-1960", "description": "<i>Creativity in Art and Science, 1860-1960</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (September 16-November 8, 1987).", "opening_date": "1987-09-16T04:00:00"}, {"id": 338459, "title": "Vincent van Gogh", "description": "<i>Vincent van Gogh</i>. Van Gogh Museum, 1070 AJ Amsterdam, Netherlands (March 30-July 29, 1990).", "opening_date": "1990-03-30T05:00:00"}, {"id": 441657, "title": "Vincent van Gogh 1990", "description": "<i>Vincent van Gogh 1990</i>. Kr\u00f6ller-M\u00fcller Museum (co-organizer) (March 30-July 29, 1990); Rijksmuseum Vincent van Gogh, Amsterdam, Netherlands (organizer) (co-organizer) (March 30-July 29, 1990).", "opening_date": "1990-03-30T05:00:00"}, {"id": 184132, "title": "Masterworks from The Phillips Collection", "description": "<i>Masterworks from The Phillips Collection</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (February 20-May 29, 2005).", "opening_date": "2005-02-20T00:00:00"}, {"id": 223479, "title": "Right Under the Sun: Painting in Provence from Classicism to Modernism (1750-1920)", "description": "<i>Right Under the Sun: Painting in Provence from Classicism to Modernism (1750-1920)</i>. Montr\u00e9al Museum of Fine Arts, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (organizer) (September 22, 2005-January 8, 2006).", "opening_date": "2005-05-14T00:00:00"}, {"id": 182153, "title": "Monet to Dal\u00ed: Modern Masters from the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Monet to Dal\u00ed: Modern Masters from the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. Beijing World Art Museum (May 26-August 27, 2006); Mori Art Center (September 16-November 26, 2006); Seoul Art Center, South Korea (December 22, 2006-March 28, 2007); Seoul Olympic Museum of Art, South Korea (April 7-May 20, 2007); Vancouver Art Gallery, Vancouver, Canada (June 9-September 16, 2007); The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 21, 2007-January 13, 2008); The Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit, MI (October 12, 2008-January 18, 2009).", "opening_date": "2006-05-27T00:00:00"}, {"id": 211379, "title": "Van Gogh: Up Close", "description": "<i>Van Gogh: Up Close</i>. Philadelphia Museum of Art, Philadelphia, PA (January 26-May 6, 2012); National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Ont.,, Canada (organizer) (May 25-September 2, 2012).", "opening_date": "2012-01-26T00:00:00"}, {"id": 213656, "title": "Van Gogh Repetitions", "description": "<i>Van Gogh Repetitions</i>. The Phillips Collection, Washington, DC (organizer) (October 12, 2013-February 2, 2014); The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (March 2-May 26, 2014).", "opening_date": "2013-10-12T00:00:00"}, {"id": 448164, "title": "There\u2019s Nothing like the Real Thing: Van Gogh at the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>There\u2019s Nothing like the Real Thing: Van Gogh at the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art (organizer) (September 17-December 5, 2021).", "opening_date": "2021-09-17T04:00:00"}, {"id": 538102, "title": "Vincent van Gogh: Poets and Lovers", "description": "<i>Vincent van Gogh: Poets and Lovers</i>. National Gallery, London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (organizer) (September 14, 2024-January 19, 2025) https://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/exhibitions/van-gogh-poets-and-lovers.", "opening_date": "2024-09-14T04:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 des Artistes Ind\u00e9pendants</em>.Pavillon de la Ville de Paris, Paris, France (1890).", "opening_date": null}, {"description": "<em>Exposition Vincent van Gogh. Boulevard \u00e0 St-R\u00e9my</em>, Provence, France:1889-90. Galerie Bernheim Jeune, Paris, France (1901).", "opening_date": "1901-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Quelques oeuvres de Vincent van Gogh</em>. Galerie Druet, Paris, France (1908).", "opening_date": "1908-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Exhibition of French Painting of the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries</em>. Fogg Art Museum, Cambridge, MA (1929).", "opening_date": "1929-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>C\u00e9zanne, Gauguin, Seurat, Van Gogh.</em> Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY (1929).", "opening_date": "1929-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Retrospective Exhibition of Landscape Painting</em>. Wadsworth Atheneum, Hartford, CT (1931).", "opening_date": "1931-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Exhibition of Masters of French 19th Century Painting</em>. New Burlington Galleries,London, United Kingdom (1936).", "opening_date": "1936-01-01T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Theo van Gogh [1857-1891], Paris, France", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1890", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "Julien Leclercq [1865-1901] Paris, France (see document b1533 v/1962 in the archive of the Van Gogh Museum", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "(Schuffenecker Brothers, Paris, France, sold to Gustave Fayet, Igny, France)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "Gustave Fayet [1865-1925], Igny, France", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "Gilbert E. Fuller, Boston, MA", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1929-1931", "sortorder": 5}, {"description": "(Paul Rosenberg, New York, NY, July 18, 1947, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": 6}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1947-", "sortorder": 7}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Van Gogh sometimes created what he called \"repetitions,\" in which he painted the same subject and composition again. This painting has a repetition, currently in the Phillips Collection in Washington, DC. Conservation research has shown that the Cleveland painting is the first version.", "description": "Like <em>Two Poplars in the Alpilles near Saint-R\u00e9my</em> (on view nearby), Vincent van Gogh painted this autumnal landscape while living in a psychiatric hospital near Saint-R\u00e9my in southern France where he was treated for severe depression. Understanding that painting from nature eased his symptoms, Van Gogh\u2019s physician permitted the artist to paint landscapes outside. Van Gogh described this painting in a letter to his brother Theo: \u201cThe last study I did is a view of the village, where they were at work under some enormous plane trees\u2014repairing the pavements. . . . There are heaps of sand, stones, and the gigantic trunks\u2014the leaves yellowing and here and there you can get a glimpse of a house front and small figures.\u201d", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26221185"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1947.209-the-large-plane-tree"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Meyer-Riefstahl, R. \"Vincent Van Gogh-II. Van Gogh's Style in Relation to Nature.\" <em>The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs </em>18, no. 93 (December 1910): 155-62.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 160, pl. III", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Voln\u00e9 Sm\u011bry: M\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00edk Um\u011blecky</em> nos. 1-5 (1911): 108.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 108", "url": null}, {"citation": "Coquiot, Gustave. <em>... Vincent van Gogh; avec 24 reproductions hors-texte des \u0153uvres de Vincent van Gogh</em>. Paris, FR: Ollendorff, 1923", "page_number": "Reproduced: opp. p. 216", "url": null}, {"citation": "Grey, Roch. <em>Vincent Van Gogh</em>. Rome: Valori Plastici, 1924.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pl. 21", "url": null}, {"citation": "Fels, Florent. <em>Van Gogh</em>. Paris: Librairie Stock, 1924.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pl. 9", "url": null}, {"citation": "Goulinat, J. G. \"Les Collections Gustave Fayet.\" <em>L'Amour de l'Art</em> 132 (1925): 129-142.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 132", "url": null}, {"citation": "Faure, E\u0301lie. <em>Histoire de l'art</em>. Paris, FR: G. Cre\u0300s, 1926.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 447, vol. 4", "url": null}, {"citation": "Leroy, Edgar. \"Le S\u00e9jour de Vincent van Gogh \u00e0 l'Asile de Saint-R\u00e9my-de-Provence.\"<em> Aesculape</em> 16, no. 7 (July 1926): 180-186.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 181", "url": null}, {"citation": "Doiteau, Victor, and Edgard Leroy. <em>La folie de Vincent van Gogh</em>. Paris, FR: Aesculape, 1928.", "page_number": "Reproduced: opp. p. 80", "url": null}, {"citation": "de LaFaille, J. B. <em>L'oeuvre de Vincent van Gogh, catalogue raisonne\u0301</em>. Paris, FR: et Bruxelles: Les E\u0301ditions G. van Oest, 1928.", "page_number": "Mentioned: no. 657, vol. 1; Reproduced: no. 657, vol. 2", "url": null}, {"citation": "Gogh, Vincent van. <em>Further Letters of Vincent Van Gogh to His Brother, 1886-1889</em>. London, UK: Constable &amp; Co, 1929.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 418, letter 618; p.424, letter 621", "url": null}, {"citation": "Wilenski, R. H. <em>French Painting</em>. Boston, MA: Hale, Cushman &amp; Flint, 1931.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 297", "url": null}, {"citation": "Art Institute of Chicago. <em>Catalogue of a Century of Progress Exhibition of Prints: The Art Institute of Chicago, June 1 to November 1, 1933.</em> [Chicago]: Art Institute of Chicago, 1933.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 54, no. 381", "url": null}, {"citation": "Uhde, Wilhelm. <em>Vincent Van Gogh</em>. Vienna, Austria: Phaidon Press, 1936.", "page_number": "Reproduced: Pl. 89", "url": null}, {"citation": "Scherjon,W. and W. Jos. de Gruyter. <em>Vincent Van Gogh's Great Period, Arles, St. Re\u0301my and Auvers Sur Oise (Complete Catalogue)</em>. Amsterdam (Holland): \"De Spieghel\", Ltd, 1937.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 272; no. 77", "url": null}, {"citation": "La Faille, J. Bernard de, Charles Terrasse, Prudence Montagu-Pollock, and Andre\u0301 Gloeckner. <em>Vincent Van Gogh</em>. New York, N.Y.: French and European Publications [etc.], 1939.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 667", "url": null}, {"citation": "Nordenfalk, Carl. \"Van Gogh and Sweden.\" <em>Konsthistorisk Tidskrift</em> 15 (December 1946): 89-96.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 92", "url": null}, {"citation": "Zervos, Christian. \"Vincent Van Gogh.\" <em>Cahiers d'Art</em> 22 (1947): 159-266.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 254", "url": null}, {"citation": "Francis, H.S. \"Les Paveurs, by Vincent van Gogh.\" <em>The Bulletin of the</em> <em>Cleveland Museum of Art XXXV</em>, no 4 (April 1948): 57-63.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 61-62", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art </em>XXXV, no. 6 (June 1948): 121", "page_number": "Reproduced: cover", "url": null}, {"citation": "Gogh, Vincent van. <em>Work by Vincent Van Gogh: Catalogue of a Loan Exhibition at the Cleveland Museum of Art, November 3 Through December 12 1948</em>. [Cleveland, Ohio]: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1948.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 25", "url": null}, {"citation": "Levine, Jack. \"Homage to Vincent.\" <em>ARTnews</em> 47 (December 1948): 26-30.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 26; reproduced: p. 28-29", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"The Year's Best: 1948.\" <em>ARTnews</em> 47 (January 1949): 40-41.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 40", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>ARTnews Annual 1949.</em> New York, N.Y.: Newsweek, Inc, 1949. P. 72-73.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 72-73", "url": null}, {"citation": "Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, N.Y.). <em>Van Gogh, Paintings and Drawings; A Special Loan Exhibition, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Art Institute of Chicago, 1949-1950</em>. New York: Metropolitan Museum. 1949-50. 1949.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 123", "url": null}, {"citation": "Schapiro, Meyer. <em>Vincent Van Gogh</em>. New York, NY: H.N. Abrams, 1950.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 112", "url": null}, {"citation": "Leymarie, Jean. <em>Van Gogh</em>. [Paris]: P. Tisne\u0301, 1951.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 128, no. 123", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Paintings in the Cleveland Museum of Art: Picture Book No. 4 .</em> [Cleveland]: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1952.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 40", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAPaintings1952"}, {"citation": "Hanson, Lawrence, and Elisabeth Hanson. <em>Passionate Pilgrim; The Life of Vincent Van Gogh.</em> New York: Random House, 1955.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 264; reproduced: between p. 178-179", "url": null}, {"citation": "Rewald, John. <em>Post-Impressionism: From Van Gogh to Gauguin</em>. New York, NY: Museum of Modern Art, 1956.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 357", "url": null}, {"citation": "Huyghe, Rene\u0301. <em>L'Art et l'Homme.</em> Paris: Larousse, 1957.", "page_number": "Reproduced: vol. 3, p. 403", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Handbook.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 513", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1958/page/n95"}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>In Memoriam: Leonard C. Hanna, Jr.</em> Cleveland: The Cleveland Museum of Art. 1958.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 53", "url": null}, {"citation": "Milliken, William Mathewson. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. New York: H.N. Abrams, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 55", "url": null}, {"citation": "Elgar, Frank.<em> Van Gogh, A Study of His Life and Work.</em> New York: Praeger, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: no. 188", "url": null}, {"citation": "Henning, Edward B. \"From Turner to Gaston.\" <em>Apollo: A Journal of the Arts </em>78 (December 1963): 481-488.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 484; mentioned: p. 486-487", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 178", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n202"}, {"citation": "Bourniquel, Camille. <em>Van Gogh</em>. Paris, FR] Hachette, 1968.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 211", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 178", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n202"}, {"citation": "Gaunt, William. <em>The Impressionists.</em> London, UK: Thames &amp; Hudson, 1970.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 142", "url": null}, {"citation": "Nakayama, Kimio. <em>Gogh</em>. Tokyo, Japan: [Shueisha], 1970.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 132; no. 56; vol. 8", "url": null}, {"citation": "De la Faille, J.-B. <em>The Works of Vincent Van Gogh; His Paintings and Drawings.</em> Amsterdam: Meulenhoff International, 1970.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 657", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lecaldano, Paolo. <em>L'opera pittorica completa di Van Gogh e i suoi nessi grafici.</em> Milan, IT: Rizzoli,1971.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 754; vol. 2", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lubin, Albert J. <em>Stranger on the Earth; A Psychological Biography of Vincent Van Gogh.</em> New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart Winston, 1972.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 93; pl. 23", "url": null}, {"citation": "Gatto, Joseph A. <em>Cities</em>. Worcester, MA: Davis Publications, 1977.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 78", "url": null}, {"citation": "Gogh, Vincent van, Jean Leymarie, and V. W. van Gogh.<em> Letters of Vincent van Gogh, 1886-1890: A Facsimile Edition.</em> London: Scolar Press, 1977.", "page_number": "Mentioned: v. 2, no. 618, p. 1/4; mentioned: v. 2, no. 621, p. 2/4", "url": null}, {"citation": "Hulsker, Jan. <em>The Complete Van Gogh: Paintings, Drawings, Sketches.</em> New York, NY: H.N. Abrams, 1980.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 426; no. 428", "url": null}, {"citation": "Canaday, John. <em>Mainstreams of Modern Art.</em> New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1981.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 357; fog. 418", "url": null}, {"citation": "Schapiro, Meyer. <em>Vincent Van Gogh</em>. Norwalk, CT: Easton Press, 1983.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 110", "url": null}, {"citation": "Barrielle, Jean-Franc\u0327ois. <em>La vie et l'\u0153uvre de Vincent van Gogh.</em> Paris, FR: ACR, 1984.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Pickvance, Ronald. <em>Van Gogh in Saint-Re\u0301my and Auvers</em>. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1986.", "page_number": "Mentioned: cat. no. 44, p. 304, 307", "url": null}, {"citation": "Henning, Edward B. <em>Creativity in Art and Science</em>, 1860-1960. [Cleveland, Ohio]: Published by the Cleveland Museum of Art in cooperation with Indiana University Press, 1987.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p.106", "url": null}, {"citation": "Robinson, William. \u201cGeorge Hendrik Breitner and the Emergence of Dutch Modernism.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 81, no. 2 (1994): 27-43.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 32", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25161441"}, {"citation": "Argencourt, Louise d', and Roger Diederen. <em>Catalogue of Paintings</em>. <em>Pt. 4. European Paintings of the 19th Century</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1974.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 306-309, Vol. I, no. 109", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Grossvogel, Jill. <em>Claude-Emile Schuffenecker: Catalogue Raisonne\u0301.</em> San Francisco: Alan Wofsy Fine Arts, 2000.", "page_number": "Mention: p. 45", "url": null}, {"citation": "May, Sally Ruth. <em>Knockouts: a pocket guide.</em> Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2001.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 51, p. 51", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Hughes, Robert. <em>The Portable Van Gogh</em>. New York, NY: Universe, 2002.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 344", "url": null}, {"citation": "Schapiro, Meyer. <em>Vincent Van Gogh.</em> New York, NY: Harry N. Abrams, Publishers, 2003.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 110-111", "url": null}, {"citation": "Stokstad, Marilyn, David Cateforis, and Stephen Addiss. <em>Art History</em>. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2005.", "page_number": "Reproduced: fig 28", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cogeval, Guy, and Marie-Paule Vial. <em>Right under the sun: landscape in Provence from classicism to modernism (1750-1920).</em> Montre\u0301al: Montreal Museum of Fine Arts, 2005.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 143; no. 186", "url": null}, {"citation": "Corty, Axelle. \u201cLa Face Cach\u00e9e Du Soleil.\u201d <em>Connaissance Des Arts</em>, no. 627 (May 2005): 42\u201355.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 46-47", "url": null}, {"citation": "Burgess, Margaret B., \"Side by Side\", Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Cleveland Art: The Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em>. Vol. 45 no. 05, May/June 2005", "page_number": "Mentioned & reproduced: p. 6-7", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2005-05/page/6"}, {"citation": "\"L'Oeil sur les Expositions.\" <em>Oeil</em> (June 2005): 16-37.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 34", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bailey, Martin. \"Vincent van Cloth.\" The Art Newspaper XVI, no. 183 (September 2007): 3.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 3", "url": null}, {"citation": "Ligon, Scott. <em>Digital Art Revolution: Creating Fine Art with Photoshop.</em> New York, NY: Watson-Guptill, 2010.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 31", "url": null}, {"citation": "Franklin, David and C. Griffith Mann. <em>Treasures from the Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2012.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 272-273", "url": null}, {"citation": "Hubert, Jean-Christophe. <em>Sur les traces de Van Gogh.</em> Waterloo, Belgium: Avant-Propos, 2012.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 118; fig. 478", "url": null}, {"citation": "Robinson, William H., Eliza Rathbone, Marcia Steele, and H. Travers Newton. \"The Road Menders.\" In <em>Van Gogh Repetitions</em>, 140-153. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2013.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 140, 142, cat. no. 26", "url": null}, {"citation": "Rathbone, Eliza E., William H. Robinson, and Marcia Steele. <em>Van Gogh Repetitions</em>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2013.", "page_number": "Reproduced: 0. 142; Mentioned: p. 140-153", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 292", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Fensom, Sarah E. \"Hitting Repeat\" <em>Art &amp; Antiques</em> 37, issue 3 (March 2014): 54-56.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 55", "url": null}, {"citation": "Homburg, Cornelia. \"What Van Gogh Did Next.\" <em>The Art Newspaper</em> 23, no. 257 (May 2014): 67, 76.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 76", "url": null}, {"citation": "Blanc, Jan. <em>Van Gogh: ni Dieu ni mai\u0302tre.</em> Paris: Citadelles &amp; Mazenod, 2017.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 304-305", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bailey, Martin. <em>Starry Night: Van Gogh at the Asylum</em>. London, England: White Lion Publishing, 2018.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 95-96", "url": null}, {"citation": "Uitert, Evert van, Vincent van Gogh, Louis van Tilborgh, and Sjraar van Heugten. <em>Vincent van Gogh</em>. Milan: Arnoldo Mondadori Arte, 1990.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 109, p. 31", "url": null}, {"citation": "Mettais, Vale\u0301rie. <em>Van Gogh: The Essential Paintings</em>. Munich: Prestel, 2023.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 36-37, booklet", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Homburg, Cornelia, Christopher Riopelle, Renske Cohen Tervaert, Julien Domercq, Michael Glover, Cindy Kang, et al. <em>Van Gogh: Poets &amp; Lovers.</em> London: National Gallery Global, 2024.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 30-31, 220-221, 222, no. 15", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1947.209", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1947.209/1947.209_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "718", "filesize": "341961", "filename": "1947.209_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1947.209/1947.209_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2713", "filesize": "4467246", "filename": "1947.209_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1947.209/1947.209_full.tif", "width": "14395", "height": "11486", "filesize": "496057452", "filename": "1947.209_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2006-04-12T16:28:35", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1947.209/1947.209_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "1123", "height": "893", "filesize": "384230"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1947.209/1947.209_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2703", "filesize": "3592134"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1947.209/1947.209_alt0_full.tif", "width": "8427", "height": "6701", "filesize": "169441568"}}, {"date_created": "2006-04-12T16:28:35", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1947.209/1947.209_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "1116", "height": "893", "filesize": "379383"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1947.209/1947.209_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2720", "filesize": "3587917"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1947.209/1947.209_alt1_full.tif", "width": "8481", "height": "6787", "filesize": "172715220"}}, {"date_created": "2017-08-03T13:49:24", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1947.209/1947.209_alt2_web.jpg", "width": "675", "height": "900", "filesize": "460726"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1947.209/1947.209_alt2_print.jpg", "width": "2550", "height": "3400", "filesize": "6466828"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1947.209/1947.209_alt2_full.tif", "width": "12000", "height": "16000", "filesize": "576034188"}}, {"date_created": "2017-08-03T14:00:04", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1947.209/1947.209_alt3_web.jpg", "width": "675", "height": "900", "filesize": "464857"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1947.209/1947.209_alt3_print.jpg", "width": "2550", "height": "3400", "filesize": "6637123"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1947.209/1947.209_alt3_full.tif", "width": "12000", "height": "16000", "filesize": "576034368"}}, {"date_created": "2009-01-29T14:30:00", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1947.209/1947.209_alt4_web.jpg", "width": "1093", "height": "893", "filesize": "280996"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1947.209/1947.209_alt4_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2777", "filesize": "2387451"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1947.209/1947.209_alt4_full.tif", "width": "5674", "height": "4635", "filesize": "78917884"}}], "creditline": "Gift of the Hanna Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Nancy F. and Joseph P. Keithley Gallery", "athena_id": 125249, "creators": [{"id": 1779, "description": "Vincent van Gogh (Dutch, 1853\u20131890)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": "The son of a clergyman, Vincent van Gogh was sent to The Hague at the age of sixteen to become an apprentice at Goupil &amp; Co., an art dealer with whom his uncle was affiliated. In August 1872 van Gogh began his extensive correspondence with his younger brother Theo, who would join the Brussels branch of the firm the following year. Vincent was transferred to the London offices in 1873 and two years later to the Paris office, but he despised the art trade and was dismissed in 1876. He then taught briefly at a boarding school in Ramsgate and Isleworth, and, back in the Netherlands, worked in a bookshop in Dordrecht before moving to Amsterdam to study theology. In little more than a year he had left the university and entered missionary school, failing again. Still intent on entering the ministry, he moved to the Borinage in Belgium and became a lay evangelist to the miners. Van Gogh finally decided to become an artist in August 1880 and started copying works by Millet (q.v.), the painter of peasant life. With his brother's financial help, he briefly joined the Academy in Brussels. The following year he returned to The Hague, where he received some artistic training from his cousin by marriage, Anton Mauve (1838-1888). There van Gogh met Sien Hoornik, a pregnant prostitute with a five-year-old daughter, with whom he lived briefly. Unable to marry her because of his family's disapproval, he moved in November 1883 from The Hague to the province of Drenthe, a popular place for artists, where he painted and drew laborers and peasants. Feeling terribly lonely, he visited his parents in December 1884 in Nuenen, and it was there that he finally decided to become a painter of peasant life. Van Gogh completed The Potato Eaters (Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam) in April 1885 and sent it to his brother in Paris. On 25 November he moved to Antwerp, where he reveled in the work of Rubens and first came to know Japanese prints. Van Gogh traveled to Paris in March 1886 and lived with Theo. Under the influence of the impressionists, and works by Monticelli (q.v.), his palette changed to more intense and vibrant colors. He began to associate with \u00c9mile Bernard (1868-1941), Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec (1864-1901), Degas (q.v.), Gauguin (q.v.), Pissarro (q.v.), and Seurat (q.v.) and started collecting some of their paintings as well as Japanese prints. He moved to Arles in February 1888. Apart from paintings, he also made some drawings because it was a cheaper medium. Theo encouraged him to submit to the Salon des Ind\u00e9pendants. In May Vincent rented a room in the Yellow House, even though he could hardly afford to do so, and continued to send his work to his brother. In June he became intrigued with the subject of the wheat harvest and painted The Sower (Kr\u00f6ller-M\u00fcller Museum, Otterlo). On 23 October 1888, Gauguin arrived in Arles, at a time when van Gogh was having trouble with his eyesight. Gauguin encouraged him to paint from memory, which resulted in Memory of the Garden in Etten (Hermitage, St. Petersburg). The artists, however, had many disagreements, and during a dramatic quarrel on 23 December van Gogh mutilated his ear. He was taken into a hospital in Arles, and Gauguin left for Paris. Van Gogh recovered rapidly and was dismissed on 7 January 1889. In February his neighbors objected to his presence in the Yellow House, and he had to return to the hospital. In April Theo married Johanna Gesina Bonger, who would eventually safeguard most of Vincent's oeuvre. Aware of his mental problems, at the end of April van Gogh checked himself into the asylum of Saint-Paul-de-Mausole in Saint-R\u00e9my, where he was treated by Dr. Peyron. His condition was stable, and he was allowed to work in a makeshift studio. He worked in the garden (Irises, J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles) and painted the fields he could see from his window. Under supervision he painted in the countryside, rendering cypresses and olive trees. Starry Night (Museum of Modern Art, New York) also stems from this period. From July through September he suffered from a severe depression that prevented him from working. He resumed his work from October through December, painting well-known Proven\u00e7al works and adapting prints after Delacroix (q.v.), Millet, and Rembrandt (1606-1669). In January 1890 he exhibited five works with Les XX in Brussels, selling one of them. After a visit to Arles at the end of February, he became ill again but continued to work. He finally left the asylum, and visited Theo in Paris on his way to Auvers, where he arrived on 20 May. He became close friends with Dr. Gachet and rented a room at the inn of the Ravoux family. He painted the village, portraits, and the surrounding wheat fields. On 27 July 1890, during an episode of depression, van Gogh shot himself in the chest and died two days later.", "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1853", "death_year": "1890", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1947-07-18T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1889, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1889", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Les Paveurs (The Road Menders, Boulevard de St.-R\u00e9my, Arles)", "Road Menders", "The Road Menders at Arles", "The Road Menders at St. Remy"], "is_highlight": true, "updated_at": "2026-04-16 13:47:56.063000"}, {"id": 135299, "accession_number": "1958.31", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Adeline Ravoux, 1890. Vincent van Gogh (Dutch, 1853\u20131890). Oil on fabric; framed: 72.5 x 73.5 x 8.5 cm (28 9/16 x 28 15/16 x 3 3/8 in.); unframed: 50.2 x 50.5 cm (19 3/4 x 19 7/8 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Bequest of Leonard C. Hanna Jr., 1958.31", "current_location": "222 Impressionism & Post-Impressionism", "title": "Adeline Ravoux", "creation_date": "1890", "creation_date_earliest": 1890, "creation_date_latest": 1890, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["Netherlands"], "technique": "oil on fabric", "support_materials": [], "department": "Modern European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "Mod Euro - Painting 1800-1960", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 72.5 x 73.5 x 8.5 cm (28 9/16 x 28 15/16 x 3 3/8 in.); Unframed: 50.2 x 50.5 cm (19 3/4 x 19 7/8 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 0.725, "width": 0.735, "depth": 0.085}, "unframed": {"height": 0.502, "width": 0.505}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 519763, "title": "The Armory Show, 50th Anniversary Exhibition", "description": "<i>The Armory Show, 50th Anniversary Exhibition</i>. Munson Museum of Art, Utica, NY (organizer) (February 17-April 28, 1963).", "opening_date": "1963-02-17T05:00:00"}, {"id": 300779, "title": "Juxtapositions", "description": "<i>Juxtapositions</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (September 11-October 10, 1965).", "opening_date": "1965-09-11T04:00:00"}, {"id": 343566, "title": "In Quest of Excellence: Civic Pride, Patronage, Connoisseurship", "description": "<i>In Quest of Excellence: Civic Pride, Patronage, Connoisseurship</i>. P\u00e9rez Art Museum Miami (organizer) (January 12-April 22, 1984).", "opening_date": "1984-01-12T05:00:00"}, {"id": 442139, "title": "\u30b4\u30c3\u30db (Van Gogh)", "description": "<i>\u30b4\u30c3\u30db (Van Gogh)</i>. National Museum of Western Art, Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (organizer) (October 12-December 8, 1985); Nagoya City Art Museum, Nagoya, Japan (December 21, 1985-February 2, 1986).", "opening_date": "1985-10-12T04:00:00"}, {"id": 310025, "title": "Creativity in Art and Science, 1860-1960", "description": "<i>Creativity in Art and Science, 1860-1960</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (September 16-November 8, 1987).", "opening_date": "1987-09-16T04:00:00"}, {"id": 174820, "title": "Van Gogh Face to Face: The Portraits", "description": "<i>Van Gogh Face to Face: The Portraits</i>. The Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit, MI (organizer) (March 12-June 4, 2000); Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Boston, MA (July 2-September 24, 2000); Philadelphia Museum of Art, Philadelphia, PA (October 22, 2000-January 14, 2001).", "opening_date": "2000-03-12T00:00:00"}, {"id": 205456, "title": "The Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Anonyme: Modernism for America", "description": "<i>The Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Anonyme: Modernism for America</i>. UCLA at Armand Hammer Museum of Art and Cultural Center (April 23-August 20, 2006).", "opening_date": "2006-04-23T04:00:00"}, {"id": 182153, "title": "Monet to Dal\u00ed: Modern Masters from the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Monet to Dal\u00ed: Modern Masters from the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. Seoul Art Center, South Korea (December 22, 2006-March 28, 2007); Seoul Olympic Museum of Art, South Korea (April 7-May 20, 2007); Vancouver Art Gallery, Vancouver, Canada (June 9-September 16, 2007); The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 21, 2007-January 13, 2008); Frist Art Museum, Nashville, TN (February 15-June 1, 2008); Utah Museum of Fine Arts, Salt Lake City, UT (June 22-September 21, 2008); The Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit, MI (October 12, 2008-January 18, 2009).", "opening_date": "2006-05-27T00:00:00"}, {"id": 213656, "title": "Van Gogh Repetitions", "description": "<i>Van Gogh Repetitions</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (March 2-May 26, 2014).", "opening_date": "2013-10-12T00:00:00"}, {"id": 379202, "title": "Through Vincent's Eyes: Van Gogh and His Sources", "description": "<i>Through Vincent's Eyes: Van Gogh and His Sources</i>. Columbus Museum of Art, Columbus, OH (organizer) (November 12, 2021-February 6, 2022) https://www.columbusmuseum.org/through-vincents-eyes-van-gogh-and-his-sources/.", "opening_date": "2021-11-12T05:00:00"}, {"id": 308774, "title": "Van Gogh in America", "description": "<i>Van Gogh in America</i>. The Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit, MI (organizer) (October 2, 2022-January 22, 2023).", "opening_date": "2022-10-02T04:00:00"}, {"id": 440610, "title": "Van Gogh in Auver-sur-Oise: His Final Months", "description": "<i>Van Gogh in Auver-sur-Oise: His Final Months</i>. Van Gogh Museum, 1070 AJ Amsterdam, Netherlands (organizer) (May 12-September 3, 2023) https://www.vangoghmuseum.nl/nl/bezoek/tentoonstellingen/van-gogh-in-auvers-sur-oise; Mus\u00e9e d'Orsay, Paris, France (October 3, 2023-February 4, 2024).", "opening_date": "2023-05-12T04:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>International Exhibition of Modern Art</em> (Armory Show) New York. Armory of the 69th Regiment, New York, NY; Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Copley Hall, Georgetown, MA; Copley Society, Boston, MA (1913).", "opening_date": "1913-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Opening Exhibition</em>. Galleries of the Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Anonyme, New York, NY (1920).", "opening_date": "1920-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>An Exhibition of Modern French Art.</em> Baltimore Museum of Art, Baltimore, MD (1925).", "opening_date": "1925-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>First Loan Exhibition: C\u00e9zanne, Gauguin, Seurat, Van Gogh</em>. Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY (1929).", "opening_date": "1929-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Opening Exhibition</em>. Museum of Fine Arts, Springfield, MA (1933).", "opening_date": "1933-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Paintings, Watercolors &amp; Drawings by Vincent van Gogh.</em> Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY; Philadelphia Museum of Art, Philadelphia, PA; Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA; Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH; San Francisco Museum of Fine Arts, San Francisco, CA; Nelson Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City, MO; Minneapolis Museum of Art, Minneapolis, MN; Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Detroit Institute of Art, Detroit, MI; Art Gallery of Ontario, Toronto, Ontario (1935-36).The Hanna Collection of Modern Masterpieces. J.B. Speed Memorial Museum, Louisville, KY (1944).", "opening_date": "1944-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>The Hanna Collection of Modern Masterpieces.</em> J.B. Speed Memorial Museum, Louisville, KY (1944).", "opening_date": "1944-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Pictures for Peace: A Retrospective Exhibition Organized from the Armory Show of 1913.</em> Cincinnati Art Museum, Cincinnati, OH (1944).", "opening_date": "1944-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Works by Vincent van Gogh.</em> The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (1948).", "opening_date": "1948-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Summer Loan.</em>Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY (June-September 1949).", "opening_date": "1949-06-01T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Johanna Van Gogh-Bonger [1862-1925], the wife of Theo van Gogh, Amsterdam, Netherlands.", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "(Artz and de Bois, The Hague, Netherlands)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1912", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "Katherine S. Dreier [1877-1952], New York, NY", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1912-1929", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "Mrs. Cornelius Sullivan [1877-1939], New York, NY", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "-1939", "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "(Parke-Bernet Galleries, New York, NY, December 6-7, 1939, sold to Leonard C. Hanna Jr.)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1939", "sortorder": 5}, {"description": "Leonard C. Hanna Jr. [1889-1957], Cleveland, OH, bequeathed to the Cleveland Museum of Art", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1939-1958", "sortorder": 6}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1958-", "sortorder": 7}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": ["1642.43"], "did_you_know": "Adeline Ravoux, at age 13, was not pleased with her portrait and did not think the image resembled her. Today, a photograph exists of Adeline in her late seventies and the resemblance is truly remarkable.", "description": "In May 1890, Vincent van Gogh arrived in Auvers, a small town north of Paris, where he rented a room at the inn of Arthur Ravoux. This portrait, completed during the last months of the artist\u2019s life, depicts Ravoux\u2019s 13-year-old daughter, Adeline. Van Gogh wrote that rather than photographic resemblance, he wanted his portraits to convey the \u201cimpassioned aspects\u201d of contemporary life through the \u201cmodern taste for color.\u201d", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26221230"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1958.31-adeline-ravoux"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Louis Anfray, \u201cLes souvenirs d\u2019Adeline Ravoux sur le s\u00e9jour de Vincent van Gogh \u00e0 Auvers-sur-Oise,\u201d <em>Les Cahiers de Van Gogh</em> no. 1 (Geneva: Pierre Cailler, 1956): p. 9.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 9", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Socie\u0301te\u0301 Anonyme. Report 1920-1921.</em> [New York]: The Society, 1921.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 6", "url": null}, {"citation": "Dreier, Katherine S. <em>Western Art and the New Era; An Introduction to Modern Art.</em> New York: Brentano's, 1923.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 63-64, fig. 35", "url": null}, {"citation": "de LaFaille, J. B. <em>L'oeuvre de Vincent van Gogh, </em>catalogue raisonne\u0301. Paris, FR et Bruxelles, BE: Les E\u0301ditions G. van Oest, 1928.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 786, vol. 2", "url": null}, {"citation": "Gogh, Vincent van. <em>Further Letters of Vincent Van Gogh to His Brother, 1886-1889.</em> London: Constable &amp; Co, 1929.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 472, no. 644", "url": null}, {"citation": "Scherjon, W., and W. Jos. de Gruyter. <em>Vincent Van Gogh's Great Period, Arles, St. Re\u0301my and Auvers Sur Oise</em> <em>(Complete Catalogue)</em>. Amsterdam NL: \"De Spieghel\", Ltd, 1937.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 375, no. 222", "url": null}, {"citation": "La Faille, J. Bernard de , Charles Terrasse, Prudence Montagu-Pollock, and Andre\u0301 Gloeckner. <em>Vincent Van Gogh</em>. New York, N.Y.: French and European Publications [etc.], 1939", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 776", "url": null}, {"citation": "Venturi, Lionello. \"Notes on the Collection of Mrs. Cornelius J. Sullivan.\" <em>Parnassus</em> 11, no. 8 (1939): 32-33.", "page_number": "Mentioned:p. 33", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/772018"}, {"citation": "\"The Sullivan Collection.\" <em>Magazine of Art </em>32, no. 12 (December 1939): 710-711.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 711", "url": null}, {"citation": "Leymarie, Jean. <em>Van Gogh.</em> [Paris]: E\u0301ditions P. Tisne\u0301, 1951.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: no. 156", "url": null}, {"citation": "Coe, Nancy. T<em>he History of the Collecting of European Paintings and Drawings in the City of Cleveland.</em> Thesis M.A. Oberlin College, 1955.", "page_number": "Reproduced: vol. 2, p. 11", "url": null}, {"citation": "Saarinen, Aline B. <em>The Proud Possessors: The Lives, Times, and Tastes of Some Adventurous American Art Collectors.</em> New York, NY: Random House, 1958.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 241", "url": null}, {"citation": "Elgar, Frank. <em>Van Gogh, A Study of His Life and Work</em>. New York: Praeger, 1958.", "page_number": "Reproduced: fig. 210", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>In Memoriam: Leonard C. Hanna, Jr.</em> Cleveland: The Museum, 1958.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 16", "url": null}, {"citation": "Frankfurter, Alfred M. \u201cCleveland: Model Museum for a Modern Cosmopolis.\u201d <em>ARTnews</em> 57 (March 1958): 24\u201337.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 37, fig. 28", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>The Bulletin of The Cleveland Museum of Art LIX,</em> no.9 (September, 1959): 199.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 199", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Bequest of Leonard C. Hannah, Jr.\" <em>The Bulletin of The Cleveland Museum of Art </em>XLVI,no.6 (June, 1959)<em>: </em>122.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 122", "url": null}, {"citation": "Munson-Williams-Proctor Institute. <em>1913 Armory Show; 50th Anniversary Exhibition, </em>Utica, NY:1963.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 191, no. 1047", "url": null}, {"citation": "Sachs II, Samuel. \"Reconstructing the Whirlwind of 26th Street.\" <em>ARTnews </em>61 (February 1963): 26.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 26", "url": null}, {"citation": "Henning, E. B. \u201cCleveland Museum of Art: From Turner to Guston.\u201d <em>Apollo: The International Magazine for Collectors</em> 78 (December 1963): 481\u201388.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 486", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 178", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n202"}, {"citation": "Christie, Manson &amp; Woods. <em>Important Impressionist and Modern Drawings, Paintings and Sculpture. </em>1966.", "page_number": "Mentioned & reproduced: lot no. 49", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 178", "url": null}, {"citation": "De la Faille, J.-B. <em>The Works of Vincent Van Gogh; His Paintings and Drawings.</em> Amsterdam: Meulenhoff International, 1970.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: no. 786", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lecaldano, Paolo. <em>L'opera pittorica completa di Van Gogh e i suoi nessi grafici.</em> Milan, IT: Rizzoli, 1971.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 841", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lubin, Albert J.<em> Stranger on the Earth; A Psychological Biography of Vincent Van Gogh</em>. New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart Winston, 1972.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 232, pl. 19", "url": null}, {"citation": "Henning, Edward B. \"Pablo Picasso: Bouteille, Verre, et Fourchette.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art </em>LIX, no. 7 (September 1972): 194-203.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 199, fig. 12", "url": null}, {"citation": "Henning, Edward. \"Reconstruction: A Painting by Jasper Johns.\" <em>The Bulletin of The Cleveland Museum of Art</em> LX, no. 8 (October, 1973): 235-241.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 237", "url": null}, {"citation": "Johnson, Mark. \"Portrait Painting: An Image of a Man.\" <em>Arts and Activities </em>82, no. 1 (September 1977): 32-38.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 37, fig. 5", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 221", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n241"}, {"citation": "Hulsker, Jan. <em>The Complete Van Gogh: Paintings, Drawings, Sketches.</em> New York, NY: H.N. Abrams, 1980.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 2036; Detail: p. 485 no. 16", "url": null}, {"citation": "Nemecaek, Alfred. \"Der Wirt Ravoux und Seine Tochter-Menschen in Auvers.\" <em>Art: Das Kunstmagazin </em>1 (February 1981): 28.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 28", "url": null}, {"citation": "Henning, Edward. \"Woman in the Waves by Paul Gauguin.\" <em>The Bulletin of The Cleveland Museum of Art </em>LXXI, no.10 (October, 1984): 280-289.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 283", "url": null}, {"citation": "Herbert, Robert L., Eleanor S. Apter, and Elise K. Kenney. <em>The Socie\u0301te\u0301 Anonyme and the Dreier Bequest at Yale University: A Catalogue Raisonne\u0301</em>. New Haven, CT: Published for the Yale University Art Gallery by Yale University Press, 1984.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 748, 776", "url": null}, {"citation": "Van der Marck, Jan. <em>In Quest of Excellence: Civic Pride, Patronage, Connoisseurship</em>. Miami, Fla., U.S.A.: The Center, 1984.", "page_number": "Mentioned: cat no. 124, p. 246, Reproduced: p. 73", "url": null}, {"citation": "Ikegami, Chu\u0304ji. <em>Gohho</em>. To\u0304kyo\u0304, Japan: Shu\u0304eisha, 1985.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 72", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Gohho ten</em>. Tokyo, Japan: To\u0304kyo\u0304 Shinbun, 1985.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 76", "url": null}, {"citation": "Mothe, Alain. <em>Vincent van Gogh a\u0300 Auvers-sur-Oise. </em>Paris, FR: Valhermeil, 1987.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 89", "url": null}, {"citation": "Henning, Edward B. <em>Creativity in Art and Science</em>, 1860-1960. [Cleveland, Ohio]: Published by the Cleveland Museum of Art in cooperation with Indiana University Press, 1987.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 107", "url": null}, {"citation": "Brown, Milton W. <em>The Story of the Armory Show.</em> New York, NY: Abbeville Press, 1988.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 199; mentioned: p. 272, no. 1047", "url": null}, {"citation": "Christie, Manson &amp; Woods International Inc. <em>Impressionist and Modern Paintings and Sculpture, Part I.</em> 1988.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 56-62, lot no. 22", "url": null}, {"citation": "Muko\u0304da, Naoki, and Hideo Takumi. Gohho junrei. To\u0304kyo\u0304: Shincho\u0304sha, 1990.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 76", "url": null}, {"citation": "Madeline, Laurence. \"Auvers: La Symphonie Inachevee.\" In <em>Van Gogh, Auvers-sur-Oise: Mai-Juillet 1890., </em>8-27. [Paris]: Publie\u0301 par Beaux-Arts Magazine, Publications, Nuit et jour, 1990.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 17", "url": null}, {"citation": "Heijbroek, Jan Frederik, and Ester Wouthuysen. <em>Kunst, kennis en commercie: de kunsthandelaar J.H. de Bois (1878-1946)</em>. Amsterdam, NL: Contact, 1993.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 44, 200", "url": null}, {"citation": "Walther, Ingo F. and Rainer Metzger. <em>Vincent Van Gogh: The Complete Paintings</em>. Ko\u0308ln, DE: Benedikt Taschen, 1993.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 667, vol. 2", "url": null}, {"citation": "Chong, Alan. <em>European &amp; American Painting in the Cleveland Museum of Art: A Summary Catalogue.</em> Cleveland, Ohio: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1993.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 88", "url": null}, {"citation": "Gachet, Paul, and Alain Mothe. <em>Les 70 jours de van Gogh a\u0300 Auvers: essai d'e\u0301phe\u0301me\u0301ride dans le de\u0301cor de l'e\u0301poque (20 mai-30 juillet 1890), d'apre\u0300s les lettres, documents, souvenirs et de\u0301ductions, Auvers-sur-Oise, 1959.</em> [Saint-Ouen-l'Aumo\u0302ne]: Editions du Valhermeil, 1994.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 154-155, pl. 26", "url": null}, {"citation": "Hulsker, Jan. <em>The New Complete Van Gogh: Paintings, Drawings, Sketches: Revised and Enlarged Edition of the Catalogue Raisonne\u0301 of the Works of Vincent Van Gogh.</em> Philadelphia: John Benjamins Pub. Co, 1996.", "page_number": ":Mentioned and reproduced: p. 466-467", "url": null}, {"citation": "D' Argencourt, Louise, and Roger Diederen. <em>Catalogue of Paintings. Pt. 4. European Paintings of the 19th Century. </em>Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1974.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 310-313.", "url": null}, {"citation": "Dorn, Roland. <em>Van Gogh Face to Face: The Portraits.</em> New York, NY: Thames &amp; Hudson, 2000.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 197", "url": null}, {"citation": "Shackelford, George T. M.. <em>Vincent Van Gogh: The Painter and the Portrait.</em> New York, NY: Universe, 2000.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 66, no. 50", "url": null}, {"citation": "Gogh, Vincent van, and Roland Dorn. <em>Van Gogh Face to Face: The Portraits</em>. New York: Thames &amp; Hudson, 2000.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 197", "url": null}, {"citation": "Goldin, Marco. <em>Gauguin, Van Gogh: l'avventura del colore nuovo. </em>Conegliano, IT: Linea d'ombra libri, 2005.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 26", "url": null}, {"citation": "Gross, Jennifer R., and Ruth L. Bohan. <em>The Socie\u0301te\u0301 Anonyme: Modernism for America</em>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press in association with the Yale University Art Gallery, 2006.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 174", "url": null}, {"citation": "Veen, Wouter van der, and Peter Knapp. <em>Van Gogh in Auvers: his last days.</em> New York, NY: Monacelli Press, 2010.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 163, fig. 83", "url": null}, {"citation": "Franklin, David. <em>Director's Choice: The Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2012.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 62-63", "url": null}, {"citation": "Berman, Avis. 2013. \u201cForces for the New Collectors and the Armory.\u201d <em>Magazine Antiques</em> 180, no. 1 (January/February 2013: 154-166.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 159; reproduced: p. 162, fig. 11", "url": null}, {"citation": "\u201cA Walking Tour: The entire new museum wing by wing, with curators calling out a few favorite works in the collection.\u201d <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em> 54, no. 1 (January/February 2014): 8-33.", "page_number": "Reproduced and Mentioned: p. 20", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2014-01"}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Museum Masters: 2016-17 Companion Guide.</em> [Cleveland, Ohio]: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2016.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: P. 22", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Kahng, Eik, ed. <em>Through Vincent's Eyes: Van Gogh and His Sources. </em>Santa Barbara, CA: Santa Barbara Museum of Art; New Haven, CT: in association with Yale University Press, 2021.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 198-201, no. 19", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Stein, Susan Alyson. \"Van Gogh in New York: Picturing the First Years, 1912-29.\" In <em>Van Gogh in America.</em> Jill Shaw, ed., 56-91. Detroit, Michgan: Detroit Institute of Arts, 2022.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 61, pl. 18, no. 65; Mentioned: P. 63", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Bakker, Nienke. \"Timless Portraits: On Melancholy and Youth.\" In <em>Van Gogh in Auvers-Sur-Oise: His Final Months </em>edited by Nienke Bakker, Emmanuel Coquery, Teio Meedendorp, and Louis van Tilborgh, 116-133. London: Thames &amp; Hudson Ltd, 2023.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 117, 120; Reproduced: p. 122, no. 120.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Bonafoux, Pascal. <em>Vincent van Gogh</em>. Roma: Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Fondato da Giovanni Treccani, 2023.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 366", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1958.31", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1958.31/1958.31_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "897", "filesize": "451143", "filename": "1958.31_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1958.31/1958.31_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "3389", "filesize": "6008242", "filename": "1958.31_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1958.31/1958.31_full.tif", "width": "11512", "height": "11476", "filesize": "396370084", "filename": "1958.31_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2005-09-26T18:41:07", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1958.31/1958.31_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "888", "height": "893", "filesize": "726316"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1958.31/1958.31_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "3382", "height": "3400", "filesize": "9069857"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1958.31/1958.31_alt0_full.tif", "width": "3838", "height": "3858", "filesize": "44456268"}}, {"date_created": "2017-08-03T09:24:09", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1958.31/1958.31_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "715", "filesize": "383680"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1958.31/1958.31_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2700", "filesize": "4977409"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1958.31/1958.31_alt1_full.tif", "width": "15099", "height": "11990", "filesize": "543143224"}}], "creditline": "Bequest of Leonard C. Hanna Jr.", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Nancy F. and Joseph P. Keithley Gallery", "athena_id": 135299, "creators": [{"id": 1779, "description": "Vincent van Gogh (Dutch, 1853\u20131890)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": "The son of a clergyman, Vincent van Gogh was sent to The Hague at the age of sixteen to become an apprentice at Goupil &amp; Co., an art dealer with whom his uncle was affiliated. In August 1872 van Gogh began his extensive correspondence with his younger brother Theo, who would join the Brussels branch of the firm the following year. Vincent was transferred to the London offices in 1873 and two years later to the Paris office, but he despised the art trade and was dismissed in 1876. He then taught briefly at a boarding school in Ramsgate and Isleworth, and, back in the Netherlands, worked in a bookshop in Dordrecht before moving to Amsterdam to study theology. In little more than a year he had left the university and entered missionary school, failing again. Still intent on entering the ministry, he moved to the Borinage in Belgium and became a lay evangelist to the miners. Van Gogh finally decided to become an artist in August 1880 and started copying works by Millet (q.v.), the painter of peasant life. With his brother's financial help, he briefly joined the Academy in Brussels. The following year he returned to The Hague, where he received some artistic training from his cousin by marriage, Anton Mauve (1838-1888). There van Gogh met Sien Hoornik, a pregnant prostitute with a five-year-old daughter, with whom he lived briefly. Unable to marry her because of his family's disapproval, he moved in November 1883 from The Hague to the province of Drenthe, a popular place for artists, where he painted and drew laborers and peasants. Feeling terribly lonely, he visited his parents in December 1884 in Nuenen, and it was there that he finally decided to become a painter of peasant life. Van Gogh completed The Potato Eaters (Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam) in April 1885 and sent it to his brother in Paris. On 25 November he moved to Antwerp, where he reveled in the work of Rubens and first came to know Japanese prints. Van Gogh traveled to Paris in March 1886 and lived with Theo. Under the influence of the impressionists, and works by Monticelli (q.v.), his palette changed to more intense and vibrant colors. He began to associate with \u00c9mile Bernard (1868-1941), Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec (1864-1901), Degas (q.v.), Gauguin (q.v.), Pissarro (q.v.), and Seurat (q.v.) and started collecting some of their paintings as well as Japanese prints. He moved to Arles in February 1888. Apart from paintings, he also made some drawings because it was a cheaper medium. Theo encouraged him to submit to the Salon des Ind\u00e9pendants. In May Vincent rented a room in the Yellow House, even though he could hardly afford to do so, and continued to send his work to his brother. In June he became intrigued with the subject of the wheat harvest and painted The Sower (Kr\u00f6ller-M\u00fcller Museum, Otterlo). On 23 October 1888, Gauguin arrived in Arles, at a time when van Gogh was having trouble with his eyesight. Gauguin encouraged him to paint from memory, which resulted in Memory of the Garden in Etten (Hermitage, St. Petersburg). The artists, however, had many disagreements, and during a dramatic quarrel on 23 December van Gogh mutilated his ear. He was taken into a hospital in Arles, and Gauguin left for Paris. Van Gogh recovered rapidly and was dismissed on 7 January 1889. In February his neighbors objected to his presence in the Yellow House, and he had to return to the hospital. In April Theo married Johanna Gesina Bonger, who would eventually safeguard most of Vincent's oeuvre. Aware of his mental problems, at the end of April van Gogh checked himself into the asylum of Saint-Paul-de-Mausole in Saint-R\u00e9my, where he was treated by Dr. Peyron. His condition was stable, and he was allowed to work in a makeshift studio. He worked in the garden (Irises, J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles) and painted the fields he could see from his window. Under supervision he painted in the countryside, rendering cypresses and olive trees. Starry Night (Museum of Modern Art, New York) also stems from this period. From July through September he suffered from a severe depression that prevented him from working. He resumed his work from October through December, painting well-known Proven\u00e7al works and adapting prints after Delacroix (q.v.), Millet, and Rembrandt (1606-1669). In January 1890 he exhibited five works with Les XX in Brussels, selling one of them. After a visit to Arles at the end of February, he became ill again but continued to work. He finally left the asylum, and visited Theo in Paris on his way to Auvers, where he arrived on 20 May. He became close friends with Dr. Gachet and rented a room at the inn of the Ravoux family. He painted the village, portraits, and the surrounding wheat fields. On 27 July 1890, during an episode of depression, van Gogh shot himself in the chest and died two days later.", "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1853", "death_year": "1890", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1958-11-29T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1890, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1890", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Mademoiselle Ravoux"], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:08:51.800000"}, {"id": 93014, "accession_number": "1917.1335", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "View of Schroon Mountain, Essex County, New York, After a Storm, 1838. Thomas Cole (American, born England,1801\u20131848). Oil on canvas; framed: 132.5 x 193.5 x 13 cm (52 3/16 x 76 3/16 x 5 1/8 in.); unframed: 99.8 x 160.6 cm (39 5/16 x 63 1/4 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Hinman B. Hurlbut Collection, 1917.1335", "current_location": "206 American Landscape", "title": "View of Schroon Mountain, Essex County, New York, After a Storm", "creation_date": "1838", "creation_date_earliest": 1838, "creation_date_latest": 1838, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["America"], "technique": "oil on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "American Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "American - Painting", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 132.5 x 193.5 x 13 cm (52 3/16 x 76 3/16 x 5 1/8 in.); Unframed: 99.8 x 160.6 cm (39 5/16 x 63 1/4 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 1.325, "width": 1.935, "depth": 0.13}, "unframed": {"height": 0.998, "width": 1.606}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "signed lower left:  T. Cole / Catskill 1838.", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 316645, "title": "A Century of American Landscape Painting 1800-1900", "description": "<i>A Century of American Landscape Painting 1800-1900</i>. Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, NY (organizer) (co-organizer) (January 19-February 25, 1938).", "opening_date": "1938-01-19T05:00:00"}, {"id": 316648, "title": "A Souvenir of Romanticism in America; or An Elegant Exposition of Taste and Fashion from 1812-to 1865", "description": "<i>A Souvenir of Romanticism in America; or An Elegant Exposition of Taste and Fashion from 1812-to 1865</i>. The Baltimore Museum of Art, Baltimore, MD (organizer) (co-organizer) (May 10-June 10, 1940).", "opening_date": "1940-05-10T04:00:00"}, {"id": 316653, "title": "Survey of American Painting", "description": "<i>Survey of American Painting</i>. Carnegie Museum of Art, Pittsburgh, PA (co-organizer) (October 24-December 15, 1940).", "opening_date": "1940-10-24T05:00:00"}, {"id": 316663, "title": "The Works of Thomas Cole, 1801-1848", "description": "<i>The Works of Thomas Cole, 1801-1848</i>. Albany Institute of History and Art, Albany, NY (organizer) (co-organizer) (November 1-December 15, 1941).", "opening_date": "1941-11-01T05:00:00"}, {"id": 316674, "title": "The Hudson River School and the Early American Landscape Tradition", "description": "<i>The Hudson River School and the Early American Landscape Tradition</i>. The Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL (organizer) (co-organizer) (February 15-March 25, 1945); Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, NY (April 17-May 18, 1945).", "opening_date": "1945-02-15T04:00:00"}, {"id": 316680, "title": "Thomas Cole 1801-1848 One Hundred Years Later: A Loan Exhibition", "description": "<i>Thomas Cole 1801-1848 One Hundred Years Later: A Loan Exhibition</i>. Wadsworth Atheneum Museum of Art, Hartford, CT (organizer) (co-organizer) (November 12, 1948-January 2, 1949); Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, NY (January 8-30, 1949).", "opening_date": "1948-11-12T05:00:00"}, {"id": 355653, "title": "Exhibition of the Month: The Romantic Spirit", "description": "<i>Exhibition of the Month: The Romantic Spirit</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (March 29-May 5, 1952).", "opening_date": "1952-03-29T05:00:00"}, {"id": 316690, "title": "Arts of the Young Republic: The Age of William Dunlap", "description": "<i>Arts of the Young Republic: The Age of William Dunlap</i>. Ackland Art Museum, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, Chapel Hill, NC (organizer) (co-organizer) (November 2-December 1, 1968).", "opening_date": "1968-11-02T05:00:00"}, {"id": 316697, "title": "Thomas Cole", "description": "<i>Thomas Cole</i>. Memorial Art Gallery of the University of Rochester, NY (organizer) (co-organizer) (February 14-March 23, 1969); Munson Museum of Art, Utica, NY (April 5-May 4, 1969); Albany Institute of History and Art, Albany, NY (May 9-June 20, 1969); Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, NY (June 30-September 1, 1969).", "opening_date": "1969-02-14T05:00:00"}, {"id": 302330, "title": "Heritage and Horizon: American Painting 1776 - 1976", "description": "<i>Heritage and Horizon: American Painting 1776 - 1976</i>. Buffalo AKG Art Museum, Buffalo, NY (organizer) (March 7-April 11, 1976); The Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit, MI (May 2-June 13, 1976); The Toledo Museum of Art, Toledo, OH (July 4-August 15, 1976); The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (September 8-October 10, 1976).", "opening_date": "1976-03-07T05:00:00"}, {"id": 304561, "title": "Visions of Landscape: East and West", "description": "<i>Visions of Landscape: East and West</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (February 17-March 21, 1982).", "opening_date": "1982-02-17T05:00:00"}, {"id": 314070, "title": "A New World: Masterpieces of American Painting, 1760 - 1910", "description": "<i>A New World: Masterpieces of American Painting, 1760 - 1910</i>. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Boston, MA (organizer) (co-organizer) (September 7-November 13, 1983); Corcoran Gallery of Art, Washington, DC (December 7, 1983-February 12, 1984).", "opening_date": "1983-09-07T04:00:00"}, {"id": 315079, "title": "American Paradise: The World of the Hudson River School", "description": "<i>American Paradise: The World of the Hudson River School</i>. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY (organizer) (co-organizer) (October 4, 1987-January 3, 1988).", "opening_date": "1987-10-04T04:00:00"}, {"id": 316981, "title": "A Nation's Legacy: 150 Years of American Art from Ohio Collections", "description": "<i>A Nation's Legacy: 150 Years of American Art from Ohio Collections</i>. Columbus Museum of Art, Columbus, OH (organizer) (co-organizer) (January 19-March 15, 1992).", "opening_date": "1992-01-19T05:00:00"}, {"id": 316985, "title": "Landscape Into History", "description": "<i>Landscape Into History</i>. National Museum of American Art, Washington, DC (organizer) (co-organizer) (March 18-August 7, 1994); Wadsworth Atheneum Museum of Art, Hartford, CT (September 11-December 4, 1994); The Brooklyn Museum, Brooklyn, NY (January 8-March 25, 1995).", "opening_date": "1994-03-18T05:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>Thirteenth Annual Exhibition of the National Academy of Desig</em>n. National Academy of Design, New York, NY (April 23, 1838-?).", "opening_date": "1838-04-23T04:56:02Z"}, {"description": "<em>Dunlap Benefit Exhibition</em>. Stuyvesant Institute, New York, NY (November 19-December 1838).", "opening_date": "1838-11-19T04:56:02Z"}, {"description": "<em>January Exhibition of the Apollo Association for the Promotion of the Fine Arts in the United States. </em>Apollo Gallery, New York, NY (1839).", "opening_date": "1839-01-01T04:56:02Z"}, {"description": "<em>Exhibition of the Paintings of the Late Thomas Cole, At the Gallery of the American Art-Unio</em>n. Gallery of the American Art-Union. New York, NY (March 27 1848-?).", "opening_date": "1848-03-27T04:56:02Z"}, {"description": "<em>Maryland Historical Society, Second Annual Exhibition</em>. The Picture Gallery, Baltimore, MD (1849). Lent by J.S. Chapman.", "opening_date": "1849-01-01T04:56:02Z"}, {"description": "<em>The Inaugural Exhibition. </em>Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (June 6-September 20, 1916). Lent by the Holland Galleries.", "opening_date": "1916-06-06T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Dr. George Ackerly [d. 1842], New York, NY, to his daughter, Emma Ackerly1", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->1Ackerly was Cole's brother-in-law.</div><div><!--block--><br></div>"], "date": "1838", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "Emma Ackerly", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->1 Although the painting is listed as for sale in the 1839 Apollo Association exhibition catalogue, it may not have sold, because in the 1848 Thomas Cole exhibition at the Gallery of the American Art Union, the owner is given as \u201cMrs. J. J. [sic] Chapman,\u201d the married name of Emma Ackerly.</div>", ""], "date": "By `839 - `847", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "Jonathan G. and Emma Ackerly Chapman, sold to Nicholas Matthews1", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->1Chapman and Emma Ackerly married on April 20, 1847.11</div>"], "date": "1847-", "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "Nicholas M. Matthews [1858-1930], Baltimore, MD", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "Until 1914", "sortorder": 6}, {"description": "(American Art Association, Matthews collection sale, Feb. 17, 1914, no. 61, possibly sold to T. Austin)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1914", "sortorder": 7}, {"description": "Possibly T. Austin", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->According to <em>American Art Annual</em> (1914, vol. 11), the painting was purchased by T. Austin at the 1914 American Art Association sale of Matthews' collection. The painting then appears again in 1916 in the second Matthews collection sale, this time at Anderson Galleries, with no mention of any ownership by Austin.&nbsp; It is possible that it failed to sell in 1914, and was simply put up for sale again in 1916. That both the 1914 and 1916 sales situate the painting in the collection of Matthews calls into question the supposed purchase by Austin, as does the fact that the 1916 sale notes that the painting was purchased by Matthews \"from Mrs. J.G. Chapman, granddaughter of Mr. Cole,\" who appears prior to Matthews in the provenance.</div>", ""], "date": "1914-1916", "sortorder": 8}, {"description": "(Anderson Galleries, New York, NY, Matthews collection sale, Jan. 17, 1916, no. 55, sold to Holland Galleries)", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->1In the sale catalogue the painting is titled \"Catskill Mountains.</div>", ""], "date": "1916", "sortorder": 9}, {"description": "(Holland Galleries, New York, NY, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->1Several copies of the catalogue of the 1916 Matthews collection sale have handwritten notations indicating that Holland Galleries was the buyer.&nbsp; Additionally, shortly prior to CMA's acquisition of the painting, Holland Galleries lent it to the museum's inaugural exhibition in 1916.</div>"], "date": "1916-1917", "sortorder": 10}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, Ohio", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1917-", "sortorder": 11}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": ["1335.1917"], "did_you_know": "Nicknamed \"Schroon Mountain\" by the artist, the peak's official name is Hoffman Mountain.", "description": "Championing the American wilderness, Cole declared, \"We are still in Eden,\" in his <em>Essay on American Scenery, </em>published two years before he painted this view of the Adirondacks. The artist sketched the scene in early summer, but when he created the painting in his studio, he rendered it in a dramatic blaze of fall colors. Such a choice likely had nationalistic overtones; he once proclaimed that autumn was \"one season where the American forest surpasses all the world in gorgeousness.\" <br><br>Cole included two Indigenous men in the painting\u2019s right foreground foliage. At this time, the Adirondacks remained home to many Native Americans long after most had been forcibly removed from land east of the Mississippi River. While continuing to live, hunt, and fish in the area, these Algonquian and Iroquoian peoples were compelled to significantly adapt their existence amid increasing White settlement and its attendant lumber, mining, and tourist industries.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107556948", "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19900684"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1917.1335-view-of-schroon-moun"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "American Art Association. <em>Illustrated Catalogue of the Valuable Paintings by the Great and Little Masters of the Old and Modern Schools Formed by Mr. Nicholas M. Matthews of Baltimore</em>. New York: The Association, 1914.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "American Federation of Arts. <em>American Art Annual</em>. New York: MacMillan Co, 1898.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>American Art Annual</em> 11 (1914): 481.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Anderson Galleries, Inc. <em>Paintings by Old and Modern Masters</em>. 1916.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Catalogue of the Inaugural Exhibition June 6-September 20, 1916</em>. Cleveland: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1916.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Kornhauser, Elizabeth Mankin, T. J. Barringer, Dorothy Mahon, Christopher Riopelle, Shannon Vittoria, Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, N.Y.), and National Gallery (Great Britain). <em>Thomas Cole\u2019s Journey : Atlantic Crossings.</em> New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2018.", "page_number": "Mentioned, p. 191-93; reproduced, frontispiece, p, 191.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Menconi &amp; Schoelkopf Fine Art, and Jonathan Spies. <em>Menconi + Schoelkopf. </em>New York, NY: Menconi + Schoelkopf, 2019.", "page_number": "Mentioned, pp. 6-7.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cooper, Reid W. F., Luke Nicholson, and Jean-Fran\u00e7ois B\u00e9lisle. <em>Shifting Borders. </em>Newcastle, UK: Cambridge Scholars Pub., 2007.", "page_number": "Mentioned, p. 32; reproduced, p. 33.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "David Franklin, and C. Griffith Mann. <em>Treasures of the Cleveland Museum of Art. </em>Cleveland, OH, London: Cleveland Museum of Art ; in association with Scala Publishers, 2012.", "page_number": "Mentioned, p. 230; reproduced, p. 231.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Kusserow, Karl, Alan C. Braddock, Miranda Belarde-Lewis, Teddy Cruz, Rachael Ziady DeLue, Mark Dion, Fonna Forman, et al.<em> Nature\u2019s Nation: American Art and Environment.</em> Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Art Museum, 2018.", "page_number": "Mentioned, p. 109.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Hoffman, Charles Fenno. <em>New-York Mirror, </em>June 1838.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 367, 390", "url": null}, {"citation": "American Art-Union. <em>Exhibition of the Paintings of the Late Thomas Cole: At the Gallery of the American Art-Union</em>. New York, NY: Snowden &amp; Prall, 1848.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 75", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Catalogue of Paintings, Engravings, &amp;c. &amp;c. at Picture Gallery of the Maryland Historical Society: Second Annual Exhibition, 1849</em>. Baltimore, MD: Printed by J.D. Toy, 1849.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 199", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"The Matthews Sale.\" <em>American Art News. </em>12:20 (February 21, 1914).", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 8", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Catalogue of the Inaugural Exhibition, June 6-September 20, 1916</em>. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1916.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 125", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Matthews Pictures Sold.\" <em>American Art News.</em> 14:16 (January 22, 1916).", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 3, no. 55", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Accessions.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art. </em>4:4 (April-May 1917).", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 64-67", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25136092"}, {"citation": "Downes, William Howe. \"American Painters of Mountains.\" <em>The American Magazine of Art.</em> 25:4 (October, 1932).", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 194", "url": null}, {"citation": "Francis, Henry S. \"Thomas Cole: Painter of the Catskill Mountains.\" <em>The Bulletin of The Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> 24:7 (July, 1937).", "page_number": "Reproduced: front cover; Mentioned: p. 113-116", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25137862"}, {"citation": "Kellner, Sydney. \"The Beginnings of Landscape Painting in America.\" <em>Art in America and Elsewhere: An Illustrated Quarterly Magazine.</em> 25 (October, 1938). p. 158-168.", "page_number": "Reproduced", "url": null}, {"citation": "Carnegie Institute, and Lloyd Goodrich. <em>A Century of American Landscape Painting, 1800 to 1900</em>. Pittsburgh, PA: Carnegie Institute, Department of Fine Arts 1939.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 33, cat. no. 59", "url": null}, {"citation": "Nathan, Walter L. \"Thomas Cole and the Romantic Landscape.\" <em>Romanticism in America: Papers Contributed to a Symposium Held at The Baltimore Museum of Art.</em> Edited by George Boas, p. 24-63. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1940.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 45", "url": null}, {"citation": "Watson, Jane. \"News and Comment.\" <em>Magazine of Art.</em> 33 (May, 1940).", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 310", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lane, James W. \"This Year the Carnegie National: Pittsburgh's Brilliant Survey of 160 Years of U.S. Painting.\" <em>The Art News.</em> 39:4 (26 October 1940). p. 7-18.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 11", "url": null}, {"citation": "Ault, George. \"Thomas Cole Exhibition at Albany Institute.\" <em>Ulster County News</em> (Kingston, NY), November 27, 1941.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 14", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lesley, Parker. \"Thomas Cole and the Romantic Sensibility.\" <em>The Art Quarterly.</em> 5:3 (Summer, 1942). p. 199-221.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 199-221", "url": null}, {"citation": "Frankenstein, Alfred. \"Thomas Cole: The Story of a New Local Purchase.\" <em>San Francisco Chronicle, </em>January, 1947.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 21", "url": null}, {"citation": "Francis, Henry. \"Two Pictures of the Hudson River School.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art </em>34, no. 3 (March 1947): 48.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 48", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25141350"}, {"citation": "Devree, Howard. \"Baroque to Modern: A Wide Range of Styles in the New Shows.\" <em>The New York Times</em>, January 16, 1949.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. X9", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Handbook.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 533", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1958/page/n98"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 184", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n208"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 184", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n208"}, {"citation": "Talbot, William S. \u201cAmerican Visions of Wilderness.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 56, no. 4 (April 1969): 151\u2013166.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 154, fig. 3", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25152270"}, {"citation": "Hamilton, George Heard. <em>19th and 20th Century Art: Painting, Sculpture, Architecture</em>. New York: H.N. Abrams, 1970.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 70-77; Reproduced: p. 76, fig. 60", "url": null}, {"citation": "Celeste, Adam, Rita Myers, and Adele Z. Silver. <em>An Introduction to American Art in The Cleveland Museum of Art. </em>Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1972.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 7-10; Reproduced: p. 7", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. \"A Check List: American Paintings and Water Colors of the Eighteenth, Nineteenth, and Early Twentieth Centuries in The Cleveland Museum of Art.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. 60:1 (January, 1973). pp. 1-36.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 24, no. 39", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25152465"}, {"citation": "Talbot, William S. \"American Landscape Paintings in The Cleveland Museum of Art.\" <em>Antiques</em>. 104:5 (November, 1973). pp. 906-917.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 906, fig. 1", "url": null}, {"citation": "Barnett, Lincoln. <em>The Ancient Adirondacks.</em> New York: Time-Life Books, 1974.", "page_number": "Reproduced", "url": null}, {"citation": "Albright-Knox Art Gallery, Detroit Institute of Arts, and Toledo Museum of Art. <em>Heritage and Horizon: American Painting, 1776-1976</em>. Toledo, OH: Toledo Museum of Art, 1976.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. [16]; Reproduced", "url": null}, {"citation": "Field, Marta. <em>\"</em>Kindred Spirits: George Arms and American Studies Since 1944.\" <em>New America. </em>3:2 (Summer/Fall, 1977).", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 44", "url": null}, {"citation": "Johnson, Mark M. \"American Landscapes.\" <em>Arts and Activities. </em>82:4 (December, 1977). pp. 8-33.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 28, fig. 1", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 228", "url": null}, {"citation": "Millhouse, Barbara Babcock. <em>American Wilderness: The Hudson River School of Painting</em>. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 46; Mentioned: pp. 41-47", "url": null}, {"citation": "Zakon, Ronnie L. \"The Romantic Vision.\" <em>The Romantic Vision: 19th Century American Landscape Painting in the Walker Art Center Permanent Collection. </em>Minneapolis, MN: Walker Art Center 1978. pp. 6-21.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 8, fig. 3", "url": null}, {"citation": "Powell, Earl A., III. \"Thomas Cole and the American Landscape Tradition: The Picturesque.\" <em>Arts Magazine.</em> 52 (March, 1978). pp. 110-117.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 113", "url": null}, {"citation": "Meservey, Anne Farmer. \"The Role of Art in American Life: Critics' Views of Native Art and Literature, 1830-1865.\" <em>The American Art Journal. </em>10:1 (May, 1978). pp. 72-89.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 84, fig. 10", "url": null}, {"citation": "Craven, Wayne. \"Thomas Cole and Italy.\" <em>The Magazine Antiques</em>. 114:5 (November, 1978). pp. 1014-1027.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 1014-1027", "url": null}, {"citation": "Moore, Janet Gaylord.<em> The Eastern Gate: An Invitation to the Arts of China and Japan</em>. Cleveland: Collins, 1979.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 19-26; Reproduced: p. 23", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cikovsky, Nicolai, Jr. \"'The Ravages of the Axe': The Meaning of the Tree Stump in Nineteenth-Century American Art.\" <em>The Art Bulletin.</em> 61:4 (December, 1979). pp. 611-626.", "page_number": "Mentioned:  p. 624; Reproduced: p. 624, fig. 22", "url": "www.jstor.org/stable/3049941"}, {"citation": "Wilmerding, John, and Lisa Fellows Andrus. <em>American Light: The Luminist Movement, 1850-1875: Paintings, Drawings, Photographs</em>. Washington, D.C.: National Gallery of Art, 1980.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 162-170, 181-183; Reproduced: illus. p. 164, fig. 200", "url": null}, {"citation": "Hobbs, Robert Carleton. <em>Robert Smithson: Sculpture</em>. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1981.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 27-30; Reproduced: p. 28", "url": null}, {"citation": "Baigell, Matthew. <em>Thomas Cole</em>. New York: Watson-Guptill Publications, 1981.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 34-35, 58-59, 68-69, 76-77; Reproduced: p. 59, plate 20", "url": null}, {"citation": "Silver, Adele Z. <em>Guide to the Galleries: The Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> 2nd ed., revised. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1981.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 80-82; Reproduced: p. 82, fig. 75", "url": null}, {"citation": "Czestochowski, Joseph S. <em>The American Landscape Tradition: A Study and Gallery of Paintings</em>. New York, NY: E.P. Dutton, 1982.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 7-11, 13-17, 49, 68-69, 154-168; Reproduced: pp. 68-69, fig. no. 53", "url": null}, {"citation": "Morse, Samuel Finley Breese. <em>Lectures on the Affinity of Painting with the Other Fine Arts</em>, edited by Nicolai Cikovsky. Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press, 1983.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 19-33; Reproduced: fig. 13", "url": null}, {"citation": "Talbot, William S. \"Visions of Landscape: East and West.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. 70:3 (March, 1983). pp. 112-135.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 115-117; Reproduced: p. 115, fig. 4", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25159808"}, {"citation": "Creese, Walter L. <em>The Crowning of the American Landscape: Eight Great Spaces and Their Buildings</em>. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1985.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 71-76; Reproduced: p. 76, fig. 20", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kelly, Franklin. <em>Frederic Edwin Church and the North American Landscape, 1845-60</em>. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Delaware, 1985.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 9", "url": null}, {"citation": "Avery, Kevin J., Oswaldo Rodriguez Roque, John K. Howat, Doreen Bolger Burke, and Catherine Hoover Voorsanger. <em>American Paradise: The World of the Hudson River School</em>. New York, NY : Metropolitan Museum of Art : H.N. Abrams, 1987.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 134-136", "url": null}, {"citation": "Rodrigues Roque, Oswaldo. \"Realism and Idealism in Hudson River School Painting.\" <em>Antiques</em> 132:5 (November, 1987). pp. 1096-1109.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 1100", "url": null}, {"citation": "Parry, Ellwood C, III. <em>The Art of Thomas Cole: Ambition and Imagination</em>. Newark, NJ: University of Delaware Press, 1988.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 188-225, 389-391; Reproduced: p. 202, fig. 165", "url": null}, {"citation": "Roque, Oswaldo Rodriguez. \"The Exaltation of American Landscape Painting.\" <em>Nature Rightly Observed: Hudson River School Landscape Paintings from The Metropolitan Museum of Art. </em>Shizuoka-shi: Metoroporitan Bijutsukan Meisaku Nihon Jikk\u014d Iinkaii, 1988.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 18, 36-55, 182, 209-210; Reproduced: p. 18, fig. 11", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cikovsky, Nicolai, Jr. \"Thomas Cole (1801-1848) Schroon Lake.\" <em>American Paintings from the Manoogian Collection</em>. Washington, D.C.: National Gallery of Art, 1989.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 16-17", "url": null}, {"citation": "Vance, William L. <em>America's Rome.</em> New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1989.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 90-105; Reproduced: p. 104, fig. 35", "url": null}, {"citation": "Minks, Louise. <em>The Hudson River School</em>. New York: Crescent Books, 1989.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 6-18, 20; Reproduced: p. 25", "url": null}, {"citation": "Powell, Earl A. <em>Thomas Cole</em>. New York: H.N. Abrams, 1990.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 20-47, 72-83, 139; Reproduced: p. 72", "url": null}, {"citation": "Wilkins, David G., and Bernard Schultz. <em>Art Past/Art Present</em>. New York: Abrams, 1990.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 388-389; Reproduced: p. 388, fig. 421", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1991.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 126", "url": null}, {"citation": "Parry, Ellwood C., III. \"Les Montagnes dans L'Imaginaire de Thomas Cole.\" <em>La montagne et ses images du peintre d'Askre\u0301silas a\u0300 Thomas Cole. </em>Paris: E\u0301ditions du CTHS, 1991.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 383-415; Reproduced: p. 411, fig. 7", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cle\u0301ment, Jean-Paul. <em>Chateaubriand et le sentiment de la nature</em>. Cha\u0302tenay-Malabry: La Valle\u0301e aux loups, Maison de Chateaubriand, 1991.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 13-21; Reproduced: p. 16", "url": null}, {"citation": "Robertson, Bruce. \"Frederic A. Whiting: Founding the Museum with Art and Craft.\" <em>Object Lessons: Cleveland Creates an Art Museum</em>. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1991.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 32-59; Reproduced: p. 47", "url": null}, {"citation": "Maciejunes, Nannette V., and Norma J. Roberts. <em>A Nation's Legacy: 150 Years of American Art from Ohio Collections</em>. Columbus, OH: Columbus Museum of Art, 1992.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 30, 174; Mentioned: p. 22", "url": null}, {"citation": "Truettner, William H., Alan Wallach, and Christine Stansell. <em>Thomas Cole: Landscape into History</em>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1994.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 69, fig. 84; Mentioned: p. 171", "url": null}, {"citation": "Marchetti, Francesca Castria, ed. <em>American Painting. </em>New York: Watson-Guptill Publications, 2002.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 44", "url": null}, {"citation": "Grabenhorst, T.N. \"A River Runs Through It: Master Artists of the Hudson.\" <em>The Compass: The Magazine of the Sea. </em>2 (2004).", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 30-35; Reproduced: p. 34", "url": null}, {"citation": "Grabenhorst, T.N. \"A River Runs Through It: Master Artists of the Hudson,\" <em>The Compass: A Magazine of the Sea, no. 2 (</em>2004):30-35.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 34", "url": null}, {"citation": "Adams, Henry. <em>What's American about American art?: a gallery tour in the Cleveland Museum of Art. </em>Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2008.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 62 - 65", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cole, Mark. \"New Spaces in the Cleveland Museum of Art.\" <em>American Art </em>24 no. 2 (Summer 2010)", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 16", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 46", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Shepard, Paul, Jr. \"Paintings of the New England Landscape: A Scientist Looks at Their Geomorphology.\" <em>College Art Journal. </em>17:1 (Fall, 1957). pp. 30-43.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 36, fig. 5", "url": null}, {"citation": "Eliot, Alexander. <em>Three Hundred Years of American Painting</em>. New York: Time Inc, 1957.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 70-74; Reproduced: p. 70", "url": null}, {"citation": "Goodrich, Lloyd. \"What is American in American Art?\" <em>Art in America.</em> 46 (Fall, 1958). pp. 19-33.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 23", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Special Exhibitions.\" <em>The Bulletin of The Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> 45:1 (January 1962). pp. 3-12.", "page_number": "Reproduced", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25142482"}, {"citation": "McCoubrey, John W. <em>American Tradition in Painting</em>. New York: G. Braziller, 1963.", "page_number": "Reproduced: plate 22; Mentioned: pp. 22-31, 113-126", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>American Literature.</em> eds. Andrew J. Porter and Henry L. Terrie, Jr. New York: Ginn and Company, 1964.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 204", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>The Beauty of America in Great American Art: With Selections from the Writings of Renowned American Authors</em>. Waukesha, WI: Country Beautiful Foundation; New York: In association with W. Morrow, 1965.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pp. 38-39; Mentioned: pp. 37-39", "url": null}, {"citation": "Huntington, David Carew. <em>The Landscapes of Frederic Edwin Church: Vision of an American Era</em>. New York: G. Braziller, 1966.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 24-34, 200; Reproduced: fig. 4", "url": null}, {"citation": "Merritt, Howard S. \"'A Wild Scene' Genesis of a Painting.\" <em>The Baltimore Museum of Art Annual II: Studies on Thomas Cole, An American Romanticist. </em>Baltimore, MD: The Baltimore Museum of Art, 1967.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 7-40; Reproduced: p. 23, fig. 7", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"I Don't Know Art, But I Know What I Like.\" <em>The Ohio Bell Voice, </em>January, 1967.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 12-15; Reproduced: p. 13", "url": null}, {"citation": "Moore, Janet Gaylord. <em>The Many Ways of Seeing: An Introduction to the Pleasures of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: World Pub. Co, 1968.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 117-120; Reproduced: p. 118", "url": null}, {"citation": "Talbot, William S. \"American Visions of Wilderness.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. 56:4 (April, 1969). p. 151-166.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 154-156; Reproduced: p. 154, fig. 3", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25152270"}, {"citation": "Talbot, William S. \"American Visions of Wilderness.\" <em>The Living Wilderness.</em> 33:108 (Winter, 1969). pp. 14-25.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 17, fig. 3", "url": null}, {"citation": "Prown, Jules David. <em>American Painting: From Its Beginnings to the Armory Show, vol. 1. </em>Geneva: Skira, distributed by World Publishing Company, 1969.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 64-75; Reproduced: p. 67", "url": null}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1917.1335", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1917.1335/1917.1335_web.jpg", "width": "1263", "height": "775", "filesize": "716717", "filename": "1917.1335_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1917.1335/1917.1335_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2086", "filesize": "5582485", "filename": "1917.1335_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1917.1335/1917.1335_full.tif", "width": "6280", "height": "3853", "filesize": "72628688", "filename": "1917.1335_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2008-05-16T18:02:59", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1917.1335/1917.1335_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "1263", "height": "596", "filesize": "484023"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1917.1335/1917.1335_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "1604", "filesize": "3490124"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1917.1335/1917.1335_alt0_full.tif", "width": "6525", "height": "3078", "filesize": "60286068"}}, {"date_created": "2008-08-13T15:16:11", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1917.1335/1917.1335_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "1263", "height": "878", "filesize": "963680"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1917.1335/1917.1335_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2363", "filesize": "6856830"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1917.1335/1917.1335_alt1_full.tif", "width": "4598", "height": "3196", "filesize": "44127904"}}], "creditline": "Hinman B. Hurlbut Collection", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Baker & Hostetler LLP Gallery", "athena_id": 93014, "creators": [{"id": 2659, "description": "Thomas Cole (American, born England,1801\u20131848)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1801", "death_year": "1848", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1917-02-14T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1838, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1838", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Schroon Mountain, The Adirondacks"], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:03:26.434000"}, {"id": 135382, "accession_number": "1958.39", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "The Red Kerchief, c. 1868\u201373. Claude Monet (French, 1840\u20131926). Oil on fabric; framed: 128.3 x 105.7 x 14.6 cm (50 1/2 x 41 5/8 x 5 3/4 in.); unframed: 99 x 79.8 cm (39 x 31 7/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Bequest of Leonard C. Hanna Jr., 1958.39", "current_location": "222 Impressionism & Post-Impressionism", "title": "The Red Kerchief", "creation_date": "c. 1868\u201373", "creation_date_earliest": 1868, "creation_date_latest": 1873, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["France, 19th century"], "technique": "oil on fabric", "support_materials": [], "department": "Modern European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "Mod Euro - Painting 1800-1960", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 128.3 x 105.7 x 14.6 cm (50 1/2 x 41 5/8 x 5 3/4 in.); Unframed: 99 x 79.8 cm (39 x 31 7/16 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 1.283, "width": 1.057, "depth": 0.146}, "unframed": {"height": 0.99, "width": 0.798}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "Not signed\r\n", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 343629, "title": "Claude Monet - Seasons and Moments", "description": "<i>Claude Monet - Seasons and Moments</i>. The Museum of Modern Art (March 7-May 15, 1960); Los Angeles County Museum of Art (June 14-August 7, 1960).", "opening_date": "1960-03-07T05:00:00"}, {"id": 338832, "title": "Paintings by Monet", "description": "<i>Paintings by Monet</i>. The Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL (organizer) (March 15-May 11, 1975).", "opening_date": "1975-03-15T04:00:00"}, {"id": 343615, "title": "Hommage a Claude Monet", "description": "<i>Hommage a Claude Monet</i>. Mus\u00e9e du Louvre, Paris, France (February 9-May 5, 1980).", "opening_date": "1980-02-09T05:00:00"}, {"id": 310025, "title": "Creativity in Art and Science, 1860-1960", "description": "<i>Creativity in Art and Science, 1860-1960</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (September 16-November 8, 1987).", "opening_date": "1987-09-16T04:00:00"}, {"id": 343621, "title": "Claude Monet: 1840-1926", "description": "<i>Claude Monet: 1840-1926</i>. The Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL (organizer) (July 14-November 26, 1995).", "opening_date": "1995-07-04T04:00:00"}, {"id": 213923, "title": "Impressionists in Winter: Effets de Neige", "description": "<i>Impressionists in Winter: Effets de Neige</i>. The Phillips Collection, Washington, DC (organizer) (September 19, 1998-January 3, 1999); Fine Arts Museum of San Francisco, Yerba Buena Gardens, CA (January 30-May 2, 1999); The Brooklyn Museum, Brooklyn, NY (May 27-August 29, 1999).", "opening_date": "1998-09-19T00:00:00"}, {"id": 216847, "title": "Faces of Impressionism: Portraits from American Collections", "description": "<i>Faces of Impressionism: Portraits from American Collections</i>. The Baltimore Museum of Art (organizer) (October 10, 1999-January 30, 2000); Museum of Fine Arts, Houston (March 25-May 7, 2000); The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (May 28-July 30, 2000).", "opening_date": "1999-10-10T00:00:00"}, {"id": 227545, "title": "Monet's Garden", "description": "<i>Monet's Garden</i>. Kunsthaus Z\u00fcrich, CH-8024 Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland (organizer) (October 29, 2004-March 13, 2005).", "opening_date": "2004-10-29T00:00:00"}, {"id": 182153, "title": "Monet to Dal\u00ed: Modern Masters from the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Monet to Dal\u00ed: Modern Masters from the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. Beijing World Art Museum (May 26-August 27, 2006); Mori Art Center (September 16-November 26, 2006); Seoul Art Center, South Korea (December 22, 2006-March 28, 2007); Seoul Olympic Museum of Art, South Korea (April 7-May 20, 2007); Vancouver Art Gallery, Vancouver, Canada (June 9-September 16, 2007); The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 21, 2007-January 13, 2008); Frist Art Museum, Nashville, TN (February 15-June 1, 2008); Utah Museum of Fine Arts, Salt Lake City, UT (June 22-September 21, 2008); The Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit, MI (October 12, 2008-January 18, 2009).", "opening_date": "2006-05-27T00:00:00"}, {"id": 216795, "title": "Becoming Edvard Munch: Influence, Anxiety, and Myth", "description": "<i>Becoming Edvard Munch: Influence, Anxiety, and Myth</i>. The Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL (organizer) (February 14-April 26, 2009).", "opening_date": "2009-02-14T00:00:00"}, {"id": 220678, "title": "Claude Monet", "description": "<i>Claude Monet</i>. Galeries Nationales du Grand Palais, 75008 Paris, France (September 20, 2010-January 24, 2011).", "opening_date": "2010-09-20T00:00:00"}, {"id": 213320, "title": "Lend-Back - Painting the Modern Garden", "description": "<i>Lend-Back - Painting the Modern Garden</i>. Allen Memorial Art Museum, Oberlin, OH (organizer) (August 27, 2015-January 3, 2016).", "opening_date": "2015-08-27T00:00:00"}, {"id": 213583, "title": "Monet: The Early Years", "description": "<i>Monet: The Early Years</i>. Kimbell Art Museum, Fort Worth, TX (organizer) (October 16, 2016-January 29, 2017); Fine Arts Museum of San Francisco, Legion of Honor, San Francisco, CA (February 25-May 29, 2017).", "opening_date": "2016-10-16T00:00:00"}, {"id": 304929, "title": "Claude Monet", "description": "<i>Claude Monet</i>. Albertina, Wien, Austria (organizer) (September 21, 2018-January 6, 2019) https://www.albertina.at/en/exhibitions/monet/.", "opening_date": "2018-09-21T04:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>Claude Monet: Exposition r\u00e9trospective.</em> Mus\u00e9e de l'Orangerie, Paris, France (1931).", "opening_date": "1931-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Claude Monet de 1865 \u00e0 1888.</em> Durand-Ruel, Paris, France (1935).", "opening_date": "1935-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Five Centuries of History Mirrored in Five Centuries of French Art.</em> World's Fair (Pavillon de la France), New York, NY (1939).", "opening_date": "1939-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>A Loan Exhibition of Paintings by Claude Monet.</em> Wildenstein &amp; Co., New York, NY (1945).", "opening_date": "1945-01-01T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Michel Monet [1878-1966] Giverny, France, bequeathed from the artist's estate to his son, 1931", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1931-1939", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "Edouard Molyneux [1891-1974] Paris, France, 1939", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1939-1948", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "(Carroll Carstairs Gallery, New York, NY, September 16, 1948, sold to Leonard C. Hanna, Jr.)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1948", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "Leonard C. Hanna, Jr. [1889-1958], Cleveland, OH, bequeathed to the Cleveland Museum of Art", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1948-1958", "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1958-", "sortorder": 5}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Madame Monet\u2019s red cape draws the viewer\u2019s attention beyond the glass of the French doors capturing her glance, a brief moment frozen in time. This painting was very special to Monet and he kept it with him for his entire life.", "description": "This painting depicts Monet's first wife, Camille, outside on a snowy day passing by the French doors of their home at Argenteuil. Her face is rendered in a radically bold Impressionist technique of mere daubs of paint quickly applied, just as the snow and trees are defined by broad, broken strokes of pure white and green.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50772913"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1958.39-the-red-kerchief"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Becker, Christoph. <em>Monet's Garden</em>. Ostfildern-Ruit, Germany: Hatje Cantz, 2004.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 25, fig. 9", "url": null}, {"citation": "Geffroy, Gustave. <em>Claude Monet, sa vie, son \u0153uvre</em>. Paris, FR: G. Cre\u0300s et cie, 1922.", "page_number": "Reproduced: opp. p. 140", "url": null}, {"citation": "Trevise, Duc de. \"Le Pelerinage de Giverny.\" <em>Revue de l'Art Ancien et Moderne </em>51 (January-May 1927: 42-50.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 45", "url": null}, {"citation": "Fels, Florent. \"Claude Monet or the Fading Luminary.\" <em>Formes; An International Art Review </em>15 (May 1931<em>)</em>: 74b-75.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 74c", "url": null}, {"citation": "Malingue, Maurice. <em>Claude Monet.</em> Monaco: Les Documents d'art, 1943.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 63", "url": null}, {"citation": "Rewald, John. <em>The History of Impressionism</em>. New York, NY: Museum of Modern Art, 1946.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 207", "url": null}, {"citation": "Reuterswa\u0308rd, Oscar. <em>Monet: En konstna\u0308rshistorik.</em> Stockholm: Bonniers, 1948.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 51", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Catalogue de reproductions en couleurs de la peinture de 1860 a\u0300 ... = Catalogue of colour reproductions of painting from 1860 to ... = Cata\u0301logo de reproducciones en color de la pintura de 1860 a</em>. Paris, France: Unesco, 1949.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 234", "url": null}, {"citation": "Besson, George. <em>Claude Monet (1840-1926)</em>. Paris: Braun, 1949.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pl. 28", "url": null}, {"citation": "Coe, Nancy. <em>The History of the Collecting of European Paintings and Drawings in the City of Cleveland</em>. Thesis M.A. Oberlin College, 1955.", "page_number": "Reproduced: vol. 2, p. 75", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art.<em> In Memoriam: Leonard C. Hanna, Jr. </em>Cleveland: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 23", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art XLVI </em>no.6<em>.</em> (June, 1959): 123.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 123", "url": null}, {"citation": "Museum of Modern Art (New York, N.Y.), and William Chapin Seitz. <em>Claude Monet: Seasons and Moments</em>. New York. Museum of Modern Art. Catalogues. 1959-1963. 1960.", "page_number": "Mentioned: cat. no. 13", "url": null}, {"citation": "Gimpel, Rene\u0301. <em>Journal d'un Collectionneur, Marchand de Tableaux</em>. [Paris]: Calmann-Le\u0301vy, 1963.", "page_number": "Reproduced: opp. p 78", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 174", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n198"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 174", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n198"}, {"citation": "Arnason, H. H. \"Motherwell: The Window and the Wall.\" <em>ARTnews</em> 68 (Summer 1969): 48-50.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 50; mentioned: p. 48", "url": null}, {"citation": "Isaacson, Joel. <em>Monet: Le Dejeuner Sur L'herbe</em>. London, United Kingdom: Allen Lane the Penguin Press, 1972.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 14", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bortolatto, Luigina Rossi. <em>L'opera Completa Di Claude Monet, 1870-1889</em>. Milano: Rizzoli, 1972.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 77", "url": null}, {"citation": "Tsuji, Kunio, Yoshiaki Inui, and Shu\u0304ji Takashina. <em>Mone to insho\u0304ha = Monet et l'impressionnisme.</em> To\u0304kyo\u0304: Chu\u0304o\u0304 Ko\u0304ronsha, 1972.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 33", "url": null}, {"citation": "Champa, Kermit Swiler. <em>Studies in Early Impressionism</em>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1973.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p.31 fig. 40", "url": null}, {"citation": "Rewald, John. <em>The History of Impressionism.</em> New York, NY: Museum of Modern Art, 1973.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 251", "url": null}, {"citation": "Nordenfalk, Carl Adam Johan. \"Outdoors-Indoors: A 2000-Year-Old Space Problem in Western Art.\" In <em>Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society</em> 117, no. 4 (1973): 253-54, fig. 31.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 253-254, fig. 31", "url": null}, {"citation": "Wildenstein, Daniel. <em>Claude Monet: biographie et catalogue raisonne\u0301</em>. Lausanne, Switzerland: La Bibliothe\u0300que des arts, 1974.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 257", "url": null}, {"citation": "Monet, Claude, and Susan Wise. <em>Paintings by Monet: [Exhibition] March 15 Through May 11, 1975, the Art Institute of Chicago</em>. Chicago: Art Institute of Chicago, 1975.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 26, p 24", "url": null}, {"citation": "House, John. <em>Monet</em>. Oxford, United Kingdom: Phaidon; New York, NY, Dutton, 1977.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 18", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 216", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n236"}, {"citation": "House, John. \"The New Monet Catalogue.\" <em>The Burlington Magazine</em> 120, no. 907 (1978): 678-39.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 680", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Hommage a Monet.\" <em>Le Petit Journal des Grandes Expositions</em> 88 (1980): fig. 25.", "page_number": "Reproduced: fig. 25", "url": null}, {"citation": "Monet, Claude, He\u0301le\u0300ne Adhe\u0301mar, Anne Distel, and Sylvie Patin. <em>Hommage a\u0300 Claude Monet (1840-1926): 1980, anne\u0301e du patrimoine, Grand Palais, 8 fe\u0301vrier - 5 mai 1980</em>. Paris: E\u0301ditions de la Re\u0301union des muse\u0301e nationaux, Ministe\u0300re de la culture et de la communication, 1980.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 25", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Grand Palais, Paris; Exposition.\" <em>L'\u0152il </em>297 (April, 1980): 74.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 74", "url": null}, {"citation": "House, John. <em>Monet</em>. Oxford, United Kingdom: Phaidon, NY, 1981.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 8", "url": null}, {"citation": "Borowitz, Helen O. \"The Rembrandt and Monet of Marcel Proust.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art LXX, </em>no. 2. (February, 1983):90.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 90, fig. 16", "url": null}, {"citation": "Keller, Horst. <em>Claude Monet</em>. Mu\u0308nchen, Germany: Bruckmann, 1985.", "page_number": "Reproduced: plate 44", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kijima, Shunsuke, Kimio Nakayama, Yoshiaki To\u0304no, Makoto O\u0304oka, and Katsunori Miyauchi. <em>Mone = Monet.</em> To\u0304kyo\u0304, Japan: Shu\u0304eisha, 1985.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 6", "url": null}, {"citation": "Stuckey. Charles F. <em>Monet: A Retrospective</em>. New York, NY: 1985.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 75, plate 27", "url": null}, {"citation": "Taillandier, Yvon. <em>Monet.</em> New York, NY: Crown, 1987.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 40", "url": null}, {"citation": "Henning, Edward B. <em>Creativity in Art and Science</em>, 1860-1960. [Cleveland, Ohio]: Published by the Cleveland Museum of Art in cooperation with Indiana University Press, 1987.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 95, cat. no. 2", "url": null}, {"citation": "Sagner-Du\u0308chting, <em>Karin. Claude Monet 1840-1926: ein Fest fu\u0308r die Augen.</em> Ko\u0308ln, Germany: Benedikt Taschen Verlag, 1990.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 68", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Masterpieces from East and West.</em> New York, NY: Rizzoli International, 1992.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 7-8", "url": null}, {"citation": "Chong, Alan. <em>European &amp; American Painting in the Cleveland Museum of Art: A Summary Catalogue</em>. Cleveland, Ohio: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1993.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 158", "url": null}, {"citation": "Taylor, John Russell, <em>Claude Monet: Impressions of France : from Le Havre to Giverny.</em> London, United Kingdom: Collins &amp; Brown, 1995.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 70", "url": null}, {"citation": "Tucker, Paul Hayes. <em>Claude Monet: Life and Art.</em> New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1995.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 66-68, Reproduced: pl. 75", "url": null}, {"citation": "Stuckey, Charles F., Claude Monet, and Sophia Shaw. <em>Claude Monet: 1840-1926</em>. New York: Thames and Hudson, 1995.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced cat. no. 24, p. 244", "url": null}, {"citation": "Pelfrey, Robert H. <em>Art and Mass Media</em>. Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt, 1996.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 165, fig. 7.3", "url": null}, {"citation": "Wildenstein, Daniel, <em>Monet</em>. Ko\u0308ln, Germany: Taschen, 1996.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 90, vol. 1; p. 257, vol. 2", "url": null}, {"citation": "Weiss, Susanne. <em>Claude Monet: ein distanzierter Blick auf Stadt und Land</em> : <em>Werke 1859-1889</em>. Berlin, Germany: Reimer, 1997.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 55, fig. 15", "url": null}, {"citation": "Moffett, Charles S. <em>Impressionists in Winter: Effets De Neige</em>. Washington, D.C.: Phillips Collection in collaboration with Philip Wilson Publishers, 1998.", "page_number": "Reproduced: cat. no. 6", "url": null}, {"citation": "Sallis, John. <em>Shades--of Painting at the Limit</em>. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1998.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 52, fig. 4", "url": null}, {"citation": "Pittman, Dianne W. <em>Bazille: Purity, Pose, and Painting in the 1860s</em>. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University, 1998.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 207, p. 209, fig. 131", "url": null}, {"citation": "D Argencourt, Louise and Roger Diederen. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art: Catalogue of Paintings, Part Four; European Paintings of the 19th Century.</em> Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1999.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 155", "url": null}, {"citation": "Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Mone, Runowa\u0304ru to insho\u0304ha no fu\u0304kei: kaikan kinen dai ikkai kikakuten = <em>Monet, Renoir, and the impressionist landscape.</em> [Japan]: Nagoya Bosuton Bijutsukan, 1999.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 28, fig. 28", "url": null}, {"citation": "Johnston, Sona, Susan Bollendorf, and John House. <em>Faces of Impressionism: Portraits from American Collections</em>. Baltimore, Md: Baltimore Museum of Art in association with Rizzoli International, 1999.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 126-127", "url": null}, {"citation": "Wildenstein, Daniel. <em>Monet, or, The Triumph of Impressionism.</em> Ko\u0308ln, Germany: Taschen, 1999.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 90, cat. no. 257", "url": null}, {"citation": "Johnston, Sona.<em> Faces of Impressionism: Portraits from American Collections</em>. New York, NY : Rizzoli, 1999.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 127, cat. no. 44", "url": null}, {"citation": "Knight, Lynne. <em>Snow Effects: Poems on Impressionists in Winter</em>. Concord, CA: Small Poetry Press, 2000.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 24", "url": null}, {"citation": "Jiminez, Jill Berk, and Joanna Banham. <em>Dictionary of Artists' Models.</em> London, United Kingdom: Fitzroy Dearborn, 2001.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 167", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Norio Shimada, and Keiko Sakagami. Kuro\u0304do Mone meigashu\u0304: hikari to kaze no kiseki</em>. To\u0304kyo\u0304, Japan: Nihon Bijutsu Kyo\u0304iku Senta\u0304, 2001.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 123", "url": null}, {"citation": "Clancy, John I. <em>Impressionism: Historical Overview and Bibliography.</em> New York, NY: Nova Science Publishers, 2003.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 20", "url": null}, {"citation": "Burgess, Margaret, \"The Colorful Mr. Hanna\", Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Cleveland Art: The Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em>. Vol. 45 no. 09, November 2005", "page_number": "Mentioned & reproduced: p.7", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2005-09/page/6/"}, {"citation": "Borzello, Frances. <em>At Home: The Domestic Interior in Art.</em> London, United Kingdom: Thames &amp; Hudson, 2006.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 65", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lambert, Ste\u0301phane.<em> L'adieu au paysage: les nymphe\u0301as de Claude Monet</em>. Paris, France: Diffe\u0301rence, 2008.", "page_number": "Reproduced: fig. 12", "url": null}, {"citation": "Baillio, Joseph. <em>Claude Monet, 1840-1926</em>:<em> Paris, Galeries Nationales, Grand Palais, September 22, 2010-January 24, 2011</em>. Paris: Re\u0301union des muse\u0301es nationaux, 2010.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 103, Mentioned: p. 254-255", "url": null}, {"citation": "Braschi, Cecilia. \"1840-1926. Monet, une Vie Dediee a la Peinture.\" <em>Dossier de l'Art </em>177 (September 2010): 2-23.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 21", "url": null}, {"citation": "Marchesseau, Daniel. <em>Monet au Muse\u0301e Marmottan et dans les collections suisses ; Estampes japonaises, Fondation Claude Monet, Giverny. </em>Martigny, Switzerland: Fondation Pierre Gianadda, 2011.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 201, fig. 24", "url": null}, {"citation": "Franklin, David and C. Griffith Mann. <em>Treasures from the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, London, United Kingdom, Scala Publishers Ltd., 2012.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 262-3", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 289", "url": ""}, {"citation": "\u201cA Walking Tour: The entire new museum wing by wing, with curators calling out a few favorite works in the collection.\u201d <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em> 54, no. 1 (January/February 2014): 8-33.", "page_number": "Reproduced and Mentioned: p. 20", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2014-01"}, {"citation": "Patin, Sylvie. <em>Monet's Private Picture Gallery at Giverny: Paintings by Monet and His Friends.</em> Montreuil, France: Gourcuff Gradenigo; Giverny: \u00c9ditions Claude Monet Giverny: Fondation Claude Monet, 2016.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 12, 14, 16-17, 23", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Museum Masters: 2016-17 Companion Guide.</em> [Cleveland, Ohio]: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2016.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: P. 22", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cachorro Fernandez, Emilio. \"Habitaciones con Vistas. Pulsion Escopica A Traves de la Ventana\". Archivo espan\u0303ol de arte 88, issue 350 (April-June 2015): 157-172.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 170, fig. 6", "url": null}, {"citation": "Shackelford, George T. M., et. al. <em>Monet: The Early Years.</em> Fort Worth, TX: Kimball Art Museum, 2016.", "page_number": "Mention: p. 107; 202 Reproduced: cover; p. 106, cat. 12", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bortolatto, Luigina Rossi. <em>Tout l'\u0153uvre peint de Monet, 1870-1889.</em> Paris: Flammarion, 1981.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 93, fig. 78", "url": null}, {"citation": "Widaur, Heinz. \"From Pleinairism to Impressionism.\" In <em>Claude Monet: A Floating World.</em> Heinz Widauer and Dieter Buchhart, eds., 55-79. Vienna: The Albertina Museum, 2018.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 76-79, cat. 24", "url": null}, {"citation": "Michael, Cora. \"Gauguin in the the Buckeye and Hoosier States: Portrait of Teuraheimata and its Midwestern Collectors.\" In <em>Paul Gauguin: Teuraheimata a Potoru, a Rediscovery, </em>11-19. New York: Jill Newhouse Gallery; [Akron, Ohio]: Thomas French Fine Art, 2019.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 14", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Shackelford, George T. M. <em>Monet: the Late Years.</em> Fort Worth, Texas: Kimbell Art Museum; San Francisco: Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, New Haven; London: Distributed by Yale University Press, 2019.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 15, 29", "url": null}, {"citation": "Rubin, James Henry. Monet. 2020, 54.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced; pp. 53-54, fig. 37.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Dombrowski, Andre\u0301. <em>Monet's Minutes: Impressionism and the Industrialization of Time. </em>New Haven; London: Yale University Press, 2023.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 21-22, fig. 11", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Dombrowski, Andre. \"Reflexions sur le Manieres de 'Saisir' et de 'Fixer' une Impression en 1874.\" <em>Revue de L'Art </em>223 (January 2024): 32-41.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 37-38, fig. 3, Cover", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Siegel, Harmon. <em>Painting with Monet</em>. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2024.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 207-209, figs. 7.5, 7.6, and 7.7", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Wullschla\u0308ger, Jackie. <em>Monet: The Restless Vision. </em>New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2024.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 106, plate 12; Mentioned: p. 149", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1958.39", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1958.39/1958.39_web.jpg", "width": "723", "height": "900", "filesize": "242663", "filename": "1958.39_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1958.39/1958.39_print.jpg", "width": "2732", "height": "3400", "filesize": "3767988", "filename": "1958.39_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1958.39/1958.39_full.tif", "width": "11652", "height": "14500", "filesize": "506893484", "filename": "1958.39_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2006-04-10T19:40:23", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1958.39/1958.39_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "717", "height": "893", "filesize": "459830"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1958.39/1958.39_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "2731", "height": "3400", "filesize": "6598773"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1958.39/1958.39_alt0_full.tif", "width": "4016", "height": "5000", "filesize": "60271236"}}, {"date_created": "2006-04-11T15:09:16", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1958.39/1958.39_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "720", "height": "893", "filesize": "471772"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1958.39/1958.39_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "2742", "height": "3400", "filesize": "6551534"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1958.39/1958.39_alt1_full.tif", "width": "4033", "height": "5000", "filesize": "60526808"}}], "creditline": "Bequest of Leonard C. Hanna Jr.", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Nancy F. and Joseph P. Keithley Gallery", "athena_id": 135382, "creators": [{"id": 1844, "description": "Claude Monet (French, 1840\u20131926)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": "Claude Monet spent his youth in Le Havre in Normandy, where his father worked as a wholesale grocer. By the age of sixteen, he had exhibited some of his caricatures in an art supply store, leading to his acquaintance with Boudin (q.v.). It was Boudin who first encouraged him to paint out of doors. In 1859 Monet traveled to Paris, where he saw Boudin's salon debut and met Constant Troyon (1810-1865). A year later he joined the Acad\u00e9mie Suisse, where he was introduced to Pissarro (q.v.), but his studies were interrupted in 1861 when he was drafted for a seven-year stint in the military. His family would pay for his release from military duties only if he gave up painting. Finding this unacceptable, Monet served for one year in Algeria before an early return to France to convalesce after a severe illness. In 1862 he met Jongkind (q.v.), another important influence on the young painter's development. Monet's father then allowed him to pursue his art career in Paris, where he entered the studio of the Swiss painter Charles Gleyre (1806-1874). He studied with Gleyre until 1864 and befriended Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Bazille (1841-1870), Renoir (q.v.), and Sisley (q.v.), with whom he painted in the forest of Fontainebleau (D\u00e9jeuner sur l'herbe, 1865, two fragments in Mus\u00e9e d'Orsay, Paris). Monet first exhibited at the Salon of 1865 and would do so again in 1866, 1868, and 1880. In 1868 he shared a studio with Bazille and Renoir but was soon forced to leave Paris to escape his creditors. He took his mistress, Camille Doncieux, and their son, Jean, to F\u00e9camp, then \u00c9tretat, and finally Saint-Michel. There Renoir provided hospitality, and the two also painted at the boating and bathing center of La Grenouill\u00e8re on the Seine. In 1870 Monet married Camille and, to escape the Franco-Prussian War, left for London, where he remained for nine months and met Durand-Ruel, his first dealer. In the summer of 1871 he visited the Netherlands and then settled in Argenteuil, to the west of Paris. He converted a boat into a studio, as Daubigny (q.v.) had done before him, allowing him to explore different viewpoints for his landscapes. He assisted in the organization of the First Impressionist Exhibition in 1874, partly because Durand-Ruel's worsened business situation had prevented the dealer from buying his art. The following year he participated in the H\u00f4tel Drouot sale with Morisot (q.v.), Renoir, and Sisley. In 1878 Monet and his wife moved to V\u00e9theuil with the Hosched\u00e9s, who had previously commissioned some works. Camille died the following year, and, while Ernest Hosched\u00e9 spent most of his time in Paris trying to settle his precarious financial situation, Monet stayed behind with Ernest's wife, Alice. In 1881 he moved with her and her children to Poissy and within two years was living at Giverny, where he would remain for the rest of his life. He painted some of his famous scenes-the haystack and poplar series, for example- in 1890-91. Ernest Hosched\u00e9 died in 1891, and Monet married Alice the following year. At Giverny, Monet explored the themes of his garden and water lilies. He continued to travel, going to Norway in 1895, making three trips to London from 1899 through 1901, and taking Alice to Venice in 1908. The final years of his life were mainly spent working on his Great Decorations, large paintings of a water lily pond designed for two oval rooms at the Paris Orangerie. Monet is generally considered the most typical exponent of impressionism.", "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1840", "death_year": "1926", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1958-11-29T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1868, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 1868\u201373", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": true, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["La Capeline Rouge-Madame Monet"], "is_highlight": true, "updated_at": "2026-04-02 12:45:16.522000"}, {"id": 123365, "accession_number": "1943.60", "share_license_status": "Copyrighted", "tombstone": "Gray and Gold, 1942. John Rogers Cox (American, 1915\u20131990). Oil on canvas; framed: 116 x 152 x 12.5 cm (45 11/16 x 59 13/16 x 4 15/16 in.); unframed: 91.5 x 151.8 cm (36 x 59 3/4 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Mr. and Mrs. William H. Marlatt Fund, 1943.60", "current_location": "226B American Modern", "title": "Gray and Gold", "creation_date": "1942", "creation_date_earliest": 1942, "creation_date_latest": 1942, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["America"], "technique": "oil on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "American Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "American - Painting", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 116 x 152 x 12.5 cm (45 11/16 x 59 13/16 x 4 15/16 in.); Unframed: 91.5 x 151.8 cm (36 x 59 3/4 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 1.16, "width": 1.52, "depth": 0.125}, "unframed": {"height": 0.915, "width": 1.518}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "signed lower right:  John Rogers Cox 1942", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 318288, "title": "Artists for Victory", "description": "<i>Artists for Victory</i>. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY (organizer) (co-organizer) (January 1-February 22, 1943).", "opening_date": "1943-01-01T04:00:00"}, {"id": 318291, "title": "54th Annual Exhibition of American Paintings and Sculpture", "description": "<i>54th Annual Exhibition of American Paintings and Sculpture</i>. The Art Institute of Chicago (organizer) (October 28-December 12, 1943).", "opening_date": "1943-10-28T04:00:00"}, {"id": 318296, "title": "Painting in the United States, 1944", "description": "<i>Painting in the United States, 1944</i>. Carnegie Museum of Art, Pittsburgh, PA (organizer) (co-organizer) (September 5-December 10, 1944).", "opening_date": "1944-09-05T04:00:00"}, {"id": 318697, "title": "Contemporary American Painting", "description": "<i>Contemporary American Painting</i>. Rhode Island School of Design (organizer) (February 6-28, 1946).", "opening_date": "1946-02-06T05:00:00"}, {"id": 318703, "title": "Museum's Choice", "description": "<i>Museum's Choice</i>. Addison Gallery of American Art, Andover, MA (organizer) (March 8-April 30, 1946).", "opening_date": "1946-03-08T05:00:00"}, {"id": 318494, "title": "The 50 Most Popular Paintings in the History of American Art", "description": "<i>The 50 Most Popular Paintings in the History of American Art</i>. The Dallas Museum of Art (organizer) (October 9-November 7, 1948).", "opening_date": "1948-10-09T05:00:00"}, {"id": 318497, "title": "Life in America", "description": "<i>Life in America</i>. Denver Art Museum, Denver, CO (organizer) (co-organizer) (March 4-April 30, 1951).", "opening_date": "1951-03-04T05:00:00"}, {"id": 318500, "title": "Centennial Exhibition", "description": "<i>Centennial Exhibition</i>. Joslyn Art Museum, Omaha, NE (organizer) (co-organizer) (May 11-July 4, 1954).", "opening_date": "1954-05-11T04:00:00"}, {"id": 318505, "title": "Illusion and Reality", "description": "<i>Illusion and Reality</i>. Santa Barbara Museum of Art, Santa Barbara, CA (organizer) (co-organizer) (June 15-July 22, 1956); Pasadena Museum of California Art (August 5-September 9, 1956); Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, Houston, TX (October 5-31, 1956); The Dallas Museum of Art, Dallas, TX (October 31-November 30, 1956).", "opening_date": "1956-08-05T04:00:00"}, {"id": 318547, "title": "20th Anniversary Special Exhibition: 60 Terre Haute Artists", "description": "<i>20th Anniversary Special Exhibition: 60 Terre Haute Artists</i>. Sheldon Swope Art Museum Inc., Terra Haute, IN (organizer) (November 4-December 2, 1962).", "opening_date": "1962-11-04T05:00:00"}, {"id": 318691, "title": "An Unfulfilled Dream: The Neglected Generation of American Scene Painters: 1930-1948", "description": "<i>An Unfulfilled Dream: The Neglected Generation of American Scene Painters: 1930-1948</i>. Wichita Art Museum, Wichita, KS (organizer) (May 2-June 14, 1981).", "opening_date": "1981-05-02T04:00:00"}, {"id": 318694, "title": "A Retrospective Exhibition of the Art of John Rogers Cox", "description": "<i>A Retrospective Exhibition of the Art of John Rogers Cox</i>. Sheldon Swope Art Museum Inc., Terra Haute, IN (organizer) (May 14-June 13, 1982).", "opening_date": "1982-05-14T04:00:00"}, {"id": 221943, "title": "Illusions of Eden: Visions of the American Heartland", "description": "<i>Illusions of Eden: Visions of the American Heartland</i>. Columbus Museum of Art, Columbus, OH (organizer) (February 18-April 30, 2000).", "opening_date": "2000-02-18T00:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "Toronto, Art Gallery of Toronto (February 1945).", "opening_date": "1945-02-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Terre Haute, Indiana, Sheldon Swope Art Gallery (May 1945).", "opening_date": "1945-05-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Columbus, OH, Columbus Museum of Art, Illusions of Eden: Visions of the American Heartland (18 February - 30 April 2000) cat. ill. cover, pp. 94, 186, p. 271 ; traveled to Vienna, Austria, Museum of Modern Art/Ludwig Foundation Vienna (1 June - 15 August 2000); traveled to Budapest, Hungary, Ludwig Museum/Museum of Contemporary Art (25 September - 26 November 2000); did not travel to Madison, Wisconsin, Madison Art Center (24 February - 13 May 2001); did not travel to Sioux Falls, South Dakota, Washington Pavilion of Arts &amp; Science (June - August 2001).", "opening_date": "2000-02-18T00:00:00"}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art (03/01/2006 - 06/01/2006); \"American Icons: American Masterworks from the 1930s\"", "opening_date": "2006-03-01T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "[Artists for Victory, Inc., New York, NY], by 1942", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->Purchased with income from the Mr. and Mrs. William H. Marlatt Fund, from Artists for Victory, Inc. The Artists for Victory exhibition, held at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, was also mounted at the Cleveland Museum of Art, in 1943.</div>"], "date": "", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH, purchased in 1943", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1943-", "sortorder": 2}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "A framed reproduction of this painting is displayed on the living room walls of a farmhouse in the sci-fi film <em>Looper</em>, starring Bruce Willis.", "description": "Cox painted <em>Gray and Gold</em> shortly after the United States joined the Second World War, and its image of amber waves of grain threatened by ominous storm clouds likely has symbolic overtones. The painting's foreground features an intersection of two dirt lanes, as well as a telephone pole emblazoned with political campaign posters. The artist seems to imply that American democracy is at a crossroads during this time of combat against the spread of fascism in Europe and Asia. Interestingly the work was inspired by the landscape around Cox's hometown of Terre Haute, Indiana, a location nicknamed \"The Crossroads of America\" due to the junction of major north-south and east-west national highways within its city limits. The museum purchased this painting out of a traveling exhibition entitled \"Artists for Victory,\" which consisted of works by artists who wanted to assist in the war effort. The exhibition opened at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York on the first anniversary of the bombing at Pearl Harbor.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60514906"], "internet_archive": []}, "citations": [{"citation": "<em>Artists for Victory: An Exhibition of Contemporary American Art, Paintings, Sculpture, Prints</em>. 2 vols. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1942.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Victory Show Sales,\" <em>Art Digest </em>17 (April 1, 1943)", "page_number": "Mentioned p. 15", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Korkow, Cory. \u201cFour Curators, Four Favorites.\u201d <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine </em>62, no. 2 (2022): 29.", "page_number": "Reproduced and Mentioned: P. 29.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Waker, Andrew, ed., <em>Joe Jones : Radical Painter of the American Scene, </em>exh. cat., Saint Louis Art Museum, 2010.", "page_number": "Mentioned p, 76; reproduced p. 75.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Metropolitan Museum of Art.<em> Artists for Victory: An Exhibition of Contemporary American Art, A Picture Book of the Prize Winners. </em>New York, 1942.", "page_number": "Reproduced: fig. 15", "url": null}, {"citation": "Jewell, Edward Alden. \"Artists For Victory: Metropolitan Opens Tomorrow the Huge Contemporary American Survey.\" <em>The New York Times, </em>December 6, 1942.", "page_number": "Reproduced", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Artists for Victory Score Victory in Metropolitan Exhibition,\" <em>Art Digest </em>17 no. 6 (December, 15 1942).", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 6; Reproduced: p. 8", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"The Artists for Victory Exhibition: The Paintings,\" <em>Art News</em> 41 (January 1, 1943).", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 8-9; Reproduced: p. 9", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Art News </em>41 (January 15, 1943).", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 17", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Cleveland Museum of Art Presents Paintings Selected from National Exhibition,\" <em>Cleveland Plain Dealer, </em>March 21, 1943.", "page_number": "Reproduced", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Victory Show Sales.\" <em>Art Digest</em> 17 (April 1, 1943).", "page_number": "Mentioned: p.15", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Holme, Bryan. \"New York Commentary.\"<em> London Studio</em> (July 1943).", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 28", "url": null}, {"citation": "West Virginia Pulp and Paper Company, <em>Westvaco Inspirations for Printers 1942-1943</em> (1943).", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 143; Reproduced: cover", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cravens, Dargan &amp; Company Insurance Managers, Houston, Texas, Review 25 no. 5 (April 1944).", "page_number": "Reproduced: cover", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"State Artist's Work Displayed.\" <em>The Indianapolis Times, </em>October 18, 1944.", "page_number": "Reproduced", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Grey and Gold by John Rogers Cox Voted Popular Prize,\" <em>The Carnegie Magazine</em> (December 1944).", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 195-7; Reproduced: p. 195", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Hoosier's Painting Carnegie Favorite.\" <em>Indianapolis Star, </em>December 5, 1944.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Cox, Soldier-Artist, Wins Carnegie 'Popular'.\" <em>Art Digest </em>19 (December 15, 1944).", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 9; Reproduced: p. 9", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Time Magazine</em> (December 18, 1944).", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 50", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 32, no. 7(September 1945).", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 138; Reproduced: p. 134", "url": null}, {"citation": "Burchfield, Louise. \"Two American Paintings.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art </em>32, no. 7 (September 1945): 137-139.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 134; Mentioned: p. 138", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25141226"}, {"citation": "Milliken, William M. \"Place of the Museum of Art in the Life of a City.\" <em>The Clevlander</em> (August 1946).", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 6", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"The Popular Prize.\"<em> The Carnegie Magazine</em> 20 (December 1946).", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 172-3", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Cox Popular Choice of Carnegie Visitors.\" <em>Art Digest</em> 21 (December 15, 1946).", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 9", "url": null}, {"citation": "Dallas Museum of Fine Arts, State Fair of Texas,<em> Famous American Paintings </em>(1948).", "page_number": "Reproduced", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Catalogue de Reproductions en Couleurs de la Peinture de 1860 a 1949.</em> Paris: Unesco, 1949.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 62-3; Reproduced: p. 63", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>New York Times Book Review, </em>October 16, 1955.", "page_number": "Reproduced", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Anniversary Year Exhibit to Open Sunday at Swope Gallery Preview.\" <em>The Terre Haute Sta</em>r, November 2, 1962.", "page_number": "Reproduced", "url": null}, {"citation": "Wahl, Charles William, M.D., \"Psychodynamics of Sexual Humor: Sex and the Salesman.\" <em>Medical Aspects of Human Sexuality</em> (August 1978).", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 26-7, cover", "url": null}, {"citation": "Szymanski, Ronald, ed. <em>America in Literature: The Midwest. </em>New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1979.", "page_number": "Reproduced: cover", "url": null}, {"citation": "Sheldon Swope Art Gallery. \"The Sheldon Swope Art Gallery Newsletter.\" (May-July 1982).", "page_number": "Reproduced: fig. 2", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kinsman, Robert D. \"Art from Swope: Painting looks at forces of nature.\" <em>The Tribune-Star</em>- Terre Haute, May 16, 1982.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 12; Reproduced", "url": null}, {"citation": "Hubbard, Guy. \"Teaching Art with Art: Turbulent Skyscapes.\" <em>Arts &amp; Activities</em> 103, no. 3 (April 1988).", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 26-7", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"A final tribute.\" <em>Tribune-Star, Terre Haute, </em>February 4, 1990.", "page_number": "Reproduced", "url": null}, {"citation": "Chong, Alan. <em>European and American Painting in the Cleveland Museum of Art: A Summary Catalogue. </em>Cleveland Museum of Art: Cleveland, 1993.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 46", "url": null}, {"citation": "Chaon, Dan. <em> Fitting Ends and Other Stories by Dan Chaon.</em> Evanston: Northwestern University Press,1995.", "page_number": "Reproduced: cover", "url": null}, {"citation": "Pai\u0308ni, Dominique, and Guy Cogeval. <em>Hitchcock and Art: Fatal Coincidences</em>. Montreal: The Montreal Museum of Fine Arts, 2000.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 341", "url": null}, {"citation": "Stearns, Robert. ed. <em>Illusions of Eden. Visions of the American Heartland. </em>Minneapolis: Arts Midwest, 2000.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 271; Reproduced: p. 94", "url": null}, {"citation": "Maciejunes, Nannette V. \"Visions of the American Heartland.\" <em>American Art Review </em>12, no. 2 (March-April 2000).", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 114", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Vienna and Budapest: Illusions of Eden.\" <em>The Burlington Magazine </em>(November 2000).", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 719", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Academic Medicine: Journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges.</em> (August, 2001).", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 761; cover", "url": null}, {"citation": "Dijkstra, Bram. <em>American Expressionism: Art and Social Change 1920-1950. </em>New York: Harry N. Abrams, 2003.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 188, 196", "url": null}, {"citation": "Norman, Bud. <em>The Things That Are Caesar\u2019s: A Comic Tale of Politics, Religion, and Other Impolite Topics. </em>Wichita: Affiliated Writers of America, 2003.", "page_number": "Reproduced: back cover", "url": null}, {"citation": "Martha Parrish &amp; James Reinish, Inc., <em>19th and 20th Century European and American Art </em>(gallery catalogue) (February, 2005).", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Chandler, Neal, ed. \"Silver Apples of the Moon: Art and Poetry.\" Cleveland: Cleveland State Poetry Center in association with Shaker Heights Public Library, 2006.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 53", "url": null}, {"citation": "Adams, Henry. <em>What's American about American Art? A Gallery Tour in the Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2008.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 141", "url": null}, {"citation": "Walker, Andrew, ed. <em>Joe Jones: Radical Painter of the American Scene. </em>Exh. cat. St. Louis: St. Louis Art Museum, 2010.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 76; Reproduced: p. 75", "url": null}, {"citation": "Perry, Dee. \"Personal Favorite.\" <em>Cleveland Art </em>50 (March/April 2010).", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 10", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Toward the Vision: The Cleveland Museum of Art.\" Museum publication booklet. 2012.", "page_number": "Reproduced: cover", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kash, Steve. \"Life As an Artist.\" <em>Tribune-Star</em>- Terre Haute, October 7, 2012.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. D4", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cole, Mark. \"American Art of the 1930s to 1950s.\" <em>Cleveland Art</em> 54 (January/February 2014).", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 21", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 59", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Museum Masters: 2016-17 Companion Guide.</em> [Cleveland, Ohio]: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2016.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 23", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Daiss, Susan Dodge-Peters. \"Art at the Bedside: Reflections on Use of Visual Imagery in Hospital Chaplaincy.\" <em>Journal of Pastoral Care &amp; Counseling</em> 70, no. 1 (March 2016).", "page_number": "Reproduced: p.77", "url": null}, {"citation": "Eldredge, Charles C. W<em>e Gather Together: American Artists and the Harvest</em>. Oakland, California: University of California Press, 2021.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 89, fig. 44", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Arizpe S., Lourdes, and Je\u0301ro\u0302me Duval-Hamel. Spicil\u00e8ge beaux-arts de l'art faber: quand les beaux-arts et les mondes \u00e9conomiques se rencontrent. <br>Arles : Actes Sud, 2023.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 60; Reproduced: p. 60, ill. 4, p. 91", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1943.60", "images": {}, "alternate_images": [], "creditline": "Mr. and Mrs. William H. Marlatt Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Hammond Hemmelgarn Family Gallery", "athena_id": 123365, "creators": [{"id": 3077, "description": "John Rogers Cox (American, 1915\u20131990)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1915", "death_year": "1990", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1943-02-03T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1942, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1942", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": true, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:10:34.028000"}, {"id": 128391, "accession_number": "1951.355", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Portrait of a Family Playing Music, 1663. Pieter de Hooch (Dutch, 1629\u20131684). Oil on canvas; framed: 124.5 x 142.5 x 7 cm (49 x 56 1/8 x 2 3/4 in.); unframed: 98.7 x 116.7 cm (38 7/8 x 45 15/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Gift of the Hanna Fund, 1951.355", "current_location": "215 French, German, and Dutch", "title": "Portrait of a Family Playing Music", "creation_date": "1663", "creation_date_earliest": 1663, "creation_date_latest": 1663, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["Netherlands"], "technique": "oil on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "P - Netherlandish-Dutch", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 124.5 x 142.5 x 7 cm (49 x 56 1/8 x 2 3/4 in.); Unframed: 98.7 x 116.7 cm (38 7/8 x 45 15/16 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 1.245, "width": 1.425, "depth": 0.07}, "unframed": {"height": 0.987, "width": 1.167}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "Signed lower left: \"P D HOOCH/ 63\"", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 300448, "title": "Dutch Painting, The Golden Age", "description": "<i>Dutch Painting, The Golden Age</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (January 5-February 27, 1955).", "opening_date": "1955-01-05T05:00:00"}, {"id": 335898, "title": "Old Masters from American Collections", "description": "<i>Old Masters from American Collections</i>. Newark Museum, Newark, NJ (organizer) (November 20, 1955-January 2, 1956).", "opening_date": "1955-11-20T05:00:00"}, {"id": 335895, "title": "25th Anniversary Exhibition", "description": "<i>25th Anniversary Exhibition</i>. Joslyn Art Museum, Omaha, NE (organizer) (November 29, 1956-January 2, 1957).", "opening_date": "1956-11-29T05:00:00"}, {"id": 301477, "title": "In Memoriam: Leonard C. Hanna, Jr.", "description": "<i>In Memoriam: Leonard C. Hanna, Jr.</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (March 4-April 7, 1958).", "opening_date": "1958-03-04T05:00:00"}, {"id": 335901, "title": "Paintings of 17th Century Dutch Interiors", "description": "<i>Paintings of 17th Century Dutch Interiors</i>. The Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art (organizer) (November 30, 1967-January 7, 1968).", "opening_date": "1967-11-30T05:00:00"}, {"id": 301805, "title": "Dutch Art and Life in the Seventeenth Century", "description": "<i>Dutch Art and Life in the Seventeenth Century</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (July 10-September 2, 1973).", "opening_date": "1973-07-10T04:00:00"}, {"id": 310235, "title": "Lutes, Lovers, and Lyres: Musical Imagery in the Collection", "description": "<i>Lutes, Lovers, and Lyres: Musical Imagery in the Collection</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (February 14-June 11, 1989).", "opening_date": "1989-02-14T05:00:00"}, {"id": 335904, "title": "Hollandse Meesters uit Ametrika (Great Dutch Paintings in America)", "description": "<i>Hollandse Meesters uit Ametrika (Great Dutch Paintings in America)</i>. Mauritshuis, The Hague, Netherlands (co-organizer) (September 25, 1990-January 13, 1991); The Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (organizer) (co-organizer) (February 16-May 5, 1991).", "opening_date": "1990-09-25T04:00:00"}, {"id": 380201, "title": "Delft Masters: Vermeer's Contemporaries", "description": "<i>Delft Masters: Vermeer's Contemporaries</i>. Museum Prinsenhof Delft (organizer) (March 1-June 2, 1996).", "opening_date": "1996-03-01T05:00:00"}, {"id": 218067, "title": "Pieter de Hooch", "description": "<i>Pieter de Hooch</i>. Dulwich Picture Gallery, London , United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (August 26-November 15, 1998); Wadsworth Atheneum Museum of Art, Hartford, CT (organizer) (December 20, 1998-March 14, 1999).", "opening_date": "1998-08-26T00:00:00"}, {"id": 179662, "title": "Masterpieces of European Painting from the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Masterpieces of European Painting from the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. Maltz Museum of Jewish Heritage, Beachwood, OH (March 29-July 8, 2007).", "opening_date": "2007-03-29T00:00:00"}, {"id": 215380, "title": "Asia in Amsterdam", "description": "<i>Asia in Amsterdam</i>. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, Netherlands (organizer) (October 17, 2015-January 17, 2016).", "opening_date": "2015-10-17T00:00:00"}, {"id": 312555, "title": "Pieter de Hooch in Delft: From the Shadow of Vermeer", "description": "<i>Pieter de Hooch in Delft: From the Shadow of Vermeer</i>. Museum Prinsenhof Delft, Delft, Netherlands (organizer) (October 11, 2019-February 16, 2020).", "opening_date": "2019-10-11T04:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "Delft Masters: Vermeer's Contemporaries, Delft, Municipal Museum Het Prinsenhof, March 1 - June 9, 1996: [ p. refs. in accompanying book, see under literature].", "opening_date": "1996-03-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Giltaij, Jeroen. Senses and Sins: Dutch Painters of Daily Life in the Seventeenth Century (Ostfildern-Ruit, Germany: Hatje Cantz, c2004), p. 237, fig. 1.", "opening_date": "2004-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Maltz Museum of Jewish Heritage (March 29, 2007 - July 8, 2007): \"Masterpieces of European Painting from the Cleveland Museum of Art\"", "opening_date": "2007-03-29T00:00:00"}, {"description": "British Institution, London, United Kingdom (1829).", "opening_date": null}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "James A. Stuart-Wortley-Mackenzie, First Baron Wharncliffe (1776-1845), 1833;", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "John Smith, London;", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "William Theobald, London, 1842 (sale: Christies\u2019s, London, May 10, 1851, no. 76);", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "private collection, Yorkshire;", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "E. E. Cook, Bath;", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": 5}, {"description": "[Scott & Fowles, New York], sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art, 1951.", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": 6}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "During this period, the Dutch Republic was the richest, most urbanized nation.", "description": "The identity of the sitters remains unknown, although the marble floor and mantelpiece, the Transylvanian prayer rug on the table, and the silk clothes all point to the family\u2019s considerable wealth. Furthermore, the richly carved chest at the right supports Chinese vases and Japanese lacquered boxes, a reference to the flourishing Dutch trade with Asia. Music making often took place at home, and its appearance here also signifies the harmoniousness of the family.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": [], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1951.355-portrait-of-a-family"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Smith, John. <em>A Catalogue Raisonne\u0301 of the Works of the Most Eminent Dutch, Flemish and French Painters;</em> In Which Is Included a Short Biographical Notice of the Artists, with a Copious Description of Their Principal Pictures; a Statement of the Prices at Which Such Pictures Have Been Sold at Public Sales on the Continent and in England; a Reference to the Galleries and Private Collections, in Which a Large Portion Are at Present; and the Names of the Artists by Whom They Have Been Engraved; to Which Is Added, a Brief Notice of the Scholars &amp; Imitators of the Great Masters of the Above Schools. London: Smith and Son, 1829.", "page_number": "Mentioned: v. IX, p. 571, no. 27", "url": null}, {"citation": "Hofstede de Groot, C. Beschreibendes und kritisches verzeichnis der werke des hervorragendsten holla\u0308ndischen Maler des XVII. Jahrhunderts; nach dem muster. Esslingen, Germany: a. N.: P. Neff, 1907.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 518, no. 157; vol. 1", "url": null}, {"citation": "Rudder, Arthur de. <em>Pieter de Hooch et son \u0153uvre.</em> Bruxelles, Belgium: G. van Oest &amp; cie, 1914.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 101", "url": null}, {"citation": "Burchfield, Louise H. \"The Music Party by de Hooch, \" The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art XXXIX, no. 6 (June, 1952): 121-123", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 118", "url": null}, {"citation": "Newark Museum. <em>Old Masters from American Collections : [exhibition] the Newark Museum, November 22, 1955-January 2, 1956</em>. Newark, N.J.: Museum, 1955.", "page_number": "Mentioned: cat. no. 13", "url": null}, {"citation": "Staring, Adolph. <em>De Hollanders thuis, gezelschapstukken uit drie eeuwen</em>. 's-Gravenhage, Netherlands: M. Nijhoff, 1956.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 86, pl. X", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Handbook.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 447", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1958/page/n82"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 126", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n150"}, {"citation": "William Rockhill Nelson Gallery of Art and Mary Atkins Museum of Fine Arts, and Ralph T. Coe. <em>Paintings of 17th Century Dutch Interiors</em>. Kansas City: The Museum, 1967.", "page_number": "Reproduced: cat. no. 5,  p. 13, Listed p. 22", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 126", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n150"}, {"citation": "Praz, Mario. <em>Conversation Pieces; A Survey of the Informal Group Portrait in Europe and America</em>. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1971.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 184; reproduced: pl. 151", "url": null}, {"citation": "Eikemeier, Peter. \"Das Familienbildnis des Emanuel de Witte in der Alten Pinakothek.\" <em>Pantheon</em> XXXII (1974): 255-261.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 260, n. 6", "url": null}, {"citation": "Thornton, Peter. <em>Seventeenth-Century Interior Decoration in England, France, and Holland.</em> New Haven, CT: Published for the Paul Mellon Centre for Studies in British Art by Yale University Press, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 42, fig. 48; mentioned: p. 405, n. 48", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 162", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n182"}, {"citation": "Sutton, Peter C. <em>Pieter De Hooch (1629-1684)</em>. Thesis Yale University. 1979.", "page_number": "Mentioned: v. 1, p. 51-54, 57; v. 2, p. 73-74, no. 54; reproduced: v. 3, p. 20, fig. 54", "url": null}, {"citation": "Sutton, Peter C. <em>Pieter De Hooch: Complete Edition</em>. Oxford, UK: Phaidon, 1980.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 28-30, 92, no. 53; reproduced: pl. XII, pl. 57", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Catalogue of Paintings, Part 3: European Paintings of the 16th, 17th, and 18th Centuries</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1982.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 246; Mentioned: p. 247-248", "url": null}, {"citation": "Broos, B. P. J., Edwin Buijsen, and Rieke van Leeuwen. <em>Great Dutch Paintings from America</em>. The Hague: Mauritshuis, 1990.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 36, p. 305-309", "url": null}, {"citation": "Seaton, Douglass. <em>Ideas and Styles in the Western Musical Tradition. </em>Mountain View, CA: Mayfield Pub. Co, 1991.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 172-173, fig. 13.1", "url": null}, {"citation": "Ydema, Onno. <em>Carpets and Their Datings in Netherlandish Paintings 1540-1700.</em> Woodbridge, Suffolk, UK: Antique Collectors' Club, 1991.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 52. fig. 45", "url": null}, {"citation": "Fiero, Gloria K. <em>The Age of the Baroque and the European Enlightenment. </em>Dubuque, IA: Brown &amp; Benchmark, 1992.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 53, fig. 22", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"1993 Annual Report.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 81, no. 6 (1994): 143-218.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 170", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25161457"}, {"citation": "Thomson, John Mansfield, and Anthony Rowland-Jones. <em>The Cambridge Companion to the Recorder</em>. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 1995.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 82; Mentioned: p. 83", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kersten, Michiel, Danie\u0308lle H. A. C. Lokin, and Michiel Plomp. <em>Delft masters</em>, <em>Vermeer's contemporaries: illusionism through the conquest of light and space.</em> Zwolle: Waanders Publishers, 1996.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 157; plate 152", "url": null}, {"citation": "Wilschut, Arie Herman Josephus. <em>Sporen: Geschiedenis Voor Havo 4/5.</em> Groningen: Wolters-Noordhoff, 1996.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 106, no. 17", "url": null}, {"citation": "Peeters, Jan. <em>The Royal Palace of Amsterdam in Paintings of the Golden Age.</em> Amsterdam,, NL: Royal Palace, 1997.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pl. 18a", "url": null}, {"citation": "Sutton, Peter C. <em>Pieter De Hooch, 1629-1684.</em> Hartford, Conn: Dulwich Picture Gallery, Wadsworth Atheneum, 1998.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 142-145", "url": null}, {"citation": "Fiero, Gloria K. Faith, <em>Reason, and Power in the Early Modern World.</em> 3rd edition, New York, NY: McGraw Hill, 1998.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 6, fig. 22", "url": null}, {"citation": "Connell, Timothy C., and Jackson J. Spielvogel.<em> World Art Transparencies</em>. Cincinnati, OH: West Educational Publishing, 1998.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 37", "url": null}, {"citation": "Vries, Jan de. \"Luxury and Calvinism/Luxury and Capitalism: Supply and Demand for Luxury Goods in the Seventeenth-Century Dutch Republic.\" <em>The Journal of the Walters Art Museum </em>57 (1999): 73-85.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 79, fig. 5", "url": null}, {"citation": "Alpers, Svetlana. \"De Hooch: A View with a Room.\" <em>Art in America: An Illustrated Magazine </em>87, no. 6 (June 1999): 92-99.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 97-98", "url": null}, {"citation": "Ku\u0308hlenthal, Michael. <em>Ostasiatische und europa\u0308ische Lacktechniken: internationale Tagung des Bayerischen Landesamtes fu\u0308r Denkmalpflege und des Deutschen Nationalkomitees von ICOMOS in Zusammenarbeit mit dem Tokyo National Research Institute of Cultural Properties, Mu\u0308nchen, 11.-13. Ma\u0308rz 1999 = East Asian and European lacquer techniques : international conference of the Bavarian State Department of Historical Monuments and the German National Committee of ICOMOS together with the Tokyo National Research Institute of Cultural Properties, Munich, 11-13 March 1999.</em> Mu\u0308nchen: Lipp, 2000.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 27, fig. 1", "url": null}, {"citation": "Westermann, Marie\u0308t, C. Willemijn Fock, Eric Jan Sluijter, and H. Perry Chapman. <em>Art &amp; Home: Dutch Interiors in the Age of Rembrandt. </em>Denver, CO: Denver Art Museum, 2001.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 142", "url": null}, {"citation": "Hollander, Martha. <em>An Entrance for the Eyes: Space and Meaning in Seventeenth-Century Dutch Art.</em> Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2002.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 156-157; Reproduced pl. XII", "url": null}, {"citation": "Fiero, Gloria K. <em>Faith, Reason, and Power in the Early Modern World</em>. 4th edition, Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill, 2002.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 7 fig. 23", "url": null}, {"citation": "Giltaij, Jeroen, and Peter Hecht. <em>Senses and Sins: Dutch Painters of Daily Life in the Seventeenth Century. </em>Ostfildern-Ruit: Hatje Cantz, 2004.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 67, fig. 60", "url": null}, {"citation": "Franses, Michael, Rupert Waterhouse, and Christine Davis. <em>East to West: Textile-Art 2004.</em> London, UK: Textile &amp; Art Publications, 2004.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 32, fig. 25", "url": null}, {"citation": "Venturi, Robert, and Denise Scott Brown.<em> Architecture As Signs and Systems: For a Mannerist Time. </em>Cambridge,MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2004.", "page_number": "Reproduced: 9. 189, fig. 335 and 336", "url": null}, {"citation": "Franses, Michael, Rupert Waterhouse, and Christine Davis. <em>East to West: Textile-Art 2004.</em> London, UK: Textile &amp; Art Publications, 2004.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p.32, fig. 25", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cunningham, Lawrence, and John J. Reich. <em>Culture and Values: A Survey of the Humanities.</em> Belmont, CA: Thomson/Wadsworth, 2006.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 396, fig. 15.33", "url": null}, {"citation": "Aynsley, Jeremy, and Charlotte Grant.<em> Imagined Interiors: Representing the Domestic Interior Since the Renaissance.</em> London, UK: V &amp; A Pub, 2006.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 91, fig. 4.16", "url": null}, {"citation": "Franits, Wayne E. <em>Pieter De Hooch: A Woman Preparing Bread and Butter for a Boy.</em> Los Angeles, CA: J. Paul Getty Museum, 2006.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 23, fig. 18", "url": null}, {"citation": "Shawe-Taylor, Desmond. <em>The Conversation Piece: Scenes of Fashionable Life.</em> London, UK: Royal Collection, 2009.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 46, fig. 5", "url": null}, {"citation": "Fiero, Gloria K. <em>Landmarks in Humanities.</em> Boston, Mass: McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2009.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 290, fig. 10.34", "url": null}, {"citation": "Stevenson, Rachel. \"'At Home' with the Eameses.\" In <em>Camera Constructs: Photography, Architecture and the Modern City. </em>Andrew Higgott, and Timothy Wray, eds., 61-72. Burlington: Ashgate Pub. Co, 2012.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 71, fig. 4.6", "url": null}, {"citation": "Corrigan, Karina. \"Asia on the Heregracht: Furnishing Amsterdam with Asian Imports.\" In <em>Asia in Amsterdam: The Culture of Luxury in the Golden Age</em>. Jan van Campen, Femke Diercks, and Janet C. Blyberg, 123-132. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2015.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 127; reproduced: P. 125, fig. 2", "url": null}, {"citation": "Brook, Timothy. \"Trading Places\" <em>Apollo: A Journal of the Arts </em>182, issue 636 (November 2015).", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 70-74; Reproduced: fig. 7", "url": null}, {"citation": "Miller, Tony. \"17th Century Disruptors: The Dutch Rise to Dominance of the Chinese Porcelain Trade.\" <em>Arts of Asia</em> 47, no. 4 (July-August 2017): 103-117.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 103, fig. 1", "url": null}, {"citation": "Amiel, Vincent. Naissances d'images: l'image dans l'image, des enluminures a\u0300 la socie\u0301te\u0301 des e\u0301crans. 2018.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 60, footnote 13", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Jansen, Anita, et. al. <em>Pieter De Hooch in Delft: From the Shadow of Vermeer. </em>Zwolle: WBOOKS, in cooperation with Museum Prinsenhof Delft, 2019.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 188, fig. 24; Mentioned: p. 189", "url": null}, {"citation": "Wolf, Norbert. <em>The Golden Age of Dutch and Flemish Painting</em>. Munich; London; New York: Prestel Verlag, 2019.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 207, fig. 168", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Tillerot, Isabelle. Beaute\u0301s arbitraires: essai sur l'imagination a\u0300 l'e\u0301poque moderne. 2021, 149.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced; pp. 148-149, fig. 51", "url": ""}, {"citation": "<em>Paintings in the Cleveland Museum of Art: Picture Book No. 4 .</em> [Cleveland]: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1952.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 28", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAPaintings1952/page/n29/mode/2up"}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1951.355", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1951.355/1951.355_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "759", "filesize": "188537", "filename": "1951.355_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1951.355/1951.355_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2867", "filesize": "2369926", "filename": "1951.355_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1951.355/1951.355_full.tif", "width": "13750", "height": "11594", "filesize": "478282288", "filename": "1951.355_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2010-02-01T19:39:12", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1951.355/1951.355_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "1063", "height": "893", "filesize": "650925"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1951.355/1951.355_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2857", "filesize": "6943145"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1951.355/1951.355_alt0_full.tif", "width": "5500", "height": "4622", "filesize": "76291416"}}, {"date_created": "2007-01-22T19:25:53", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1951.355/1951.355_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "1056", "height": "893", "filesize": "641652"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1951.355/1951.355_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2874", "filesize": "6468995"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1951.355/1951.355_alt1_full.tif", "width": "4421", "height": "3737", "filesize": "49596288"}}, {"date_created": "2007-01-22T19:36:28", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1951.355/1951.355_alt2_web.jpg", "width": "718", "height": "893", "filesize": "453074"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1951.355/1951.355_alt2_print.jpg", "width": "2732", "height": "3400", "filesize": "6285859"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1951.355/1951.355_alt2_full.tif", "width": "4007", "height": "4986", "filesize": "59968968"}}, {"date_created": "2010-02-01T19:51:10", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1951.355/1951.355_alt3_web.jpg", "width": "1056", "height": "893", "filesize": "660034"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1951.355/1951.355_alt3_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2874", "filesize": "8068665"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1951.355/1951.355_alt3_full.tif", "width": "5710", "height": "4827", "filesize": "82714576"}}, {"date_created": "2007-01-22T19:47:25", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1951.355/1951.355_alt4_web.jpg", "width": "595", "height": "893", "filesize": "350519"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1951.355/1951.355_alt4_print.jpg", "width": "2267", "height": "3400", "filesize": "5232293"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1951.355/1951.355_alt4_full.tif", "width": "4096", "height": "6144", "filesize": "75528264"}}], "creditline": "Gift of the Hanna Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Samuel Rosenthal Family Gallery", "athena_id": 128391, "creators": [{"id": 2633, "description": "Pieter de Hooch (Dutch, 1629\u20131684)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1629", "death_year": "1684", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1951-08-09T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1663, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1663", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": true, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["A Music Party"], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:09:44.952000"}, {"id": 140161, "accession_number": "1964.160", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "A Woman's Work, 1912. John Sloan (American, 1871\u20131951). Oil on canvas; framed: 97.2 x 82.2 x 6.4 cm (38 1/4 x 32 3/8 x 2 1/2 in.); unframed: 80.3 x 65.4 cm (31 5/8 x 25 3/4 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Gift of Amelia Elizabeth White, 1964.160", "current_location": "208 American Gilded Age and Realism", "title": "A Woman's Work", "creation_date": "1912", "creation_date_earliest": 1912, "creation_date_latest": 1912, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["America"], "technique": "oil on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "American Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "American - Painting", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 97.2 x 82.2 x 6.4 cm (38 1/4 x 32 3/8 x 2 1/2 in.); Unframed: 80.3 x 65.4 cm (31 5/8 x 25 3/4 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 0.972, "width": 0.822, "depth": 0.064}, "unframed": {"height": 0.803, "width": 0.654}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "Signed lower right: \"John Sloan -\"", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 304723, "title": "Year in Review (1964)", "description": "<i>Year in Review (1964)</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (December 8, 1964-January 31, 1965).", "opening_date": "1964-12-08T05:00:00"}, {"id": 310260, "title": "American Cities: The Artist's View", "description": "<i>American Cities: The Artist's View</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 17, 1989-January 7, 1990).", "opening_date": "1989-10-17T04:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>Group Exhibition</em>. MacDowell Club, New York, NY (17-29 April 1913); see Elzea, pp. 116 and 449.", "opening_date": "1913-04-17T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Exhibition of Paintings, Drawings and Etchings by John Sloan. </em>Kraushaar Galleries, New York, NY (19 March-7 April 1917); no. 11.", "opening_date": "1917-03-19T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Exhibition of Paintings by George Luks, Augustus Vincent Tack and John Sloan</em>. Wisconsin Art Institute, Milwaukee, WI (March 1918).", "opening_date": "1918-03-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Annual Exhibition of Paintings and Sculpture by Members of the Club</em>. Whitney Studio Club, New York, NY (20 March-20 April 1921).", "opening_date": "1921-03-20T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Sculpture, Painting, and Crafts by Greenwich Village Artists</em>. Greenwich House, New York, NY (24 April-2 May 1922); no. 50; see Elzea's publication.", "opening_date": "1922-04-24T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>120th Annual Exhibition of the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts</em>. Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Philadelphia, PA (8 February-29 March 1925); no. 236.", "opening_date": "1925-02-08T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Annual Exhibition of Recent American Paintings</em>. Rhode Island School of Design, Providence, RI (13 October-9 November 1925); no. 23.", "opening_date": "1925-10-13T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>John Sloan: Paintings, Etchings, and Drawings.</em> Wanamaker Galleries, New York, NY (4 November-? December 1939); traveled to Wanamaker Galleries, Philadelphia, PA (8-29 January 1940); no. 41.", "opening_date": "1940-01-08T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Then and Now</em>. Park Avenue Gallery, New York, NY (7-19 October 1940); see Elzea's publication.", "opening_date": "1940-10-07T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>John Sloan</em>. Martha White Memorial Gallery, Santa Fe, NM (15-29 August 1942); see Elzea's publication.", "opening_date": "1942-08-15T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>30th Annual Exhibition: Painters and Sculptors of the Southwest</em>. Museum of New Mexico, Santa Fe, NM (1 August-15 September 1943), cat. no. 173.", "opening_date": "1943-08-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>John Sloan: Paintings, Prints, Drawings</em>. Hood Museum of Art, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH (2 October 1981-3 January 1982); traveled to Decordova and Dana Museum and Park, Lincoln, MA (23 January-7 March 1982); to Kalamazoo Institute of Arts, Kalamazoo, MI (18 March-2 May 1982); to Elvehjem Museum of Art, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI (12 June-1 August 1982); to Dayton Art Institute, Dayton, OH (11 September-24 October 1982); to Memorial Art Gallery of the University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (6 November 1982-2 January 1983), cat. no. 15, pp. 17-20, 22, 52-53, illus. p. 53.", "opening_date": "1982-01-23T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>American Cities: The Artist's View</em>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (17 October 1989-7 January 1990).", "opening_date": "1989-10-17T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>America in Art: Fifty Great Paintings Celebrating Fifty Years</em>. Santa Barbara Museum of Art, Santa Barbara, CA (6 June-11 August 1991) pp. 8-11, 98-99, illus. p. 99, no cat. no.", "opening_date": "1991-06-06T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>American Impressionism and Realism: The Painting of Modern Life, 1885-1915</em>. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY (2 May-24 July 1994); to Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles, CA (6 March-14 May 1995); pp. 286-291, illus. fig. no. 294.", "opening_date": "1994-05-02T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Sold c. 1939-1940 to Amelia White, Santa Fe.", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": null}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "According to John Sloan's diary, this painting was made in March 1912 at his apartment on East 22nd Street, New York.", "description": "Trained as a journalist, the young Sloan explored social issues more vigorously than most of the painters of his time, portraying working-class urbanites engaged in ordinary activities. He observed this particular scene through a rear window of his Manhattan apartment. Perched on a narrow fire escape, a woman hangs fresh laundry to dry on clotheslines strung between tenements. As evidenced by the painting, the labors of American women at the turn of the 1900s were most often confined to the domestic realm.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60469154"], "internet_archive": []}, "citations": [{"citation": "John Butler Yeats, \"John Sloan's Exhibition,\" <em>The Seven Arts </em>2 (June 1917).", "page_number": "Mentioned p. 259.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Sloan, John. <em>Gist of Art . </em>New York: 1944.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p.229", "url": null}, {"citation": "Sloan, John. <em>John Sloan</em>. New York, NY: American Artists Group, 1945.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p.45 (unpaginated)", "url": null}, {"citation": "Brooks, Van Wyck. <em>John Sloan: A Painter's Life</em>. London, United Kingdom: J.M. Dent &amp; Sons, Ltd., 1955.", "page_number": "Reproduced: Image reproductions between pp.182-183", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Year in Review for 1964.\" <em>The Bulletin of The Cleveland Museum of Art (</em>December, 1964)", "page_number": "Mentioned: p.264; Reproduced: p.251, n.87", "url": null}, {"citation": "Sloan, John. <em>John Sloan's New York Scene from the Diaries, Notes, and Correspondence 1906-1913.</em> ed. Bruce St. John. New York, NY: Harper &amp; Row, 1965.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp.609", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, \u201cOn Our Cover\u2026,\u201d January 7, 1965, Cleveland Museum of Art Archives.", "page_number": null, "url": "https://archive.org/details/cmapr1316"}, {"citation": "\"Reports of the Departments: Paintings.\" <em>The Bulletin of The Cleveland Museum of Ar</em>t (June, 1965).", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp.143-144", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of The Cleveland Museum of Ar</em>t Cleveland: Press of Western Reserve University, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p.191", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n215"}, {"citation": "Wade, Richard C., Howard B. Wilder, and Louise C. Wade.<em> A History of the United State</em>s. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1966.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p.484", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Recent Acquisitions in the American Field.\" <em>Art in America</em> 54 (May-June, 1966).", "page_number": "Reproduced: p.46", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of The Cleveland Museum of Art. </em>Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p.191", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n215"}, {"citation": "Time-Life Editors. <em>American Painting 1900-1970. </em>New York, NY: Time-Life Books, 1970.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p.13; Reproduced: p.12", "url": null}, {"citation": "St. John, Bruce. <em>John Sloan.</em> New York, NY: Praeger Publishers, 1971.", "page_number": "Reproduced: n.39", "url": null}, {"citation": "Holcomb III, Grant. <em>A Catalogue Raisonn\u00e9 of the Paintings of John Sloan. </em>Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Delaware, 1972.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp.499-500; Reproduced: p.501", "url": null}, {"citation": "Price, Vincent. <em>The Vincent Price Treasury of American Art</em>. Waukesha, WI: Country Beautiful Corporation, 1972.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p.195", "url": null}, {"citation": "Adams, Celeste, Rita Myers, and Adele Z. Silver. <em>An Introduction to American Art in the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1972.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p.16; Reproduced: p.17", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"A Check List: American Paintings and Water Colors of the Eighteenth, Nineteenth, and Early Twentieth Centuries in The Cleveland Museum of Art.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art </em>(January, 1973).", "page_number": "Mentioned: p.33", "url": null}, {"citation": "Sharp Young, Mahonri. <em>American Realists: Homer to Hopper.</em> New York, NY: Watson-Guptill Publications, 1977.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp.161-162; Reproduced: p.168", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lucie-Smith, Edward, and Celestine Dars. <em>Work and Struggle: The Painter As Witness 1870-1914</em>. New York, NY: Paddington Press; Distributed by Grosset &amp; Dunlap,1977.", "page_number": "Reproduced: n.198", "url": null}, {"citation": "Johnson, Mark M. \"American Landscapes... Scenes as Divergent as the Land Itself.\" <em>Arts and Activities</em> 82, no. 4 (December 1977).", "page_number": "Mentioned: p.31; Reproduced: p.30", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of The Cleveland Museum of Art. </em>Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p.238", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n258"}, {"citation": "Hills, Patricia. \"John Sloan's Images of Working Class Women: A Case Study of the Roles and Interrelationships of Politics, Personality, and Patrons in the Development of Sloan's Art, 1905-16.\" <em>Prospect </em>5 (October 1980).", "page_number": "Mentioned: p.175; Reproduced: p.214", "url": "https://www.academia.edu/37112545/_John_Sloans_Images_of_Working_Class_Women_A_Case_Study_of_the_Roles_and_Inter_Relationships_of_Politics_Personality_and_Patrons_in_the_Development_of_Sloans_Art_1905_1916_"}, {"citation": "Unger, Irwin. <em>These United States, The Question of Our Past. </em>Vol.<em> 2. </em>Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Co., 1982.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p.596", "url": null}, {"citation": "Silver, Adele Z. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art: Guide to the Galleries. </em>Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1981.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p.84; Reproduced: p.85", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"In the Background: The Ashcan School.\" <em>The Great Artists, Their Lives, Works, and Inspiration: Hopper. </em>London: Marshall Cavendish Ltd., 1986. Vol.4, Part 88.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p.2812", "url": null}, {"citation": "Elzea, Rowland. <em>John Sloan's Oil Paintings: A Catalogue Raisonn\u00e9. </em>Newark, DE: University of Delaware Press, 1991.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: pp.115-116", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of The Cleveland Museum of Art. </em>Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1991.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p.144", "url": null}, {"citation": "Chong, Alan. <em>European &amp; American Painting in The Cleveland Museum of Art: A Summary Catalogue. </em>Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1993.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p.224", "url": null}, {"citation": "Garraty, John A. <em>Story of America. </em>1994.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Amon Carter Museum. \"American Impressionists, American Realists: In Search of the New\". Educational video (April 1994).", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Updike, John. \"Beyond the Picturesque.\"<em> The New York Review.</em> June 23,1994.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp.21, 23; Reproduced: p.21", "url": null}, {"citation": "Loughery, John. <em>John Sloan: Painter and Rebel. </em>New York, NY: Henry Holt and Company, Inc., 1995.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p.347", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Elements of Literature, Grade 9. </em>New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 2000.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p.T203", "url": null}, {"citation": "Perlman, Bennard B.<em> American Artists, Authors, and Collectors: The Walter Pach Letters 1906-1958</em>. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 2002.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p.379", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bender, Thomas. <em>The Unfinished City: New York and the Metropolitan Idea</em>. New York, NY: The New Press, 2002.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp.110-111; Reproduced: p.111", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kramer, Karen and Alexandra Lerman.\"The Ballad of Greenwich Village.\"(New York, 2003?) independent documentary.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Foa, Emma. <em>Artists in Their Time: Edward Hopper</em>. New York, NY: Franklin Watts, 2003.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p.7", "url": null}, {"citation": "Curry, David Park. <em>James Mcneill Whistler: Uneasy Pieces</em>. Richmond, VA: Virginia Museum of Fine Arts in association with Quantuck Lane Press, 2004.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp.85-86; Reproduced: p.86, n.3.25", "url": null}, {"citation": "Updike, John. <em>Still Looking: Essays on American Art.</em> New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf, 2005.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp.110,118; Reproduced: p.111", "url": null}, {"citation": "Coyle, Heather Campbell and Joyce K. Schiller. <em>John Sloan's New York</em>. Wilmington, DE: Delaware Art Museum, 2007.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p.92; Reproduced: p.94", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cole, Mark, \"A Paramount Picture\", Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Cleveland Art: The Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em>. Vol. 47 no. 01, January 2007", "page_number": "Mentioned & reproduced: p. 9", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2007-01/page/8"}, {"citation": "Adams, Henry. <em>What's American about American Art? A Gallery Tour in the Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2008.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p.111; Reproduced: p.110", "url": null}, {"citation": "Pohl, Frances K.<em> Framing America: A Social History of American Art</em> . New York, NY: Thames and Hudson, 2008.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p.336; Reproduced: p.336, n.6.19", "url": null}, {"citation": "Dearinger, David B. <em>George Deem: The Art of Art History</em>. Boston, MA: The Boston Athenaeum, 2012.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p.33", "url": null}, {"citation": "Litt, Steven. \"Close Up.\" <em>The</em> <em>Plain Dealer,</em> September 23, 2012.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p.E6", "url": null}, {"citation": "Roehrl, Boris. <em>World History of Realism in Visual Arts, 1830-1990 </em>Hildesheim, Germany: Georg Olms Verlag, 2013.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p.131-132; Reproduced: p.132", "url": null}, {"citation": "Roehrl, Boris. <em>Realismus in der bildenden Kunst. Europa und Nordamerika 1830 bis 2000</em>. Berlin, Germany: Gebr. Mann Verlag, 2013.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp.79-80; Reproduced: p.80", "url": null}, {"citation": "Griffin, Patrick.<em> America's Revolution</em>. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013", "page_number": "Reproduced: p.44", "url": null}, {"citation": "Henretta, James A., Rebecca Edwards, and Robert O. Self. <em>America's History</em>. 7th ed. Boston, MA and New York, NY: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p.583", "url": null}, {"citation": "Belasco, Susan and Link Johnson, eds. <em>The Bedford Anthology of American Literature: Beginnings to the Present</em>. Shorter Second Edition. Boston, MA and New York, NY: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p.1131; Reproduced: p.1130", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 55", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Friese-Oertmann, Sabine. <em>Arbeiter in Malerei und Fotografie des 19. Jahrhunderts: Deutschland, Gro\u00dfbritannien, USA.</em> Berlin: Reimer, 2017.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p 200, Abb.135", "url": null}, {"citation": "Slayton, Robert A. <em>Beauty in the City: The Ashcan Schoo</em>l. Albany, NY: Excelsior Editions, State University of New York Press, 2017.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp.112-113; Reproduced: p.113, no.7.8", "url": null}, {"citation": "Fagg, John.<em> Re-Envisioning the Everyday: American Genre Scenes, 1905-1945.</em> University Park, Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 2023.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 63-69, 76, 88; Reproduced: pl. 6", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Custer, Lee Ann, \"The Clean, Open Air of John Sloan's Tenement Paintings,\" <em>American Art </em>37 (Summer 2023)", "page_number": "Mentioned pp. 30-31, 40-46, 50; reproduced p. 40.", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1964.160", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1964.160/1964.160_web.jpg", "width": "730", "height": "900", "filesize": "", "filename": "1964.160_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1964.160/1964.160_print.jpg", "width": "2757", "height": "3400", "filesize": "", "filename": "1964.160_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1964.160/1964.160_full.tif", "width": "5462", "height": "6736", "filesize": "", "filename": "1964.160_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2007-02-07T13:44:52", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1964.160/1964.160_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "724", "height": "893", "filesize": "105508"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1964.160/1964.160_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "2758", "height": "3400", "filesize": "5774826"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1964.160/1964.160_alt0_full.tif", "width": "4462", "height": "5500", "filesize": "73655260"}}], "creditline": "Gift of Amelia Elizabeth White", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "The Cleveland Foundation Gallery", "athena_id": 140161, "creators": [{"id": 3285, "description": "John Sloan (American, 1871\u20131951)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1871", "death_year": "1951", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1964-10-30T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1912, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1912", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:01:26.578000"}, {"id": 125104, "accession_number": "1946.83", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Frieze of Dancers, c. 1895. Edgar Degas (French, 1834\u20131917). Oil on fabric; framed: 103 x 233.5 x 7 cm (40 9/16 x 91 15/16 x 2 3/4 in.); unframed: 70 x 200.5 cm (27 9/16 x 78 15/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Gift of the Hanna Fund, 1946.83", "current_location": "222 Impressionism & Post-Impressionism", "title": "Frieze of Dancers", "creation_date": "c. 1895", "creation_date_earliest": 1890, "creation_date_latest": 1900, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["France, 19th century"], "technique": "oil on fabric", "support_materials": [], "department": "Modern European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "Mod Euro - Painting 1800-1960", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 103 x 233.5 x 7 cm (40 9/16 x 91 15/16 x 2 3/4 in.); Unframed: 70 x 200.5 cm (27 9/16 x 78 15/16 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 1.03, "width": 2.335, "depth": 0.07}, "unframed": {"height": 0.7, "width": 2.005}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "Signed in lower right: Degas\r\n", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 355543, "title": "Exhibition of the Month: Art is Long", "description": "<i>Exhibition of the Month: Art is Long</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (April 14-June 7, 1948).", "opening_date": "1948-04-14T05:00:00"}, {"id": 300857, "title": "Art: The International Language", "description": "<i>Art: The International Language</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art (October 2-November 4, 1956).", "opening_date": "1956-10-02T04:00:00"}, {"id": 360867, "title": "Masterpieces Recalled: Benefit for League for Emotionally Disturbed Children", "description": "<i>Masterpieces Recalled: Benefit for League for Emotionally Disturbed Children</i>. Rosenberg & Co., New York, NY (organizer) (February 6-March 2, 1957).", "opening_date": "1957-02-06T05:00:00"}, {"id": 301477, "title": "In Memoriam: Leonard C. Hanna, Jr.", "description": "<i>In Memoriam: Leonard C. Hanna, Jr.</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (March 4-April 7, 1958).", "opening_date": "1958-03-04T05:00:00"}, {"id": 518812, "title": "\"Masterpieces\" Memorial Exhibition of Adele R. Levy", "description": "<i>\"Masterpieces\" Memorial Exhibition of Adele R. Levy</i>. Wildenstein & Co., New York, NY (April 6-May 7, 1961).", "opening_date": "1961-04-06T05:00:00"}, {"id": 310025, "title": "Creativity in Art and Science, 1860-1960", "description": "<i>Creativity in Art and Science, 1860-1960</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (September 16-November 8, 1987).", "opening_date": "1987-09-16T04:00:00"}, {"id": 398992, "title": "Degas: Beyond Impressionism", "description": "<i>Degas: Beyond Impressionism</i>. The Art Institute of Chicago (September 28, 1996-January 12, 1997).", "opening_date": "1996-05-22T04:00:00"}, {"id": 224558, "title": "Time Stands Still: Muybridge and the Instantaneous Photography Movement", "description": "<i>Time Stands Still: Muybridge and the Instantaneous Photography Movement</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (February 15-May 16, 2004).", "opening_date": "2004-02-15T00:00:00"}, {"id": 184132, "title": "Masterworks from The Phillips Collection", "description": "<i>Masterworks from The Phillips Collection</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (February 20-May 29, 2005).", "opening_date": "2005-02-20T00:00:00"}, {"id": 182153, "title": "Monet to Dal\u00ed: Modern Masters from the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Monet to Dal\u00ed: Modern Masters from the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 21, 2007-January 13, 2008).", "opening_date": "2006-05-27T00:00:00"}, {"id": 174875, "title": "Edgar Degas: A Strange New Beauty", "description": "<i>Edgar Degas: A Strange New Beauty</i>. The Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY (organizer) (March 22-July 24, 2016).", "opening_date": "2016-03-22T00:00:00"}, {"id": 292699, "title": "Artlens Exhibition 2017", "description": "<i>Artlens Exhibition 2017</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 24, 2017-May 29, 2019).", "opening_date": "2017-06-24T04:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>Degas</em>. Orangerie des Tuileries, Paris, France (1937).", "opening_date": "1937-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Honderd Jaar Fransche Kunst.</em> Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam, Netherlands (1938).", "opening_date": "1938-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL (October 1941-October 1942).", "opening_date": "1941-10-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Works by Edgar Degas</em>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (February 5 to March 9, 1947).", "opening_date": "1947-02-05T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "(Durand-Ruel, Paris, France, acquired from the artist and sold to Paul Cassier the same day)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "September 19,1904", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "(Paul Cassirer, Berlin Germany, sold to Max Liebermann)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "November 21, 1904", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "Max Liebermann [1847-1935], Berlin, Germany, deposited to the Kunsthaus Z\u00fcrich", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1904-May 9, 1933", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "Kunsthaus Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1933-1935", "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "Kathe Riezler, Max Leibermann's daughter, [1885-1952] Berlin, Germany and New York, NY, by inheritance (on loan to the Art Institute of Chicago, October 1941-October 1942).", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1935-1946", "sortorder": 5}, {"description": "(Paul Rosenberg & Co., New York, NY, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "-1946", "sortorder": 6}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1946-", "sortorder": 7}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "The ballet is a subject Degas returned to again and again over the course of his career. Rather than public performances, he often depicted dancers behind the curtain, practicing, waiting, or, as in this painting, lacing up their shoes.", "description": "This painting may depict a single dancer seen from four different viewpoints. The young woman is placed in an undefined setting, surrounded by mere wisps of color, applied so spontaneously that the paint ran and dripped. Degas even added the circles in the foreground with his thumb. Such audacity, while acceptable in a small sketch, must have shocked the artist's contemporaries when presented on a six-foot canvas. Equally radical is the idea of combining multiple views of a single figure. Degas's unusual presentation may have been inspired by the photographs of Eadweard Muybridge (1830-1904)", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60515361"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1946.83-frieze-of-dancers"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Meier-Graefe, Julius. <em>Degas: ein Beitrag zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der modernen Malerei</em>. Mu\u0308nchen: R. Piper, 1920.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pl. 62", "url": null}, {"citation": "Frances, Henry S. \"Degas' Frieze of Dancers entitled Danseuses ajustant leurs chaussons.\" <em>Bulletin of The Cleveland Museum of Art XXXIII</em>, no. 6 (June, 1946) 87-94.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 89-91", "url": null}, {"citation": "Milliken, William M. \"Report for the Year 1946.\" <em>Bulletin of The Cleveland Museum of Art XXXIVI</em>, no. 6 (June, 1947) 127-139.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 128", "url": null}, {"citation": "Browse, Lillian. <em>Degas Dancers</em>. London: Faber and Faber, 1949.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 115, p. 376", "url": null}, {"citation": "Venturi, Lionello. <em>Impressionists and Symbolists: Manet, Degas, Monet, Pissarro, Sisley, Renoir, Cezanne, Seurat, Gauguin, Van Gogh, Toulouse-Lautrec</em>. New York, NY: Scribner, 1950.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 41-42; Reproduced: fig. 36", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, \u201cCleveland Owned Paintings Will Go to France,\u201d April 20, 1955, Cleveland Museum of Art Archives.", "page_number": null, "url": "https://archive.org/details/cmapr4556"}, {"citation": "Cabanne, Pierre. <em>Edgar Degas</em>. Paris: Editions Pierre Tisne\u0301, 1957.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pl. 124", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Handbook.</em> Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 506", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1958/page/n93"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 173", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n197"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 173", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n197"}, {"citation": "Russoli, Franco and Fiorella Minervino. <em>L'opera completa di Degas</em>. Milan: Rizzoli, 1970.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 1093, Mentioned: p. 1893-1898", "url": null}, {"citation": "Hu\u0308ttinger, Eduard. <em>Degas</em>. New York, NY: Crown Publishers, 1988.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 90", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 214", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n234"}, {"citation": "Ikegami, Chu\u0304ji Ikegami. <em>Doga</em>. Tokyo: K\u014ddansha, 1980.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pl. 49; Mentioned: p. 121", "url": null}, {"citation": "Roberts, Keith and Helen Langdon. <em>Degas</em>. Oxford, United Kingdom: Phaidon, 1982.", "page_number": "Reproduced: fig. 37", "url": null}, {"citation": "Vaizey, Marina. <em>The Artist As Photographer</em>. London: Sidgwick &amp; Jackson, 1982.", "page_number": "Reproduced: fig. 29", "url": null}, {"citation": "Shackelford, George T. M. <em>Degas, the Dancers</em>. Washington, DC: National Gallery of Art, 1984.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 105-106", "url": null}, {"citation": "Larson, Dean M. <em>Studying with the Masters: Lessons from Rubens, Vela\u0301zquez, Turner, Degas, Monet, Sargent, Matisse</em>. New York, NY: Watson-Guptill Publications, 1986.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 65", "url": null}, {"citation": "Sutton, Denys. <em>Edgar Degas, Life and Work</em>. New York, NY: Rizzoli, 1986.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 183; Reproduced: p. 192", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kendall, Richard. <em>Degas by Himself: Drawings, Prints, Paintings, Writings</em>. London: Macdonald Orbis, 1987.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 266-267", "url": null}, {"citation": "Thomson, Richard. <em>The Private Degas</em>. New York, NY: Thames and Hudson, 1987", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 86-87", "url": null}, {"citation": "Henning, Edward B. <em>Creativity in Art and Science, 1860-1960.</em> [Cleveland, Ohio]: Published by the Cleveland Museum of Art in cooperation with Indiana University Press, 1987.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 99, no. 6", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Loyrette, Henri. <em>Degas</em>. Paris: Fayard, 1991.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Eberle, Matthias. <em>Max Liebermann, 1847-1935: Werkverzeichnis der Gema\u0308lde und O\u0308lstudien.</em> Mu\u0308nchen: Hirmer, 1995.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 542", "url": null}, {"citation": "Natter, Tobias G.and Julius H. Schoeps. <em>Max Liebermann und die franzo\u0308sischen Impressionisten</em>. Du\u0308sseldorf: DuMont, 1997.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 24, 203-294; Mentioned, p. 224, 239, 240, 252", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bilski, Emily D. <em>Berlin Metropolis: Jews and the New Culture, 1890-1918</em>. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999.", "page_number": "Reproduced: fig. 21, p. 35", "url": null}, {"citation": "Louise d'Argencourt, Roger Diederen, Alisa Luxenberg, Patrick Noon, William H. Robinson, Ann Tzeutschler Lurie. <em>European Paintings of the 19th Century</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art 1999.", "page_number": "I:218-221.", "url": null}, {"citation": "Rubin, Susan Goldman. <em>Degas and the Dance: The Painter and the Petits Rats, Perfecting Their Art</em>. New York, NY: Harry Abrams, 2002.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 2-3", "url": null}, {"citation": "Burgess, Margaret, \"The Colorful Mr. Hanna\", Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Cleveland Art: The Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em>. Vol. 45 no. 09, November 2005", "page_number": "Mentioned & reproduced: p. 5", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2005-09/page/4"}, {"citation": "Rosenblum, Naomi. <em>A World History of Photography</em>. New York, NY: Abbeville Press Publishers, 2007.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 255, fig. 301", "url": null}, {"citation": "Echte, Bernhard, and Petra Cordioli. <em>Kunstsalon Bruno &amp; Paul Cassirer: die Ausstellungen 1898-1901</em>. Wa\u0308denswil, Switzerland: Nimbus, Kunst und Bu\u0308cher, 2011.", "page_number": "Mentioned: vol 5, p. 564-565", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kostenevich, A. G. <em>Impressionism: Sensation &amp; Inspiration: Highlights from the Hermitage</em>. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Museumshop Hermitage Amsterdam, 2012.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 88", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Treasures of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. London: Scala Books, 2012.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 278-279", "url": null}, {"citation": "Thomson, Richard. <em>Art of the Actual: Naturalism and Style in Early Third Republic France, 1880-1900</em>. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2012.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 243-245, fig. 178", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Faass, Martin, and Annegret Janda. <em>Verlorene Scha\u0308tze: die Kunstsammlung von Max Liebermann</em>. Berlin: Liebermann-Villa am Wannsee: Nicolai, 2013.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 23; Reproduced: p. 131, fig. 41", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 293", "url": ""}, {"citation": "DeVonyar, Jill. \"Frieze of Dancers.\" In <em>Degas: A Strange New Beauty. </em>Jodi Hauptman, 202-226. New York: The Museum of Modern Art, 2016.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 202-203, fig. 153", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bonafoux, Pascal. <em>Les 100 tableaux qui racontent Degas</em>. Vanves: Ch\u00eane, 2017.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 170-171", "url": null}, {"citation": "Barbe-Gall, Franc\u0327oise, and Edgar Degas. Pourquoi Degas est Degas. Paris: E\u0301ditions Le Deuxie\u0300me Horizon, 2019.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: pp. 84-85", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Arendsee, M., and M. Steinman-Arendsee. \"Take the CAN disability aesthetics tour, at the Cleveland Museum of Art.\" <em>CAN Journal </em>(Winter 2019/20): 76-87.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 81", "url": null}, {"citation": "Degas, Edgar, Adriano Pedrosa, Fernando Oliva, and Sofia Borges. Degas: Dance, Politics and Society. 2021, 196-197.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pp. 196-197, fig. 136.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Kisiel, Marine. <em>La Peinture Impressionniste et la De\u0301coration</em>. Paris: Le Passage, 2021.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 228; Reproduced: P. 230-231, ill. 214", "url": ""}, {"citation": "<em>Paintings in the Cleveland Museum of Art: Picture Book No. 4 .</em> [Cleveland]: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1952.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 36, 38", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAPaintings1952"}, {"citation": "Salsbury, Britany. \u201cReconsidering Degas: Common themes in depicting women's labor.\u201d <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine </em>63, no. 4 (2023): 8-9.", "page_number": "Reproduced and Mentioned: P. 8", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2023-04/page/8/mode/2up"}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1946.83", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1946.83/1946.83_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "314", "filesize": "96599", "filename": "1946.83_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1946.83/1946.83_print.jpg", "width": 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Keithley Gallery", "athena_id": 125104, "creators": [{"id": 1759, "description": "Edgar Degas (French, 1834\u20131917)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": "Son of a Parisian banker, Edgar Degas enrolled in law school in 1853 following his father's wishes. But he had already shown an interest in art and had also registered to copy at the Louvre. In 1855 he entered the \u00c9cole des Beaux-Arts and became a student of Louis Lamothe (1822-1869), a former pupil of Ingres (q.v.). One year later Degas made the traditional journey to Italy, remaining there for three years. He visited family members in Naples and Florence and attended life classes at the Villa Medici in Rome. A visit to Normandy in 1861 may have introduced him to the racetrack. In Paris he continued to study at the Louvre, where he met Manet (q.v.) in 1862. Apart from his continuous interest in portraiture and history painting, Degas began to pay attention to subjects of modern life. Between 1865 and 1870, he exhibited at the Salon. At the time of the Franco-Prussian War, he enlisted in the artillery, but because of his poor eyesight he served (with Manet) in the infantry. After the war he traveled first to London and, in 1872-73, visited his uncle and brothers who had a cotton business in New Orleans. Degas participated in the first impressionist exhibition of 1874. He continued to exhibit with these artists until 1886 but never completely considered himself a member of the group, preferring to call himself a realist or naturalist. While many of the impressionists painted en plein air, Degas worked with models in his studio and, later in his career, from his imagination. In addition to painting, he experimented often with monotypes, engraving, pastels, sculpture, and photography. He traveled extensively-London, Naples, Spain, Morocco, and Switzerland-but continued to draw his subject matter from modern-day Paris. Other recurring themes would be the female nude and the ballet dancer. After the impressionist exhibition of 1886, Degas no longer participated in group shows. Instead he sold his works to private dealers such as Durand-Ruel and Ambroise Vollard. In the 1890s he began his own art collection, which, besides many works on paper, included paintings by such artists as Ingres, C\u00e9zanne (q.v.), Delacroix (q.v.), Gauguin (q.v.), and van Gogh (q.v.). His own art at the time became characterized by broader strokes of paint, charcoal, and pastel and the use of more vibrant colors, partly because of problems with his vision. His failing eyesight and poor health caused him to abandon his pursuit of art during the last years of his life.", "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1834", "death_year": "1917", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1946-02-07T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1890, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 1895", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-04-11 11:17:14.619000"}, {"id": 122349, "accession_number": "1942.645", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Portrait of the Ladies Amabel and Mary Jemima Yorke, c. 1761. Joshua Reynolds (British, 1723\u20131792). Oil on canvas; framed: 224.5 x 201.3 x 11.4 cm (88 3/8 x 79 1/4 x 4 1/2 in.); unframed: 196 x 170 cm (77 3/16 x 66 15/16 in.); former: 223.5 x 198 x 9 cm (88 x 77 15/16 x 3 9/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Bequest of John L. Severance, 1942.645", "current_location": "203A British Painting and Decorative Arts", "title": "Portrait of the Ladies Amabel and Mary Jemima Yorke", "creation_date": "c. 1761", "creation_date_earliest": 1756, "creation_date_latest": 1766, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["England, 18th century"], "technique": "oil on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "P - British before 1800", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 224.5 x 201.3 x 11.4 cm (88 3/8 x 79 1/4 x 4 1/2 in.); Unframed: 196 x 170 cm (77 3/16 x 66 15/16 in.); Former: 223.5 x 198 x 9 cm (88 x 77 15/16 x 3 9/16 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 2.245, "width": 2.013, "depth": 0.114}, "unframed": {"height": 1.96, "width": 1.7}, "former": {"height": 2.235, "width": 1.98, "depth": 0.09}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 706840, "title": "Anglo-Saxon Tradition", "description": "<i>Anglo-Saxon Tradition</i>. Kenyon College, Gambier, OH (October 1-15, 1946).", "opening_date": "1946-10-01T05:00:00"}, {"id": 300859, "title": "The Venetian Tradition", "description": "<i>The Venetian Tradition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (November 8, 1956-January 1, 1957).", "opening_date": "1956-11-08T05:00:00"}, {"id": 304248, "title": "Style, Truth and the Portrait", "description": "<i>Style, Truth and the Portrait</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (October 1-November 19, 1963).", "opening_date": "1963-10-01T04:00:00"}, {"id": 442098, "title": "Sir Joshua Reynolds", "description": "<i>Sir Joshua Reynolds</i>. Royal Academy of Arts, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (organizer) (January 16-March 31, 1986).", "opening_date": "1985-10-09T04:00:00"}, {"id": 181714, "title": "CMA @ Oberlin (second rotation)", "description": "<i>CMA @ Oberlin (second rotation)</i>. Allen Memorial Art Museum, Oberlin, OH (April 3-June 5, 2006).", "opening_date": "2006-04-03T00:00:00"}, {"id": 306699, "title": "British Gallery Reinstallation  (June 2020)", "description": "<i>British Gallery Reinstallation  (June 2020)</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art (organizer).", "opening_date": "2020-06-30T04:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "British Institution, London, United Kingdom (1813).", "opening_date": null}, {"description": "Suffolk Street, London, United Kingdom (1833).", "opening_date": null}, {"description": "<em>Family Portraits</em>,Royal Academy, Burlington House, London, United Kingdom (1875).", "opening_date": null}, {"description": "<em>Old Masters Exhibition</em>, Grafton Gallery, London, United Kingdom (1895).", "opening_date": null}, {"description": "<em>Second National Exhibition, Woman and Child in Art</em>, London, United Kingdom (1913-1914).", "opening_date": "1913-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>The Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition of The Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> Cleveland Museum of Art (1936).", "opening_date": "1936-01-01T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Philip Yorke, Viscount Royston, later Second Earl of Hardwicke [1720-1790], St. James Square, London, by descent to his daughter Amabel Yorke, later Hume-Campbell, 1st Countess de Grey", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "c. 1761-1790", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "Amabel Hume-Campbell, 1st Countess de Grey [1751-1833], by descent to her great niece Anne Florence de Grey", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1790-1833", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "Anne Florence de Grey, Baroness Lucas [died 1880], by descent to her son, Francis Thomas de Grey", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1833-1880", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "Francis Thomas de Grey, Seventh Earl Cowper, Seventh Baron Lucas and Tenth Baron Dingwall [1834-1905], by descent to his nephew Auberon Thomas Herbert", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1880-1905", "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "Auberon Thomas Herbert, Eighth Baron Lucas and Eleventh Baron Dingwall [1876-1916], by descent to his sister Nan Ino Cooper", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1905-1916", "sortorder": 5}, {"description": "Nan Ino Cooper, Ninth Baroness Lucas and Twelfth Baroness Dingwall [1880-1958], consigned to sale at Christie's London", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1916-1922", "sortorder": 6}, {"description": "(Christies\u2019s, London, May 26, 1922, lot 78)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1922", "sortorder": 7}, {"description": "(Agnew, London)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": 8}, {"description": "(M. Knoedler & Co., New York)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": 9}, {"description": "John L. Severance, Cleveland, OH, by bequest to the Cleveland Museum of Art", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": 10}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1942-", "sortorder": 11}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [{"id": 154630, "description": "The Ladies Amabel and Mary Jemima Yorke, c. 1761. Edward Fisher (British, 1722\u20131785), after Joshua Reynolds (British, 1723\u20131792). Mezzotint; image: 41.7 x 36.3 cm (16 7/16 x 14 5/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Bequest of Mrs. Severance A. Millikin 1989.236", "relationship": null}], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Her family affectionately referred to Mary Jemima (at right) as \"Mouse.\"", "description": "Sisters Amabel (left) and Mary Jemima are shown playing on the grounds of their family\u2019s country estate outside London. They wear loose, flowing garments invented specifically for the portrait rather than their usual outdoor dresses. Their father commissioned the painting to hang in the family\u2019s city home in London\u2019s St. James Square and it highlights their status as landowners. Joshua Reynolds painted this portrait after his return from Italy, where his studies inspired him to incorporate classical references. The famous ancient Roman <em>Statue of a Girl with a Dove </em>is echoed in Mary Jemima\u2019s pose as she shields a dove from the family dog.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60514841"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1942.645-portrait-of-the-ladi"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Cotton, W., and John Burnet. <em>Sir Joshua Reynolds and His Works</em>. London, 1856.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 36", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cook, Clarence. <em>Art and Artists of Our Time</em>. New York, NY: Selmar Hess, 1888.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 37; Mentioned: p. 37-38", "url": null}, {"citation": "Graves, Algernon, and William Vine Cronin. <em>A History of the Works of Sir Joshua Reynolds</em>. [With Plates.]. London: H. Graves &amp; Co, 1899.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 1084", "url": null}, {"citation": "Armstrong, Walter. <em>Sir Joshua Reynolds, First President of the Royal Academy</em>. London, United Kingdom: W. Heinemann, 1900.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Bryan, Michael, and George Charles Williamson. <em>Bryan's Dictionary of Painters and Engravers</em>. New York, NY: Macmillan, 1903.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 219", "url": null}, {"citation": "Baldry, A. L. <em>Sir Joshua Reynolds</em>. London: George Newnes, 1905.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. xxxii", "url": null}, {"citation": "Graves, Algernon. <em>Century of Loan Exhibitions 1813-1912</em>. London, United Kingdom: Graves, 1913.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pgs. 1020, 1041, 1054, 1085, 1091, vol. 3", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"American Art News, Vol. 20, No. 31.\" <em>American Art News</em> 20, no. 31 (May 13, 1922): 1-10.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 4", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25589970."}, {"citation": "Marillier, H. C. <em>\"Christie's\" 1766 to 1925</em>. London: Constable &amp; Company, Ltd, 1926.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 196", "url": null}, {"citation": "Toynbee, Paget. \"Horace Walpole's Journals of Visits to Country Seats, etc.\" <em>The Walpole Society</em>, XVI (1927--28)", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 40", "url": null}, {"citation": "Waterhouse, Ellis Kirkham. <em>Reynolds</em>. London, United Kingdom: K. Paul, Trench, Trubner &amp; Co, 1941.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 117; Reproduced: p. 121, pl. 70", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Catalogue of the John L. Severance Collection: Bequest of John L. Severance, 1936.</em> [Cleveland, Ohio]: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1942.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. [18], Plate VI, cat. no. 14; Mentioned: p. 22, cat. no. 14", "url": "https://archive.org/details/SeveranceBequest/page/n26"}, {"citation": "Francis, Henry S. \"Bequest of John L. Severance, 1936.\" <em>The Bulletin of The Cleveland Museum of Art XXIX</em>, no. 9 (November, 1942):131-136.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 133; Mentioned: p. 136", "url": null}, {"citation": "Richard, Edgar P. \"Recent Acquisitions: Ladies Amabel and Mary Jemima Yorke, by Reynolds.\" <em>The Art Quarterly </em>VI, no. 2 (Spring 1943): 146-149.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 146-149", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Paintings in the Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> [Cleveland]: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1945.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 18", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAPaintings1945/page/n26"}, {"citation": "Flexner, James Thomas. <em>John Singleton Copley</em>. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Co, 1948.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 32, 132; Reproduced: pl. 3", "url": null}, {"citation": "Talbot, William S. \"Thomas Gainsborough: George Pitt, First Lord Rivers.\" <em>The Bulletin of The Cleveland Museum of Art LVIII</em>, no. 11 (November, 1971): 258-268.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 259, fig. 2", "url": null}, {"citation": "Coe, Nancy. <em>The History of the Collecting of European Paintings and Drawings in the City of Cleveland</em>. 1955.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 234-235, vol. II; Reproduced: no. 14, XLVII", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Handbook.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 469", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1958/page/n86"}, {"citation": "Milliken, William Mathewson. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. New York, NY: H.N. Abrams, 1958.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 47", "url": null}, {"citation": "Argan, Giulio Carlo. \"Reynolds.\" In <em>Encyclopedia of World Art</em>. Bernard S. Myers, ed., 202-207. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1959.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 206", "url": null}, {"citation": "Gimpel, Rene\u0301. <em>Journal d'un collectionneur, marchand de tableaux</em>. [Paris]: Calmann-Le\u0301vy, 1963.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 236", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 154", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n178"}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Selected Works: Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> Cleveland: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1967.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 194", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cormack, Malcolm, \"The Ledgers of Sir Joshua Reynolds.\" <em>The Walpole Society</em>, XLII (1968-70)", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 121", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 154", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n178"}, {"citation": "Hamilton, Edward. <em>The Engraved Works, of Sir Joshua Reynolds; A Catalogue Raisonne\u0301 of the Engravings Made After His Paintings from 1755-1822, with Descriptions of the States of Each Plate, Biographical Sketches of the Persons Represented, a List of Pictures Which Have Been Engraved, Names of the Possessors, and Other Particulars</em>. Amsterdam, Netherlands: G.W. Hissink, 1973.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 139", "url": null}, {"citation": "Waterhouse, Ellis Kirkham. <em>Reynolds</em>. New York, NY: Phaidon; [distributed by Praeger], 1973.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pl. 26", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 192", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n212"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Catalogue of Paintings, Part 3: European Paintings of the 16th, 17th, and 18th Centuries</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1982.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 210-212; Reproduced: p. 211", "url": null}, {"citation": "Flexner, James Thomas. <em>John Singleton Copley</em>. New York, NY: Fordham University Press, 1993.", "page_number": "Pl. 11", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kirsh, Andrea, and Rustin S. Levenson. <em>Seeing Through Paintings: Physical Examination in Art Historical Studies</em>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2000.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 167, no. 174", "url": null}, {"citation": "Wiles, Stephanie, \"British Invasion\", Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Cleveland Art: The Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em>. Vol. 46 no. 04, April 2006", "page_number": "Mentioned & reproduced: 8-9", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2006-04/page/8"}, {"citation": "Humfrey, Peter. \"The Picture Collection of the 2nd Earl de Gray at 4 St Jame's Square, London.\" <em>Artibus et Historiae : An Art Anthology</em> 90 (2024): 179-228.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 197, 201, 211, 214, 218, 219; Reproduced: p. 200, fig. 25", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Humfrey, Peter.<em> Regency Collectors: Buying and Displaying Old Masters in Early Nineteenth-Century England.</em> London: Ad Ilissvm, 2025.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 55-57, fig. 2.10", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1942.645", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1942.645/1942.645_web.jpg", "width": "777", "height": "893", "filesize": "480021", "filename": "1942.645_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1942.645/1942.645_print.jpg", "width": "2960", "height": "3400", "filesize": "6549504", "filename": "1942.645_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1942.645/1942.645_full.tif", "width": "4788", "height": "5500", "filesize": "79035068", "filename": "1942.645_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2007-11-26T00:00:00", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1942.645/1942.645_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "782", "height": "893", "filesize": "564869"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1942.645/1942.645_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "2469", "height": "2820", "filesize": "4814434"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1942.645/1942.645_alt0_full.tif", "width": "2469", "height": "2820", "filesize": "20930684"}}, {"date_created": "2009-12-01T16:45:22", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1942.645/1942.645_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "788", "height": "893", "filesize": "527818"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1942.645/1942.645_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "3000", "height": "3400", "filesize": "6475509"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1942.645/1942.645_alt1_full.tif", "width": "3552", "height": "4026", "filesize": "42943624"}}], "creditline": "Bequest of John L. Severance", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Paul J. and Edith Ingalls Vignos Gallery", "athena_id": 122349, "creators": [{"id": 2541, "description": "Joshua Reynolds (British, 1723\u20131792)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1723", "death_year": "1792", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1942-07-24T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1756, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 1761", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["The Ladies Amabel and Mary Jemima Yorke"], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-04-17 14:35:42.622000"}, {"id": 109245, "accession_number": "1927.393", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Elizabeth Shewell West and Her Son, Raphael, c. 1770. Benjamin West (American, 1738\u20131820). Oil on canvas; framed: 88 x 87.5 x 9 cm (34 5/8 x 34 7/16 x 3 9/16 in.); unframed: 66.5 x 66.3 cm (26 3/16 x 26 1/8 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, The Charles W. Harkness Gift, 1927.393", "current_location": "204 Colonial American", "title": "Elizabeth Shewell West and Her Son, Raphael", "creation_date": "c. 1770", "creation_date_earliest": 1765, "creation_date_latest": 1775, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["America"], "technique": "oil on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "American Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "American - Painting", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 88 x 87.5 x 9 cm (34 5/8 x 34 7/16 x 3 9/16 in.); Unframed: 66.5 x 66.3 cm (26 3/16 x 26 1/8 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 0.88, "width": 0.875, "depth": 0.09}, "unframed": {"height": 0.665, "width": 0.663}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 312517, "title": "The Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition", "description": "<i>The Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 26-October 4, 1936).", "opening_date": "1936-06-26T04:00:00"}, {"id": 304248, "title": "Style, Truth and the Portrait", "description": "<i>Style, Truth and the Portrait</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (October 1-November 19, 1963).", "opening_date": "1963-10-01T04:00:00"}, {"id": 515741, "title": "The American Portrait", "description": "<i>The American Portrait</i>. Westmoreland Museum of American Art, Greensburg, PA (organizer) (September 14-October 31, 1965).", "opening_date": "1965-09-14T04:00:00"}, {"id": 516052, "title": "American Masters", "description": "<i>American Masters</i>. Kalamazoo Institute of Arts, Kalamazoo, MI (organizer) (September 14-October 19, 1966).", "opening_date": "1966-09-14T04:00:00"}, {"id": 180609, "title": "CMA @ Oberlin - American Portraits", "description": "<i>CMA @ Oberlin - American Portraits</i>. Allen Memorial Art Museum, Oberlin, OH (August 29-December 17, 2006).", "opening_date": "2006-08-29T00:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "London, The Royal Academy of Arts, (1770), see Algernon Graves, The Royal Academy of Arts: A Complete Dictionary of Contributors and Their Work from its Foundation in 1769 to 1904 p. 212, no. 198.", "opening_date": "1904-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Cleveland, The Cleveland Museum of Art, The Twentieth Anniversary Exhibtion of The Cleveland Museum of Art; The Official Great Lakes Exposition (26 January-4 October 1936), no. 53, p. 30.", "opening_date": "1936-01-26T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Museum of Art, Benjamin West 1738-1820 (1938), cat. no. 18, not illus.", "opening_date": "1938-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Akron, Akron Art Institute, 40 American Painters: A Survey of American Painting from Colonial to Modern Times, fo the Opening of the Institute (December, 1945), illus. cat. no. 2.", "opening_date": "1945-12-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Charlotte, NC, Mint Museum of Art, 10th Anniversary Exhibition (October, 1946), cat. no. 12, not illus.", "opening_date": "1946-10-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Dayton, Dayton Art Institute, The Artist and His Family (3 March-April, 1950), cat. no. 38.", "opening_date": "1950-03-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Cleveland, The Cleveland Museum of Art, Style, Truth, and the Portrait (1 October-10 November 1963) cat. no. 46, illus.", "opening_date": "1963-10-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Greensburg, PA, The Westmoreland Country Museum of Art, The American Portrait (19 September-31 October 1965)", "opening_date": "1965-09-19T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Kalamazoo, MI, Kalamazoo Art Center, Paintings by American Masters: Fifth Anniversary Exhibition (14 September-19 October 1966), illus. p. 6.", "opening_date": "1966-09-14T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, Ohio", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1927-", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "Edward S. Harkness [1874-1940], New York, NY, to the Cleveland Museum of Art", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1916-1927", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "Mary Warden Harkness [1864-1916], New York, NY, by bequest to her brother-in-law Edward S. Harkness", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->Mary Warden Harkness's will states: \u201cI give and bequeath to my husband\u2019s brother, Edward S. Harkness, the paintings described as follows, for his life, and upon his death I give and bequeath the same to the Art Museum of Cleveland, at Cleveland, Ohio, to be known as The Charles W. Harkness Gift.\u201d</div>"], "date": "1916", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "Charles W. Harkness [1860-1916], New York, NY, by bequest to his wife Mary Warden Harkness1", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->1The Knoedler inventory cards document the sale of the painting (stock no. F 411) to Harkness in November 1911.</div>"], "date": "1911-1916", "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "(M. Knoedler & Co., New York, NY, sold to Charles W. Harkness)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "Until 1911", "sortorder": 5}, {"description": "Henry J. Pfungst [1844-1917], Cleveland Square, London", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "?", "sortorder": 6}, {"description": "Castle Smith, London", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "By 1909", "sortorder": 7}, {"description": "Grandson of Benjamin West, Jr., to his widow", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "Probably 1848-", "sortorder": 9}, {"description": "Benjamin West, Jr. [1772-1848], to his grandson", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1820-by 1848", "sortorder": 10}, {"description": "Benjamin West [1738-1820], London, to his son, Benjamin West, Jr.", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "c. 1770-1820", "sortorder": 11}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Born in colonial America, West eventually became a court painter to George III of England.", "description": "West was the first American artist to study in Italy, where he spent three years before permanently settling in London. He so admired the artistic ideals of the Italian Renaissance master Raphael that he named his eldest son after him, and he imitated Raphael\u2019s celebrated Madonna of the Chair when composing this tender double portrait of his wife and child.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60513099"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1927.393-elizabeth-shewell-we"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "The Bequests of Mary Warden Harkness,\" <em>Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 15 (February 1928): 43-50.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Benjamin West, Series IV. Inventory cards, 1859-1971, M. Knoedler &amp; Co. Records, box 127, Getty Research Institute.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>The Connoisseur</em> (Feb. 1909): 115", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>The Connoisseur</em> (Feb. 1909): 115", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>The Connoisseur</em> (Feb. 1909): 115", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>The Connoisseur </em>(Feb. 1909): 115", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>The Connoisseur </em>(Feb. 1909): 115", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "W.M.B. Berger Charitable Trust, and Denver Art Museum. 600 Years of British Painting : The Berger Collection. Denver, [Chailey]: Denver Art Museum ; [Vine House] (distributor), 1999.", "page_number": "Mentioned p. 272.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "\"Bequest of Mrs. Charles W. Harkness.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 4, no. 4 (1917): 63.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 63", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25136090"}, {"citation": "<em>Paintings in the Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> [Cleveland]: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1945.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 13", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAPaintings1945/page/n21"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Handbook.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 532", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1958/page/n98"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 160", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n184"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 160", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n184"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 198", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n218"}, {"citation": "Adams, Henry. <em>What's American about American art?: a gallery tour in the Cleveland Museum of Art. </em>Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2008.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 42 - 43", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Franklin, David. <em>Director's Choice: The Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> London: Scala Arts &amp; Heritage Publishers Ltd., 2012.", "page_number": "Mentioned, p. 49; reproduced, front cover (detail) and p. 48.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 44", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Klein, Shana. \"Bound and Boarded: Policing Native Motherhood in US Art and Culture.\" <em>The Art Bulletin</em> 106, n. 2 (June 2024): 119-143.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 124, fig. 5", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1927.393", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1927.393/1927.393_web.jpg", "width": "890", "height": "893", "filesize": "515554", "filename": "1927.393_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1927.393/1927.393_print.jpg", "width": "3387", "height": "3400", "filesize": "6602921", "filename": "1927.393_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1927.393/1927.393_full.tif", "width": "3626", "height": "3640", "filesize": "39621584", "filename": "1927.393_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [], "creditline": "The Charles W. Harkness Gift", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Leigh and Mary Carter Gallery", "athena_id": 109245, "creators": [{"id": 2553, "description": "Benjamin West (American, 1738\u20131820)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1738", "death_year": "1820", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1927-12-20T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1765, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 1770", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Mrs. West with Raphael West", "Mrs. West and Her Son Raphael"], "is_highlight": true, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:08:51.226000"}, {"id": 160885, "accession_number": "1999.173", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Portrait of Tieleman Roosterman, 1634. Frans Hals (Dutch, c. 1581\u20131666). Oil on canvas; framed: 139 x 109 x 5.5 cm (54 3/4 x 42 15/16 x 2 3/16 in.); unframed: 117 x 87 cm (46 1/16 x 34 1/4 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund, 1999.173", "current_location": "213 Dutch Painting", "title": "Portrait of Tieleman Roosterman", "creation_date": "1634", "creation_date_earliest": 1634, "creation_date_latest": 1634, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["Netherlands"], "technique": "oil on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "P - Netherlandish-Dutch", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 139 x 109 x 5.5 cm (54 3/4 x 42 15/16 x 2 3/16 in.); Unframed: 117 x 87 cm (46 1/16 x 34 1/4 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 1.39, "width": 1.09, "depth": 0.055}, "unframed": {"height": 1.17, "width": 0.87}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "inscribed at upper right: \u00c6TAT SV\u00c6 36 / AN\u00b0 1634\r\n", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 222394, "title": "Masterpieces of European Painting from The Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Masterpieces of European Painting from The Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. Frick Collection, New York, NY (organizer) (November 8, 2006-January 28, 2007).", "opening_date": "2006-11-08T00:00:00"}, {"id": 179662, "title": "Masterpieces of European Painting from the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Masterpieces of European Painting from the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. Maltz Museum of Jewish Heritage, Beachwood, OH (March 29-July 8, 2007).", "opening_date": "2007-03-29T00:00:00"}, {"id": 360311, "title": "Frans Hals: The Male Portraits", "description": "<i>Frans Hals: The Male Portraits</i>. The Wallace Collection, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (organizer) (September 22, 2021-January 30, 2022) https://www.wallacecollection.org/art/exhibitions-displays/frans-hals-the-male-portrait/.", "opening_date": "2021-09-22T04:00:00"}, {"id": 360319, "title": "Frans Hals", "description": "<i>Frans Hals</i>. National Gallery, London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (organizer) (September 30, 2023-January 21, 2024) https://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/exhibitions/the-credit-suisse-exhibition-frans-hals; Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, Netherlands (February 15-June 9, 2024); Gem\u00e4ldegalerie, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany (July 12-November 3, 2024).", "opening_date": "2023-09-30T04:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, Austria (from 1947 - 1999).", "opening_date": "1947-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Art Treasures from the Vienna Collections.</em> National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.; Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY; Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL; and the M. H. De Young Memorial Museum, San Francisco, CA (1949-1950).", "opening_date": "1949-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Holl\u00e4nder des 17. Jahrhunderts</em>. Kusnthaus, Zurich, Switzerland (November 4 - December 20, 1953).", "opening_date": "1953-11-04T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Mostra di Pittura Olandese del Seicento.</em> Palazzo della Esposizione, Rome, Italy (January 4 - February 14, 1954); Palazzo Reale, Milan, Italy (February 25 - April 25, 1954).", "opening_date": "1954-01-04T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Frans Hals</em>. Frans Halsmuseum, Haarlem, Netherlands (1962).", "opening_date": "1962-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Restaurierte Gem\u00e4lde, Die Restaurierwerkst\u00e4tte der Gem\u00e4ldegalerie des Kunsthistorischen Museums</em>.", "opening_date": null}, {"description": "Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, Austria (October 16, 1996 - February 2, 1997).", "opening_date": "1996-10-16T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Friedrich Jacob Gsell (b. 1811 or 1812 in Bischofweiler [Alsace], settled in Vienna circa 1850, died 1871)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "probably by 1866", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "([Georg Plach] K\u00fcnstlerhause, Vienna, Friedrich Jacob Gsell sale, March 14, 1872 (and successive days), lot 40 [\"Ein Bravourst\u00fcck des genialen Meisters\"; sold for 15,200 fl. to Plach, probably on behalf of Baron Anselm von Rothschild).", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1872", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "Baron Anselm Mayer von Rothschild (1803-1874), Vienna (inv. no. AR866)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1872 - 1874", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "Baron Albert von Rothschild (1844-1911), Vienna", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1874 - 1911", "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "Baron Alphonse von Rothschild (1878-1942), Vienna", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1911 - 1938", "sortorder": 5}, {"description": "In the possession of the Nazis. Stored initially at Kremsm\u00fcnster (?); intended for the Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum, Innsbruck, Austria", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "from 1938", "sortorder": 6}, {"description": "While in the possession of the Nazis, moved from Kremsm\u00fcnster to the salt mines at Alt Aussee, where it was stored until released to the Austrian government in May 1946.", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "c. 1944 - May 1946", "sortorder": 7}, {"description": "Recovered by Alphonse von Rothschild's widow, Clarice von Rothschild (1894-1967), and \"donated\" by her for display at the Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna (inv. no. 9009)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1947 - 1999", "sortorder": 8}, {"description": "Restituted to the Heirs of Barons Alphonse and Louis von Rothschild", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1999", "sortorder": 9}, {"description": "(Christie's, London, Heirs of the Barons Alphonse and Louis von Rothschild sale, July 8, 1999, no. 219, to the Cleveland Museum of Art.)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1999 -", "sortorder": 10}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1999-", "sortorder": 11}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Roosterman may have ordered this portrait--and one of his wife--to commemorate their wedding in 1631.", "description": "An extremely wealthy linen and silk merchant in Haarlem, Tieleman Roosterman was 36 years old when Frans Hals painted his portrait. Unlike many Dutch painters of the period, Hals favored strong, visible brushstrokes that convey the vitality of his sitters. Roosterman strikes a confident pose, his costume sober but luxurious: his sleeves are decorated with braid and buttons, and ribbon rosettes encircle the waist of his doublet. The rich black of his suit is offset by the broad linen collar and lace-edged cuffs\u2014fashionable details befitting a successful cloth merchant.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17861783"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1999.173-portrait-of-tieleman"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Waagen, Gustav Friedrich. Die vornehmsten Kunstdenkma\u0308ler in Wien. Wien: W. Braumu\u0308ller, 1866.", "page_number": "Mentioned: vol. 1, p. 318", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bode, WIlhelm von. \"Die Galerie Gsell in Wien.\" <em>Zeitschrift f\u00fcr bildenden K\u00fcnst </em>7 (1872), 181-186.<br><em><br></em>", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 183", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bode, Wilhelm von. <em>Studien zur Geschichte der holla\u0308ndischen Malerei</em>. Braunschweig: F. Vieweg und Sohn, 1883.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 89, under no. 126", "url": null}, {"citation": "Moes, E. W., and Jean de Bosche\u0300re. <em>Frans Hals, sa vie et son \u0153uvre</em>. Brussels: G. van Oest &amp; Cie., 1909.", "page_number": "No. 131", "url": null}, {"citation": "Hofstede de Groot, C. P. <em>A Catalogue Raisonne\u0301 of the Works of the Most Eminent Dutch Painters of the Seventeenth Century</em>. 8 vols Translated and edited by Edward G. Hawke. London: Macmillan and Co, 1907-1927.", "page_number": "Mentioned: vol. 3 (1910), p. 104 no. 354", "url": null}, {"citation": "Frimmel, Theodor von. <em>Lexikon der Wiener Gema\u0308ldesammlungen</em>. Munich: G. Mu\u0308ller, 1913.", "page_number": "Mentioned: vol.1, p. 86", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"A Plan for Loot: Blue-Prints for a New 'House of German Art.' How Hitler Intended to Dispose of the 'Purchased' Rothschild Collections.\" <em>The Illustrated London News</em> 207, no. 5542 (July 7, 1945), 24-25.<em><br></em>", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 25", "url": null}, {"citation": "Baldass, Ludwig. \"Two Male Portraits by Frans Hals.\" <em>The Burlington Magazine </em>93 (1951), 181-182.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 181-2; reproduced: fig. 3", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Recent Acquisitions by the Kunsthistorischen Museum, Vienna: Three Portraits.\" <em>The Connoisseur</em> 134 (July-December 1954), 34", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 34", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Frans Hals: Exhibition on the Occasion of the Centenary of the Municipal Museum at Haarlem, 1862-1962</em>. Introduction by H. P. Baard. Exh. cat. Haarlem: Frans Hals Museum, 1962.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 52; Reproduced: fig. 37", "url": null}, {"citation": "Heinz, G., and Friderike Klauner. <em>Katalog der Gem\u00e4ldegalerie II / Vlamen, Holl\u00e4nder, Deutsche, Franzosen</em>. Vienna: Kunsthistorisches Museum, 1963.", "page_number": "Mentioned: n.p., no. 182", "url": null}, {"citation": "Slive, Seymour.<em> Frans Hals</em>. 3 vols London: Phaidon, 1970-1973.", "page_number": "Mentioned: vol. 1, pp. 115-116, vol. 3, p. 54 no. 93; Reproduced: vol. 2 pl. 154", "url": null}, {"citation": "Grimm, Claus. <em>Frans Hals: Entwicklung, Werkanalyse, Gesamtkatalog</em>. Berlin: Mann, 1972.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 202, no.67; REproduced: fig. 91", "url": null}, {"citation": "Demus, Klaus. <em>Katalog der Gema\u0308ldegalerie: Holla\u0308ndische Meister des 15., 16. und 17. Jahrhunderts</em>. Vienna: Kunsthistorisches Museum, 1972.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 37", "url": null}, {"citation": "Grimm, Claus, and E. C. Montagni. <em>L'Opera completa di Frans Hals</em>. Milan: Rizzoli, 1974.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: pp. 96-97 no. 90; Reproduced: pl. XXXIII", "url": null}, {"citation": "Grimm, Claus. <em>Frans Hals: das Gesamtwerk</em>. Stuttgart: Belser, 1989.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 189, 281; Reproduced: no. 76", "url": null}, {"citation": "Biesboer, Pieter. \"The Burghers of Haarlem and their Portrait Painters.\" In <em>Frans Hals</em>, 23-44. Seymour Slive et al. Exh. cat. London: Royal Academy of Arts in association with Ludion, Brussels, 1989.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 33; Reproduced: p. 32, fig. 10", "url": null}, {"citation": "Du Mortier, Bianca M. \"Costume in Frans Hals.\" In <em>Frans Hals</em>, 45-60. Seymour Slive et al. Exh. cat. London: Royal Academy of Arts in association with Ludion, Brussels, 1989.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 56", "url": null}, {"citation": "Groen, Karin, and Ella Hendriks. \"Frans Hals: A Technical Examination.\" In <em>Frans Hals</em>, 109-128. Seymour Slive et al. Exh. cat. London: Royal Academy of Arts in association with Ludion, Brussels, 1989.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 119, 121, 124, 127; Reproduced: p. 126, pl. VIIIy (cross-section)", "url": null}, {"citation": "Grimm, Claus. <em>Frans Hals: the complete work</em>. New York: H.N. Abrams, 1990.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 139, 281; Reproduced: no. 76:", "url": null}, {"citation": "Brandsta\u0308tter, C. <em>Die Gema\u0308ldegalerie des Kunsthistorischen Museums in Wien: Verzeichnis der Gema\u0308lde</em>. Vienna: Kunsthistorisches Museum, 1991.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 65, no. 9009; Reproduced: fig. 507", "url": null}, {"citation": "Rozenberg, Silvia, and Rivka Weiss-Blok. <em>Myth and Power: Masterpieces from Imperial Vienna, on Loan from the Kunsthistorisches Museum, Wien</em>. Jerusalem: Israel Museum, 1996.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 68, fig. 66", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien. <em>Restaurierte Gema\u0308lde: die Restaurierwerksta\u0308tte der Gema\u0308ldegalerie des Kunsthistorischen Museums, 1986-1996 : Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien, 16. Oktober 1996 bis 2. Februar 1997</em>. Wien, Austria: Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien, 1996.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 12", "url": null}, {"citation": "Dietrich, H. In <em>Restaurierte Gema\u0308lde: die Restaurierwerksta\u0308tte der Gema\u0308ldegalerie des Kunsthistorischen Museums, 1986-1996.</em> Eike Oberthaler et al., eds. Exh. cat. Vienna: Kunsthistorisches Museum, 1996.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 83-84, no. 12", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, \u201cCleveland Museum of Art Buys Old Master Painting from Rothschild Collection at Christie\u2019s Auction,\u201d July 9, 1999, Cleveland Museum of Art Archives.", "page_number": null, "url": "https://archive.org/details/cmapr4268"}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, \u201cRecord-Setting Old Master Painting Goes on View at CMA 1:30 Tuesday, July 27,\u201d July 27, 1999, Cleveland Museum of Art Archives.", "page_number": null, "url": "https://archive.org/details/cmapr4271"}, {"citation": "\"Calendar.\" <em>The Burlington Magazine </em>CXLI no. 1158 (September 1999), 576-580.<em><br></em>", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 579", "url": null}, {"citation": "Eakin, Hugh, Laurie Attias, and Agnes Csonka. \u201cUnfinished Business.\u201d <em>ARTnews</em> 98, no. 8 (September 1999): 56.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 56", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"A Selection of 1999 Museum Acquisitions.\" <em>Apollo</em> (December 1999), 30<em><br></em>", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "May, Sally Ruth, Jane Takac, and Barbara J. Bradley. <em>Knockouts: A Pocket Guide</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2001.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 117; Reproduced: p. 38, no. 34", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lillie, Sophie. <em>Was einmal war: Handbuch der enteigneten Kunstsammlungen Wiens</em>. Vienna: Czernin Verlag, 2003.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 1002, 1032 no. 866", "url": null}, {"citation": "Iacono, Margaret. <em>Masterpieces of European Painting from the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. New York: The Frick Collection, 2006.", "page_number": "Mentioned: Cat. no. 9, pp. 48-51", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kunth, Felicitas. <em>Die Rothschild'schen Gema\u0308ldesammlungen in Wien</em>. Vienna: Bo\u0308hlau, 2006.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 58, 73, 80, 95, 101, 103, 192-193; reproduced: p. 47, and color pl. 3.", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Old Masters Visit Beachwood\", Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Cleveland Art: The Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em>. Vol. 47 no. 03, March 2007", "page_number": "Mentioned & reproduced: p. 3", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2007-03/page/2/"}, {"citation": "Liedtke, Walter A. <em>Frans Hals: Style and Substance</em>. New York, NY: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2011.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 33, fig. 33", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Treasures of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. London, United Kingdom: Scala Publishers Ltd., 2012.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 192-193", "url": null}, {"citation": "Biesboer, Pieter. \"De Laughing Cavalier van Frans Hals. Een Mogelijke Identificatie.\" In <em>Face Book: Studies on Dutch and Flemish Portraiture of the 16th-18th Centuries. </em>Rudolf E. O. Ekkart, ed., 133-140. Leiden: Primavera Pers, 2012.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 135", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 184", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Packer, Lelia, and Ashok Roy. <em>Frans Hals: The Male Portrait.</em> London: Philip Wilson Publishers, 2021.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: P. 20-22, cat. no. 8", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Mazzocca, Fernando, and Sebastian Schu\u0308tze. Dai Medici ai Rothschild: mecenati, collezionisti, filantropi. Milano : Edizioni Gallerie d'Italia : Skira, 2022.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pp. 276-277", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Bart Cornelis, Friso Lammertse, Justine Rinnooy Kan, and Jaap van der Veen. <em>Frans Hals</em>. London : National Gallery Global ; Amsterdam : in association with the Rijksmuseum, 2023.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 35; Reproduced: p. 34, fig. 9.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Hals, Frans, Christopher D. M. Atkins, and Gema\u0308ldegalerie (Staatliche Museen zu Berlin). Frans Hals : Master of the Fleeting Moment. Edited by Dagmar Hirschfelder, Katja Kleinert, and Erik Eising. Berlin, Berlin: Hatje Cantz Verlag, Hatje Cantz, 2024.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 112-113, Reproduced: p. 110, cat. 15a", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Hals, Frans.<em> Frans Hals : Iconography - Technique - Reputation</em>. Edited by Norbert Middelkoop and Rudolf E. O. Ekkart. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2024.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 196-198; reproduced: pp. 196, fig. 2 and 210, fig. 7", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Loebl, Suzanne, and Abigail Wilentz. <em>Plunder and Survival: Stories of Theft, Loss, Recovery, and Migration of Nazi-Uprooted Art. </em>New York, NY: Bloomsbury Academic, Bloomsbury Publishing Inc, 2025.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 96-97, fig. 6.3", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Seipel, Wilfried. <em>Mein Leben - Ein Abenteuer : Gedanken Und Erinnerungen Eines Museumsdirektors.</em> Weitra: Verlag Bibliothek der Provinz GmbH f\u00fcr Literatur, Kunst, Wissenschaft und Musikalien, 2025.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 223", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1999.173", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1999.173/1999.173_web.jpg", "width": "664", "height": "893", "filesize": "53872", "filename": "1999.173_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1999.173/1999.173_print.jpg", "width": "2529", "height": "3400", "filesize": "857877", "filename": "1999.173_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1999.173/1999.173_full.tif", "width": "11364", "height": "15277", "filesize": "520848048", "filename": "1999.173_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2007-02-12T18:47:03", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1999.173/1999.173_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "656", "height": "893", "filesize": "316167"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1999.173/1999.173_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "2499", "height": "3400", "filesize": "4670695"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1999.173/1999.173_alt0_full.tif", "width": "4042", "height": "5500", "filesize": "66723788"}}, {"date_created": "2007-07-23T15:48:50", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1999.173/1999.173_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "662", "height": "893", "filesize": "337995"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1999.173/1999.173_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "2521", "height": "3400", "filesize": "5394762"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1999.173/1999.173_alt1_full.tif", "width": "4139", "height": "5582", "filesize": "69341828"}}, {"date_created": "2013-10-07T14:19:51", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1999.173/1999.173_alt2_web.jpg", "width": "666", "height": "893", "filesize": "97969"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1999.173/1999.173_alt2_print.jpg", "width": "2534", "height": "3400", "filesize": "1997021"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1999.173/1999.173_alt2_full.tif", "width": "5838", "height": "7833", "filesize": "137210952"}}, {"date_created": "2013-10-07T14:44:19", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1999.173/1999.173_alt3_web.jpg", "width": "687", "height": "893", "filesize": "61666"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1999.173/1999.173_alt3_print.jpg", "width": "2616", "height": "3400", "filesize": "765174"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1999.173/1999.173_alt3_full.tif", "width": "12000", "height": "15594", "filesize": "561411972"}}], "creditline": "Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "The Harold C. Schott Foundation Gallery", "athena_id": 160885, "creators": [{"id": 2614, "description": "Frans Hals (Dutch, c. 1581\u20131666)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": "c. 1581/85-1666", "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1581", "death_year": "1666", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1999-08-31T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1634, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1634", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Tieleman Roosterman"], "is_highlight": true, "updated_at": "2026-04-15 11:19:37.695000"}, {"id": 140408, "accession_number": "1964.351", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Peregrine Falcons (Duck Hawks), c. 1827. John James Audubon (American, born Haiti, 1785\u20131851). Oil on canvas; framed: 74.9 x 101 x 10.2 cm (29 1/2 x 39 3/4 x 4 in.); unframed: 64.5 x 91.5 cm (25 3/8 x 36 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Gift of the American Foundation for the Maud E. and Warren H. Corning Botanical Collection, 1964.351", "current_location": "205 Federal American", "title": "Peregrine Falcons (Duck Hawks)", "creation_date": "c. 1827", "creation_date_earliest": 1822, "creation_date_latest": 1832, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["America"], "technique": "oil on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "American Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "American - Painting", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 74.9 x 101 x 10.2 cm (29 1/2 x 39 3/4 x 4 in.); Unframed: 64.5 x 91.5 cm (25 3/8 x 36 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 0.749, "width": 1.01, "depth": 0.102}, "unframed": {"height": 0.645, "width": 0.915}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 304723, "title": "Year in Review (1964)", "description": "<i>Year in Review (1964)</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (December 8, 1964-January 31, 1965).", "opening_date": "1964-12-08T05:00:00"}, {"id": 444613, "title": "Work of John James Audubon", "description": "<i>Work of John James Audubon</i>. Cleveland Museum of Natural History, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (April 30-June 30, 1974).", "opening_date": "1974-04-30T04:00:00"}, {"id": 302330, "title": "Heritage and Horizon: American Painting 1776 - 1976", "description": "<i>Heritage and Horizon: American Painting 1776 - 1976</i>. Buffalo AKG Art Museum, Buffalo, NY (organizer) (March 7-April 11, 1976); The Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit, MI (May 2-June 13, 1976); The Toledo Museum of Art, Toledo, OH (July 4-August 15, 1976); The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (September 8-October 10, 1976).", "opening_date": "1976-03-07T05:00:00"}, {"id": 304413, "title": "Science within Art", "description": "<i>Science within Art</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art (organizer) (February 13-April 20, 1980); Beck Center for the Arts, Lakewood, OH (June 1-July 1, 1980).", "opening_date": "1980-02-13T05:00:00"}, {"id": 304550, "title": "A Cleveland Bestiary", "description": "<i>A Cleveland Bestiary</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 15-December 16, 1981).", "opening_date": "1981-10-15T04:00:00"}, {"id": 228212, "title": "John James Audubon:  American Artist and Naturalist", "description": "<i>John James Audubon:  American Artist and Naturalist</i>. Cleveland Museum of Natural History (organizer) (February 10-April 29, 2007).", "opening_date": "2007-02-10T00:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "Liverpool, England, Liverpool Royal Academy, Audubon Exhibition (1827), possibly no. 188 as Two Hawks Seizing on Ducks.", "opening_date": null}, {"description": "Cleveland, Natural Science Museum (1964); indefinite loan.", "opening_date": "1964-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Cleveland, The Cleveland Museum of Natural History, John James Audubon (30 April-31 June 1974); case D.", "opening_date": "1974-04-30T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Buffalo, Albright-Knox Art Gallery, Heritage and Horizon: American Paintings 1776-1976 (6 March-11 April 1976); traveled to Detroit, Detroit Institute of Arts (5 May-13 June 1976); to Toledo, Toledo Museum of Art (4 July-15 August 1976); Cleveland, The Cleveland Museum of Art (8 September-10 October 1976); illu. cat. no. 7 as Duck Hawks.", "opening_date": "1976-03-06T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Cleveland, The Cleveland Museum of Art, Science Within Art (13 February-20 April 1980), illus. cat. no. 13, p. 28, pp. 28-29 as Duck Hawks.", "opening_date": "1980-02-13T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Cleveland, The Cleveland Museum of Art, A Cleveland Bestiary (14 October-15 December 1981) illus. cat. no. 36, p. 42; listed p. 62, no, 36 as Duck Hawks.", "opening_date": "1981-10-14T00:00:00"}, {"description": "New York, Grey Art Gallery and Study Center, John James Audubon &amp; His Sons (26 April - 5 June 1982) illus. cat. no. 31, p. 69 as Duck Hawks by John James Audubon (they attribute it to the artist himself, not his sons).", "opening_date": "1982-04-26T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Cleveland Musuem of Natural History, Cleveland, OH (February 10, 2007 - April 29, 2007): \"John James Audubon: American Artist and Naturalist\"", "opening_date": "2007-02-10T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "John James Audubon [1785-1851], New York, NY, by descent to his wife, Lucy Bakewell Audubon", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "c. 1827-", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "Lucy Bakewell Audubon [1787-1874], New York, NY, by descent to her son, John Woodhouse Audubon", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "?", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "John Woodhouse Audubon [1812-1862], New York, NY, by descent to his daughter, Lucy A. Williams", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "?", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "Lucy Audubon Williams [1838-1909], Greenburgh, Westerchester, NY, probably by descent to her grandson, Charles F. Edwards", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "?", "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "Charles F. Edwards [1878-1954], Chicago, IL and Alameda, CA, by descent to his sister, Margaret McCormick", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "?", "sortorder": 5}, {"description": "Mrs. H.V. (Margaret) McCormick, Long Island, NY and Staten Island, NY, sold to Kennedy Galleries", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "?", "sortorder": 6}, {"description": "(Kennedy Galleries, New York, NY, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "by 1964", "sortorder": 7}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, Ohio", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1964-", "sortorder": 8}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Clocked at speeds more than 240 mph, peregrine falcons are the world's fastest animals.", "description": "A vigorous portrayal of two peregrine falcons with their fresh duck prey, John James Audubon's painting relates to his groundbreaking <em>Birds of America</em> publication that sought to depict every species of native North American bird posed in action with elements of their habitats. Based on his artistic and scientific successes, Audubon became the premier naturalist in the United States. After his death, he continued to be associated with bird and nature conservation, and several organizations devoted to such causes were named in his honor. However, in recent years, as Audubon's slaveholding and looting of Indigenous graves has become more widely acknowledged, an increasing number of these groups are changing their names.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60469243"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1964.351-peregrine-falcons-du"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Invoice from Kennedy Galleries, Oct. 20, 1964, Director Files, Sherman Lee, Box 36, File 10: Kennedy Galleries, Ingalls Library, the Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Henry Sayles Francis, letter to Sherman Lee, Oct. 2, 1964, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Martha G. Thomas, letter to Charles E. Winters, Sept. 29, 1992, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Martha G. Thomas, letter to Charles E. Winters, Sept. 29, 1992, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Martha G. Thomas, letter to Charles E. Winters, Sept. 29, 1992, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Martha G. Thomas, letter to Charles E. Winters, Sept. 29, 1992, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "William Talbot, letter to Richard J. Koke, Feb. 16, 1977, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "William Talbot, letter to Richard J. Koke, Feb. 16, 1977, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Martha G. Thomas, letter to Charles E. Winters, Sept. 29, 1992, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "William Talbot, letter to Richard J. Koke, Feb. 16, 1977, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Martha G. Thomas, letter to Charles E. Winters, Sept. 29, 1992, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Kathman, Barbara A. <em>A Cleveland Bestiary</em>. Cleveland, OH; Cleveland Museum of Art, 1981.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 42; Mentioned: p. 41, p. 62", "url": null}, {"citation": "Adams, Henry. <em>What's American about American art?: a gallery tour in the Cleveland Museum of Art. </em>Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2008.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 56 - 57", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 45", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1964.351", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1964.351/1964.351_web.jpg", "width": "1263", "height": "892", "filesize": "892020", "filename": "1964.351_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1964.351/1964.351_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2400", "filesize": "6321024", "filename": "1964.351_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1964.351/1964.351_full.tif", "width": "5000", "height": "3529", "filesize": "52961248", "filename": "1964.351_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [], "creditline": "Gift of the American Foundation for the Maud E. and Warren H. Corning Botanical Collection", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Walter and Jean Kalberer Foundation Gallery", "athena_id": 140408, "creators": [{"id": 2694, "description": "John James Audubon (American, born Haiti, 1785\u20131851)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1785", "death_year": "1851", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1964-10-31T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1822, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 1827", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:08:23.274000"}, {"id": 117032, "accession_number": "1937.577", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "The Sacrifice of Isaac, c. 1527. Andrea del Sarto (Italian, 1486\u20131530). Oil on wood; framed: 208 x 171 x 12.5 cm (81 7/8 x 67 5/16 x 4 15/16 in.); unframed: 178 x 138 cm (70 1/16 x 54 5/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Delia E. Holden and L. E. Holden Funds, 1937.577", "current_location": "217 Italian Baroque", "title": "The Sacrifice of Isaac", "creation_date": "c. 1527", "creation_date_earliest": 1522, "creation_date_latest": 1532, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["Italy, Florence, 16th century"], "technique": "oil on wood", "support_materials": [], "department": "European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "P - Italian 16th & 17th Century", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 208 x 171 x 12.5 cm (81 7/8 x 67 5/16 x 4 15/16 in.); Unframed: 178 x 138 cm (70 1/16 x 54 5/16 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 2.08, "width": 1.71, "depth": 0.125}, "unframed": {"height": 1.78, "width": 1.38}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 312517, "title": "The Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition", "description": "<i>The Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 26-October 4, 1936).", "opening_date": "1936-06-26T04:00:00"}, {"id": 312341, "title": "The Silver Jubilee Exhibition", "description": "<i>The Silver Jubilee Exhibition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 23-September 28, 1941).", "opening_date": "1941-06-23T04:00:00"}, {"id": 302205, "title": "Art and Humanism in the Renaissance", "description": "<i>Art and Humanism in the Renaissance</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (January 23-February 25, 1962).", "opening_date": "1962-01-23T05:00:00"}, {"id": 211386, "title": "Leonardo, Michelangelo and the Renaissance in Florence", "description": "<i>Leonardo, Michelangelo and the Renaissance in Florence</i>. National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Ont.,, Canada (organizer) (May 27-September 5, 2005).", "opening_date": "2005-05-27T00:00:00"}, {"id": 222394, "title": "Masterpieces of European Painting from The Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Masterpieces of European Painting from The Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. Frick Collection, New York, NY (organizer) (November 8, 2006-January 28, 2007).", "opening_date": "2006-11-08T00:00:00"}, {"id": 179662, "title": "Masterpieces of European Painting from the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Masterpieces of European Painting from the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. Maltz Museum of Jewish Heritage, Beachwood, OH (March 29-July 8, 2007).", "opening_date": "2007-03-29T00:00:00"}, {"id": 217133, "title": "Andrea del Sarto: The Renaissance Workshop in Action", "description": "<i>Andrea del Sarto: The Renaissance Workshop in Action</i>. J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, CA (organizer) (June 23-September 13, 2015).", "opening_date": "2015-06-23T00:00:00"}, {"id": 523600, "title": "Pier Francesco Foschi (1502-1567) Florentine Painter", "description": "<i>Pier Francesco Foschi (1502-1567) Florentine Painter</i>. Galleria dell\u2019Accademia di Firenze, Florence, Italy (organizer) (November 27, 2023-March 10, 2024) https://www.galleriaaccademiafirenze.it/en/expositions/pier-francesco-foschi-1502-1567-pittore-fiorentino/.", "opening_date": "2023-11-27T05:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>Winter Exhibition</em>. Burlington House, Royal Academy, London, United Kingdom (1882).", "opening_date": "1882-01-01T04:56:02Z"}, {"description": "<em>Florence and the Arts: Five Centuries of Patronage</em>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (1971).", "opening_date": "1971-01-01T05:00:00Z"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Cardinal Carlo de' Medici, Florence", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "By 1649", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "Possibly the Montalvi Collection, Florence", "citations": [], "footnotes": [""], "date": null, "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "Possibly the Peruzzi Collection, Florence", "citations": [], "footnotes": [""], "date": null, "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "Zondadari Collection, Florence", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->See Biadi, 1829</div>"], "date": "By 1829", "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "William Cave, died 1858 (Brentry House, near Bristol, bought in Florence in 1846), by inheritance to his wife.", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->Unsold, Christie's, London, June 29, 1854, lot 77</div>"], "date": "1846 - 1858", "sortorder": 5}, {"description": "Mrs. William Cave", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1858", "sortorder": 6}, {"description": "Sold, Christie's, London, June 22, 1858, lot 102", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1858", "sortorder": 7}, {"description": "Possibly Peters", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1858 - 1882", "sortorder": 8}, {"description": "George Cornwall Legh, High Legh, Co. Chester", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->According to Royal Academy exhibition catalogue, Winter 1882, no. 206, \"purchased by George Cornwall Legh in 1862 at Florence; in the Tordanari collection\"</div>"], "date": "1882 - ?", "sortorder": 9}, {"description": "Lieutenant Colonel Henry Cornwall Legh, High Legh, Co. Chester", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "? - 1935", "sortorder": 10}, {"description": "Sold at Sotheby's, London, May 21, 1935, to Spencer Samuels", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1935", "sortorder": 11}, {"description": "Spencer Samuels, T. Harris, London, and Durlacher Brothers, New York", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1935 - 1937", "sortorder": 12}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1937 -", "sortorder": 13}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": ["2787.36"], "did_you_know": "The angel has two visible sets of legs, showing the artist\u2019s revision of the composition.", "description": "In this dramatic test of faith from the Old Testament book of Genesis, Abraham agrees to slay his son Isaac on God\u2019s command. As Abraham raises the knife, an angel suddenly appears to halt the sacrifice. This work gains its power from the complex expressions of father and son, combining grief, strength, resignation, fear, and realization in their faces and bodies, the latter inspired by ancient sculpture and Michelangelo. Andrea del Sarto never finished this painting, and it lays bare his working methods. He transferred the design to the panel from a drawing, reinforcing the chalk with painted lines\u2014best seen in the donkey at the far right. He then worked over the whole panel at once with thin, brushy veils of color, letting him alter the composition while painting\u2014especially evident in the angel, Isaac\u2019s body, and Abraham\u2019s head.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q59115342"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1937.577-the-sacrifice-of-isa"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Biadi, Luigi. <em>Notizie inedite della vita dA\u0315ndrea del Sarto, raccolte da manoscritti</em>. Firenze, Italy: Tip. Bonducciana, 1831.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 163, no. 2", "url": null}, {"citation": "Reumont, Alfred von. <em>Andrea del Sarto</em>. Leipzig: F.A. Brockhaus, 1835.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P.183", "url": null}, {"citation": "Venturi, Adolfo. <em>La R. Galleria Estense in Modena.</em> Modena: P. Toschi, 1882.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 257", "url": null}, {"citation": "Redford, George. <em>Art Sales. A History of Sales of Pictures and Other Works of Art. With Notices of the Collections Sold, Names of Owners, Titles of Pictures, Prices and Purchasers, Arranged Under the Artists of the Different Schools in Order of Date. Including the Purchases and Prices of Pictures for the National Gallery.</em> London: [Bradbury, Agnew, &amp; Co., Printers, the \"Whitefriars\" Press], 1888.", "page_number": "Mentioned: V. II, P. 251", "url": null}, {"citation": "Vasari, Giorgio. <em>Le opere di Giorgio Vasari.</em> Firenze: G.C. Sansoni, 1906.", "page_number": "Mentioned: Vol. V, P. 52", "url": null}, {"citation": "Guinness, H. <em>Andrea Del Sarto</em>. London, United Kingdom: G. Bell, 1907.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 74-75", "url": null}, {"citation": "Graves, Algernon. <em>Century of Loan Exhibitions 1813-1912</em>. London: Graves, 1913.", "page_number": "Mentioned: Vol. III, p. 1198", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Catalogue of Paintings, Part 3: European Paintings of the 16th, 17th, and 18th Centuries</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1982.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 406; Mentioned: p. 407-409", "url": null}, {"citation": "Francis, Henry S. \"An Unfinished Version of the 'Sacrifice of Abraham' by Andrea del Sarto.\" <em>The Bulletin of The Cleveland Museum of Art XXV</em>, no. 3 (March, 1938):39-42.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 37; Detail: p.38", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Au Cleveland Museum of Art.\" <em>Mouseion. </em>(Avril 1938) 13-14.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 13", "url": null}, {"citation": "Gibson, Katharine. <em>Pictures to Grow Up With</em>. New York, NY: Studio Publications, 1942.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 90", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Paintings in the Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> [Cleveland]: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1945.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 52", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAPaintings1945/page/n60"}, {"citation": "Coe, Nancy. <em>The History of the Collecting of European Paintings and Drawings in the City of Cleveland.</em> Thesis M.A. Oberlin College, 1956.", "page_number": "Reproduced: Vol. II, P. 216, no. 21", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Handbook.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 407", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1958/page/n75"}, {"citation": "H\u00e4rth, Isolde. \"Zu Andrea Del Sartos \"Opfer Abrahams\".\" <em>Mitteilungen Des Kunsthistorischen Institutes in Florenz</em> 8, no. 3 (1959): 167-73.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 167, n. 2", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/27652062."}, {"citation": "Wescher, Paul. <em>La prima idea: die Entwicklung der O\u0308lskizze von Tintoretto bis Picasso</em>. Mu\u0308nchen, Germany: F. Bruckmann, 1960.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 19, pl. 3, fig. 2", "url": null}, {"citation": "Berenson, Bernard. <em>Italian Pictures of the Renaissance: A List of the Principal Artists and Their Works, with an Index of Places : Florentine School</em>. London, United Kingdom: Phaidon Press, 1963.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 1, 7", "url": null}, {"citation": "Freedberg, S. J. <em>Andrea Del Sarto</em>. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1963.", "page_number": "Reproduced: vol. I, p. 77-70, figs. 179-184;", "url": null}, {"citation": "Jaffe, Michael. \"The Figurative Arts of the West, ca. 1400-1800.\" A<em>pollo: The International Magazine for Collectors</em> 75, no. 22 (1963):", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 458; Reproduced: fig. 4, p. 460", "url": null}, {"citation": "Shearman, John K. G. <em>Andrea Del Sarto</em>. Oxford, United Kingdom: Clarendon Press, 1965.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 110-111, pl. 146, 148 a and b, vol. I; p. 216, no. 79. vol. II", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 92", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n116"}, {"citation": "Hillyer, V. M., and E. G. Huey. <em>Fine Art; [the Last Two Hundred Years]</em>. New York, NY: Meredith Press, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 78", "url": null}, {"citation": "Coe, Ralph T. \"Rubens in 1614: 'The Sacrifice of Abraham.'\" <em>The Nelson Gallery and Atkins Museum Bulletin </em>IV, no. 7 (December 1966): 1-22.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 2; reproduced: P.3, fig. 1", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Selected Works: Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Museum, 1967.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 140", "url": null}, {"citation": "Murray, Linda. <em>The High Renaissance.</em> New York: F.A. Praeger, 1967.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 160, fig. 118", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 92", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n116"}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, and Berthold Fricke. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> Hannover: Knorr &amp; Hirth, 1970.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 44-45", "url": null}, {"citation": "Avery, Catherine B., ed. <em>The New Century Italian Renaissance Encyclopedia. </em>New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1972.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 42", "url": null}, {"citation": "Fredericksen, Burton B., and Federico Zeri. <em>Census of Pre-Nineteenth-Century Italian Paintings in North American Public Collections. </em>Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1972.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 8, 255, 573", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lurie, Ann Tzeutschler. \"Agnolo Bronzino: Portrait of a Young Lady.\" <em>The Bulletin of The Cleveland Museum of Art LXI</em>, no. 1 (January, 1975):3-13.", "page_number": "Detail Reproduced: p. 6", "url": null}, {"citation": "Fader, Martha Alice Agnew. <em>Sculpture in the Piazza Della Signoria: As Emblem of the Florentine Republic</em>. Thesis Ph.D. Ann Anbor, MI: University of Michigan, 1977.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 339, fig. 27", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 107", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n127"}, {"citation": "Vos, Rik. <em>Lucas van Leyden</em>. Bentveld, Netherlands: Landshoff, 1978.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 56-57; Reproduced: fig. 80", "url": null}, {"citation": "Hall, Marcia B. <em>Color and Meaning: Practice and Theory in Renaissance Painting</em>. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 1992.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 147, fig. 47", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Masterpieces from East and West</em>. New York, NY: Rizzoli International, 1992.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 109", "url": null}, {"citation": "Natali, Antonio. <em>Andrea Del Sarto</em>. New York, NY: Abbeville Press Publishers, 1999.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 183, no. 179", "url": null}, {"citation": "May, Sally Ruth, Jane Takac, and Barbara J. Bradley. <em>Knockouts: A Pocket Guide</em>. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2001.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 50; Reproduced: p. 50, 51", "url": null}, {"citation": "Keiith, Larry. \"Andrea del Sarto's 'The Virgin and Child with Saint Elizabeth and Saint John the Baptist': Technique and Critical Reception.\" <em>National Gallery Technical Bulletin </em>22 (2001): 42-53.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 50; Reproduced: P. 50-51, pl. 7 & 9", "url": null}, {"citation": "Franklin, David, Louis Alexander Waldman, and Andrew Butterfield. <em>Leonardo Da Vinci, Michelangelo, and the Renaissance in Florence</em>. Ottawa, Ontario: National Gallery of Canada, 2005.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 150; Reproduced: fig. 40", "url": null}, {"citation": "Iacono, Margaret. <em>Masterpieces of European Painting from the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. New York, NY: The Frick Collection, 2006.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 24-27; Reproduced: no. 3", "url": null}, {"citation": "Channing, Laurence, \"Personal and Professional\", Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Cleveland Art: The Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em>. Vol. 46 no. 10, December 2006", "page_number": "Mentioned & reproduced: p. 4", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2006-10/page/4/"}, {"citation": "Boskovits, Miklo\u0301s, ed. <em>Italian Paintings from the 13th to 15th Century.</em> Firenze, Italy: Polistampa, 2009.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 20", "url": null}, {"citation": "Wetering, Ernst van de. <em>Rembrandt: The Painter at Work</em>. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Amsterdam University Press, 2009.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 32, fig. 35", "url": null}, {"citation": "Hilaire, Michel, and Axel He\u0301mery. <em>Corps et ombres: Caravage et le caravagisme europe\u0301en</em>. Milan, Italy: 5 continents, 2012.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 72, fig. 1", "url": null}, {"citation": "Hout, Nico van, and Ted Alkins. <em>The unfinished painting</em>. 2012. Ghent, Belgium: Ludion, 2012.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 4, p. 82-84; Reproduced: Fig. 82", "url": null}, {"citation": "Pontormo, Jacopo da, Bastian Eclercy, and Ralf Bormann. <em>Pontormo: Meisterwerke des Manierismus in Florenz</em>. Hannover, Germany: Landesmuseum Hannover, 2013.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 73, fig. 52; Mentioned: p. 207", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 176", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Bomford, David. <em>Unfinished Paintings: Narratives of the Non Finito</em>. Edinburgh: National Galleries of Scotland: in association with the University of Edinburgh, 2015.", "page_number": "Mentioned p. 17; Reproduced: p. 18", "url": null}, {"citation": "Carmen C. Bambach, exhibition review of Andrea del Sarto, <em>The Burlington Magazine</em> 158, no. 1354 (January 2016).", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 70-72; Reproduced: p. 70, fig. 95", "url": null}, {"citation": "Jenison, Tim, Jonathan Janson, and David Walsh. <em>Hound in the Hunt: Optical Aids in Art.</em> Berriedale, Tas.: Museum of Old and New Art, 2016.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 96, fig. 2.4", "url": null}, {"citation": "Steele, Marcia. \"The Three Versions of <em>The Sacrifice of Isaac</em>.\" <em>Kermes: La Rivista del Restauro </em>29/30, no. 104/105 (October 2016- March 2017): 123-142.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 123-142", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Schumacher, Andreas, et. al. <em>Florentiner Malerei: Alte Pinakothek : die Gema\u0308lde des 14. bis 16. Jahrhunderts.</em> [M\u00fcnchen]: Alte Pinakothek; Berlin: Deutscher Kunstverlag, 2017.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 535, Abb. 37.10; P.536, Abb. 37.12", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bayer, A., et. al. \"Andrea del Sarto's <em>Borgherini Holy Family</em> and <em>Charity</em>: Two Intertwined Late Works.\" <em>Metropolitan Museum of Art </em>52 (2017).", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. [34]-55; Reproduced: p. 46, fig. 15", "url": null}, {"citation": "Hall, Marcia B. <em>The Power of Color: Five Centuries of European Painting</em>. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2019.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 127, fig. 3.21", "url": null}, {"citation": "Foschi, Pier Francesco, and Galleria dell\u2019Accademia (Florence, Italy). <em>Pier Francesco Foschi (1502-1567) : Pittore Fiorentino</em>. Cinisello Balsamo, Milano: Silvana editoriale, 2023.", "page_number": "Mentioned and published: pp. 120-121, no. 10", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Symposium for the Study of Underdrawing and Technology in Painting, and Anne Dubois. Alla Maniera: Technical Art History and the Meaning of Style in 15th to 17th Century Painting. Paris ; Leuven : Peeters, 2024.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: pp. 110-121, Ill. 9.1-9.8.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Brock, Maurice, and Raphael. Le Laocoon, Entre Michel-Ange et Raphae\u0308L : Un Ressort de L\u2019e\u0301Mulation. Tours: Presses universitaires Franc\u0327ois Rabelais, 2024.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 179, n. 22; reproduced: p. 177, fig. 93", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1937.577", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1937.577/1937.577_web.jpg", "width": "697", "height": "900", "filesize": "306442", "filename": "1937.577_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1937.577/1937.577_print.jpg", "width": "2633", "height": "3400", "filesize": "2768419", "filename": "1937.577_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1937.577/1937.577_full.tif", "width": "9939", "height": "12836", "filesize": "382761404", "filename": "1937.577_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2009-12-08T21:49:24", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1937.577/1937.577_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "697", "height": "893", "filesize": "485315"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1937.577/1937.577_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "2654", "height": "3400", "filesize": "6669637"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1937.577/1937.577_alt0_full.tif", "width": "7318", "height": "9374", "filesize": "205817976"}}, {"date_created": "2009-11-13T16:28:45", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1937.577/1937.577_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "689", "height": "893", "filesize": "535894"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1937.577/1937.577_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "2624", "height": "3400", "filesize": "7687969"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1937.577/1937.577_alt1_full.tif", "width": "3505", "height": "4542", "filesize": "47780196"}}, {"date_created": "2024-04-29T14:20:17", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1937.577/1937.577_alt2_web.jpg", "width": "741", "height": "900", "filesize": "364519"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1937.577/1937.577_alt2_print.jpg", "width": "2798", "height": "3400", "filesize": "3913512"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1937.577/1937.577_alt2_full.tif", "width": "10236", "height": "12438", "filesize": "381976928"}}, {"date_created": "2024-04-29T15:07:03", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1937.577/1937.577_alt3_web.jpg", "width": "738", "height": "900", "filesize": "328870"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1937.577/1937.577_alt3_print.jpg", "width": "2789", "height": "3400", "filesize": "2890901"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1937.577/1937.577_alt3_full.tif", "width": "9742", "height": "11877", "filesize": "347148912"}}], "creditline": "Delia E. Holden and L. E. Holden Funds", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Donna and James Reid Gallery", "athena_id": 117032, "creators": [{"id": 2291, "description": "Andrea del Sarto (Italian, 1486\u20131530)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1486", "death_year": "1530", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1937-12-20T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1522, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 1527", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": "Overall, the painting is in stable condition. The panel is composed of four members, vertically grained, each member tangentially cut and coming from near the center of the tree. Three cross braces were at some point slid into grooves cut into the back of the support and transverse the entire width of the painting, tapering from one side to the other. The wood of the panel was analyzed as poplar and the center cross brace as European chestnut. The ground was analyzed and contains calcium sulphate (gypsum). Underdrawing is present and appears to be with the calco method (comprised of charcoal black, gypsum, and brown ochre). It appears that once the underdrawing was set onto the ground layer, and the painting stage started, del Sarto and/or his studio assistants made both major and minor alterations. The minor alterations seem to be corrections and adjustments for more successful placement of figures and overall composition.", "has_conservation_images": true, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": true, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:02:06.701000"}, {"id": 135428, "accession_number": "1958.425", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Hunting near Hartenfels Castle, 1540. Lucas Cranach (German, 1472\u20131553). Oil, originally on wood, transferred to masonite; framed: 133 x 185.5 x 7.3 cm (52 3/8 x 73 1/16 x 2 7/8 in.); unframed: 116.8 x 170.2 cm (46 x 67 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, John L. Severance Fund, 1958.425", "current_location": "114 Late Northern Renaissance", "title": "Hunting near Hartenfels Castle", "creation_date": "1540", "creation_date_earliest": 1540, "creation_date_latest": 1540, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["Germany"], "technique": "oil, originally on wood, transferred to masonite", "support_materials": [], "department": "European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "P - German before 1800", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 133 x 185.5 x 7.3 cm (52 3/8 x 73 1/16 x 2 7/8 in.); Unframed: 116.8 x 170.2 cm (46 x 67 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 1.33, "width": 1.855, "depth": 0.073}, "unframed": {"height": 1.168, "width": 1.702}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "Signed lower right on boat with a winged serpent, and dated: 1540 [inventory number, lower right: 1577]", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 300779, "title": "Juxtapositions", "description": "<i>Juxtapositions</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (September 11-October 10, 1965).", "opening_date": "1965-09-11T04:00:00"}, {"id": 304550, "title": "A Cleveland Bestiary", "description": "<i>A Cleveland Bestiary</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 15-December 16, 1981).", "opening_date": "1981-10-15T04:00:00"}, {"id": 304561, "title": "Visions of Landscape: East and West", "description": "<i>Visions of Landscape: East and West</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (February 17-March 21, 1982).", "opening_date": "1982-02-17T05:00:00"}, {"id": 399430, "title": "Lucas Cranach: Ein Maler-Unternehmer aus Franken", "description": "<i>Lucas Cranach: Ein Maler-Unternehmer aus Franken</i>. Museum of Fine Arts, Leipzig (May 17-July 1, 1994); Fortress of Rosenberg Kronach (September 7-November 6, 1994).", "opening_date": "1994-05-17T04:00:00"}, {"id": 218734, "title": "Faith and Power:  Saxony in the Europe of the Reformation Era", "description": "<i>Faith and Power:  Saxony in the Europe of the Reformation Era</i>. Hartenfels Castle, Torgau, Dresden, Germany (May 24-October 10, 2004).", "opening_date": "2004-05-24T00:00:00"}, {"id": 180667, "title": "Sacred Gifts and Worldly Treasures: Medieval Masterworks from the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Sacred Gifts and Worldly Treasures: Medieval Masterworks from the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. National Museum of Bavaria, Munich, Germany (May 10-September 16, 2007); J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, CA (October 30, 2007-January 20, 2008); Frist Art Museum, Nashville, TN (February 13-June 7, 2009).", "opening_date": "2007-05-10T00:00:00"}, {"id": 193954, "title": "Arms and Armor from Imperial Austria", "description": "<i>Arms and Armor from Imperial Austria</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (February 24-June 1, 2008).", "opening_date": "2008-02-24T00:00:00"}, {"id": 231753, "title": "Lucas Cranach. L'altro rinascimento", "description": "<i>Lucas Cranach. L'altro rinascimento</i>. Galleria Borghese, Rome, Italy (organizer) (October 13, 2010-March 3, 2011).", "opening_date": "2010-10-13T00:00:00"}, {"id": 218729, "title": "Luther and the Princes", "description": "<i>Luther and the Princes</i>. Schloss Hartenfels, Torgau, Germany (May 15-November 1, 2015).", "opening_date": "2015-05-15T00:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>Lucas Cranach d. A und Lucas Cranach d. J</em>. Staatliche Museen (duetsches Museum) Berlin, Germany (1937).", "opening_date": "1937-01-01T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Royal Collection of Saxony, Schloss Hartenfels and Schloss Moritzburg, consigned to M.H. Drey", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->On October 4, 1543, Cranach was paid 123 florins, 10 groschen, and 8 pfennig for various works (Staatsarchiv, Weimar Reg. Bb. 4551, Bl. 24b (Schuchardt [1851] 162ff.), including a hunting picture presented to Duke Maurice of Saxony [1521-1553], presumably the Cleveland painting.&nbsp; Cranach had been appointed court painter to the Electors of Saxony in 1505 by Frederick the Wise. &nbsp; A House of Saxony inventory number (1577) is inscribed in the lower right corner of the painting.&nbsp; The painting remained at Schloss Hartenfels, Torgau for generations, and with the Dukes of Saxony at Schloss Moritzburg until the 1950s. &nbsp;</div>"], "date": "1540-1950s", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "(M.H. Drey, London, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "Until 1958", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, Ohio", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1958-", "sortorder": 3}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Humans, dogs, and deer make up most of the creatures in this busy scene\u2014but not all of them! Look closely at the background to spot a bear and three boars.", "description": "The Protestant rulers of Saxony commissioned this animated hunt scene, set near their residence seen in the background, Hartenfels Castle (in eastern Germany). John Frederick the Magnanimous, in the bottom left corner, wears dark green hunting attire; he spans his crossbow and waits for his courtiers and dogs to chase a stag across the river. His wife, the Electress Sibylle, stands at right, poised to take the first ceremonial shot. The prince electors of Saxony were passionate practitioners of hunting with dogs\u2014elaborate, highly rehearsed occasions, coordinated by the use of signals from hunting horns. Cranach dated this work and his signature is the winged snake at lower right. 1577 in the right corner is an inventory number.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60465134"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1958.425-hunting-near-hartenf"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Margaret H. Drey, letter to Henry Sayles Francis, April 9, 1959, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Margaret H. Drey, letter to Henry Sayles Francis, March 18, 1959, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Margaret H. Drey, letter to Henry Sayles Francis, March 18, 1959, in CMA curatorial file.<br><br><ul><li><br></li></ul>", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Margaret H. Drey, letter to Henry Sayles Francis, April 9, 1959, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Cranach-Ausstellung: Lucas Cranach d. \u00c4., und Lucas Cranach d. J., Gem\u00e4lde, Zeichnungen, Graphik, april-juni 1937 im Deutschen Museum Berlin</em>. Berlin: Staatliche Museen, 1937.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Schade, Werner, Lucas Cranach, Lucas Cranach, and Hans Cranach. <em>Cranach, a Family of Master Painters</em>. New York: Putnam, 1980.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Schuchardt, Christian. <em>Lucas Cranach des Aeltern leben und werke</em>. Leipzig: F.A. Brockhaus, 1851.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Flechsig, Eduard. <em>Cranachstudien</em>. Leipzig, Germany: K.W. Hiersemann, 1900.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 275; Mentioned: p. 288", "url": null}, {"citation": "Friedla\u0308nder, Max J., and Jakob Rosenberg. <em>Die Gema\u0308lde von Lucas Cranach</em>. Berlin, Germany: Deutscher Verein fu\u0308r Kunstwissenschaft, 1932.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 331a, p. 91", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lilienfein, Heinrich. <em>Lukas Cranach und seine Zeit</em>. Bielefeld, Germany: Velhagen &amp; Klasing, 1944.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 86", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien, Vinzenz Oberhammer, Friderike Klauner, and Gu\u0308nther Heinz. <em>Katalog der Gema\u0308ldegalerie</em>. Wien, Austria: Kunsthistorisches Museum, 1958.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 39, no. 117", "url": null}, {"citation": "Francis, Henry. \"The Stag Hunt.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art </em>46, no. 9 (November 1959): 198-205.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 200; Reproduced: p. 198-9, 202-3", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25142361"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 108", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n132"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 108", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n132"}, {"citation": "Schu\u0308tz, Karl. <em>Lucas Cranach der A\u0308ltere und seine Werkstatt. Jubila\u0308umsausstellung museumseigener Werke, 1472-1972</em>. Wien, Austria: Kunsthist. Museum, 1972.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 32", "url": null}, {"citation": "Museo del Prado. <em>Museo del Prado: cata\u0301logo de las pinturas</em>. Madrid, Spain: El Museo, 1972.", "page_number": "Reproduced: 0. 165, no. 2175", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lurie, Ann T. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Catalogue of Paintings</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Museum, 1982.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 162-165; Reproduced: p. 163", "url": null}, {"citation": "Schade, Werner. <em>Die Malerfamilie Cranach</em>. Dresden, Germany: Verlag der Kunst, 1974.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 210 and 211", "url": null}, {"citation": "Findeisen, Peter, and Heinrich Magirius. <em>Die Denkmale der Stadt Torgau</em>. Leipzig, Germany: Seemann, VEB, 1976.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 108-109, plates 64, 65", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 128", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n148"}, {"citation": "Morse, John D. <em>Old Master Paintings in North America: Over 3000 Masterpieces by 50 Great Artists</em>. New York, NY: Abbeville Press, 1979.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 77", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kathman, Barbara A. <em>A Cleveland Bestiary</em>. Cleveland, OH; Cleveland Museum of Art, 1981.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 9; Mentioned: p. 7-11, p. 60", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Catalogue of Paintings, Part 3: European Paintings of the 16th, 17th, and 18th Centuries. </em>Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1982.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 162-164; Reproduced: p. 163", "url": null}, {"citation": "Weber, Erwin. <em>Cranach and Luther: With Selected Works of the \"Painting Evangelist\" in the United States</em>. St. Louis, MO: Concordia Pub. House, 1983.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 60, plate 42", "url": null}, {"citation": "Grimm, Claus, Johannes Erichsen, and Evamaria Brockhoff. <em>Lucas Cranach: ein Maler-Unternehmer aus Franken</em>. Augsburg, Germany: Haus der Bayerischen Geschichte, 1994.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 131; Mentioned: p. 311-313", "url": null}, {"citation": "Fliegel, Stephen N. <em>Arms and Armor: The Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Museum, 1998.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 135", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kolb, Karin, and Harald Marx. <em>Cranach: [anla\u0308sslich der Ausstellung Cranach vom 13. November 2005 bis 12. Ma\u0308rz 2006 in den Kunstsammlungen Chemnitz ; eine Ausstellung in Kooperation mit der Gema\u0308ldegalerie Alte Meister der Staatlichen Kunstsammlungen Dresden]</em>. Ko\u0308ln, Germany: Wienand, 2005.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 160, fig. 72", "url": null}, {"citation": "Ferino Pagden, Sylvia, and Andreas Beyer. <em>Tizian versus Seisenegger: die Portraits Karls V. mit Hund : ein Holbeinstreit</em>. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols, 2005.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 169; Reproduced: p. 171, fig. 4a", "url": null}, {"citation": "Klein, Holger A. <em>Sacred Gifts and Worldly Treasures: Medieval Masterworks from the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2007.", "page_number": "Reproduced: cat. 112, Mentioned: p. 294, 295", "url": null}, {"citation": "Fliegel, Stephen N. <em>Arms &amp; Armor: The Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2007.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 155", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Treasures of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. London: United Kingdom: Scala Books, 2012.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 168-169", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 179", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Greub, Suzanne. <em>Von Meisterhand: die Cranach-Sammlung des Muse\u0301e des beaux-arts de Reims</em>. Munich, Germany: Hirmer, 2015.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 54-55, Abb. 6", "url": null}, {"citation": "Gengler, Matthew. \"You Ask, We Answer.\" <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine </em>58, no. 5 (September/October 2018): 22.", "page_number": "Reproduced and Mentioned: P. 22", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2018-05/page/n11/mode/2up"}, {"citation": "Cranach, Lucas, Lucas Cranach, and Michael Hofbauer. Corpus Cranach: Lucas Cranach I und Lucas Cranach II : Verzeichnis der Gema\u0308lde unter Beru\u0308cksichtigung von Werkstattumfeld und Epigonen. Heidelberg, 2022.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 481, CC-SJM-100-006", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Nelson, Jennifer. <em>Lucas Cranach: From German Myth to Reformation</em>. London: Reaktion Books, 2024.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 67-69, fig. 23", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1958.425", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1958.425/1958.425_web.jpg", "width": "1263", "height": "866", "filesize": "1094651", "filename": "1958.425_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1958.425/1958.425_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2332", "filesize": "7869098", "filename": "1958.425_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1958.425/1958.425_full.tif", "width": "5000", "height": "3430", "filesize": "51477396", "filename": "1958.425_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2007-04-30T14:57:15", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1958.425/1958.425_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "1082", "height": "893", "filesize": "921764"}, "print": {"url": 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Severance Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 135428, "creators": [{"id": 2647, "description": "Lucas Cranach (German, 1472\u20131553)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1472", "death_year": "1553", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1958-11-29T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1540, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1540", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": true, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["The Stag Hunt"], "is_highlight": true, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:04:33.276000"}, {"id": 150389, "accession_number": "1981.18", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "The Holy Family on the Steps, 1648. Nicolas Poussin (French, 1594\u20131665). Oil on canvas; framed: 103.5 x 135.3 x 13.3 cm (40 3/4 x 53 1/4 x 5 1/4 in.); unframed: 73.3 x 105.8 cm (28 7/8 x 41 5/8 in.); former: 72.3 x 104 cm (28 7/16 x 40 15/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund, 1981.18", "current_location": "212 Baroque Painting and Sculpture", "title": "The Holy Family on the Steps", "creation_date": "1648", "creation_date_earliest": 1648, "creation_date_latest": 1648, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["France, 17th century"], "technique": "oil on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "P - French 17th Century", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 103.5 x 135.3 x 13.3 cm (40 3/4 x 53 1/4 x 5 1/4 in.); Unframed: 73.3 x 105.8 cm (28 7/8 x 41 5/8 in.); Former: 72.3 x 104 cm (28 7/16 x 40 15/16 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 1.035, "width": 1.353, "depth": 0.133}, "unframed": {"height": 0.733, "width": 1.058}, "former": {"height": 0.723, "width": 1.04}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 304599, "title": "The Year in Review for 1981", "description": "<i>The Year in Review for 1981</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (February 17-March 21, 1982).", "opening_date": "1982-02-17T05:00:00"}, {"id": 191999, "title": "A Painting in Focus: Nicolas Poussin's Holy Family on the Steps", "description": "<i>A Painting in Focus: Nicolas Poussin's Holy Family on the Steps</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (November 14, 1999-January 23, 2000).", "opening_date": "1999-11-14T00:00:00"}, {"id": 217169, "title": "long-term loan", "description": "<i>long-term loan</i>. Mus\u00e9e du Louvre (organizer) (February 1, 2000-January 31, 2002).", "opening_date": "2000-02-01T00:00:00"}, {"id": 217051, "title": "Poussin and 17th century French Painting", "description": "<i>Poussin and 17th century French Painting</i>. Harvard University Art Museums/Fogg Art Museum (February 11-April 14, 2002).", "opening_date": "2002-02-11T00:00:00"}, {"id": 222394, "title": "Masterpieces of European Painting from The Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Masterpieces of European Painting from The Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. Frick Collection, New York, NY (organizer) (November 8, 2006-January 28, 2007).", "opening_date": "2006-11-08T00:00:00"}, {"id": 179662, "title": "Masterpieces of European Painting from the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Masterpieces of European Painting from the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. Maltz Museum of Jewish Heritage, Beachwood, OH (March 29-July 8, 2007).", "opening_date": "2007-03-29T00:00:00"}, {"id": 217150, "title": "Poussin and God", "description": "<i>Poussin and God</i>. Mus\u00e9e du Louvre, Paris, France (organizer) (March 30-June 29, 2015).", "opening_date": "2015-03-30T00:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>A Painting in Focus: Nicolas Poussin's Holy Family on the Steps</em>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (November, 14, 1999-January 23, 2000).", "opening_date": "2000-01-23T00:00:00"}, {"description": ".", "opening_date": null}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Painted for Pierre Hennequin de Fresne (or version in Washington); [perhaps Reyni\u00e8re coll., Paris sale 1793; London sales 1797, 1801]; Lord Ashburton; J. Hervig-Smith, Devon (London sale 1908); (Quinto, Paris); Henri Lerolle (Paris sale 1944, as attributed); Bertin-Mourot coll.", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": null}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Poussin placed small wax models in a box pierced with holes to study lighting effects.", "description": "This deceptively simple composition represents a complex meditation on the Holy Family\u2019s role in the redemption of humanity. At the center, Mary presents the Christ child to the world. At the left, Saint Elizabeth leans forward to foretell his eventual death, while her son, Saint John the Baptist, offers Jesus an apple, signifying humanity\u2019s fall from grace in the Garden of Eden. At the right, Saint Joseph holds a compass, a sign of his occupation as a carpenter and also symbolic of God the Father. Poussin developed his composition meticulously and deliberately, using clear primary colors, simple forms, and a geometric organization to express the central importance of the Holy Family in Christian belief.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60474739"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1981.18-the-holy-family-on-t"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, \u201cPoussin Painting Acquired by the Cleveland Museum of Art,\u201d April 30, 1981, Cleveland Museum of Art Archives.", "page_number": null, "url": "https://archive.org/details/cmapr2876"}, {"citation": "Lee, Sherman E. \u201cThe Year in Review for 1981.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 69, no. 2 (February 1982): 39\u201382.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 60-61; Mentioned: P. 78, no. 21", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25159758"}, {"citation": "Goldfarb, Hilliard T. \u201cA Pastoral Scene with Classical Figures by Claude Lorrain.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 70, no. 4 (April 1983): 164\u201371.", "page_number": "", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25159813"}, {"citation": "Blunt, Anthony. <em>Nicolas Poussin</em>. London: Pallas Athene, 1995.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 659", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cornette, Joe\u0308l, and Alain Me\u0301rot. <em>Le XVIIe sie\u0300cle</em>. Paris, France: Seuil, 1999.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 337", "url": null}, {"citation": "Perry, Gillian, and Colin Cunningham. <em>Academies, Museums, and Canons of Art</em>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press in association with the Open University, 1999.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 38, pl. 16", "url": null}, {"citation": "Minor, Vernon Hyde. <em>Baroque &amp; Rococo: Art &amp; Culture</em>. New York, NY: Harry N. Abrams, 1999.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 187, no. 5.24", "url": null}, {"citation": "De Grazia, Diane. \u201cPoussin\u2019s \u2018Holy Family on the Steps\u2019 in Context.\u201d <em>Cleveland Studies in the History of Art</em> 4 (1999): 26\u201363.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 26-63", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/20070825"}, {"citation": "Sawyer, Carol, and Marcia Steele. \u201cPoussin\u2019s \u2018Holy Family on the Steps\u2019: New Technical Discoveries, Comparisons, and the Washington Copy.\u201d <em>Cleveland Studies in the History of Art</em> 4 (1999): 112\u2013160.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 112-160", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/20070829"}, {"citation": "De Grazia, Dianne, \"Poussin\u2019s Holy Family\", Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Cleveland Art: The Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em>. Vol. 39 no. 10, December 1999", "page_number": "Mentioned & reproduced: p. 4", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM1999-10/page/n3"}, {"citation": "Bonfait, Olivier, and Neil MacGregor. <em>Il Dio nascosto: i grandi maestri del Seicento e l'immagine di Dio</em>. Roma, Italy: Edizioni de Luca, 2000.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 16, fig. 1", "url": null}, {"citation": "Armstrong, John. <em>The Intimate Philosophy of Art</em>. London, United Kingdom: Allen Lane, 2000.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 108-109, no. 23", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kendall, Richard. <em>Drawn to Painting: Leon Kossoff Drawings and Prints After Nicolas Poussin</em>. London, United Kingdom: Merrell Publishers, 2000.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 117, pl. 58", "url": null}, {"citation": "May, Sally Ruth, Jane Takac, and Barbara J. Bradley. <em>Knockouts: A Pocket Guide</em>. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2001.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 40, no. 37; Mentioned: p. 117", "url": null}, {"citation": "Wilson, Carolyn C. <em>St. Joseph in Italian Renaissance Society and Art: New Directions and Interpretations</em>. Philadelphia, PA: Saint Joseph's University Press, 2001.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 145, pl. 50, XI", "url": null}, {"citation": "Rosenberg, Pierre, and Jean-Pierre Caillet. <em>La peinture franc\u0327aise</em>. Paris, France: Menge\u0300s, 2001.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 274", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bishop, Philip E. <em>Adventures in the Human Spirit</em>. Upper Saddle River, NJ.: Prentice Hall, 2002.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 282, fig. 10.28", "url": null}, {"citation": "Brugerolles, Emmanuelle and David Guillet. <em>Poussin, Claude, and Their World: Seventeenth-Century French Drawings from the E\u0301cole Des Beaux-Arts, Paris</em>. Paris, France: E\u0301cole nationale supe\u0301rieure des beaux-arts, 2002.", "page_number": "Reproduced: fig. 4", "url": null}, {"citation": "Marshall, David Ryley. <em>The Italians in Australia: Studies in Renaissance and Baroque Art</em>. Firenze, Italy: Centro Di, 2004.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 22, fig. 10", "url": null}, {"citation": "Hyman, John. <em>Realism and Relativism in the Theory of Art</em>. Oxford, United Kingdom: Aristotelian Society, 2005.", "page_number": "Reproduced: fir. 4", "url": null}, {"citation": "Honour, Hugh, and John Fleming. <em>A World History of Art</em>. London, United Kingdom: Laurence King, 2005.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 586, fig. 13.26", "url": null}, {"citation": "Shepherd, Rupert, and Robert Maniura. <em>Presence: The Inherence of the Prototype Within Images and Other Objects</em>. Aldershot, England: Ashgate, 2006.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 131, fig. 7.1", "url": null}, {"citation": "Iacono, Margaret. <em>Masterpieces of European Painting from the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. New York, NY: The Frick Collection, 2006.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 60-63; Reproduced: no. 12", "url": null}, {"citation": "Eitel-Porter, Rhoda. <em>From Leonardo to Pollock: Master Drawings from the Morgan Library</em>. New York, NY: Pierpont Morgan Library, 2006.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 150, fig. 1", "url": null}, {"citation": "Hyman, John. <em>The Objective Eye: Color, Form, and Reality in the Theory of Art</em>. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2006.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 193, fig. 69", "url": "<http://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=616042>"}, {"citation": "Wright, Christopher. <em>Poussin: Paintings : a Catalogue Raisonne\u0301</em>. London, United Kingdom: Chaucer Press, 2007.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 192, no. 140", "url": null}, {"citation": "Conisbee, Philip, Richard Rand, and Joseph Baillio. <em>French Paintings of the Fifteenth Through the Eighteenth Century</em>. Washington DC: National Gallery of Art, 2009.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 390, fig. 1", "url": null}, {"citation": "Hershkovitch, Corinne, and Didier Rykner. <em>La restitution des \u0153uvres d'art: solutions et impasses</em>. Paris, France: Hazan, 2011.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 136; Reproduced: p. 218, fig. 13", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Treasures of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. London, United Kingdom; Scala Books, 2012.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 200-2001", "url": null}, {"citation": "Blanc, Marianne Cojannot-Le. <em>A\u0300 la recherche du rameau d'or</em>. [Place of publication not identified]: Presses universitaires de Paris Ouest, 2012.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 125, fig. 31", "url": "<http://books.openedition.org/pupo/3744>."}, {"citation": "Brugerolles, Emmanuelle. <em>De Poussin a\u0300 Fragonard: hommage a\u0300 Mathias Polakovits</em>. Paris, France: Beaux-arts de Paris, 2013.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 57, fig. 3", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 187", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cuzin, Jean-Pierre, et. al. <em>Le Saint Joseph charpentier de Georges de la Tour: Un Don au Louvre de Percy Moore Turner</em>. [Gent] : Snoeck, 2017.", "page_number": "Mentioned;. p. 179 & 477, n. 2053", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bandle, Anne Laure, and Fre\u0301de\u0301ric Elsig. Risques et pe\u0301rils dans l'attribution des \u0153uvres d'art: de la pratique des experts aux aspects juridiques. Gene\u0300ve : Schulthess, 2018.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 2-3; Reproduced: p. 5, fig. 2", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Gauzi, Christine. \"Poussin au Louvre: L'Etat de Grace.\" L'Estampille/L'Objet d'art 512 (Mai 2015): 36-45.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 36", "url": null}, {"citation": "Brilliant, Virginia. <em>Italian, Spanish, and French Paintings in the Ringling Museum of Art. </em>New York; Sarasota, FL: Scala Arts Publishers, Inc., in association with The John and Mable Ringling Museum of Art,, 2017.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 449", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bishop, Brian Leslie and David Hoyle. <em>The Continuing Dialogue: An Investigation into the Artistic Afterlife of the Five Narratives Peculiar to the Fourth Gospel and an Assessment of their Contribution to the Hermeneutics of that Gospel.</em> Eugene, OR: Resource Publications, 2017.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 104, fig. 27", "url": null}, {"citation": "Sapir, Itay. \"Flowing Wine, solid Stone: Dionysian and Apollonian Metaphors in Writing on Seventeenth-Century Art.\" In <em>Einfluss, Str\u00f6mung, Quelle: Aquatische Metaphern der Kunstgeschichte.</em>Bielefeld: Transcript, 2018.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 201, fig. 1", "url": null}, {"citation": "Pierini, Marco, and Perugino. Perugino: l'Adorazione dei Magi. 2018.", "page_number": "Reproduced and mentioned; p. 44, Fig. 4", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Burchard, Wolf. <em>The Sovereign Artist: Charles Le Brun and the Image of Louis XIV.</em> London: Paul Holberton Publishing, 2016. p. 230", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 230, fig. 190", "url": null}, {"citation": "Gady, B\u00e9n\u00e9dicte, and Nicolas Milovanovic. <em>Charles Le Brun (1619-1690). </em>Lens: Mus\u00e9e du Louvre-Lens; Paris: LIENART, 2016.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 186, fig. 1", "url": null}, {"citation": "Milovanovic, Nicolas and Micka\u00ebl Szanto. <em>Poussin et Dieu: l'album de l'exposition.</em> Paris: Hazan: Mus\u00e9e du Louvre, 2015.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 14-15", "url": null}, {"citation": "Buser, Thomas. <em>Experiencing Art Around Us</em>. Australia ; United States : Thomson Wadsworth, 2006.", "page_number": "Reproduced and mentioned: p, 103, figure 4-26", "url": null}, {"citation": "Hall, Marcia B. <em>The Power of Color: Five Centuries of European Painting.</em> New Haven: Yale University Press, 2019.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 132, fig. 3.26", "url": null}, {"citation": "Wilson, Carolyn C.\"Nunc faber alter adest: Cristoforo Bianchi's Emblematic Engraving from 1597 and the Saint Joseph Altarpiece of 1603 by Giovanni Barbiani of Ravenna.\" <em>Artibus et historiae </em>80, (2019): 241-268.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 252-53, fig.13a-b; Mentioned: p. 253-54", "url": null}, {"citation": "Verdi, Richard, and Nicolas Poussin. <em>Poussin As a Painter: From Classicism to Abstraction.</em> London : Reaktion Books, 2020.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 120-123, no. 103", "url": null}, {"citation": "Thomas, Troy M. <em>Poussin's Women: Sex and Gender in the Artist's Works.</em> Amsterdam : Amsterdam University Press, 2020.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 327-328, fig. 7.14", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Albl, Stefan, and Pietro Testa. Pietro Testa: Maler in Rom und Lucca (1612-1650). 2021.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 117, note 180", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Caglioti, Francesco, and Donatello. Donatello: The Renaissance. Venezia : Marsilio arte, 2022.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 401, fig. 6", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Lerolle, Aggy. <em>Henry Lerolle: Paris 1848-1929.</em> Willaupuis, Belgium: Wapica; Paris: Socie\u0301te\u0301 des Amis d'Henry Lerolle, 2022.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 222-223", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1981.18", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1981.18/1981.18_web.jpg", "width": "1263", "height": "867", "filesize": "690276", "filename": "1981.18_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1981.18/1981.18_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2333", "filesize": "4960315", "filename": "1981.18_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1981.18/1981.18_full.tif", "width": "6000", "height": "4117", "filesize": "74137996", "filename": "1981.18_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2008-06-23T18:39:13", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1981.18/1981.18_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "1168", "height": "893", "filesize": "885936"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1981.18/1981.18_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2600", "filesize": "6770485"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1981.18/1981.18_alt0_full.tif", "width": "4335", "height": "3315", "filesize": "43156628"}}], "creditline": "Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Reinberger Gallery", "athena_id": 150389, "creators": [{"id": 1946, "description": "Nicolas Poussin (French, 1594\u20131665)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1594", "death_year": "1665", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1981-05-11T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1648, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1648", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "cover", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": true, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:02:55.424000"}, {"id": 162080, "accession_number": "2001.34", "share_license_status": "Copyrighted", "tombstone": "The Dream, 1931. Salvador Dal\u00ed (Spanish, 1904\u20131989). Oil on canvas; framed: 120 x 120 x 7.7 cm (47 1/4 x 47 1/4 x 3 1/16 in.); unframed: 96 x 96 cm (37 13/16 x 37 13/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, John L. Severance Fund, 2001.34. \u00a9 Salvador Dali, Gala-Salvador Dali Foundation / Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York", "current_location": "225 German Expressionism & Surrealism", "title": "The Dream", "creation_date": "1931", "creation_date_earliest": 1931, "creation_date_latest": 1931, "artists_tags": ["Latine and Hispanic Artists", "male"], "culture": ["Spain (Catalonia), 20th century"], "technique": "oil on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "Modern European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "Mod Euro - Painting 1800-1960", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 120 x 120 x 7.7 cm (47 1/4 x 47 1/4 x 3 1/16 in.); Unframed: 96 x 96 cm (37 13/16 x 37 13/16 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 1.2, "width": 1.2, "depth": 0.077}, "unframed": {"height": 0.96, "width": 0.96}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": "\u00a9 Salvador Dali, Gala-Salvador Dali Foundation / Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York", "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 227242, "title": "La R\u00e9volution surr\u00e9aliste", "description": "<i>La R\u00e9volution surr\u00e9aliste</i>. Centre national d'art et de culture Georges Pompidou, Paris cedex O4, France (organizer) (March 6-June 24, 2002).", "opening_date": "2002-03-06T00:00:00"}, {"id": 222595, "title": "Dal\u00ed", "description": "<i>Dal\u00ed</i>. Palazzo Grassi spa, 30124 Venice, Italy (organizer) (September 12, 2004-January 16, 2005); Philadelphia Museum of Art, Philadelphia, PA (February 16-May 30, 2005).", "opening_date": "2004-09-12T00:00:00"}, {"id": 179631, "title": "CMA Highlights", "description": "<i>CMA Highlights</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art (organizer) (June 21-September 11, 2005).", "opening_date": "2005-06-21T00:00:00"}, {"id": 182153, "title": "Monet to Dal\u00ed: Modern Masters from the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Monet to Dal\u00ed: Modern Masters from the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. Vancouver Art Gallery, Vancouver, Canada (June 9-September 16, 2007); The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 21, 2007-January 13, 2008); Frist Art Museum, Nashville, TN (February 15-June 1, 2008); Utah Museum of Fine Arts, Salt Lake City, UT (June 22-September 21, 2008); The Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit, MI (October 12, 2008-January 18, 2009).", "opening_date": "2006-05-27T00:00:00"}, {"id": 206339, "title": "Barcelona & Modernity: Picasso, Gaud\u00ed, Mir\u00f3, Dal\u00ed (1868-1939)", "description": "<i>Barcelona & Modernity: Picasso, Gaud\u00ed, Mir\u00f3, Dal\u00ed (1868-1939)</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 15, 2006-January 7, 2007); The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY (co-organizer) (March 4-June 3, 2007).", "opening_date": "2006-10-15T00:00:00"}, {"id": 536572, "title": "Surr\u00e9alisme", "description": "<i>Surr\u00e9alisme</i>. Centre national d'art et de culture Georges Pompidou, Paris cedex O4, France (organizer) (September 4, 2024-January 13, 2025).", "opening_date": "2024-09-04T04:00:00"}, {"id": 683149, "title": "Dreamworld: Surrealism at 100", "description": "<i>Dreamworld: Surrealism at 100</i>. Philadelphia Museum of Art, Philadelphia, PA (organizer) (November 8, 2025-February 16, 2026) https://philamuseum.org/calendar/exhibition/dreamworld-surrealism.", "opening_date": "2025-11-08T05:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>CMA Highlights</em>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 21, 2005 - September 11, 2005).", "opening_date": "2005-06-21T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Vicomte Charles [1891-1981] and Vicomtesse Marie-Laure de Noailles [1902-1970], Paris, by exchange to F\u00e9lix Labisse", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->The Vicomte Charles de Noailles, Dal\u00ed's most important patron during his early Surrealist years, may have purchased the painting directly from Dal\u00ed, although further research is required to confirm or disprove this speculation.&nbsp; The Noailles certainly owned the painting by 1931, when they are listed as its owners in an exhibition at the Galerie Pierre Colle in Paris. &nbsp;</div>"], "date": "c. 1930 - c. 1945-1951", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "F\u00e9lix Labisse [1905-1982], Neuilly-sur-Seine, France", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->Fran\u00e7oise Hersaint, wife of Surrealist collector Claude Hersaint and good friend of Labisse, thought that Labisse had acquired <em>The Dream </em>from the Noailles by exchange between 1945 and 1951, and recalled that when she first visited Labisse's home in 1952, the painting was already in his collection.&nbsp; Labisse certainly had the painting by 1956, when he is listed as its owner in a Dal\u00ed exhibition at the Casino de Knokke in Belgium.</div>"], "date": "By 1952 - at least 1972", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "Gerrit Lansing [1942-2010] New York", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "Before 1999", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "Daniel Filipacchi [b. 1928] Paris/New York, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art \nTransfer Mode: \nUnknown", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->Weisberger, Edward. <em>Surrealism, Two Private Eyes: The Nesuhi Ertegun and Daniel Filipacchi Collections</em>. New York, N.Y.: Guggenheim Museum, 1999.</div>"], "date": "By 1999 - 2001", "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, Ohio", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "2001-", "sortorder": 5}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Dali and other Surrealist artists created images depicting strange juxtapositions that are sometimes referred to as \"dreamscapes.\"", "description": "<em>The Dream</em> gives visual form to the strange, often disturbing world of dreams and hallucinations. Ants cluster over the face of the central figure, obscuring the mouth, while the sealed, bulging eyelids suggest the sensory confusion and frustration of a dream. The man at the far left\u2014with a bleeding face and amputated left foot\u2014refers to the classical myth of Oedipus, who unwittingly killed his father and married his mother. The column that grows from the man\u2019s back and sprouts into a bust of a bearded man refers to the Freudian father, the punishing superego who suppresses the son\u2019s sexual fantasies. In the distance, two men embrace, one holding a golden key or scepter symbolizing access to the unconscious. Behind them, a naked man reaches into a permeable red form, as if trying to enter it.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60478246"], "internet_archive": []}, "citations": [{"citation": "Pierre Colle (Firm).  <em>Exposition Salvador Dal\u00ed: du 3 au 15 juin 1931.  </em>Paris: Pierre Colle, 1931.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Exposition internationale du surre\u0301alisme, and Andre\u0301 Breton. <em>The International Surrealist Exhibition: Thursday, June 11th to Saturday, July 4th, 1936, New Burlington Galleries</em>. London: International Surrealist Exhibition, English Committee, 1936.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Pauwels, Louis.  <em>Salvador Dal\u00ed Exposition, Knokke Le Zoute-Albert Plage, Casino Communal, 1 juillet-10 septembre 1956.  </em>Bruxelles: \u00c9ditions de la Connaissance, 1956.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Der surrealismus 1922-1942</em>. Mu\u0308nchen: Ausstellunseitung Hans der Kunst, 1972.<ul><li><a href=\"http://cmaweb14.clevelandart.org/field-collection/field-citations/4030/edit?destination=node/331\">Edit</a></li><li><a href=\"http://cmaweb14.clevelandart.org/field-collection/field-citations/4030/delete?destination=node/331\">Delete</a></li></ul>", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Martin-Me\u0301ry, Gilberte. <em>Bosch, Goya, et le fantastique; catalogue. Bordeaux, 20 mai-31 juillet, 1957</em>. [Bordeaux]: [Imprimeries Delmas], 1957.<br><br><em><br></em>", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Sylvain Bellenger, email to William Robinson, April 13, 2001, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "May, Sally Ruth, Jane Takac, and Barbara J. Bradley. <em>Knockouts: A Pocket Guide</em>. Cleveland, Ohio: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2001.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 59' Mentioned: p. 58-59, 118", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"A Selection of Museum Acquisitions.\" <em>Apollo: The International Magazine for Collectors</em> (December 2001): 56.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 56", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, \u201cMajor Salvador Dali Painting Acquired by the Cleveland Museum of Art,\u201d April 20, 2001, Cleveland Museum of Art Archives.", "page_number": null, "url": "https://archive.org/details/cmapr4385"}, {"citation": "\"Major Acquisition.\" <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em> 41, no. 6 (Summer 2001): 2.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 2", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2001-06/page/n1/mode/2up?"}, {"citation": "Spies, Werner. <em>La re\u0301volution surre\u0301aliste: exposition pre\u0301sente\u0301e au Centre Pompidou, Galerie 1, 6 mars-24 juin 2002</em>. Paris, France: Centre Pompidou, 2002.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 205", "url": null}, {"citation": "Spies, Werner. <em>Die surrealistische Revolution</em>. Ostfildern-Ruit, Germany: Hatje Cantz, 2002.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 209", "url": null}, {"citation": "Spies, Werner. <em>Der Surrealismus: Kanon einer Bewegung</em>. Ko\u0308ln, Germany: DuMont, 2003.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 119", "url": null}, {"citation": "Ades, Dawn. <em>Dali\u0301: The Centenary Retrospective</em>. London, United Kingdom: Thames &amp; Hudson, 2004.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 152-153", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Major Acquisitions 2000-2005.\" <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em> 45, no. 6 (July/August 2005): 6-17.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 13-14", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2005-06/page/14/mode/2up"}, {"citation": "Robinson, William H., Jordi Falga\u0300s, Carmen Belen Lord, and Josefina Alix Trueba. <em>Barcelona and Modernity: Picasso, Gaudi\u0301, Miro\u0301, Dali\u0301</em>. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art in association with Yale University Press, 2006.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 352", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kolberg, Gerhard. <em>Salvador Dali\u0301: la Gare de Perpignan ; Pop, Op, Yes-yes, Pompier ; [Museum Ludwig, Ko\u0308ln, 18. Ma\u0308rz bis 25. Juni 2006]</em>. Ostfildern. Germany: Hatje Cantz, 2006.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p, 53, fig. 58", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Treasures of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. London, United Kingdom: Scala Books, 2012.", "page_number": "Reproduced and mentioned: p. 314-315", "url": null}, {"citation": "Grenier, Catherine, and David Radzinowicz. <em>Salvador Dali\u0301: The Making of an Artist.</em> Paris: Flammarion, 2012.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 113", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 300", "url": ""}, {"citation": "\u201cA Walking Tour: The entire new museum wing by wing, with curators calling out a few favorite works in the collection.\u201d <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em> 54, no. 1 (January/February 2014): 8-33.", "page_number": "Reproduced and Mentioned: p. 21", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2014-01"}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Museum Masters: 2016-17 Companion Guide.</em> [Cleveland, Ohio]: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2016.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 23", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Bergez, Daniel, and Kate Deimling. <em>Painting the Dream: From the Biblical Dream to Surrealism</em>. New York; London: Abbeville Press Publishers, 2018.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 234, no. 177", "url": null}, {"citation": "Poullain, Christine, Dir. <em>Le re\u0302ve</em>. Paris: R\u00e9union des mus\u00e9es nationaux-Grand Palais, 2016.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 21, fig. 3", "url": null}, {"citation": "Rogla\u0301n, Mark A.<em> Spanish Art in America</em>. Madrid, Spain : Ediciones El Viso 2016.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 83", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bergez, Daniel.<em> Peindre le re\u0302ve: des re\u0302ves bibliques au surre\u0301alisme.</em> <br>Paris : Citadelles &amp; Mazenod, 2017.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 233; reproduced p. 234.", "url": null}, {"citation": "Descharnes, Robert, and Gilles Ne\u0301ret.<em> Salvador Dali: The Paintings 1904-1989. </em>Ko\u0308ln: Taschen, 2019.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 165, no. 361", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Dialer, Corinne. <em>Oneirische Oszillation: Zum Neuzeitlichen Bildthema des Ku\u0308nstlertraums</em>. Hildesheim: Olms; [Mu\u0308nchen]: UB, Universita\u0308tsbibliothek Ludwig-Maximilians-Universita\u0308t Mu\u0308nchen, 2022.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 104, abb. 57; Reproduced: P. 244, abb. 57", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Breton, Andre\u0301, and Centre Georges Pompidou. <em>Surrealism.</em> Edited by Didier Ottinger and Marie Sarre\u0301. [England]: ACC Art Books, 2024.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 29", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Affron, Matthew. <em>Dreamworld: Surrealism at 100. </em>Philadelphia: Philadelphia Art Museum, 2025.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 126; Reproduced: p. 136", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/2001.34", "images": {}, "alternate_images": [], "creditline": "John L. Severance Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 162080, "creators": [{"id": 12809, "description": "Salvador Dal\u00ed (Spanish, 1904\u20131989)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1904", "death_year": "1989", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "2001-04-18T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1931, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1931", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": true, "updated_at": "2026-04-07 20:16:27.510000"}, {"id": 138359, "accession_number": "1962.292", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Wineglass and a Bowl of Fruit, 1663. Willem Kalf (Dutch, 1619\u20131693). Oil on canvas; framed: 81 x 70.5 x 7.5 cm (31 7/8 x 27 3/4 x 2 15/16 in.); unframed: 60.3 x 50.2 cm (23 3/4 x 19 3/4 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund, 1962.292", "current_location": "215 French, German, and Dutch", "title": "Wineglass and a Bowl of Fruit", "creation_date": "1663", "creation_date_earliest": 1663, "creation_date_latest": 1663, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["Netherlands"], "technique": "oil on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "P - Netherlandish-Dutch", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 81 x 70.5 x 7.5 cm (31 7/8 x 27 3/4 x 2 15/16 in.); Unframed: 60.3 x 50.2 cm (23 3/4 x 19 3/4 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 0.81, "width": 0.705, "depth": 0.075}, "unframed": {"height": 0.603, "width": 0.502}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "Signed and dated lower left: \"W. KALF 1663\"", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 304258, "title": "Year in Review (1963)", "description": "<i>Year in Review (1963)</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (November 27, 1963-January 5, 1964).", "opening_date": "1963-11-27T05:00:00"}, {"id": 301805, "title": "Dutch Art and Life in the Seventeenth Century", "description": "<i>Dutch Art and Life in the Seventeenth Century</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (July 10-September 2, 1973).", "opening_date": "1973-07-10T04:00:00"}, {"id": 309567, "title": "The Porcelain Connection", "description": "<i>The Porcelain Connection</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 22-August 15, 1982).", "opening_date": "1982-06-22T04:00:00"}, {"id": 441949, "title": "A Prosperous Past: The Sumptuous Still Life in the Netherlands", "description": "<i>A Prosperous Past: The Sumptuous Still Life in the Netherlands</i>. Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands (co-organizer) (July 1-September 4, 1988); Fogg Museum, Cambridge, MA (co-organizer) (October 1-November 27, 1988); Kimbell Art Museum, Fort Worth, TX (organizer) (co-organizer) (December 10, 1988-February 12, 1989).", "opening_date": "1988-07-01T04:00:00"}, {"id": 191843, "title": "Still-Life Paintings from the Netherlands, 1550-1720", "description": "<i>Still-Life Paintings from the Netherlands, 1550-1720</i>. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, Netherlands (June 19-September 19, 1999); The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 31, 1999-January 9, 2000).", "opening_date": "1999-10-31T00:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>Fra Rembrandt til Vermeer.</em> Nasjonalgalleriet, Oslo (Oct. 9 - Dec. 6, 1959), no. 36 (lent by G. Begting, Amsterdam)", "opening_date": "1959-10-09T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Blue and White: Chinese Porcelain and its Impact on the Western World.</em> The David and Alfred Smart Gallery, University of Chicago (Oct. 3- Dec. 1, 1985), no. 51.", "opening_date": "1985-10-03T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>A Prosperous Past: The Sumptuous Still Life in the Netherlands. </em>Het Prinsenhof, Stedelijk Museum, Delft (July 1- Sept. 4, 1988); Fogg Art Museum, Cambridge MA (Oct. 1- Nov. 27, 1988); and Kimbell Art Museum, Fort Worth (Dec. 10, 1988,- Feb. 12, 1989), no. 56.", "opening_date": "1988-07-01T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "(Galerie M. Schulthess, Basel, probably sold to G. Vegting)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "Before 1959", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "G. Vegting, Amsterdam", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->1In 1959 the painting was lent to the exhibition, \u201cFra Rembrandt til Vermeer,\u201d at the Nasjongalleriet, Oslo by \u201cG. Vegting, Amsterdam.\u201d&nbsp; Little information about \"G. Vegting\" has been uncovered.&nbsp; A Wilhelmus Gerardus Vegting was a prominent figure in university administration in Amsterdam; however, he died three years prior to the Oslo exhibition, and thus was likely not the owner of the Kalf. &nbsp;</div>"], "date": "By 1959", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "(Duits, Ltd., London, sold to Piet de Boer with Frederick Mont and Newhouse Galleries)", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->1Duits may have sold the painting on behalf of Vegting.&nbsp;</div>"], "date": "Until 1962", "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "(Piet de Boer with Frederick Mont and Newhouse Galleries, New York, NY, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->1The Kalf painting does not appear in the sales records of Kunsthandel P. de Boer, suggesting that it was sold not through the gallery but privately through Piet de Boer, the gallery's owner.&nbsp; The gallery's archives do contain a photograph of the painting with an inscription written on the back - \"Duits\u2192PB+M+N\u2192Mus. Cleveland\" - that spells out the joint purchase of the painting by de Boer, Mont, and Newhouse Galleries from Duits, Ltd. and the subsequent sale to CMA.</div>"], "date": "Until 1962", "sortorder": 5}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, Ohio", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1962-", "sortorder": 6}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Willem Kalf was the most accomplished proponent of the <em>pronkstilleven</em>, a Dutch term meaning \"ostentatious still life.\"", "description": "Priceless objects crowd the corner of a stone table in Kalf's composition. Pieces like the silver platter, delicate glasswares, thick rumpled carpet, and a Chinese porcelain bowl with peaches and an orange not only represented the great wealth and global reach of the Dutch trading empire, but were also a way for the artist to demonstrate his skill in recreating various surface textures. Kalf used different kinds of highlights to render reflections\u2014quick dots, lines, and dabs of paint\u2014creating sparkling, twinkling light effects that subtly distinguish objects from the surrounding shadows.<br>In 1797, the German poet Johann van Goethe wrote that Kalf's paintings lead to understanding \"in what sense art is superior to nature and what the spirit of man imparts to objects when it views them with creative eyes. . . . if I had to choose between the golden vessels or the picture . . . I would choose the picture.\"", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20735394"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1962.292-wineglass-and-a-bowl"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Segal, Sam, and William B. Jordan. <em>A Prosperous Past: The Sumptuous Still Life in the Netherlands, 1600-1700</em>. The Hague: SDU Publishers, 1988.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Niels de Boer, email to Victoria Sears Goldman, Jan. 7, 2016, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Willem Kalf, Index cards of work sold, A \u2013 N, Duits, Ltd. records (1920-1979), box 37, Getty Research Institute.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Niels de Boer, email to Victoria Sears Goldman, Jan. 7, 2016, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Segal, Sam, and William B. Jordan. <em>A Prosperous Past: The Sumptuous Still Life in the Netherlands, 1600-1700</em>. The Hague: SDU Publishers, 1988.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Segal, Sam, and William B. Jordan. <em>A Prosperous Past: The Sumptuous Still Life in the Netherlands, 1600-1700</em>. The Hague: SDU Publishers, 1988.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Segal, Sam, and William B. Jordan. <em>A Prosperous Past: The Sumptuous Still Life in the Netherlands, 1600-1700</em>. The Hague: SDU Publishers, 1988.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Willem Kalf, Index cards of work sold, A \u2013 N, Duits, Ltd. records (1920-1979), box 37, Getty Research Institute.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Errera, Isabelle. <em>Re\u0301pertoire des peintures date\u0301es, par Isabella Errera</em>. Brussels: G. van Oest &amp; cie, 1920.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 308, vol. 1", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Vermeer, Oorsprong en Invloed: Fabritius, de Hooch, de Witte. </em>Exh. cat. Museum Boymans-Van Beuningen, Rotterdam.. [Rotterdam]: van Waesberge, Hoogewerff &amp; Richards, n. v., 1935.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 27, no. 63; reproduced: pl. 63", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, \u201cNew Accessions Put on Display at Art Museum,\u201d July 9, 1963, Cleveland Museum of Art Archives.", "page_number": null, "url": "https://archive.org/details/cmapr1136"}, {"citation": "Lee, Sherman E. \"Year in Review for 1963.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 50, no. 10 (1963): 263-94.", "page_number": "Mentioned: cat. no. 90", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25151974"}, {"citation": "<em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 125", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n149"}, {"citation": "<em>Selected Works: Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> Cleveland: the Cleveland Museum of Art, 1967.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 167", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 124", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n148"}, {"citation": "Nash, J. M. <em>The Age of Rembrandt and Vermeer: Dutch Painting in the Seventeenth Century</em>. London, UK: Phaidon, 1972.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pl. 73", "url": null}, {"citation": "\u201cDutch Art and Life in the Seventeenth Century.\u201d <em>Connoisseur</em> 184 (October 1973): 136.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 136, no. 13", "url": null}, {"citation": "Grisebach, Lucius. <em>Willem Kalf: 1619-1693</em>. Berlin: Mann, 1974.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 122 n. 267, 147, 148, 149, 160, 161, 272, 273, 277, 278, 279; Reproduced: p. 272 no. 126", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 160", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n180"}, {"citation": "<em>Chinese Export Porcelains from the Collection of Dr. and Mrs. Harold L. Tonkin</em>. [University Park, PA]: Pennsylvania State University Museum of Art, 1980.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 9", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Catalogue of Paintings, Part 3: European Paintings of the 16th, 17th, and 18th Centuries</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1982.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 251; Mentioned: p. 250", "url": null}, {"citation": "Carswell, John, and Jean McClure Mudge. <em>Blue and White: Chinese Porcelain and Its Impact on the Western World</em>. Chicago, IL: The Gallery, 1985.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 110, fig. 12", "url": null}, {"citation": "Sutton, Peter C. <em>A Guide to Dutch Art in America</em>. Washington, D.C.: Netherlands-American Amity Trust, 1986.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 339, fig. 93; Mentioned: p. 67-68", "url": null}, {"citation": "Segal, Sam, and William B. Jordan. <em>A Prosperous Past: The Sumptuous Still Life in the Netherlands, 1600-1700</em>. The Hague: SDU Publishers, 1988.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 195, 249 no. 56; Reproduced: p. 249", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kujer, Susanne, and Michael-Rene\u0301 Ursprung. <em>Vom Leben der Dinge--Stilleben: Schulbegleitbuch u\u0308ber Gema\u0308lde, Zeichnungen und Druckgraphik des Sta\u0308delschen Kunstinstitutes und der Sta\u0308dtischen Galerie in Frankfurt am Main</em>. Frankfurt am Main: Sta\u0308dtische Galerie im Sta\u0308delschen Kunstinstitut, 1994.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 24, no. 18", "url": null}, {"citation": "Sakamoto, Mitsuru, and Tatsushi Takahashi. <em>Barokku 2</em>. To\u0304kyo\u0304, JP: Sho\u0304gakukan, 1995.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 298, no. 192", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Still-life Paintings from the Netherlands, 1550-1720</em>. Alan Chong, W T. Kloek, and Celeste Brusati. Exh. Cat. Amsterdam: Rijksmuseum, and Cleveland Museum of Art in association with Waanders Publishers, 1999.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: pp. 219-221, cat. 51.", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>The Magic of Things: Still-Life Painting, 1500-1800</em>. Jochen Sander. Exh. cat. Frankfurt-am-Main: Stadel Museum and Basel: Kunstmuseum, in association with Hatje Cantz Verlag, 2008.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: pp. 309-310, fig. 64", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kehoe, Marsely L. <em>Trade, Globalization, and Dutch Art and Architecture: Interrogating Dutchness and the Golden Age. </em>Amsterdam : Amsterdam University Press, 2023.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 52, plate 4", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1962.292", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1962.292/1962.292_web.jpg", "width": "747", "height": "893", "filesize": "376484", "filename": "1962.292_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1962.292/1962.292_print.jpg", "width": "2844", "height": "3400", "filesize": "4884927", "filename": "1962.292_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1962.292/1962.292_full.tif", "width": "3756", "height": "4490", "filesize": "50625164", "filename": "1962.292_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [], "creditline": "Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Samuel Rosenthal Family Gallery", "athena_id": 138359, "creators": [{"id": 2673, "description": "Willem Kalf (Dutch, 1619\u20131693)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1619", "death_year": "1693", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1962-11-17T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1663, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1663", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": true, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Wine Glass on a Gilded Silver Foot and a Bowl of Fruit", "Still Life"], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:06:41.087000"}, {"id": 98268, "accession_number": "1917.946", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "George Washington at Princeton, c. 1779. Charles Willson Peale (American, 1741\u20131827), and Workshop. Oil on canvas; framed: 153 x 144 x 7 cm (60 1/4 x 56 11/16 x 2 3/4 in.); unframed: 131 x 121.6 cm (51 9/16 x 47 7/8 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Membership Income Fund, 1917.946", "current_location": "204 Colonial American", "title": "George Washington at Princeton", "creation_date": "c. 1779", "creation_date_earliest": 1774, "creation_date_latest": 1784, "artists_tags": ["male", "gender unknown"], "culture": ["America"], "technique": "oil on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "American Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "American - Painting", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 153 x 144 x 7 cm (60 1/4 x 56 11/16 x 2 3/4 in.); Unframed: 131 x 121.6 cm (51 9/16 x 47 7/8 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 1.53, "width": 1.44, "depth": 0.07}, "unframed": {"height": 1.31, "width": 1.216}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 312517, "title": "The Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition", "description": "<i>The Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 26-October 4, 1936).", "opening_date": "1936-06-26T04:00:00"}, {"id": 311898, "title": "35th Anniversary Exhibition", "description": "<i>35th Anniversary Exhibition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 20-September 30, 1951).", "opening_date": "1951-06-20T04:00:00"}, {"id": 300857, "title": "Art: The International Language", "description": "<i>Art: The International Language</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art (October 2-November 4, 1956).", "opening_date": "1956-10-02T04:00:00"}, {"id": 302330, "title": "Heritage and Horizon: American Painting 1776 - 1976", "description": "<i>Heritage and Horizon: American Painting 1776 - 1976</i>. Buffalo AKG Art Museum, Buffalo, NY (organizer) (March 7-April 11, 1976); The Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit, MI (May 2-June 13, 1976); The Toledo Museum of Art, Toledo, OH (July 4-August 15, 1976); The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (September 8-October 10, 1976).", "opening_date": "1976-03-07T05:00:00"}, {"id": 311444, "title": "Object Lessons: Cleveland Creates an Art Museum", "description": "<i>Object Lessons: Cleveland Creates an Art Museum</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 7-September 8, 1991).", "opening_date": "1991-06-07T04:00:00"}, {"id": 443702, "title": "Currents and Constellations: Black Art in Focus", "description": "<i>Currents and Constellations: Black Art in Focus</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (February 20-June 26, 2022).", "opening_date": "2022-02-20T05:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "Cleveland, The Cleveland Museum of Art, The Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition of The Cleveland Museum of Art; The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition (26 June-4 October 1936), cat. no. 38.", "opening_date": "1936-06-26T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Cleveland, The Cleveland Museum of Art, Art: The International Language (2 October-4 November 1956)", "opening_date": "1956-10-02T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Greensburg, PA, The Westmoreland County Museum of Art, Two Hundred and Fifty Years of Art in Pennsylvania (1959), cat. no. 87, illus. plate 8.", "opening_date": "1959-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Detroit, The Detroit Institute of Arts, The Peale Family: Three Generations of American Artists (18 January-5 March 1967); traveled to Utica, NY, Munson-Williams-Proctor Institute (19 March-30 April 1967), cat. no. 52, illus. p. 13, listed p. 66-67.", "opening_date": "1967-01-18T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Buffalo, Albright-Knox Art Gallery, Heritage and Horizon: American Painting, 1776-1976 (6 March-11 April 1976); traveled to Detroit, The Detroit Institute of Arts (5 May-13 June 1976); Toledo, The Toledo Museum of Art (4 July-15 August 1976); Cleveland, The Cleveland Museum of Art (8 September-10 October 1976), illus. cat. no. 1.", "opening_date": "1976-03-06T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Cleveland, The Cleveland Museum of Art, Object Lessons: Cleveland Creates an Art Museum (6 June-8 September 1991)", "opening_date": "1991-06-06T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Colonel Frisby Tilghman [1773\u20131847], Talbot County, Maryland, by descent to his son-in-law, Thomas Jefferson McKaig", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->The information provided by Macbeth Gallery mentions Tilghman\u2019s \u201chome in Rockland [MD] where the portrait hung for many years, never going out of the family until its recent sale to Macbeth Gallery.\u201d The painting\u2019s ownership prior to Tilghman is uncertain.&nbsp; In his <em>Portraits and Miniatures by Charles Willson Peale </em>(1952), Charles Coleman Sellers suggests that because the painting had been owned by Frisby Tilghman, it was probably painted for his father, Judge James Tilghman (1743-1809), who was well acquainted with the artist.&nbsp; This is purely conjecture, however, as there is no documentation confirming James Tilghman\u2019s ownership of the painting.</div>"], "date": "Probably until 1847", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "General Thomas Jefferson McKaig [1804\u20131882], Cumberland, Maryland, by descent to his son, Dr. Frisby Tilghman McKaig", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "Probably 1847\u2013probably 1882", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "Dr. Frisby Tilghman McKaig [1859\u20131921], Andrews, North Carolina, consigned to Jonce I. McGurk through Macbeth Gallery", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "Probably 1882\u20131915", "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "(Jonce I. McGurk through Macbeth Gallery, New York, NY, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)1", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->1McKaig authorized McGurk to sell the painting on his behalf upon agreement of a price.&nbsp;</div>"], "date": "1915\u20131917", "sortorder": 5}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, Ohio", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1917\u2013", "sortorder": 6}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Artist and scientist Peale directed the first dig of a mastodon skeleton in the US.", "description": "Because Peale served under General Washington and befriended him during the Revolutionary War, he was an ideal candidate to commemorate Washington's important early victory at Princeton, NJ. Here, in the quiet aftermath of battle, the general is accompanied by his horse and a groomsman, identified by some scholars as William Lee, a mixed-race enslaved man Washington forced to work as his personal assistant. Also present is a line of captured British redcoat soldiers that animates the background at left. <br><br>Peale produced several versions of this composition amid a rally of enthusiasm for the American cause. Whereas some were commissioned by American colonists\u2014as in the case here\u2014others were ordered by Washington's admirers in France, Spain, Holland, Cuba, and even England.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60503039"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1917.946-george-washington-at"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Scharf, J. Thomas. <em>History of Western Maryland: Being a History of Frederick, Montgomery, Carroll, Washington, Allegany, and Garrett Counties from the Earliest Period to the Present Day ; Including Biographical Sketches of Their Representative Men</em>. Philadelphia: L.H. Everts, 1882.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Stock Disposition Cards, Sold Paintings, Macbeth Gallery records, 1838-1968, bulk, 1892-1953, Archives of American Art, Washington, DC.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Photographs of Artwork and Records of Paintings Sold, Box 156, Macbeth Gallery records, 1838-1968, bulk, 1892-1953, Archives of American Art, Washington, DC.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "DePrizio, Jennifer.  \"Finding Connections: Comparison as an interpretive learning tool.\u201d <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine  </em>62, no. 1: 16-17.", "page_number": "Reproduced and Mentioned: P. 16.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "\"Special Exhibition Cabinet.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 5, no. 1 (1918).", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 2; Mentioned: p. 3", "url": "www.jstor.org/stable/25136158"}, {"citation": "\"Washington at the Battle of Princeton by Charles Wilson Peale.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 5, no. 2/3 (1918): 19-20.", "page_number": "Reproduced: Front Matter; Mentioned: p. 19-20", "url": "www.jstor.org/stable/25136170"}, {"citation": "\"Report of the Museum's Second Year.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 5, no. 6/7 (1918): 69-79.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 70, 71", "url": "www.jstor.org/stable/25136208"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Handbook.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned: cat. no. 527", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1958/page/n97"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 199", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n219"}, {"citation": "Adams, Henry. <em>What's American about American art?: a gallery tour in the Cleveland Museum of Art. </em>Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2008.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 44 - 45", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1917.946", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1917.946/1917.946_web.jpg", "width": "823", "height": "893", "filesize": "463886", "filename": "1917.946_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1917.946/1917.946_print.jpg", "width": "3135", "height": "3400", "filesize": "7462233", "filename": "1917.946_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1917.946/1917.946_full.tif", "width": "7592", "height": "8232", "filesize": "187529100", "filename": "1917.946_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [], "creditline": "Membership Income Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Leigh and Mary Carter Gallery", "athena_id": 98268, "creators": [{"id": 2523, "description": "Charles Willson Peale (American, 1741\u20131827)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1741", "death_year": "1827", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}, {"id": 34768, "description": "Workshop", "extent": null, "qualifier": "and", "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 2}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1917-12-21T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1774, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 1779", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:00:12.935000"}, {"id": 148758, "accession_number": "1976.2", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "The Crucifixion of Saint Andrew, 1606\u20137. Caravaggio (Italian, 1571\u20131610). Oil on canvas; framed: 233.5 x 184 x 12 cm (91 15/16 x 72 7/16 x 4 3/4 in.); unframed: 202.5 x 152.7 cm (79 3/4 x 60 1/8 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund, 1976.2", "current_location": "217 Italian Baroque", "title": "The Crucifixion of Saint Andrew", "creation_date": "1606\u20137", "creation_date_earliest": 1606, "creation_date_latest": 1607, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["Italy, Naples"], "technique": "oil on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "P - Italian 16th & 17th Century", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 233.5 x 184 x 12 cm (91 15/16 x 72 7/16 x 4 3/4 in.); Unframed: 202.5 x 152.7 cm (79 3/4 x 60 1/8 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 2.335, "width": 1.84, "depth": 0.12}, "unframed": {"height": 2.025, "width": 1.527}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 302374, "title": "Year in Review, 1976", "description": "<i>Year in Review, 1976</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (February 1-March 6, 1977).", "opening_date": "1977-02-01T05:00:00"}, {"id": 442218, "title": "Painting in Naples from Caravaggio to Giordano", "description": "<i>Painting in Naples from Caravaggio to Giordano</i>. Royal Academy of Arts, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (organizer) (October 2-December 12, 1982).", "opening_date": "1982-10-02T04:00:00"}, {"id": 213644, "title": "Caravaggio: The Last Years", "description": "<i>Caravaggio: The Last Years</i>. Museo di Capodimonte, Naples, Italy (October 23, 2004-January 23, 2005); National Gallery, London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (organizer) (February 23-May 22, 2005).", "opening_date": "2004-10-23T00:00:00"}, {"id": 215387, "title": "Rembrandt - Caravaggio", "description": "<i>Rembrandt - Caravaggio</i>. Van Gogh Museum, 1070 AJ Amsterdam, Netherlands (February 25-June 16, 2006).", "opening_date": "2006-02-25T00:00:00"}, {"id": 222394, "title": "Masterpieces of European Painting from The Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Masterpieces of European Painting from The Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. Frick Collection, New York, NY (organizer) (November 8, 2006-January 28, 2007).", "opening_date": "2006-11-08T00:00:00"}, {"id": 179662, "title": "Masterpieces of European Painting from the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Masterpieces of European Painting from the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. Maltz Museum of Jewish Heritage, Beachwood, OH (March 29-July 8, 2007).", "opening_date": "2007-03-29T00:00:00"}, {"id": 205251, "title": "Conservation in Focus: Caravaggio's Crucifixion of Saint Andrew", "description": "<i>Conservation in Focus: Caravaggio's Crucifixion of Saint Andrew</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 3-September 14, 2014).", "opening_date": "2014-06-03T00:00:00"}], "legacy": []}, "provenance": [{"description": "Don Juan Alonso Pimentel y Herrera, Eighth Conde de Benavente, Spanish viceroy in Naples \tfrom 1603 until July 1610", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": null}, {"description": "Don Juan Francisco Alonso Pimentel y Ponce de L\u00e9on (grandson of above, inherited) Tenth \tConde de Benavente, Valladolid", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": null}, {"description": "An unidentified convent in Castilla, Spain", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": null}, {"description": "A. Tors, Madrid", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": null}, {"description": "Jos\u00e9 Manuel Arnaiz, Madrid, 1973.", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": null}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Although Saint Andrew is typically associated with an X-shaped cross, here he is depicted on a standard vertical cross.", "description": "Saint Andrew\u2019s efforts to introduce Christianity to Greece in the first century CE were met with hostility from local authorities. He was sentenced to die on the cross because he refused to acknowledge pagan gods. For two days, Andrew preached from his martyr\u2019s station to an increasingly sympathetic crowd. Bowing to public demand, Andrew\u2019s would-be executioners attempted to untie him, but their hands were mysteriously paralyzed. Andrew\u2019s desire for martyrdom was thus fulfilled and he died enveloped in divine light. Caravaggio\u2019s innovative interpretation involves the viewer more closely in the event by presenting the crucifixion as intimate and private, rather than as a gruesome public spectacle. Bold contrasts of light and dark suggest the presence of God. A masterpiece of Baroque painting, Caravaggio\u2019s <em>Crucifixion of Saint Andrew</em> is the only altarpiece by the artist in America.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3221991"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1976.2-the-crucifixion-of-s"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Zafran, Eric M. \"Caravaggio in America \u2013 Part 3,\" <em>Nicholashall.art </em>(September 24, 2024).", "page_number": "", "url": "https://www.nicholashall.art/journal/caravaggio-in-america-part-3/"}, {"citation": "Zahn, Leopold, and Georg Kirsta. <em>Caravaggio</em>. Berlin: Albertusverlag, 1928.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 55", "url": null}, {"citation": "Longhi, Roberto. \"Ultimi Studi Sul Caravaggio e la Sua Cerchia.\" <em>Proporzioni </em>I (1943): 5-63.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P.17-18", "url": null}, {"citation": "Garci\u0301a Chico, Esteban. \"El palacio del Conde de Benavente\" In <em>Boletin de la Academia de Bellas Artes de la Purisma Concepcion de Valladolid </em>IX (1946): 13-30.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 18", "url": null}, {"citation": "Garci\u0301a Chico, Esteban. \"Varios Inventarios.\" <em>Documentos Para el Estudio del Arte en Castilla </em>3, pt. 1 (1946): 385-399.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 393", "url": null}, {"citation": "Ainaud, J. \"Ribalta Y Caravaggio.\" <em>Anales Y Boleti\u0301n De Los Museos De Arte De Barcelona / Ayuntamiento De Barcelona</em> V (1947): 345-413.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 366, 380, 381 n. 59, 382, 406", "url": null}, {"citation": "Green, Otis H., and Denis Mahon. \"Caravaggio's Death: A New Document.\" <em>The Burlington Magazine</em> 93, no. 579 (June 1951): 202-04.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 203, n. 5", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/870609."}, {"citation": "Mahon, Denis. \"Addenda to Caravaggio.\" <em>The Burlington Magazine</em> 94, no. 586 (January 1952): 3-23.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 19", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/870727."}, {"citation": "Hinks, Roger. <em>Michelangelo Merisi Da Caravaggio: His Life, His Legend, His Works</em>. London: Faber and Faber, 1953.", "page_number": "p. 120; Reproduced: plate no. 96", "url": null}, {"citation": "Baumgart, Fritz. <em>Caravaggio: Kunst und Wirklichkeit</em>. Berlin: Gebr. Mann, 1955.", "page_number": "p. 44, 108; Reproduced: plate no. 61", "url": null}, {"citation": "Re\u0301au, Louis.<em> Iconographie de l'Art Chre\u0301tien</em>. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1955.", "page_number": "Mentioned: Vol. III, pt. 1, p. 80, 83", "url": null}, {"citation": "Soehner, Halldohr. \"Die Malerei in Spanien und Frankreich um Caravaggio.\" <em>Kunstchronik</em> VIII (1955): 249-253.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 250", "url": null}, {"citation": "Ainaud, Juan. 1955. \"Le Caravagisme en Espagne\". <em>Cahiers De Bordeaux/ Journe\u0301es Internationales D'Etudes D'Art </em>II (1955): 21-26.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 22", "url": null}, {"citation": "Friedlaender, Walter. 1955. \"Re\u0301flexions sur les Proble\u0300mes Pose\u0301s a\u0300 l'Exposition\". <em>Cahiers De Bordeaux/Journe\u0301es Internationales D'Etudes D'Art </em>II (1955): 27-30.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Jullian, Rene. \"Caravage a Naples.\" <em>La Revue des Arts </em>V (June 1955): 79-90.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 84, 88, 90, n. 21", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Ein Hauptwerk Caravaggios Wiederentdeckt.\" <em>Die Weltkunst</em> XXV, no. 14 (July 15, 1955): 9.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 9", "url": null}, {"citation": "Merisi da, Michelangelo and Costantino Baroni. <em>Tutta la pittura del Caravaggio. A cura di Costantino Baroni</em>. Milano, Italy: Rizzoli, 1956.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 24", "url": null}, {"citation": "Samek Ludovici, Sergio. <em>Vita del Caravaggio: dalle testimonianze del suo tempo</em>. Milano, Italy: Edizioni del Milione, 1956.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 69, no. 105", "url": null}, {"citation": "Wagner, Hugo. <em>Michelangelo da Caravaggio</em>. Bern, Switzerland: Eicher, 1958.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 233", "url": null}, {"citation": "Back-Vega, Emmerich, and Christa Back-Vega. \"A Lost Masterpiece by Caravaggio.\" <em>The Art Bulletin</em> 40, no. 1 (March 1958): 65-66.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 65-66", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/3047748"}, {"citation": "Longhi, Roberto. \"Un'Opera Estrema del Caravaggio.\" <em>Paragone </em>IX, no. 111 (March 1959): 21-32.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 27-29", "url": null}, {"citation": "Guinard, Paul. <em>Zurbara\u0301n et les peintres espagnols de la vie monastique</em>. Paris, France: E\u0301ditions du Temps, 1960.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 19", "url": null}, {"citation": "Longhi, Roberto. \"Un Originale del Caravaggio a Rouen e il Problema Delle Copie Caravaggesche.\" <em>Paragone </em>XI, no. 121 (January 1960): 23-36.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 35", "url": null}, {"citation": "Jullian, Rene\u0301. <em>Caravage</em>. Paris, Lyon: Editions IAC, 1961.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 174; Reproduced: p. 181, no. 37", "url": null}, {"citation": "Delogu, Giuseppe. <em>Caravaggio</em>. Milano, Italy: \"Silvana\" Editoriale d'Arte, 1962.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 158", "url": null}, {"citation": "Venturi, Lionello. <em>Il Caravaggio</em>. Novara: Istituto geografico de Agostini, 1963.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 33", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kitson, Michael. <em>The Complete Paintings of Caravaggio</em>. New York. NY: Harry N. Abrams, Inc, 1967.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p, 105, under no. 77", "url": null}, {"citation": "Moir, Alfred. <em>The Italian Followers of Caravaggio</em>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1967.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pl. 158, vol. I", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bodart, Didier. <em>Louis Finson / Bruges, avant 1580-Amsterdam, 1617</em>. Brussels, Belgium: Palais des Academies, 1970.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 15; Mentioned: p. 137", "url": null}, {"citation": "Caravaggio, Michelangelo Merisi da, Gian Alberto Dell'Acqua, and Mia Cinotti. <em>Il Caravaggio e le sue grandi opere da San Luigi dei Francesi</em>. Milano, Italy: Rizzoli, 1971.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 136, and 199 no. 512", "url": null}, {"citation": "Valdivieso, Enrique. <em>La Pintura en Valladolid en el siglo XVII.</em> Valladolid: [Diputacio\u0301n Provincial], 1971.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 19, n. 2", "url": null}, {"citation": "Marini, Maurizio. \"Tre Proposte per il Caravaggio Meridionale.\" <em>Arte Illustrata</em> XLIII-XLIV (Sept/Oct 1971): 56-65.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 56-58", "url": null}, {"citation": "Causa, Raffaello. La Pittura del Seicento a Napoli dal Naturalismo al Barocco; La Natura Morta a Napoli nel Sei e nel Settecento. [Napoli]: Societa\u0300 Editrice Storia di Napoli, 1972.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 916", "url": null}, {"citation": "Marini, Maurizio. I<em>o Michelangelo da Caravaggio.</em> Roma: Studio B di Bestetti e Bozzi, 1973.", "page_number": "p. 235, 433-435; Reproduced: p. 235, no. 72", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cinotti, Mia. <em>Immagine del Caravaggio. Mostra didattica itinerante. Catalogo</em>. Cinisello Balsamo: Pizzi, 1973.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p.99, no. 60", "url": null}, {"citation": "Mariani, Valerio. <em>Caravaggio</em>. Roma, Italy: Istituto poligrafico dello Stato, Libreria, 1973.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 112", "url": null}, {"citation": "Sanchez, Alfonso E. Pe\u0301rez. <em>Caravaggio y el naturalismo espan\u0303ol: exposicio\u0301n realizada con motivo del XXIII Congreso Internacional de Historia del Arte, Sevilla, Sala de Armas de los Reales Aleazares, septiembre-octubre 1973</em>. Madrid, Spain: Comisari\u0301a General de Exposiciones, Direccio\u0301n General de Bellas Artes, Ministerio de Educacio\u0301n y Ciencia, 1973.", "page_number": "Mentioned in unpaginated introduction.", "url": null}, {"citation": "Borea, Evelina. \"Caravaggio e la Spagna: osservazioni su una mostra a Siviglia.\" <em>Bollettino D'Arte</em> LIX, n. 1-2, ser. V (1974): 43-52.", "page_number": "p. 44", "url": null}, {"citation": "Friedlaender, Walter. <em>Caravaggio Studies</em>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1974.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 254; Mentioned: p. 210", "url": null}, {"citation": "Harris, Enriqueta. \"Caravaggio e il Naturalismo Spagnolo.\" <em>Arte Illustrata</em> VII, no. 58 (1974): 233-245.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 237, fig. 3", "url": null}, {"citation": "Nicolson, Benedict. \"Caravaggio and the Caravaggesques: Some Recent Research.\" <em>The Burlington Magazine </em>116.859 (October 1974): 603-616.", "page_number": "p. 602, 605, 607-608; Reproduced: p. 605, no. 55", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bellori, Giovan Pietro. <em>Le vite de' pittori, scultori e architetti moderni.</em> Edited by Evelina Borea. Torino: Giulio Einaudi, 1976.", "page_number": "p. 232-233", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Notizen.\" <em>Alte und Moderne Kunst </em>XXI, no. 146 (1976): 42-43.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 42-43", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, \u201cRecent Acquisition Press Release,\u201d April 8, 1976, Cleveland Museum of Art Archives.", "page_number": null, "url": "https://archive.org/details/cmapr2350"}, {"citation": "Llewellyn, Briony, and Charles McCorquodale. \"In the Light of Caravaggio.\" <em>The Connoisseur</em> (June 1976): 110-113.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 113", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"La Vie des Arts.\"<em> L'\u0152il </em>251 (June 1976): 48-54.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 48", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Patrimoine.\" <em>Connaissance des Arts </em>(July 1976): 15.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 15", "url": null}, {"citation": "Butler, Joseph T. \"America: Recent Major Museum Acquisitions.\" <em>Connoisseur </em>(August 1976).", "page_number": "p. 312-313", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Chronique des Arts.\" <em>Gazette des Beaux-Arts </em>88 (September 1976): 5-9.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 7", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lurie, Ann Tzeutschler in collaboration with Dennis Mahon. \"Caravaggio's Crucifixion of Saint Andrew from Valladolid.\" <em>The Bulletin of The Cleveland</em> <em>Museum of Art LXIV</em>, no. 1 (January, 1977):3-24.", "page_number": "Reproduced: cover, p. 4, fig. 1; Detail; pp. 6-24", "url": null}, {"citation": "\u201cOther Museum News and Comments.\u201d <em>Art Journal</em> 36, no. 4 (July 15, 1977): 344-354.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 352", "url": null}, {"citation": "Pacelli, Vincenzo. \"New Documents Concerning Caravaggio in Naples.\" <em>The Burlington Magazine</em> 119, no. 897 (December 1977): 819-29.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 826, 829, n. 33", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/879030."}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 135", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n155"}, {"citation": "Bardon, Franc\u0327oise. <em>Caravage: ou, L'expe\u0301rience de la matie\u0300re</em>. Paris, France: Presses universitaires de France, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 208-209, no. 25", "url": null}, {"citation": "Marini, Maurizio. <em>Michael Angelus Caravaggio Romanus: rassegna degli studi e proposte</em>. Roma, Italy: De Luca, 1978.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 16-19, 22,36, 43", "url": null}, {"citation": "Prohaska, Wolfgang. \"Beitr\u00e4ge zu Giovanni Battista Caracciolo.\"<em>Jahrbuch der Kunsthistorischen Sammlungen in Wien</em> LXXIV (N. F. XXXVIII) (1978): 153-269.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 176, fig. 152", "url": null}, {"citation": "Borowitz, Helen. \"Making Rounds at The Cleveland Museum of Art.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Medical Library </em>XXIV, no. 3 (July 1978): 53-67.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 60", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lopez-Rey, Jose. Velazquez: <em>The Artist As a Maker, with a Catalogue Raisonne\u0301 of His Extant Works.</em> Lausanne; Paris: Bibliothe\u0301que des Arts, 1979.", "page_number": "p. 24, 156", "url": null}, {"citation": "Nicolson, Benedict. <em>The International Caravaggesque Movement: Lists of Pictures by Caravaggio and His Followers Throughout Europe from 1590 to 1650</em>. Oxford, United Kingdom: Phaidon, 1979.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 32, detail, p. 4", "url": null}, {"citation": "Guillaume, Marguerite. <em>Peintures italiennes: catalogue raisonne\u0301 du Muse\u0301e des beaux-arts de Dijon</em>. Dijon, France: Le Muse\u0301e, 1980.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 17-18 under no. 27", "url": null}, {"citation": "Gash, John. <em>Caravaggio</em>. London, United Kingdom: Jupiter, 1980..", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 110-111, Reproduced: no. 54", "url": null}, {"citation": "Marini, Maurizio. <em>Caravaggio e il Naturalismo Internazionale</em>. Torino: Einaudi, 1981.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 369, n. 24; reproduced: P. 417, fig. 238", "url": null}, {"citation": "Moir, Alfred. <em>Caravaggio.</em> New York: H.N. Abrams, 1982.", "page_number": "p. 142-143; Reproduced: p. 143, color pl. 40", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Catalogue of Paintings, Part 3: European Paintings of the 16th, 17th, and 18th Centuries</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1982.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 319-323; Reproduced: p. 320", "url": null}, {"citation": "Wood, Jeremy. \"London, Royal Academy of Art Exhibition: Painting in Naples from Caravaggio to Giordano.\" <em>Pantheon</em> XL, no. 4 (October-December 1982): 330-331.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 30", "url": null}, {"citation": "Whitfield, Clovis, and Jane Martineau. <em>Painting in Naples, 1606-1705: From Caravaggio to Giordano</em>. London: Royal Academy of Arts in association with Weidenfield and Nicolson, 1982.", "page_number": "p. 21, 37, 38, 40, 70, 128-30; Reproduced: p. 70, no. 17", "url": null}, {"citation": "Von Gehren, Georg. \"Malerei in Neapel von Caravaggio bis Giordano.\" <em>Die Weltkunst. The World-art Review </em>LII (December 1982): 3470-3473.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 3471", "url": null}, {"citation": "Hibbard, Howard. <em>Caravaggio</em>. New York: Harper &amp; Row, 1983.", "page_number": "p. 219, 220, 221, 223, 249, 291, 324-25, 328, 330; Reproduced: p. 220, no. 144", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cinotti, Mia, and Gian Alberto Dell'Acqua. \"Michelangelo Merisi detto il Caravaggio\". <em>I Pittori Bergamaschi</em> 4,1 (1983): 203-641.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 420-423; reproduced: P. 620, fig. 1", "url": null}, {"citation": "Borowitz, Helen O. \"A Medical Tour Through The Cleveland Museum of Art.\" <em>Cleveland Clinic Quarterly</em> 50, no. 4 (Winter 1983):Cleveland: Cleveland Clinic, 1959.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 426; rep;rd", "url": null}, {"citation": "Pacelli, Vincenzo. <em>Caravaggio, le sette opere di misericordia</em>. Salerno, Italy: 10/17, 1984.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 79; Reproduced: p. 105, no. 12, fig. 51", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bonsanti, Giorgio, Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio, and Karin Stephan. <em>Caravaggio</em>. Antella, Florence, Italy: Scala, 1984.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 59; Reproduced: p. 66, pl. 64", "url": null}, {"citation": "Spinosa, Nicola. <em>La Pittura napoletana del '600</em>. Milano, Italy: Longanesi, 1984.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 533", "url": null}, {"citation": "Brigstocke, Hugh. <em>The Burlington Magazine</em> 126, no. 970 (January 1984): 42-45.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 45", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/881518."}, {"citation": "Schloder, John E. <em>Baroque Imagery</em>. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1984.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 39-41; Reproduced: p. 54, no. 15", "url": null}, {"citation": "Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York, NY and Museo e gallerie nazionali di Capodimonte, Naples, Italy. <em>The Age of Caravaggio</em>. New York, NY: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1985.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 21, 47, 345-349; Reproduced: P. 349", "url": null}, {"citation": "Harris, Dale. \"Rebel with a Cause: Caravaggio Defied the Conventions of Life and Art\". <em>Connoisseur</em> (February 1985).", "page_number": "p. 52-54, 56", "url": null}, {"citation": "Spike, John T. \u201cThe Age of Caravaggio.\u201d <em>Apollo: The International Magazine for Collectors</em> 121 (June 1985): 415\u201317.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 417", "url": null}, {"citation": "Sutton, Peter C. <em>A Guide to Dutch Art in America</em>. Washington, DC: Netherlands-American Amity Trust, 1986.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 64", "url": null}, {"citation": "Christiansen, Keith. \"Caravaggio and \"L'esempio Davanti Del Naturale\".\" <em>The Art Bulletin</em> 68, no. 3 (September 1986): 421-45.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 436", "url": null}, {"citation": "Marini, Maurizio. C<em>aravaggio: Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio \"pictor praestantissimus\": la tragica esistenza, la raffinata cultura, il mondo sanguigno del primo Seicento, nell'iter pittorico completo di uno dei massimi rivoluzionari dell'arte di tutti i tempi</em>. Roma: Newton Compton, 1987.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 273-273; Mentioned P. 520-524", "url": null}, {"citation": "Calvesi, Maurizio, and Lucia Trigilia. <em>L'Ultimo Caravaggio: e la cultura artistica a Napoli, in Sicilia e a Malta</em>. Siracusa, Italy: EDIPRINT, 1987.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Ottino Della Chiesa, Angela. <em>Tout l'oeuvre peint du Caravage</em>. Paris, France: Flammarion, 1988.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>La Pittura in Italia</em>. Milano: Electa, 1988.", "page_number": "Mentioned: vol. II, p. 464", "url": null}, {"citation": "Milesi, Silvana. <em>Caravaggio.</em> Bergamo: Corponove, 1989.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 194, no. 3", "url": null}, {"citation": "Calvesi, Maurizio. <em>Le realta del Caravaggio</em>. Torino: G. Einaudi, 1990.", "page_number": "p. 144-145, 149, 163, 373, 381, 427; Reproduced: p. 427, no. 241", "url": null}, {"citation": "Nicolson, Benedict, Luisa Vertova, and Benedict Nicolson. <em>Caravaggism in Europe</em>. Torino, Italy: U. Allemandi, 1990.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 80, vol. 2, pl. 65; Detail: pl. 73", "url": null}, {"citation": "Heimburger, Minna. \"Interpretazioni Delle Pitture di Genere del Caravaggio Secondo il Metodo Neerlandese.\" <em>Paragone: Mensile di Arte Figurativa e Letteratura </em>XLI, no. 24 (November 1990): 3-110.", "page_number": "Reproduced: fig. 17", "url": null}, {"citation": "Spear, Richard E. <em>Caravaggio and His Followers</em>. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1971.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 93", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Interpretations: Sixty-Five Works from the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1991.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 17", "url": null}, {"citation": "Gregori, Mina. <em>Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio: come nascono i capolavori</em>. Milano, Italy: Electa, 1991.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 22, 32, 36, 301; Reproduced:  figs. 23,25,29, 344", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cinotti, Mia. <em>Caravaggio: la vita e l'opera</em>. Bergamo, Italy: Edizioni Bolis, 1991.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 219; Reproduced: no. 69", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bologna, Ferdinando, and Battistello Caracciolo. <em>Battistello Caracciolo e il primo naturalismo a Napoli</em>. Napoli, Italy: Electa, 1991.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 33, fig. 31", "url": null}, {"citation": "Pe\u0301rez Sa\u0301nchez, Alfonso E. <em>El Siglo de Oro de la pintura espan\u0303ola</em>. Madrid, Spain: Mondadori Espan\u0303a, 1991.", "page_number": "Reproduced: 9. 53, fig. 3", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bologna, Ferdinando. <em>L'incredulita\u0300 del Caravaggio e l'esperienza delle \"cose naturali\"</em>. Torino, Italy: Bollati Boringhieri, 1992.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 333-334, Reproduced: pl. 30, no. 70", "url": null}, {"citation": "Chong, Alan. <em>European &amp; American Painting in the Cleveland Museum of Art: A Summary Catalogue</em>. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1993.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 28", "url": null}, {"citation": "Pacelli, Vincenzo. <em>L'ultimo Caravaggio: dalla Maddalena a mezza figura ai due san Giovanni (1606-1610).</em> Todi (Perugia): Ediart, 1994.", "page_number": "p. 38-39, 50, 52-53, 80, 146", "url": null}, {"citation": "Gilbert, Creighton. <em>Caravaggio and His Two Cardinals</em>. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1995.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 23, 169, 266", "url": null}, {"citation": "Fre\u0300ches, Jose\u0301. <em>Le Caravage, peintre et assassin</em>. Paris, France: Gallimard, 1995.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 116; Reproduced: p. 117", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Caravaggio: eine Fondacc-Forschung : Verifikation 1995</em>. Hof, Austria: Fondacc-Forschung, 1995.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 31; Reproduced: p. 136", "url": null}, {"citation": "Macioce, Stefania. <em>Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio: la vita e le opere attraverso i documenti : atti del Convegno internazionale di studi</em>. Roma, Italy: Logart Press, 1996.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 307, fig. 146", "url": null}, {"citation": "Ko\u0308nig, Eberhard. <em>Michelangelo Merisi Da Caravaggio 1571-1610</em>. Cologne: Ko\u0308nemann, 1997.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 124, no. 108", "url": null}, {"citation": "Jeromack, Paul. \"Met Buys Caravaggio By Installments.\" <em>The Art Newspaper</em> 72 (July-August 1997).", "page_number": "p. 9", "url": null}, {"citation": "Puglisi, Catherine R. <em>Caravaggio. </em>London: Phaidon, 1998.", "page_number": "p. 347-348; Reproduced: p. 340, no. 173", "url": null}, {"citation": "Weller, Dennis P., Leonard J. Slatkes, and Roger B. Ward.<em> Sinners &amp; Saints: Darkness and Light : Caravaggio and His Dutch and Flemish Followers. </em>Raleigh, NC: North Carolina Museum of Art, 1998.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 206, no. 5", "url": null}, {"citation": "Mormando, Franco. <em>Saints &amp; Sinners: Caravaggio &amp; the Baroque Image</em>. Chestnut Hill, MA: McMullen Museum of Art, Boston College, 1999.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 201, fig. 23", "url": null}, {"citation": "Causa, Stefano. \"Gli Amici Nordici Del Caravaggio a Napoli.\" <em>Prospettiva</em>, no. 93/94 (January-April 1999): 142-57.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 150, fig. 14", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/24432795"}, {"citation": "Marini, Maurizio. \"Caravaggio y Espa\u00f1a: Momentos de Historia y de Pintura entre la Naturaleza y la Fe.\" In <em>Caravaggio: Museo Nacional del Prado, 21 septiembre-21 noviembre, 1999: Museo de Bellas Artes de Bilbao, 29 noviembre, 1999-23 enero, 2000</em>. Claudio M. Strinati, and Rossella Vodret Adamo, eds., 29-48. Madrid: Sociedad Electa de Espan\u0303a, 1999.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 35", "url": null}, {"citation": "Causa, Stefano.<em> Battistello Caracciolo: l'opera completa</em>. Naples: Electa Napoli, 2000.", "page_number": "p. 40-41, 129, 361; Reproduced: p. 40, no. 40", "url": null}, {"citation": "Resca, Giuseppe. <em>La spada e la misericordia: Caravaggio e il demone della violenza</em>. Roma: Armando, 2001.", "page_number": "p. 20, 67, 175; Reproduced: p. 175, fig. 47", "url": null}, {"citation": "Hall &amp; Knight Ltd, and Nicholas H. J. Hall. <em>MMI. </em>Exh. cat. Hall &amp; Knight Ltd., London, New York. London: Hall &amp; Knight Ltd, 2001.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 21, fig. 16", "url": null}, {"citation": "May, Sally Ruth, Jane Takac, and Barbara J. Bradley. <em>Knockouts: A Pocket Guide</em>. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2001.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 37, no. 33", "url": null}, {"citation": "Hall, Nicholas H. J. <em>MMI: [Exhibition].</em> New York: London: Hall &amp; Knight Ltd, 2001.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 21, fig. 16", "url": null}, {"citation": "Pacelli, Vincenzo, and Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio. <em>L'ultimo Caravaggio, 1606-1610: il giallo della morte: omicidio di Stato?</em> Todi Perugia, Iitaly: Ediart, 2002.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pl. V, VI", "url": null}, {"citation": "Gash, John. Caravaggio. London: Chaucer, 2003.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 109, no. 61", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cassani, Silvia and Maria Sapio. <em>Caravaggio: l'ultimo tempo, 1606-1610</em>. Napoli, Italy: Electa Napoli, 2004.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 31, fig. 6 and p. 173, fig. 9", "url": null}, {"citation": "Harris, Ann Sutherland. <em>Seventeenth-Century Art &amp; Architecture.</em> London: Laurence King Publishing Ltd., 2005.", "page_number": "p. 134-135; Reproduced: p. 135, no. 1.134.", "url": null}, {"citation": "Pagano, Denise Maria. <em>Caravaggio a Napoli: dalle Opere di Misericordia alla Sant'Orsola trafitta tecnica e restauri</em>. Naples, Italy: Electa Napoli, 2005.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 173, no. 9", "url": null}, {"citation": "L\u00f3pez, Mercedes Simal. \"Don Juan Alfonso Pimentel, VIII Conde-Duque de Benavente, y el Coleccionismo de Antig\u00fcedades: Inquietudes de un Virrey de N\u00e1poles (1603-1610).\" <em>Reales Sitios</em> XLII, no. 164 (2005): 30-49.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 37", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cassani, Silvia, Maria Sapio, Paolo Altieri, Enrica D'Aguanno, Gianni Manna, Mark Weir, and Ferdinando Bologna. <em>Caravaggio: the final years. </em>Naples: Electra Napoli, 2005.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 173, no. 9", "url": null}, {"citation": "Morel, Guillaume. \"La Sublime Violence du Caravage.\" <em>L'\u0152il </em>(May 2005): 70-75.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 72-73", "url": null}, {"citation": "Varriano, John L. <em>Caravaggio: The Art of Realism.</em> University Park, Pa: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2006.", "page_number": "p. 57, 112, 240; Reproduced: p. 240, fig. 49", "url": null}, {"citation": "Miyashita, Kikuro. <em>Karavajjo.</em> Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 110", "url": null}, {"citation": "Harten, Ju\u0308rgen, Jean Hubert Martin, and Denis Mahon. <em>Caravaggio: Originale und Kopien im Spiegel der Forschung</em>. Ostfildern: Hatje Cantz, 2006.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 173-174", "url": null}, {"citation": "Dibbits, Taco. \"Prologue: Caravaggio, the Utrecht Caravaggisti and the Young Rembrandt.\" In <em>Rembrandt, Caravaggio</em>. Duncan Bull, ed., 30-51. Zwolle: Waanders, 2006.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 30, 33", "url": null}, {"citation": "Donley, Gregory M., \"World Travelers\", Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Cleveland Art: The Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em>. Vol. 46 no. 01, January 2006", "page_number": "Mentioned & reproduced: p. 6", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2006-01/page/6"}, {"citation": "Iacono, Margaret, ed. <em>Masterpieces of European Painting from the Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> New York: The Frick Collection, 2006.", "page_number": "p. 36-39; Reproduced: p. 36, no. 6", "url": null}, {"citation": "Gabriel, Theodore, and Ron Geaves.<em> ...isms: Understanding Religion</em>. New York: Universe, 2007.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 38", "url": null}, {"citation": "Sgarbi, Vittorio. <em>Caravaggio.</em> Milano: Skira; London: Thames &amp; Hudson, 2007.", "page_number": "p. 158-159", "url": null}, {"citation": "Jover, Manuel. <em>Caravaggio</em>. Paris: Terrail, 2007.", "page_number": "p. 220-221; Reproduced: p. 221", "url": null}, {"citation": "Pichler, Wolfram. \"Il dubbio e il doppio: le evidenze in Caravaggio.\" In <em>Caravaggio e il suo ambiente: ricerche e interpretazioni,</em> edited by S. Ebert-Schifferer and Veronika Birbaumer. Cinisello Balsamo, Milano: Silvana, 2007.", "page_number": "p. 9, 11; Reproduced: p. 11, no. 3", "url": null}, {"citation": "Ferriss, J. Barry. T<em>he Many Reasons Why Goiter Is Seen in Old Paintings: Commentary</em>. New York: Mary Ann Liebert, Inc, 2008.", "page_number": "p. 389, 391; Reproduced: p. 391, fig. 10", "url": null}, {"citation": "Mun\u0303oz Gonza\u0301lez, Mari\u0301a Jesu\u0301s. <em>El mercado espan\u0303ol de pinturas en el siglo XVII</em>. Madrid: Fundacio\u0301n Caja Madrid, 2008.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 183, no. 112", "url": null}, {"citation": "Harris, Ann Sutherland. <em>Seventeenth-Century Art &amp; Architecture</em>. London: Laurence King Pub, 2008.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 134, no. 1.137", "url": null}, {"citation": "Venier, Pierpaolo, and Fernando Noris. <em>Caravaggio Drammaturgo: Lettura teatrale dell'opera pittorica</em>. Azzano San Paolo (Bergamo): Bolis, 2009.", "page_number": "p. 132-133; Reproduced: p. 133", "url": null}, {"citation": "Zuccari, Alessandro. <em>Caravaggio Controluce: Ideali e Capolavori.</em> Milano: Skira, 2011.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. xviii, fig. 22", "url": null}, {"citation": "Vodret Adamo, Rossella. <em>Caravaggio.</em> Cinisello Balsamo (Milano): Silvana, 2009.", "page_number": "p. 200-201; Reproduced: p. 201, no. 119", "url": null}, {"citation": "Schutze, Sebastian. <em>Caravaggio: The Complete Works</em>. Cologne: Taschen, 2009.", "page_number": "p. 203, 277-278", "url": null}, {"citation": "Damia\u0300 Bautista, Joan. <em>L'here\u0300ncia formal de Caravaggio.</em> Artana: Joan Damia\u0300 Bautista i Garcia, 2009.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 99, fig. 245.", "url": null}, {"citation": "Spinosa, Nicola. <em>Pittura del Seicento a Napoli: da Caravaggio a Massimo Stanzione</em>. Napoli: Arte'm Srl., 2010.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 351, no. 330", "url": null}, {"citation": "Papa, Rodolfo. <em>Caravaggio: le origini, i modelli.</em> Firenze: Giunti, 2010.", "page_number": "p. 23", "url": null}, {"citation": "Milesi, Silvana. <em>Caravaggio incomparabile, 1610-2010.</em> Bergamo: Corponove, 2010.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 143", "url": null}, {"citation": "Graham-Dixon, Andrew. <em>Caravaggio: A Life Sacred and Profane</em>. London; New York, Allen Lane, 2010.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. xvii, no. 73; p. 347-349, 350, 358, 379, 398", "url": null}, {"citation": "Fried, Michael. <em>The Moment of Caravaggio</em>. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2010.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 158, fig. 5.10", "url": null}, {"citation": "Spike, John T., Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio, and Miche\u0300le K. Spike. Caravaggio. 2nd rev. ed. New York: Abbeville Press, 2010.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 202-203, cat. 55", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Clark, Carol Zeller, and Orlo H. Clark. <em>The Remarkables: Endocrine Abnormalities in Art</em>. Berkeley: UC Medical Humanities Consortium, 2011.", "page_number": "p. 84-85; Reproduced: p. 85, fig. 2-14.", "url": null}, {"citation": "Franklin, David. <em>Director's Choice</em>: The Cleveland Museum of Art. London: Scala Publisherts Ltd, 2012.", "page_number": "p. 34-35", "url": null}, {"citation": "Franklin, David, and C. Griffith Mann. <em>Treasures from the Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art; London: Scala Publishers Ltd, 2012.", "page_number": "p.184-185", "url": null}, {"citation": "Pacelli, Vincenzo, and Gianluca Forgione. <em>Caravaggio tra arte e scienza</em>. Pozzuoli, Italy: Paparo, 2012.", "page_number": "p. 40-43: fig. 4, 5; p. 282: fig. 62; p. 395-396: fig. A46", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cappelletti, Francesca. <em>Zurbaran</em>. Florence: Giunti, 2013.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 9", "url": null}, {"citation": "Denunzio, Antonio Ernesto. \"La Giuditta, Louis Finson e un probabile committente.\" In <em>Giuditta decapita Oloferne: Louis Finson interprete di Caravaggio.</em> Louis Finson, and Giovanna Capitelli., eds., 44-52. Napoli: Arte'm, 2013.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 44-45", "url": null}, {"citation": "Rivero, Ignacio Cano, and Gabriele Finaldi. <em>Francisco de Zurbara\u0301n (1598-1664)</em>. Antwerpen: Mercatorfonds, 2014.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p.44, fig.19", "url": null}, {"citation": "Pacelli, Vincenzo, and Gianluca Forgione. Caravaggio: le Sette opere di Misericordia. Napoli: Artstudiopaparo, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: pp. 112-116", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 181", "url": ""}, {"citation": "\"Real Time Restoration Forms New Exhibition.\" <em>The Art Newspaper </em>23, no. 258 (June 2014): 47.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 45, detail p. 47", "url": null}, {"citation": "Yoder, Dean. \u201cCaravaggio in Focus: A rare opportunity for an up-close look at the conservation process.\u201d <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine </em>54, no. 3 (May/June 2014): 9-10.", "page_number": "Reproduced and Mentioned: p. 9-10", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2014-02"}, {"citation": "Wismer, Beat, Odile Delenda and Mari\u0301a del Mar Borobia Guerrero. <em>Zurbara\u0301n</em>. Dusseldorf and Munchen: Museum Kunstpalais, 2015.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 234, fig. 1", "url": null}, {"citation": "Papi, Gianni. Caravaggio: <em>La Crocifissione di sant'Andrea Back-Vega = The Back-Vega Crucifixion of St Andrew</em>.Milano: Skira, 2016.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 6, 10, 34, 56, 80; Reproduced: p. [12], fig. 3; p. 30, fig, 17 (detail); p. 33, fig. 20 (detail); p. 38, fig, 24 (detail); p. 41, fig, 30 (detail); p. 43, fig. 32 (detail); p. 44, fig. 34 (detail); p. 47, fig. 36 (detail); p. 48, (fig. 38 (detail); p. 49, fig. 40 (detail)", "url": null}, {"citation": "Mart\u00ednez, Javier G\u00f3mez. <em>Museograf\u00eda al filo del milenio: tendencias y recurrencias. </em>Somonte-Cenero, Gij\u00f3n (Asturias): Ediciones Trea, 2016.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 331", "url": null}, {"citation": "Ebert-Schifferer, Sybille. \"Caravaggio in Neapel: Kurze Zeit, grosse Wirkung.\" In Forster, Peter, et. al. <em>Caravaggios Erben: Barock in Neapel.</em> M\u00fcnchen: Hirmer, 2016, 48-65.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 57, fig. 7", "url": null}, {"citation": "Zuffi, Stefano. <em>Caravaggio in Detail.</em> New York: Abrams, 2016.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 25, no. 44; detail p. 76-77", "url": null}, {"citation": "Spinosa, Nicola, and James M. Bradburne.<em> Attorno a Caravaggio: una questione di attribuzione.</em> Ginevr ; Milano: Skira, 2016.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 27-28, fig. 1", "url": null}, {"citation": "Duffy-Zeballos, Lisa and Sharon Flescher. \"A Long-Lost Caravaggio? Not so Fast Doubters Say But France embargoes Export Just in Case.\" <em>IFAR Journal, </em>17 no. 1 (2016): 2-5.", "page_number": "Reproduced and mentioned; p. 4, fig 4.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Museum Masters: 2016-17 Companion Guide.</em> [Cleveland, Ohio]: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2016.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 48-50", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Yoder, Dean. \"Conserving Caravaggio: After an intensive process of cleaning and restoration, a masterpiece is back on view.\u201d <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em> 56, no. 5 (September/October 2016): 16-18.", "page_number": "Reproduced and Mentioned: p. 16, 17, 18", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2016-05"}, {"citation": "Bowron, Edgar Peters. \"Introduction: The Critical Fortunes of Italian Baroque Painting in America.\" In <em>Buying Baroque: Italian Seventeenth-Century Paintings Come to America</em>. Edited by Edgar Peters Bowron, 2-15. University Park, Pennsylvania: The Frick Collection, The Pennsylvania State University Press, 2017.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 11", "url": null}, {"citation": "Benay, Erin E. <em>Exporting Caravaggio: The Crucifixion of Saint Andrew</em>. Cleveland, Ohio: Cleveland Museum of Art; London: Giles, 2017.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Scaletti, Fabio.<em> Caravaggio: catalogo ragionato delle opere autografe, attribuite e controverse: con un regesto completo delle repliche e delle copie</em>. 2 vols. [Naples] :Artstudiopaparo, 2017.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 25, 198-201, no. OR61", "url": null}, {"citation": "Garci\u0301a Cueto, David. Las copias de obras maestras de la pintura en las colecciones de los Austrias y el Museo del Prado: actas del Congreso internacional = proceedings of the international Symposium. 2021, 93.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: pp. 92-93, fig. 1.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Caravaggio a Montserrat (Conference), Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio, Artur Ramon, and Clara Beltra\u0301n Catala\u0301n. Cent anys del Sant Jeroni de Caravaggio a Montserrat. 2019, 92.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: pp. 91-92, fig. 1.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Zuffi, Stefano, and Philippe Daverio. <em>Discovering Caravaggio: the Art Lover's Guide to Understanding Symbols in his Paintings</em>. New York: Rizzoli International, 2010.", "page_number": "p. 210-213", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"The Cleveland Caravaggio.\" <em>New Lugano Review</em> 8.9 (1976).", "page_number": "p. 36-37, 65", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"New in the Galleries.\" <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em> 57, no. 6 (November/December 2017): Back cover.", "page_number": "Reproduced: Back cover", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2017-06"}, {"citation": "Bray, Xavier. \"Ribera: The Shock of the Real.\" In <em>Ribera: Art of Violence.</em> Edward Payne, and Xavier Bray, 35-54. Lewes, UK : Giles : Imprint of D. Giles Limited, 2018. London : Dulwich Picture Gallery : in association with D. Giles Limited, 2018.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: P. 36-37, fig. 3.1", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Spear, Richard E. \"Caravaggio's 'Crucifixion of St Andrew' and the Problem of Autograph Replicas.\" <em>The Burlington Magazine</em> 160, no.1383 (June 2018): 454-461.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 456, fig. 3", "url": null}, {"citation": "Osnabrugge, Marije.<em> The Neapolitan Lives and Careers of Netherlandish Immigrant Painters (1575-1655).</em> Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2019.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 80; Reproduced: p. 81", "url": null}, {"citation": "Hall, Marcia B. T<em>he Power of Color: Five Centuries of European Painting. </em>New Haven: Yale University Press, 2019.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 99; Reproduced: p. 100. fig. 2.38", "url": null}, {"citation": "Terzaghi, Maria Cristina , et. al.<em> Caravaggio, Napoli</em>. Milano: Electa, 2019.", "page_number": "Reproduced; p. 38, fig. 4", "url": null}, {"citation": "Sallandrouze, Aure\u0301lie, and Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio. Caravaggio: Judith et Holopherne : vente aux enche\u0300res, Toulouse, 27 juin 2019. 2019, 63.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 63, fig. 39.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Pacelli, Vincenzo, and Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio. Caravaggio a Napoli: studi e ricerche. Roma : Editori Paparo, 2019.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 22, fig, 13; mentioned: p. 26", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Porzio, Giuseppe. Antichi maestri a Napoli: dipinti del Sei e Settecento. <br>Napoli, Italia : Porcini, 2019.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 8; reproduced: p. 10, no.2", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Dinelli, Pier Paolo, and Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio. Caravaggio dall'ombra al dettaglio. 2020, 145", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 145.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Nuovi dati e nuove idee (Conference), and Maria Cristina Terzaghi. Caravaggio a Napoli: nuovi dati nuove idee : atti del convegno di Capodimonte : 13-14 gennaio 2020. Todi (Perugia) : Ediart, luglio,  2021.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 83; Reproduced: p. 80, fig. 14", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Gengler, Matthew. \u201cYou Ask, We Answer.\u201d <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine </em>60, no. 1 (January/February 2020): 22.", "page_number": "Reproduced and Mentioned: p. 22", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2020-01/page/n11/mode/2up"}, {"citation": "Dal Bello, Mario, and Nicola Ciola. La Trinita\u0300 nell'arte. Roma : Dei Merangoli, 2021, 160.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 160", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Saraceno, Francesca, and Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio. Caravaggio: emozioni e impressioni. Lesmo (MB) : Etabeta, 2022.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 409", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Zirpolo, Lilian H., and Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio. Caravaggio: A Reference Guide to His Life and Works. 2023.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 95-96", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Caravaggio, Michelangelo Merisi da. Caravaggio and How to Find Him : At the Galleria Borghese, in Rome, and around the World. Edited by Francesca Cappelletti. Napoli: Editori Paparo, 2023.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 87, no. 34", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Caravaggio, Michelangelo Merisi da, Andrea Cipriani, Claudio Falcucci, and Claudio Giusti. Caravaggio : The \u201cEcce Homo\u201d Unveiled. Edited by Keith Christiansen, Gianni Papi, Giuseppe Porzio, and Maria Cristina Terzaghi. Translated by Helen Glanville. First edition. Venezia: Marsilio arte, 2023.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 90 and 92, fig. 11; mentioned: pp. 92-93.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Penco, Sara, and Michelangelo Buonarroti. <em>Maria Maddalena Nel Giudizio Di Michelangelo = Mary Magdalene in Michelangelo\u2019s Judgement</em>. Bologna, Italy: Scripta maneant editore, 2024.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 54", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Smee, Sebastian. \u201cA Rare U.S. Caravaggio Masterpiece Shows How a Murderer Painted Death.\u201d <em>Washington Post</em>, June 27, 2024.", "page_number": "", "url": "https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/interactive/2024/caravaggio-crucifixion-of-saint-andrew/"}, {"citation": "Olson, Todd, and Jusepe de Ribera. Ribera\u2019s Repetitions : Paper and Canvas in Seventeenth-Century Spanish Naples. University Park, Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 2025.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: pp. 75-76, fig. 34", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Porzio, Giuseppe. \"Caravaggio: The Years in the South.\" In <em>Caravaggio 2025</em>, edited by Francesca Cappelletti and Maria Cristina Terzaghi, 60-79. Venice: Marsilio Arte srl, 2025.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 66-68, fig. 9", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Vodret Adamo, Rossella, and Claudio Falcucci. <em>Caravaggio: 1571-1610.</em> Cinisello Balsamo, Milano: Silvana Editoriale, 2025.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 97-98, fig. 17; p. 294-295, no. 59", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Currie, Elizabeth. <em>Street Style: Art and Dress in the Time of Caravaggio</em>. London: Reaktion Books, 2025.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 117-119, fig. 70", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1976.2", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1976.2/1976.2_web.jpg", "width": "678", "height": "900", "filesize": "223048", "filename": "1976.2_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1976.2/1976.2_print.jpg", "width": "2563", "height": "3400", "filesize": "2852637", "filename": "1976.2_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1976.2/1976.2_full.tif", "width": "11447", "height": "15187", "filesize": "521573284", "filename": "1976.2_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2007-02-15T19:47:04", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1976.2/1976.2_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "665", "height": "893", "filesize": "395349"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1976.2/1976.2_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "2531", "height": "3400", "filesize": "5981460"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1976.2/1976.2_alt0_full.tif", "width": "4466", "height": "6000", "filesize": "80419072"}}, {"date_created": "2016-04-14T13:34:10", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1976.2/1976.2_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "726", "height": "900", "filesize": "282364"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1976.2/1976.2_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "2742", "height": "3400", "filesize": "3030831"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1976.2/1976.2_alt1_full.tif", "width": "6000", "height": "7440", "filesize": "133969016"}}], "creditline": "Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Donna and James Reid Gallery", "athena_id": 148758, "creators": [{"id": 2065, "description": "Caravaggio (Italian, 1571\u20131610)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1571", "death_year": "1610", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1976-02-24T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1606, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1606\u20137", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": "Beginning in 2014 and completed in 2016, the painting received a comprehensive conservation treatment to address lingering and critical aesthetic issues that were created by a restoration from 1974\u2014two years before the painting entered the CMA collection. In an attempt to create a more even and level surface, the 1974 treatment used layers of different varnish coatings to fill in the heavily cracked paint layer. Over time, this strategy failed, as movement in the underlying original paint and ground layers telegraphed through, creating a dense network of distracting surface cracking in the varnish. Because of the painting\u2019s importance, a three-month conservation exhibition in the Julia and Larry Pollock Focus Gallery was designed to explain the conservation issues to the public and allow visitors to observe the initial removal of the old varnish. The rest of the treatment was completed in the paintings conservation lab over the next two years. While the main focus of the conservation was to correct the aesthetic problems created by the previous treatment, the opportunity to conduct the first in-depth technical and scientific analysis of the painting was equally important. This extensive study, entitled <em>Conserving Caravaggio\u2019s Crucifixion of Saint Andrew: A Technical Study</em>, was originally published on a digital platform for iPads and tablets. Caravaggio used a single piece of a diamond weave canvas, possibly a tablecloth linen, which can easily be seen when zooming in on the X-radiograph. This canvas was carefully prepared with a double ground. First, a thick, aqueous, brown ground composed of earth pigments was applied over the canvas. This was followed by a second, thinner, and slightly darker ground layer composed of the same pigment mixture, though bound in a drying oil. After the preparation of the ground, Caravaggio began laying out the composition by cutting fine incisions into the ground layer. These fine incisions were used to roughly establish the position of the figures and can be found in several other paintings by the artist. These allusive incisions are apparent in raking light and in the X-ray where lead white was used to initially lay in the highlights of the drapery folds and anatomy of the figures. These initial strokes of the lead white (X-ray blocking) pigment, also referred to as the <em>abozzo</em>, were laid over top, filling in the incisions, which is why they are visible in the X-ray. Around the same time the abozzo was applied, darker, nearly black outlines were used around the figures. These dark paint strokes can be seen in the infrared reflectogram (IRR). After these highlights and shadows were positioned, Caravaggio skillfully manipulated opaque and transparent pigments to create gradations and nuances in the figures, garments, and draperies. Caravaggio used a fairly limited palette for this painting. The red cloth over Saint Andrew was found to contain lead white, umber, and vermilion with glazes of red lake. Small amounts of azurite added to earth pigments were used in the gown of the old woman on the left. The trousers of the executioner on the ladder contains lead-tin yellow type II. The garment of the figure on the far right is composed of red ochre with dark red lake glazes in the darker folds. Flesh tones are mostly composed of lead white, yellow ochre, and red ochre with trace amounts of green earth in the figure of Saint Andrew. Once prior varnishes and overpaint were removed from the original surface, the paint layer could finally be properly saturated with a reversible conservation-grade varnish. Areas of loss were filled and textured to match the aged and cracked surface of the original paint layer. After the fills were sufficiently textured, they were toned to match the dark umber color of the original ground as a base for inpainting, which was executed with a reversible conservation paint. The entire painting then received an overall application of a final varnish to produce the desired amount of surface gloss. For more in-depth information about Caravaggio\u2019s pigments and about the treatment of this painting, please refer to the <a href=\"https://archive.org/details/caravaggio-app\">archived application</a>.", "has_conservation_images": true, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": true, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": true, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:10:34.650000"}, {"id": 165157, "accession_number": "2007.158", "share_license_status": "Copyrighted", "tombstone": "Fulton and Nostrand, 1958. Jacob Lawrence (American, 1917\u20132000). Tempera on Masonite; unframed: 60.9 x 76.2 cm (24 x 30 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Mr. and Mrs. William H. Marlatt Fund, 2007.158. \u00a9 The Jacob and Gwendolyn Knight Lawrence Foundation, Seattle / Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York.", "current_location": "226B American Modern", "title": "Fulton and Nostrand", "creation_date": "1958", "creation_date_earliest": 1958, "creation_date_latest": 1958, "artists_tags": ["Black American Artists", "male"], "culture": ["America"], "technique": "tempera on Masonite", "support_materials": [], "department": "American Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "American - Painting", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Unframed: 60.9 x 76.2 cm (24 x 30 in.)", "dimensions": {"unframed": {"height": 0.609, "width": 0.762}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": "\u00a9 The Jacob and Gwendolyn Knight Lawrence Foundation, Seattle / Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York.", "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "signed lower right \"Jacob Lawrence 58\"", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [], "legacy": [{"description": "Annual Exhibition: Sculpture, Paintings, Watercolors, Drawings, Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, November 19. 1958-January 4, 1959.", "opening_date": "1959-01-04T00:00:00"}, {"description": "American Sculpture and Painting: American National Exhibition in Moscow, The Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts, Moscow, July 25-September 5, 1959; Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, October 28-November 15, 1959.", "opening_date": "1959-07-25T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Between the Fairs: Twenty-Five Years of American Art, 1939-1964, Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, June 24-September 23, 1964.", "opening_date": "1964-06-24T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Contemporary Urban Visions, Wollman Hall, New School Art Center, New School for Social Research, New York, January 25-February 24, 1966.", "opening_date": "1966-01-25T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Crossing State Lines: Twentieth-Century Art from Private Collections in Westchester and Fairfield Counties, Neuberger Museum of Art, Purchase College, State University of New York, March 26-June 18, 1995.", "opening_date": "1995-03-26T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Jacob Lawrence Memorial Exhibition: Paintings, 1937-1999, DC Moore Gallery, New York, February 6-March 3, 2001.", "opening_date": "2001-02-06T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Syncopated Rhythms: 20th-Century African American Art from the George and Joyce Wein Collection, Boston University Art Gallery, November 18, 2005-January 22, 2006.", "opening_date": "2005-11-18T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "(The Alan Stone Gallery, New York, NY,  sold to Alexander and Sylvian Rittmaster)", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->Jacob Lawrence sold the painting directly to the Alan Gallery in 1958.&nbsp;</div>"], "date": "1958", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "Alexander [1916-1969] and Sylvian Rittmaster [1917-1978], Woodmere, NY", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->Although Slyvian Rittmaster died in 1978, the 1981 Sotheby Parke Bernet catalogue lists the painting as coming from their collection, hence listing the painting's dates with the Rittmasters as ending with 1981 rather than 1978.&nbsp;</div>"], "date": "1958-1981", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "(Sotheby Park Bernet, New York, NY, May 29,1981, lot 182, sold to the Terry Dintenfass Gallery)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1981-1983?", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "(Terry Dintenfass Gallery, New York, NY, sold to George and Joyce Wein)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1983", "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "George [b. 1925] and Joyce [1928-2005] Wein, New York, NY, consigned to the Michael Rosenfeld Gallery", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1983-2007", "sortorder": 5}, {"description": "(Michael Rosenfeld Gallery, New York, NY, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "2007", "sortorder": 6}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "2007-", "sortorder": 7}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Lawrence was teaching art at the Pratt Institute in Brooklyn when he created this painting.", "description": "Having moved to Harlem as a teenager, Lawrence would become the first major artist trained entirely within the neighborhood\u2019s African American community. Throughout his long career he believed art should be a quest for both self and social identity, a notion reflected in this work, one of his liveliest and largest paintings. Teeming with more than forty figures, it depicts the vibrant streetscape at the intersection of Fulton Street and Nostrand Avenue in Brooklyn, near where the artist lived at the time.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60480377"], "internet_archive": []}, "citations": [{"citation": "Frascina, Francis. \"Institutions, Culture, and America's 'Cold War Years': The Making of Greenberg's 'Modernist Painting',\" <em>Oxford Art Journal</em> 26 (2003).", "page_number": "Mentioned p. 84.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, David Franklin, and C. Griffith Mann. <em>Treasures of the Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> Cleveland, OH, London: Cleveland Museum of Art ; in association with Scala Publishers, 2012.", "page_number": "Mentioned, p. 322; reproduced p. 323.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Annual Exhibition: Sculpture, Paintings, Watercolors, Drawings (New York: Whitney Museum of American Art, 1958).", "page_number": "Unpaginated, [8],[12]", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Moscow to See Modern U.S. Art,\"<em> New York Times</em> (May 31, 1959).", "page_number": "P. 60", "url": null}, {"citation": "Baur, John I. H. <em>Between the Fairs: 25 Years of America Art, 1939-1964.</em> New York. Whitney Museum. Catalogues. 1962-64. New York: Published for the Whitney Museum of American Art by F.A. Praeger, 1964.", "page_number": "P. 88", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kramer,Hilton. \"In the Museums,\" <em>Art in America</em> 52 (April 1964).", "page_number": "P. 42", "url": null}, {"citation": "Illustration for Victor S. Navasky, \"With Malice Toward All,\" <em>New York Times Book Review </em>(February 27, 1966).", "page_number": "P. 4", "url": null}, {"citation": "Chwast, Seymour, and Steven Heller. <em>The Art of New York</em>. New York: H.N. Abrams, 1983.", "page_number": "P. 18, 76", "url": null}, {"citation": "Berman,Avis. \"Jacob Lawrence and the Making of Americans,\" <em>ARTnews</em> 83 (February 1984).", "page_number": "P. 82", "url": null}, {"citation": "Wheat, Ellen Harkins, Jacob Lawrence, and Patricia Hills. <em>Jacob Lawrence, American Painter.</em> Seattle: University of Washington Press in association with the Seattle Art Museum, 1986.", "page_number": "P. 107,129", "url": null}, {"citation": "Sotheby's (Firm). <em>American Impressionist &amp; 20th Century Paintings, Drawings, Watercolors &amp; Sculpture</em>. May 29, 1981. Lot 182.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Glueck, Grace. <em>New York: The Painted City</em>. Salt Lake City: Peregrine Smith Books, 1992.", "page_number": "P. 54", "url": null}, {"citation": "Stern, Robert A.M. et al., <em>New York 1960 </em>(New York: Monacelli Press, 1995).", "page_number": "P. 1164", "url": null}, {"citation": "Richard J. Powell, \"Harmonizer of Chaos,\" in Peter T. Nesbett and Michelle DuBois, eds., Over the Line: The Art and Life of Jacob Lawrence (Seattle: University of Washington, 2000).", "page_number": "P. 148-49", "url": null}, {"citation": "Nesbett, Peter T. and Michelle DuBois, <em>Jacob Lawrence: Paintings, Drawings, and Murals (1935-1999)</em>: <em>A Catalogue Raisonn\u00e9.</em> Seattle: University of Washington, 2000.", "page_number": "P. 141", "url": null}, {"citation": "Wright, Gwendolyn. \"Permable Boundaries,\" in Peter Madsen and Richard Plunz, eds., <em>The Urban Lifeworld</em> (London: Routledge, 2002).", "page_number": "Reproduced p. 210", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kushner, Marilyn S.\"Exhibiting Art at the American National Exhibition in Moscow, 1959: Domestic Politics and Cultural Diplomacy,\" <em>Journal of Cold War Studies</em> 4 (Winter 2002), 24.", "page_number": "P. 24", "url": null}, {"citation": "Hills, Patricia, and Melissa Renn. Syncopated Rhythms: 20th-Century African American Art from the George and Joyce Wein Collection. Boston: Boston University Art Gallery, 2005.", "page_number": "P. 64-65", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Harlem's Knights: Extraordinary $2 Million Bequest for Lawrence Scholars Program,\"<em> Parsons re:D</em> 22 (May 2005).", "page_number": "P. 22", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Annual Report </em>(July 1,2006- June 30, 2007).", "page_number": "P. 26-7, 32", "url": null}, {"citation": "Adams, Henry.<em> What's American About American Art?: A Gallery Tour in the Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2008.", "page_number": "P. 8,13, 144-145", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cole, Mark. \"Jacob Lawrence's Fulton and Nostrand,\" <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em> 48, no. 2 (February 2008): 6-7.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 6-7", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2008-02/page/6/mode/2up"}, {"citation": "Gordon, Margery. \"Eyes on the Prizes,\" <em>Art + Auction</em> 31 (February 2008).", "page_number": "Reproduced p. 117", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cole, Mark, \"Jacob Lawrence's Fulton and Nostrand\", Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Cleveland Art: The Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em>. Vol. 48 no. 2, February 2008", "page_number": "Mentioned & reproduced: p. 6", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2008-02/page/6/mode"}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, David Franklin, and C. Griffith Mann. <em>Treasures from the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2012.", "page_number": "P. 322-23", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cole, Mark, Amy Sparks, and Rebecca Michaels.<em> African American Art: The Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> [Cleveland, Ohio]: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2013.", "page_number": "P. 3,18; Reproduced p. 22", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cole, Mark. \"American Art of the 1930s to 1950s,\" <em>Cleveland Art</em> 54 (January/February 2014).", "page_number": "P. 21", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 62", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Museum Masters: 2016-17 Companion Guide.</em> [Cleveland, Ohio]: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2016.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 23", "url": ""}, {"citation": "\"Recommendations from Our Curators.\u201d <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine </em>61, no. 2 (Spring 2021): 31.", "page_number": "Reproduced and Mentioned: P. 31", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2021-02/page/30/mode/2up"}, {"citation": "Kushner, Marilyn S., \"Exhibiting Art at the American National Exhibition in Moscow,\" <em>Journal of Cold War Studies </em>4 (Winter 2002).", "page_number": "P. 24", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/2007.158", "images": {}, "alternate_images": [], "creditline": "Mr. and Mrs. William H. Marlatt Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Hammond Hemmelgarn Family Gallery", "athena_id": 165157, "creators": [{"id": 4050, "description": "Jacob Lawrence (American, 1917\u20132000)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": "Jacob Lawrence (born 1917) has been a prominent artist since 1941 when, at age 24, he became the first African American to have a work in the permanent collection of the Museum of Modern Art in New York. His career, now spanning seven decades, has been devoted to documenting African-American life and history, from everyday scenes to the universal struggle for freedom, social justice, and human dignity. Moving to Harlem as a teenager in 1930, Lawrence was influenced by the artists, writers, and philosophers of the Harlem Renaissance-among them Romare Bearden, Langston Hughes, and W.E.B. DuBois-who fostered pride in African-American culture. Lawrence's subjects include the legendary abolitionist heroes Frederick Douglass, Harriet Tubman, and John Brown, and the story of the massive migration of African Americans from the rural South to the industrialized, urban North during the early decades of the 20th century. After thorough research, Lawrence chronicles the crucial events of each saga by creating a series of small paintings on paper in a modernist style of flat, brightly-colored forms.", "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1917", "death_year": "2000", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "2007-06-04T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1958, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1958", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": true, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:09:13.808000"}, {"id": 126769, "accession_number": "1949.186", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Fight Between a Tiger and a Buffalo, 1908. Henri Rousseau (French, 1844\u20131910). Oil on fabric; framed: 183 x 203 x 4.5 cm (72 1/16 x 79 15/16 x 1 3/4 in.); unframed: 170 x 189.5 cm (66 15/16 x 74 5/8 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Gift of the Hanna Fund, 1949.186", "current_location": null, "title": "Fight Between a Tiger and a Buffalo", "creation_date": "1908", "creation_date_earliest": 1908, "creation_date_latest": 1908, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["France, late 19th-early 20th Century"], "technique": "oil on fabric", "support_materials": [], "department": "Modern European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "Mod Euro - Painting 1800-1960", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 183 x 203 x 4.5 cm (72 1/16 x 79 15/16 x 1 3/4 in.); Unframed: 170 x 189.5 cm (66 15/16 x 74 5/8 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 1.83, "width": 2.03, "depth": 0.045}, "unframed": {"height": 1.7, "width": 1.895}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "Signed and dated lower right: Henri Rousseau / 1908\r\n\r\n\r\n", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 301477, "title": "In Memoriam: Leonard C. Hanna, Jr.", "description": "<i>In Memoriam: Leonard C. Hanna, Jr.</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (March 4-April 7, 1958).", "opening_date": "1958-03-04T05:00:00"}, {"id": 518973, "title": "Masterpieces of Art", "description": "<i>Masterpieces of Art</i>. Century 21 Exposition, Seattle, WA (organizer) (April 21-September 4, 1962).", "opening_date": "1962-04-21T05:00:00"}, {"id": 520135, "title": "Henri Rousseau", "description": "<i>Henri Rousseau</i>. Wildenstein & Co., New York, NY (organizer) (April 16-May 25, 1963).", "opening_date": "1963-04-16T05:00:00"}, {"id": 520506, "title": "Le Monde Des Neifs (De Lusthof Der Naieven)", "description": "<i>Le Monde Des Neifs (De Lusthof Der Naieven)</i>. Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen, Rotterdam, Netherlands (organizer) (July 10-September 6, 1964); Mus\u00e9e National d'Art Moderne, Paris, Cedex 04, France (October 14-December 6, 1964).", "opening_date": "1964-07-10T04:00:00"}, {"id": 300763, "title": "Years of Ferment: The Birth of Twentieth-century Art", "description": "<i>Years of Ferment: The Birth of Twentieth-century Art</i>. Frederick S. Wight Art Gallery, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA (January 24-March 7, 1965); San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, San Francisco, CA (March 28-May 16, 1965); The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (July 14-August 22, 1965).", "opening_date": "1965-01-24T05:00:00"}, {"id": 310025, "title": "Creativity in Art and Science, 1860-1960", "description": "<i>Creativity in Art and Science, 1860-1960</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (September 16-November 8, 1987).", "opening_date": "1987-09-16T04:00:00"}, {"id": 224431, "title": "Henri Rousseau and the Modern Age", "description": "<i>Henri Rousseau and the Modern Age</i>. K\u00fcnsthalle Tubingen, D-72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany (organizer) (February 3-June 17, 2001).", "opening_date": "2001-02-03T00:00:00"}, {"id": 229570, "title": "Jungles in Paris: The Paintings of Henri Rousseau", "description": "<i>Jungles in Paris: The Paintings of Henri Rousseau</i>. Tate Modern, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (organizer) (November 3, 2005-February 5, 2006); Galeries Nationales du Grand Palais, 75008 Paris, France (March 13-June 19, 2006); National Gallery of Art, Landover, MD (July 16-October 15, 2006).", "opening_date": "2005-11-03T00:00:00"}, {"id": 182153, "title": "Monet to Dal\u00ed: Modern Masters from the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Monet to Dal\u00ed: Modern Masters from the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. Seoul Art Center, South Korea (December 22, 2006-March 28, 2007); Seoul Olympic Museum of Art, South Korea (April 7-May 20, 2007); Vancouver Art Gallery, Vancouver, Canada (June 9-September 16, 2007); The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 21, 2007-January 13, 2008).", "opening_date": "2006-05-27T00:00:00"}, {"id": 202129, "title": "Admired from Afar: Masterworks of Japanese Painting from the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Admired from Afar: Masterworks of Japanese Painting from the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. Tokyo National Museum, Tokyo, Japan (January 15-February 23, 2014); Kyushu National Museum, Fukuoka, Japan (July 8-August 31, 2014).", "opening_date": "2014-01-15T00:00:00"}, {"id": 223433, "title": "The Shadow of the Avant-Garde", "description": "<i>The Shadow of the Avant-Garde</i>. Museum Folkwang, 45128 Essen, Germany (organizer) (October 3, 2015-January 10, 2016).", "opening_date": "2015-10-03T00:00:00"}, {"id": 220685, "title": "Le Douanier Rousseau. L'innocence archa\u00efque", "description": "<i>Le Douanier Rousseau. L'innocence archa\u00efque</i>. Mus\u00e9e d'Orsay, Paris, France (organizer) (March 21-July 17, 2016); National Gallery, Prague (September 16, 2016-January 15, 2017).", "opening_date": "2016-03-21T00:00:00"}, {"id": 670844, "title": "Henri Rousseau: A Painter\u2019s Secrets", "description": "<i>Henri Rousseau: A Painter\u2019s Secrets</i>. The Barnes Foundation, Philadelphia, PA (organizer) (October 19, 2025-February 22, 2026) https://www.barnesfoundation.org/whats-on/exhibitions/henri-rousseau-a-painters-secrets?gad_source=1&gad_campaignid=20125069632&gbraid=0AAAAACP5DbL4rs-9EfKRpQcP3HjjlYEfb&gclid=Cj0KCQjw0NPGBhCDARIsAGAzpp0GmWNK1KSSGhKIsZvvTWdQSwfepIT4aDadyzyDDvYho3pdqzpJPgMaAr91EALw_wcB; Mus\u00e9e de l'Orangerie, Paris, France (March 24-July 20, 2026).", "opening_date": "2025-10-19T04:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "Paris, Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 des Artistes Ind\u00e9pendants. 24me exposition (1908), no. 5260, Combat de Tigre et de Buffle (for sale).", "opening_date": "1908-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Chicago, Arts Club Exhibitions at the Art Institute. Loan Exhibition of Some Modern Paintings (1926-27), no. 14, The Jungle, lent by Mrs. John A. Carpenter.", "opening_date": "1926-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "New York, Reinhardt Gallery. Loan Exhibition of Paintings from Memling, Holbein, and Titian to Renoir and Picasso (1928), no. 27, The Jungle, lent by Mrs. John Alden Carpenter (repr.)", "opening_date": "1928-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "New York, Valentine Gallery. Six Major Paintings by the Modern Masters of France, Braque, Matisse, Derain, Picasso, and One Important Work by Henri Rousseau (1930), no. 7, Le tigre et le rhinoc\u00e9ros-1908.", "opening_date": "1930-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Arts Club of Chicago. Paintings by Henri Rousseau (1931), no. 7, The Jungle, collection of Mrs. John Alden Carpenter, Chicago.", "opening_date": "1931-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "New York, Museum of Modern Art. Fruit and Flower Paintings (1933), no cat.", "opening_date": "1933-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Art Institute of Chicago. A Century of Progress Exhibition of Paintings and Sculpture (1933 and 1934), no. 368 (1933); no. 321 (1934), lent by Mrs. Patrick J. Hill to the Joseph Winterbotham Collection, Art Institute of Chicago.", "opening_date": "1933-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Art Institute of Chicago; New York, Museum of Modern Art. Henri Rousseau (1942-43), 49 (repr.) (lent by Hill, according to 1942 moma label on the back of the frame; according to moma archives, the painting did not travel to other venues after New York), 64.", "opening_date": "1942-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "New York, Pierre Matisse Gallery. Twentieth Century Masters (1948), no. 12, The Jungle (repr.).", "opening_date": "1948-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Venice. XXV Biennale di Venezia (1950), 235, no. 14, fig. 59.", "opening_date": "1950-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Montreal Museum of Art. Six Centuries of Landscape (1952), no. 58, 29 (repr.).", "opening_date": "1952-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Paris, Mus\u00e9e National d'Art Moderne. L'oeuvre du XXe si\u00e8cle (1952), no. 98.", "opening_date": "1952-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "London, Tate Gallery (Organized by the Arts Council). XXth Century Masterpieces (1952), no. 83.", "opening_date": "1952-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Kansas City, Nelson-Atkins Museum. Twentieth Anniversary Celebration: French Paintings-19th and 20th Centuries-A Loan Exhibition (1953), checklist no. 10.", "opening_date": "1953-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Buffalo, Albright Art Gallery. Fifty Paintings 1905-1913 (1955), no. 42, 64 (repr.).", "opening_date": "1955-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Kansas City, Nelson Gallery and Atkins Museum. Twenty-fifth Anniversary Exhibition, in The Nelson Gallery and Atkins Museum Bulletin 1 (December 1958), no. 9.", "opening_date": "1958-12-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Seattle World's Fair, Fine Art Pavillion. Masterpieces of Art (1962), no. 53 (repr.).", "opening_date": "1962-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "New York, Wildenstein. Loan Exhibition Henri Rousseau (1963), no. 46 (repr.).", "opening_date": "1963-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Rotterdam, Museum Boymans-van Beuningen. De Lusthof der Na\u00efeven (1964), no. 20 (repr.).", "opening_date": "1964-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Paris, Mus\u00e9e National d'Art Moderne. Le Monde des Naifs (1964), no. 20 (repr.).", "opening_date": "1964-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Los Angeles, ucla Art Galleries; San Francisco Museum of Art; cma. Years of Ferment: The Birth of Twentieth Century Art 1886-1914 (1965), 38 (repr.), no. 47 (repr. on cover).", "opening_date": "1965-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Paris, Grand Palais; New York, Museum of Modern Art. Henri Rousseau (1984-85), no. 50 (repr.) (not shown in Paris).", "opening_date": "1984-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "CMA. Creativity in Art and Science (1987), no. 18 (repr.).", "opening_date": "1987-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "T\u00fcbingen, Germany: Kunsthalle T\u00fcbingen, Germany. Henri Rousseau and the Modern Age (2/3/01 - 6/17/01), exh. cat. no. 43, pp 209-211, repr. p. 211, detail front and back.", "opening_date": "2001-02-03T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Tate Modern, London (11/3/2005 - 2/5/2006), Galeries du Grand Palais, Paris (3/13/2006 - 6/19/2006) and the National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC (7/16/2006 - 10/15/2006): \"Jungles in Paris: The Paintings of Henri Rousseau\" ex. cat. no. 45, p. 148-149.", "opening_date": "2005-11-03T00:00:00"}, {"description": "CMA (organizer). Seoul Arts Center, Seoul, Korea: Dec. 18, 2006 - March 31, 2007; Seoul Olympic Museum of Art, Seoul, Korea: Apr. 7 - May 20, 2007; Vancouver Art Gallery, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada: June 9 - Sept. 16, 2007; Cleveland Museum of Art, Oct. 21, 2007- January 13, 2008: \"Modern Masters from the Cleveland Museum of Art\"", "opening_date": "2007-04-07T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Mus\u00e9e d'Orsay, Paris, France (3/21/2016 - 7/17/2016): \"Le Douanier Rousseau. L'innocence archa\u00efque\" cat. no. 89, p. 232-233.", "opening_date": "2016-03-21T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Bought from the artist by Ambroise Vollard on 14 December 1909.", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": null}, {"description": "Bought by John Quinn, New York, October 1923.", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "Quinn estate from 1924.", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "Mrs. John Alden Carpenter, Chicago, by 1926.", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "Mrs. Patrick J. Hill, Washington D.C.", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": 5}, {"description": "[Pierre Matisse Gallery, New York, 1948]", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": 7}, {"description": "Purchased by the Cleveland Museum of Art on 14 June 1949.", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": 8}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Many of Henri Rousseau's paintings depict wild animals and tropical jungles that might lead one to believe he traveled widely. However, Rousseau never left France, but drew inspiration from visiting botanical gardens and reading travel books.", "description": "Having never ventured outside France, Henri Rousseau derived his jungle scenes from reading travel books and visiting the Paris botanical garden. He placed this imaginary scene of a tiger attacking a buffalo within a fantastic jungle environment in which botanical accuracy was of little importance (note the bananas growing upside down). Here, sharply outlined hothouse plants are enlarged to fearsome proportions. Rousseau was working on this painting while imprisoned for fraud in December 1907. Officials granted him an early release to finish it for exhibition at the Salon des Ind\u00e9pendants, where this major composition, one of the artist's largest and most important, appeared in March 1908. A self-taught artist and retired customs inspector, Rousseau was admired by Pablo Picasso and other avant-garde artists for his originality and the na\u00efve purity of his vision.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60515648"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1949.186-fight-between-a-tige"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Le douanier Rousseau: l'innocence archai\u0308que [exposition au Muse\u0301e d'Orsay, du 22 mars au 17 juillet 2016]. Dossier De L'art (Dijon). Dijon: E\u0301dition Faton, 2016. catalogue number 89", "page_number": "232-233", "url": null}, {"citation": "Fajt, Jir\u030ci\u0301. Celnik Douanier Rousseau: Painter's Paradise Lost : [Exposition National Gallery, Prague, 15.09.2016-15.01.2017]. Prague: National Gallery, 2016.", "page_number": "128-129", "url": null}, {"citation": "Francis, Henry. \"'The Jungle' by Henri-Julien Rousseau.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art </em>36, no. 9 (November 1949): 170-178.", "page_number": "Reproduced: front cover, p. 173; Mentioned: p. 177", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25141582"}, {"citation": "\u201cPart II: Annual Report Issue for the Year 1949.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 37, no. 6 (June 1950): 127\u2013161.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 129", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25141645"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Handbook.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 515", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1958/page/n95"}, {"citation": "UCLA Art Council. <em>Years of Ferment; The Birth of Twentieth Century Art 1886-1914.</em> [Los Angeles]: [UCLA Art Council],1965.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 38, no. 47, cover", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Henning, Edward B. <em>The Spirit of Surrealism</em>. Cleveland: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1979.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 49-50, 185; Reproduced: p. 50, fig. 8; colorplate III", "url": null}, {"citation": "Le Pichon, Yann. <em>The World of Henri Rousseau.</em> New York: Viking Press, 1982.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 147", "url": null}, {"citation": "Henning, Edward B. \u201cThe Aviator: A Major Painting by Fernand L\u00e9ger.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 69, no. 3 (March 1982): 87\u201393.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 86-87, fig. 3", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25159762"}, {"citation": "Henning, Edward B. <em>Creativity in Art and Science, 1860-1960</em>. [Cleveland, Ohio]: Published by the Cleveland Museum of Art in cooperation with Indiana University Press, 1987.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 110, no. 18", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Turpin, Ian. <em>Ernst. </em>London: Phaidon Books, 1993.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 94, fig. 29", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Argencourt, Louise d', and Roger Diederen. <em>Catalogue of Paintings</em>. <em>Pt. 4. European Paintings of the 19th Century</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1974.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 555-559, Vol. II, no. 196", "url": ""}, {"citation": "<em>Admired from afar: masterworks of Japanese painting from the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> [\u30af\u30ea\u30fc\u30d6\u30e9\u30f3\u30c9\u7f8e\u8853\u9928\u5c55 : \u540d\u753b\u3067\u305f\u3069\u308b\u65e5\u672c\u306e\u7f8e Kur\u012bburando Bijutsukan ten: meiga de tadoru Nihon no bi ]. Tokyo: T\u014dky\u014d Kokuritsu Hakubutsukan, 2014.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 135", "url": null}, {"citation": "Ko\u0308nig, Kasper, and Falk Wolf, eds. <em>The Shadow of the Avant-Garde: Rousseau and the Forgotten Masters.</em> Ostfildern, Germany: Hatje Cantz Verlag, 2015.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 92, fig. 57", "url": null}, {"citation": "Belli, Gabriella. <em>Le Douanier Rousseau: l'innocence archai\u0308que.</em> Vanves: Hazan, 2016.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 232-233, no. 89", "url": null}, {"citation": "Broz\u030cova\u0301, Kristy\u0301na. <em>Celni\u0301k Rousseau: mali\u0301r\u030cu\u030av ztraceny\u0301 ra\u0301j = Douanier Rousseau: Painter's Paradise Lost.</em> 2016.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 21; Reproduced: p. 128-129", "url": null}, {"citation": "Stabenow, Cornelia, and Charity Scott-Stokes. <em>Henri Rousseau: 1844-1910.</em> Ko\u0308ln: Taschen, 2018.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 87", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Homburg, Cornelia. \"Redon's Femmes aux Fleurs.\" In <em>Odilon Redon: Literature and Music.</em> Cornelia Homburg, etal., 174-197. Rotterdam: Nai010 uitgevers, 2018.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 184, no. 183", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Paintings in the Cleveland Museum of Art: Picture Book No. 4 .</em> [Cleveland]: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1952.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 41", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAPaintings1952"}, {"citation": "Ireson, Nancy. \"Henri Rousseau's Secrets.\" In <em>Henri Rousseau: A Painter\u2019s Secrets,</em> edited by Christopher Green and Nancy Ireson, 1-17. Philadelphia: The Barnes Foundation, 2025.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 13", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Green, Christopher, and Nancy Ireson, eds. <em>Henri Rousseau: A Painter\u2019s Secrets.</em> Philadelphia: The Barnes Foundation, 2025.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 148, 253, 278, 299 n8; Reproduced: p. 154-155, pl. 49", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Koerner Von Gustorf, Oliver. \"Die wildnis in uns.\"<em> Die Weltkunst. </em>Jg. 96, n. 252 (March 2026): 18-31.", "page_number": "Reproduced: cover and p.3", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1949.186", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1949.186/1949.186_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "806", "filesize": "265744", "filename": "1949.186_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1949.186/1949.186_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "3046", "filesize": "3071351", "filename": "1949.186_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1949.186/1949.186_full.tif", "width": "12503", "height": "11202", "filesize": "420208660", "filename": "1949.186_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2007-10-15T14:41:23", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1949.186/1949.186_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "1001", "height": "893", "filesize": "710062"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1949.186/1949.186_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "3032", "filesize": "7585688"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1949.186/1949.186_alt0_full.tif", "width": "5361", "height": "4780", "filesize": "76920616"}}], "creditline": "Gift of the Hanna Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 126769, "creators": [{"id": 1804, "description": "Henri Rousseau (French, 1844\u20131910)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": "Self-taught artist Henri Rousseau was born in Laval in 1844. He entered the military at the age of eighteen and served as a saxophone player in an infantry band. Most biographers discount his claim of traveling abroad during the Mexican campaign. In 1871 Rousseau left the military to join the customs service, where he spent fourteen years working on the outskirts of Paris as a minor inspector. After retiring with a small pension in 1885, he pursued the career of a painter and sought portrait commissions. From 1886 to 1910, he exhibited on a regular basis at the Salon des Ind\u00e9pendants, and after 1905, at the Salon d'Automne. Through these activities he became friendly with other artists, including Gauguin (q.v.), Pissarro (q.v.), Seurat (q.v), Paul Signac (1863-1935), and Redon (q.v.) who affectionately called him \"le douanier\" (customs officer). Rousseau's paintings were poorly received, and frequently ridiculed in the press, until he attracted a small group of admirers in the early years of this century. This group included Pablo Picasso, Maurice de Vlaminck, Robert Delaunay, Max Weber, and Ardengo Soffici, along with the writers Alfred Jarry, Max Jacob, Andr\u00e9 Salmon, and Guillaume Apollinaire. In 1908, a famous banquet honoring Rousseau was organized at Picasso's studio. Avant-garde artists admired Rousseau's direct, simple vision and his innate talent at clear, pictorial design. However, he aspired to paint in the academic manner of G\u00e9r\u00f4me (q.v.) and Bouguereau (q.v.). Rousseau reportedly told Picasso: \"We are the two greatest artists of this era-you in the Egyptian style, I in the modern style.\"1 Despite growing acclaim in his late years, Rousseau struggled for sales and was forced to supplement his meager income by giving private painting and violin lessons. He occasionally sold works through the dealers Ambroise Vollard and Wilhelm Uhde. In 1909 Rousseau was convicted of complicity in a bank fraud, but authorities suspended the sentence because of his age and apparent failure to comprehend his role in the crime. Rousseau died in Paris of pneumonia in 1910. In 1911 Uhde organized a retrospective at the Ind\u00e9pendants and published the first biography of Rousseau.", "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1844", "death_year": "1910", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1949-06-14T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1908, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1908", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-04-09 18:18:19.245000"}, {"id": 135214, "accession_number": "1958.23", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "The Troubadour, 1868\u201373. Honor\u00e9 Daumier (French, 1808\u20131879). Oil on fabric; framed: 99.5 x 73 x 8 cm (39 3/16 x 28 3/4 x 3 1/8 in.); unframed: 83.6 x 56.8 cm (32 15/16 x 22 3/8 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Bequest of Leonard C. Hanna Jr., 1958.23", "current_location": "220 19th Century European", "title": "The Troubadour", "creation_date": "1868\u201373", "creation_date_earliest": 1868, "creation_date_latest": 1873, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["France, 19th century"], "technique": "oil on fabric", "support_materials": [], "department": "Modern European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "Mod Euro - Painting 1800-1960", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 99.5 x 73 x 8 cm (39 3/16 x 28 3/4 x 3 1/8 in.); Unframed: 83.6 x 56.8 cm (32 15/16 x 22 3/8 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 0.995, "width": 0.73, "depth": 0.08}, "unframed": {"height": 0.836, "width": 0.568}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "Signed in lower right: h.D. [reinforced]\r\n", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 518665, "title": "Paintings and Drawings of Daumier", "description": "<i>Paintings and Drawings of Daumier</i>. Tate Britain, London (June 14-July 30, 1961).", "opening_date": "1961-06-14T04:00:00"}, {"id": 361184, "title": "Honor\u00e9 Daumier, 1808-1879", "description": "<i>Honor\u00e9 Daumier, 1808-1879</i>. National Gallery of Art, Landover, MD (organizer) (September 23-November 25, 1979).", "opening_date": "1979-09-23T04:00:00"}, {"id": 211412, "title": "Honor\u00e9 Daumier", "description": "<i>Honor\u00e9 Daumier</i>. National Gallery of Canada (organizer) (June 3-September 6, 1999); Galeries Nationales du Grand Palais, Paris, France (October 5, 1999-January 3, 2000); The Phillips Collection (February 19-May 14, 2000).", "opening_date": "1999-06-03T00:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>Exposition Daumier</em>. Palais de l'\u00c9cole des Beaux-Arts, Paris, France (1901).", "opening_date": "1901-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Honor\u00e9 Daumier Ausstellung, Gem\u00e4lde, Aquarelle Zeichnungen</em>, Galerie Matthiesen. Berlin, Germany (1926).", "opening_date": "1926-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Corot-Daumier. </em>Museum of Modern Art., New York, NY (1930).", "opening_date": "1930-01-01T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Count Armand Doria [1824-1896] Orrouy, France", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "Until 1896", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "(Armand Doria sale, Galerie Georges Petit, Paris, May 4-5, 1899 (no. 132), sold to Ambroise Vollard)", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block--><em>The Troubadour, </em>here titled \u201cPage jouant de la mandoline,\u201d was sold to dealer Ambroise Vollard together with no. 133, \u201cFemme portant un enfant,\u201d for ff 3,350. &nbsp;</div>"], "date": "1899", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "(Ambroise Vollard, Paris, sold to Paul Cassirer)", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->Vollard\u2019s stock book lists \u201cLe Chanteur,\u201d with a provenance of \u201cDoria,\u201d under stock no. 3,465; a label on the painting\u2019s stretcher with this number confirms that \u201cLe Chanteur\u201d and the CMA picture are one and the same. &nbsp; The Vollard register from May 1899 lists \u201c2 Daumier pendants guitariste et m\u00e8re et enfant\u201d \u2013 lots 132 and 133 in the Doria sale from that month.&nbsp; In 1908 Vollard seems to have consigned the Daumier to H.O. Miethke, a Vienna dealer who often acted as an intermediary in Vollard\u2019s foreign trade activities.&nbsp; The Daumier is No. 42 in <em>Honore\u0301 Daumier, 1808-1879,</em> an exhibition held at Galerie Miethke in November-December 1980.&nbsp; The painting apparently failed to sell and was returned to Vollard: the Cassirer Archive, held by the Walter Feilchenfeldt Gallery, records the sale of \"Le Guitarist\"by Vollard to Cassirer on October 28, 1912. &nbsp;</div>"], "date": "1899-by 1912", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "(Paul Cassirer, Berlin)", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->It is not known to whom and when Cassirer sold the painting; however, it was likely by 1915, as the 1910-1915 Cassirer sales book was destroyed during the war, and later sales books make no mention of the Daumier. &nbsp;</div>"], "date": "1912 - probably by 1915", "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "Eduard Fuchs [1870-1940], Berlin-Zehlendorf, by descent to his wife, Margaret Fuchs", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->A photograph, dated 1928, shows <em>The Troubadour</em> prominently displayed on a wall in the \u201cDaumier-Zimmers\u201d in Fuchs\u2019 Berlin villa.&nbsp; In 1930, Fuchs, a collector, writer, and historian with a passion for Daumier, published <em>Der Maler Daumier,</em> a catalogue of the artist\u2019s work.&nbsp; In it he notes that <em>The Troubadour</em> (there titled <em>Der Page</em>) was currently in his collection; he also lent the painting to an exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art that year.&nbsp; In February of 1933, Fuchs and his wife Margaret fled to Paris; on October 25 of that same year his collection was confiscated by the Gestapo.&nbsp; <em>The Troubadour, </em>however, along with several other Daumier paintings, appears to have avoided confiscation: it may have been among nine unspecified Daumier paintings for which Fuchs transferred ownership to his friend Felix Weil as security for a loan.&nbsp; These paintings were sent to Rotterdam, thus securing their safety.&nbsp; Furthermore, no references to <em>The Troubadour </em>in databases or lists of Nazi-looted art have been located, nor is the painting listed in any of the five Nazi-era sales of the Fuchs collection (Lepke, June 16-17. 1937; Lepke, Oct. 15-16, 1937; Lepke, Nov. 4-5, 1937; Lepke, June 22-24, 1938; Boerner, May 23-24, 1938).&nbsp; These auctions took place after the director of the Berlin Nationalgalerie, Eberhard Hanfstaengl, was able to convince the Gestapo that the confiscation of the Fuchs collection, just before the 1936 Olympics, would harm the cultural reputation of Germany.&nbsp; Thus, the collection was granted provisional release in 1935.&nbsp; Fuchs\u2019 daughter was nevertheless forced to sell off her father\u2019s collection in order to settle the tax liabilities he faced after the return of the collection.</div>"], "date": "By 1928-1940", "sortorder": 5}, {"description": "Margaret Fuchs, Paris and New York, consigned to Justin K. Thannhauser", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1940-1953", "sortorder": 6}, {"description": "(Justin K. Thannhauser, New York, sold to Leonard C. Hanna, Jr.)", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->The Thannhauser Archives in Cologne show that Thannhauser had the painting on consignment from Margaret Fuchs in the 1950s.&nbsp;</div>"], "date": "1953", "sortorder": 7}, {"description": "Leonard C. Hanna Jr., [1889-1957], Cleveland, OH, bequeathed to the Cleveland Museum of Art", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1953-1958", "sortorder": 8}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1958-", "sortorder": 9}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Daumier was called the \u201cMichelangelo of caricature\u201d and especially renowned for his cartoons and drawings satirizing 19th-century French politics and society.", "description": "The troubadour, a medieval traveling poet and entertainer, was a popular subject in 19th-century French art. Associated with chivalry and courtly love, the theme reflects a broader, romantic fascination with France's medieval past. Although Daumier was particularly inspired by the troubadour paintings of French Rococo artist Jean-Antoine Watteau of the 1700s, he rendered the subject here in a powerful style of simplified, muscular form that appealed to modern artists of his own time.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60483497"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1958.23-the-troubadour"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Galerie Georges Petit. <em>Tableaux modernes</em>. May 4-5, 1899.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "\u201cThe Daumier Register,\u201d DR number 7186 \u201cLe Troubadour,\u201d <a href=\"http://www.daumier-register.org/werkview.php?key=7186\">http://www.daumier-register.org/werkview.php?key=7186</a>, accessed 12/10/15.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Maison, K. E. <em>Honore\u0301 Daumier; Catalogue Raisonne\u0301 of the Paintings, Watercolours, and Drawings</em>. [Greenwich, Conn.]: New York Graphic Society, 1968.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Daumier, Honore\u0301. <em>Daumier, Paintings and Drawings: An Exhibition Organized by the Arts Council of Great Britain at the Tate Gallery, June 14th to July 30th, 1961</em>. London: Arts Council of Great Britain, 1961. <ul><li><br></li></ul>", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Galerie Georges Petit. <em>Tableaux modernes</em>. May 4-5, 1899.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "The Daumier Register,\u201d DR number 7186 \u201cLe Troubadour,\u201d <a href=\"http://www.daumier-register.org/werkview.php?key=7186\">http://www.daumier-register.org/werkview.php?key=7186</a>, accessed 12/10/15.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Maison, K. E. <em>Honore\u0301 Daumier; Catalogue Raisonne\u0301 of the Paintings, Watercolours, and Drawings</em>. [Greenwich, Conn.]: New York Graphic Society, 1968.<br><br><ul><li><br></li></ul>", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "\u201cAmbroise Vollard Research Files,\u201d Record Group 43, Series 43A5.8, Box 54, John Rewald Papers, C\u00e9zanne Materials, Gallery Archives, National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Petra Cordioli, email to Victoria Sears Goldman, Jan. 12, 2016, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Miethke, H.O. Galerie. <em>Honore\u0301 Daumier, 1808-1879, Galerie Miethke, Wien, November - Dezember 1908</em>. 1908.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "\u201cThe Daumier Register,\u201d DR number 7186 \u201cLe Troubadour,\u201d <a href=\"http://www.daumier-register.org/werkview.php?key=7186\">http://www.daumier-register.org/werkview.php?key=7186</a>, accessed 12/10/15.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Petra Cordioli, email to Victoria Sears Goldman, Jan. 12, 2016, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Maison, K. E. <em>Honore\u0301 Daumier; Catalogue Raisonne\u0301 of the Paintings, Watercolours, and Drawings</em>. [Greenwich, Conn.]: New York Graphic Society, 1968.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Museum of Modern Art (New York, N.Y.), and Alfred H. Barr. <em>Eighth Loan Exhibition: Corot, Daumier ; October 16-November 23, 1930</em>. New York: [Plandome Press], 1930.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Fuchs, Eduard. <em>Der maler Daumier</em>. Mu\u0308nchen: A. Langen, 1930. &lt;http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS15367&gt;.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "\u201cThe Daumier Register,\u201d DR number 7186 \u201cLe Troubadour,\u201d <a href=\"http://www.daumier-register.org/werkview.php?key=7186\">http://www.daumier-register.org/werkview.php?key=7186</a>, accessed 12/10/15.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Weitz, Ulrich.  \u201cDer Sammler Eduard Fuchs: \u2018Das Wesen der Revolution ist das Wesen der Daumierschen Kunst.\u2019\u201d <em>\u201cDaumier ist ungeheuer!\u201d Gem\u00e4lde, Handzeichnungen, Grafiken, Bronzen.  </em>Berlin: Nicolai, 2013.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Dr. Bernhard Kosel, email to Victoria Sears Goldman, Dec. 26, 2015, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Dr. Bernhard Kosel, email to Victoria Sears Goldman, Jan. 12, 2016, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "William Robinson, email to Christine Edmonson and June de Phillips, March 3, 2009, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "\u201cThe Daumier Register,\u201d DR number 7186 \u201cLe Troubadour,\u201d <a href=\"http://www.daumier-register.org/werkview.php?key=7186\">http://www.daumier-register.org/werkview.php?key=7186</a>, accessed 12/10/15.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Maison, K. E. <em>Honore\u0301 Daumier; Catalogue Raisonne\u0301 of the Paintings, Watercolours, and Drawings</em>. [Greenwich, Conn.]: New York Graphic Society, 1968.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "\u201cThe Daumier Register,\u201d DR number 7186 \u201cLe Troubadour,\u201d <a href=\"http://www.daumier-register.org/werkview.php?key=7186\">http://www.daumier-register.org/werkview.php?key=7186</a>, accessed 12/10/15.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "William Robinson, email to Christine Edmonson and June de Phillips, March 3, 2009, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "\u201cThe Daumier Register,\u201d DR number 7186 \u201cLe Troubadour,\u201d <a href=\"http://www.daumier-register.org/werkview.php?key=7186\">http://www.daumier-register.org/werkview.php?key=7186</a>, accessed 12/10/15.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Klossowski, Erich. <em>Honore\u0301 Daumier</em>. Mu\u0308nchen, Germany: R. Piper, 1923.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 75, fig. 52", "url": null}, {"citation": "Fuchs, Eduard. \"Honore Daumier.\" <em>Cahiers d'Art </em>3 (1928): 185-197.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 196", "url": null}, {"citation": "Fuchs, Eduard. <em>Der maler Daumier</em>. Mu\u0308nchen, Germany: A. Langen, 1930.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 117", "url": null}, {"citation": "Coe, Nancy. <em>The History of the Collecting of European Paintings and Drawings in the City of Cleveland</em>. 1955.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 72, vol. 2", "url": null}, {"citation": "Maison, K. E. \"Further Daumier Studies-II: Preparatory Drawings for Paintings.\" <em>The Burlington Magazine</em> 98, no. 639 (June 1956): 199-205.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 200", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/871814."}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>In Memoriam: Leonard C. Hanna, Jr.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 7", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Accessions of American and Canadian Museums.\" <em>The Art Quarterly</em> 21 (Spring 1958): 82-109.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 104", "url": null}, {"citation": "Francis, Henry S. \"Report for the Year 1958: Painting Department.\" <em>The Bulletin of The Cleveland Museum of Art XLVI</em>, no. 6 (June, 1959): 121-122.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 122", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 170", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n194"}, {"citation": "Rey, Robert. <em>Honore\u0301 Daumier</em>. New York, NY: H.N. Abrams, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 140", "url": null}, {"citation": "Maison, K. E. <em>Honore\u0301 Daumier: Catalogue Raisonne\u0301 of the Paintings, Watercolours, and Drawings, </em>Greenwich, CT:New York Graphic Society, 1968.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 186, pl. 137, vol. 1", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 170", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n194"}, {"citation": "Mandel, Gabriele. <em>L'opera pittorica completa di Daumier</em>. Milano, Italy: Rizzoli, 1971.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 269, plate 56", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 210", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n230"}, {"citation": "Morse, John D. <em>Old Master Paintings in North America: Over 3000 Masterpieces by 50 Great Artists</em>. New York, NY: Abbeville Press, 1979.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 88", "url": null}, {"citation": "Borowitz, Helen O. \"Three Guitars: Reflections of Italian Comedy in Watteau, Daumier, and Picasso.\" <em>The Bulletin of The Cleveland Museum of</em> <em>Art LXXI</em>, no.4 (April, 1984):116-129.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 120, fig. 7", "url": null}, {"citation": "Chong, Alan. <em>European &amp; American Painting in the Cleveland Museum of Art: A Summary Catalogue.</em> Cleveland, Ohio: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1993.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 53", "url": null}, {"citation": "Laughton, Bruce. <em>Honore\u0301 Daumier</em>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1996", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Laughton, Bruce. <em>Honore\u0301 Daumier</em>. New Haven, CT:Yale University Press, 1996.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 146-147", "url": null}, {"citation": "Loyette, Henri. <em>Daumier, 1808-1879: Muse\u0301e des Beaux-Arts du Canada, Ottawa, 11 juin-6 septembre 1999 ; Galeries nationales du Grand Palais, Paris, 5 octobre 1999-3 janvier 2000 ; The Phillips Collection, Washington, 19 fe\u0301vrier-14 mai 2000</em>. Paris, Fr\u0301ance: Reunion des musees nationaux, 1999.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 74-75; cat. no. 37", "url": null}, {"citation": "Fohr, Robert. <em>Daumier: sculpteur et peintre</em>. Paris, France: Adam Biro, 1999.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 128-129", "url": null}, {"citation": "D'Argencourt, Louise and Roger Diederen. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art: Catalogue of Paintings, Part Four; European Paintings of the 19th Century. </em>Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1999.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 70", "url": null}, {"citation": "Seligman, Isabel. <em>Lines of Thought: Drawing from Michelangelo to Now.</em> [London]: Thames &amp; Hudson Ltd.: In collaboration with the British Museum, 2016.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 109, fig. 39", "url": null}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1958.23", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1958.23/1958.23_web.jpg", "width": "595", "height": "893", "filesize": "412396", "filename": "1958.23_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1958.23/1958.23_print.jpg", "width": "2264", "height": "3400", "filesize": "5874925", "filename": "1958.23_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1958.23/1958.23_full.tif", "width": "3996", "height": "6000", "filesize": "71961232", "filename": "1958.23_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [], "creditline": "Bequest of Leonard C. Hanna Jr.", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Victoire and Alfred Rankin Jr. Gallery", "athena_id": 135214, "creators": [{"id": 1638, "description": "Honor\u00e9 Daumier (French, 1808\u20131879)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": "Honor\u00e9 Daumier was eight years old when his father, a glazier and frame maker who had decided to pursue his poetic talents in Paris, sent for the wife and three sons he lad left behind in Marseilles. In Paris Daumier studied drawing with Alexandre Lenoir (1761-1839) and at the Acad\u00e9mie Suisse. Around 1825 he began a five-year apprenticeship with the publisher and lithographer Z\u00e9pherin Belliard (1798-?). The July revolution of 1830, which established Louis-Philippe as the constitutional monarch in France, coincided with Daumier's creation of satirical lithographs aimed at this new government. That same year he joined La Caricature, a political journal founded by the republican artist-publisher, Charles Philipon (1802-1862). Daumier's antimonarchist and liberal subjects that were printed in this paper eventually cost the journal censorship and the artist six months in jail (31 August 1832 to 14 February 1833) plus a 300-franc fine. His prison sentence did not deter him from producing political statements and, in fact, only fueled his rage. The subjects of his lithographs became much more aggressive. In 1835 he worked for Philipon's second publication, Le Charivari, a humorous political newspaper that published Daumier's satirical caricature until it, too, suffered censorship under the new government. Although Daumier may be best known for his graphic art, he was also a sculptor and a prolific painter. Sculpture became another medium to produce his infamous caricatures. His friend, Honor\u00e9 de Balzac, French novelist and editor of La Caricature, saw in these works the force of Michelangelo. In 1834 Daumier began experimenting with painting, both in oil and watercolor. Apart from his Salon entries of 1849 and 1850, his paintings, which totaled over three hundred, were painted primarily for his own pleasure and virtually unknown to the public until after his death in 1879.", "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1808", "death_year": "1879", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1958-11-29T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1868, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1868\u201373", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": true, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-26 23:59:24.929000"}, {"id": 135661, "accession_number": "1959.190", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Diana and Her Nymphs Departing for the Hunt, c. 1615. Peter Paul Rubens (Flemish, 1577\u20131640), and Workshop. Oil on canvas; framed: 261 x 225 x 11 cm (102 3/4 x 88 9/16 x 4 5/16 in.); unframed: 216 x 178.7 cm (85 1/16 x 70 3/8 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund, 1959.190", "current_location": "212 Baroque Painting and Sculpture", "title": "Diana and Her Nymphs Departing for the Hunt", "creation_date": "c. 1615", "creation_date_earliest": 1610, "creation_date_latest": 1620, "artists_tags": ["male", "gender unknown"], "culture": ["Flanders"], "technique": "oil on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "P - Netherlandish-Flemish", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 261 x 225 x 11 cm (102 3/4 x 88 9/16 x 4 5/16 in.); Unframed: 216 x 178.7 cm (85 1/16 x 70 3/8 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 2.61, "width": 2.25, "depth": 0.11}, "unframed": {"height": 2.16, "width": 1.787}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 220868, "title": "Rubens and His Time", "description": "<i>Rubens and His Time</i>. Museo de San Carlos (INBA) (November 5, 1998-February 28, 1999); Palazzo dei Diamanti, Ferrara (Galleria d'Arte Moderna et Contemporanea) (March 1-June 1, 1999).", "opening_date": "1998-11-05T00:00:00"}, {"id": 179662, "title": "Masterpieces of European Painting from the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Masterpieces of European Painting from the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. Maltz Museum of Jewish Heritage, Beachwood, OH (March 29-July 8, 2007).", "opening_date": "2007-03-29T00:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "London, British Institution, 1821, cat. no. 61.", "opening_date": null}, {"description": "London, British Institution, 1839, cat. no. 141.", "opening_date": null}, {"description": "The Art Treasures of Great Britain, Manchester, 1857:  cat. no. 549.", "opening_date": null}, {"description": "Four hundredth Anniversary of the Birth of Peter Paul Rubens, CMA, 1977: dossier show:  no catalogue", "opening_date": "1977-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Mexico City, Mexico: The Museo Nacional de San Carlos, INBA (11/5/98 - 2/28/99); Ferrara, Italy: Palazzo dei Diamanti (3/28/99 - 6/27/99) \"Rubens and His Time\" cat. no 18 (Mexico) cat. no. 16 (Italy)", "opening_date": "1998-11-05T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Maltz Museum of Jewish Heritage (March 29, 2007 - July 8, 2007):  \"Masterpieces of European Painting from the Cleveland Museum of Art\"", "opening_date": "2007-03-29T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, Ohio", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1959-", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "(Rosenberg & Stiebel, New York, NY, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1959", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "\u00c9douard [1868-1949] and Germaine [1884-1975] de Rothschild, Chantilly, sold to Rosenberg & Stiebel through Robert Leclerc1", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->1Leclerc was a banker for various members of the Rothschild family.</div>"], "date": "1948-1959", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "In possession of the Allies; restituted to \u00c9douard and Germaine de Rothschild1", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->1According to the Munich Central Collecting Point Property Card (5133/B,gaden 95/3. 5057 Berchtesgaden 1 - 5490 Berchtesgaden 445.&nbsp; Records Relating to Property Accessions, compiled 1945 \u2013 1949.&nbsp; Records Concerning the Central Collecting Points (\"Ardelia Hall Collection\"): Munich Central Collecting Point, 1945-1951, Record Group 260.&nbsp; National Archives Identifier 3725277.&nbsp; M1946, Roll 177, page 1.&nbsp; <em>Fold3.com, </em>http://www.fold3.com/image/312471209, retrieved January 22, 2015), the Allies found this painting at Berchtesgaden, where Goering had sent his collection when the Allies began their approach to Veldenstein. The painting appears in Tome II (no. 3294) of <em>Le</em> <em>R\u00e9pertoire des biens spoli\u00e9s</em> <em>en France durant la guerre 1939-1945</em>, which lists property removed from France by the Nazis during the war. The painting arrived at the Collecting Point on July 25, 1945 and was assigned number 5133.&nbsp; On June 3, 1948 the Rubens was repatriated to France and then returned to \u00c9douard and Germaine de Rothschild.<strong>Provenance Footnote: &nbsp;</strong></div><div><!--block--><br></div><div><!--block--><br><br></div>"], "date": "1945-1948", "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "In possession of Hermann Goering [1893-1946], probably Carinhall, Brandenburg1", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->1On October 20, 1942, Goering selected works at the Jeu de Paume for his personal collection.&nbsp; This painting is No. 163 (as \u201cDiana mit Gefolge\") on the <em>Liste der f\u00fcr die Sammlung des Reichsmarschalls Hermann G\u00f6ring abgegebenen Kunstgegenst\u00e4nde, Oct. 20, 1942</em> (Liste der f\u00fcr die Sammlung des Reichsmarschalls Hermann G\u00f6ring abgegebenen Kunstgegenst\u00e4nde October 20, 1942. Einsatzstab Reichsleiter Rosenberg (ERR): Consolidated Interrogation Report (CIR) No. 2 (Attachments And Index). Restitution Research Records. Records of the U.S. Occupation Headquarters, World War II, Record Group 260. National Archives Identifier 3725274. M1946, Roll 122, page 17. <em>Fold3.com</em>, http://www.fold3.com/image/114/269975002/, retrieved July 15, 2013).&nbsp; Throughout the war, Goering kept the selected works in his possession at his two residences, Carinhall and Kurf\u00fcrst, but in February, March, and April of 1945, he sent them away for safekeeping: two shipments went to a castle in Veldenstein \u2013 the Rubens appears as No. 404, \u201cDiana mit Gef\u00e4hrtinnen,\u201d on the list of Goering\u2019s paintings from Veldenstein (Bilder aus Kurf\u00fcrst nach Veldenstein 1945-1950. G\u00f6ring, Hermann: Paintings from Veldenstein. Restitution Research Records. Records of the U.S. Occupation Headquarters, World War II, Record Group 260. National Archives Identifier 3725274. M1946, Roll 127, page 21. <em>Fold3.com</em>, http://www.fold3.com/image/114/270007303/, retrieved July 15, 2013).&nbsp; Then, as the Allies approached Veldenstein on April 7, Goering ordered all of the art objects removed; they were packed into freight cars and sent to Berchtesgaden three days later (Annex 1: The Looting of the G\u00f6ring Train 1945-1950. Berchtesgaden: G\u00f6ring Train. Restitution Research Records. Records of the U.S. Occupation Headquarters, World War II, Record Group 260. National Archives Identifier 3725274. M1946, Roll 118, page 33-38. <em>Fold3.com</em>, http://www.fold3.com/image/#270038349/, retrieved July 15, 2013), where they would be found by the Allies.</div>"], "date": "1942-1945", "sortorder": 5}, {"description": "In possession of the Einsatzstab Reichsleiter Rosenberg (ERR), selected by Hermann Goering for his collection1", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->1The ERR located Rothschild's hidden collection at the Chateau de Reux and confiscated it, including the Rubens, in September 1940, as is recorded in the Rothschild claim file (F185, Rothschild, \u00c9douard Baron de.&nbsp; Cultural Property Claim Applications.&nbsp; Records of the Monuments, Fine Arts, and Archives (MFAA) Section of the Reparations and Restitution Branch, OMGUS, 1945-1951, Record Group 260.&nbsp; National Archives Identifier 1571289.&nbsp; M1949, Roll 13, page 5.&nbsp; <em>Fold3.com, </em>http://www.fold3.com/image/292890009/, retrieved January 26, 2015).&nbsp; After its confiscation, the painting was taken to the Jeu de Paume in Paris (ERR Card No. R 90).&nbsp;</div>"], "date": "1940-1942", "sortorder": 6}, {"description": "\u00c9douard [1868-1949] and Germaine [1884-1975] de Rothschild, Ferri\u00e8res, confiscated by the Einsatzstab Reichsleiter Rosenberg (ERR)1", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->1By 1940, \u00c9douard de Rothschild had hidden much of his collection at the family\u2019s Chateau de Reux in Calvados (French Documents \u2014 Misc. Subject Files.&nbsp; Records of the American Commission for the Protection and Salvage of Artistic and Historic Monuments in War Areas (The Roberts Commission), 1943-1946. Record Group 239.&nbsp; National Archives Identifier 1537311.&nbsp; M1944, Roll 86, page 216.&nbsp; <em>Fold3.com, </em>http://www.fold3.com/image/273365234/, retrieved January 26, 2015).&nbsp;</div>"], "date": "Probably 1905-1940", "sortorder": 7}, {"description": "Mayer Alphonse de Rothschild [1827-1905], Ferri\u00e8res, by descent to his son, \u00c9douard de Rothschild", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "Probably by 1899-1905", "sortorder": 8}, {"description": "Thomas George Baring, First Earl of Northbrook [1826-1904], sold to Mayer Alphonse de Rothschild1", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->1The <em>Descriptive Catalogue of the collection of pictures belonging to the Earl of Northbrook</em> does not include this painting, which indicates Baring had sold it to Rothschild by its publication in 1889.&nbsp; This is consistent with Ludwig Burchard's letter of Nov. 19, 1958, which notes that Rothschild purchased the painting from Baring c. 1890.&nbsp; The Northbrook catalogue does contain several other Rubens paintings that, like the CMA painting, were sold by C. Nieuwenhuys to Thomas Baring, and then passed to Thomas George Baring.</div>"], "date": "1873-probably by 1889", "sortorder": 9}, {"description": "Thomas Baring, Esq. [1799-1873], London, by descent to his nephew Thomas George Baring1", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->1 Some versions of this provenance say the painting was owned by Alexander Baring rather than Thomas Baring, perhaps due to the inclusion in <em>Treasures of Art in Great Britain</em> (1854) of a Rubens <em>Diana and Nymphs overtaking a stag</em> (vol. II, p. 102), in the collection of Alexander Baring and formerly with Joseph Bonaparte.&nbsp; Both the provenance and the description of this painting make it clear, however, that it is not the CMA painting. &nbsp; Furthermore, several sources state that Thomas George Baring inherited the painting from his uncle: the Baring genealogy (http://www.baringarchive.org.uk/barings_people/baring_family_genealogy/) shows that his uncle was Thomas Baring, not Alexander.&nbsp; Thus, it can be concluded that the CMA painting was not in Alexander\u2019s collection (by 1854 or otherwise), but rather was sold by Nieuwenhuys to Thomas Baring.</div>"], "date": "By 1857-1873", "sortorder": 10}, {"description": "C. Nieuwenhuys, sold to Thomas Baring", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1840-by 1854", "sortorder": 11}, {"description": "(Clarke sale, Christie's, London, May 8-9, 1840, no. 52, sold to C. Nieuwenhuys)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1840", "sortorder": 12}, {"description": "Sir Simon H. Clarke, 10th Baronet Clarke [1818-1849], Oakhill, Hertfordshire", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1803-1840", "sortorder": 13}, {"description": "(Sale, Greenwood & Co., London, Feb. 19, 1803, probably sold to Simon H. Clarke)1", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->1The Rubens painting is not printed in the Greenwood sale catalogue, but rather is handwritten on page 3 of the Courtauld copy of the 1803 sale, along with Rubens's <em>Rape of the Sabine Women</em>. \"Clarke\" is written in as the buyer for the CMA painting; \"Angerstein\" for the <em>Sabine Women</em>.&nbsp; Written above both paintings is the notation: \"\"Mr.___d that Mr. Birch [sic?] sold 2 Picts. by Rubens.\" See note 6 for additional information.</div>"], "date": "1803", "sortorder": 14}, {"description": "(Michael Bryan, London?)1", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->1There are suggestions both in the museum's files and in the provenance of another Rubens painting, <em>The Rape of the Sabine Women</em>, also sold in the 1803 sale and currently in the National Gallery, London, that the consignor in the 1803 sale was an individual by the name of \"Birch,\" identified by Gregory Martin in his 1970 catalogue of the Flemish paintings in the National Gallery as Charles Birch, a dealer at the time (p. 116).&nbsp; However, it seems probable that \"Birch\" is in fact \"Bryan,\" and perhaps the result of a misreading of the handwritten notation in the 1802 sale catalogue.&nbsp; If Bryan was indeed the consignor, this would account for the small provenance gap from 1802-1803, and would, of course, make sense chronologically, given that Bryan purchased the painting at the 1802 sale.&nbsp; Evidence situating the <em>Sabine Women</em> in Bryan's possession prior to 1803 would provide confirmation that \"Birch\" is in fact \"Bryan,\" and that the former was an error on the part of the author of the catalogue notation.&nbsp; Of course, it is also possible that after purchasing the painting from Christie's in 1802, Bryan transferred the painting to Birch, who then put it up for auction at the 1803 Greenwood sale.</div>"], "date": "1802-1803", "sortorder": 15}, {"description": "(Clarke/Hibbert sale, Christie's, London, May 14-15, 1802, no. 71, sold to Michael Bryan)1", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->1This sale included paintings from \"the united cabinet of Sir Simon Clarke, Bart. and George Hibbert, Esq.\"&nbsp; Some sources, including the Getty Provenance Index, indicate the Rubens was bought in at this auction, while the buyer notation in the catalogue lists Bryan.&nbsp; Because Bryan was a dealer as well as a collector, he could have had an arrangement with Christie's whereby he purchased the painting after it failed to sell; he may then have put it up for auction at Greenwood &amp; Co. in 1803.&nbsp;</div><div><!--block--><br></div><ul><li><!--block--><br></li></ul>"], "date": "1802", "sortorder": 16}, {"description": "Sir Simon Haughton Clarke, 9th Baronet Clarke [1764-1832], Oakhill, Hertfordshire, and George Hibbert [1757-1837]1", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->1Clarke and Hibbert were business associates who purchased a number of paintings together.&nbsp;</div>"], "date": "Probably 1798-1802", "sortorder": 17}, {"description": "(Coxe, Burrel & Foster, London, Bryan sale, May 17, 1798, no. 42, sold to Simon H. Clarke)1", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->1According to the Getty Provenance Index, this painting may have been bought in; however, William Buchanan's <em>Memoirs of Painting</em> (1924) says that the painting sold to \"Sir S. Clarke.\"&nbsp; Clarke indeed most likely purchased the painting at the 1798 sale, as it makes sense in terms of timing, and furthermore, his name does follow this sale in the provenance in the case of at least one other painting (Salvator Rosa's <em>Pythagoras Emerging from the Underworld</em>, currently in the Kimbell Art Museum).</div>"], "date": "1798", "sortorder": 18}, {"description": "Michael Bryan [1757 \u2013 1821], London1", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->1The 1798 sale catalogue of Bryan's collection says that Bryan, an art historian, dealer, and connoisseur, purchased the painting from a descendant of the Valckenier family.&nbsp; If a \"van Coevorden\" indeed purchased the painting from Elisabeth Hooft's estate sale, this would suggest that van Coevorden was a descendent of the Valckenier family; however, a connection between them has yet to be identified.&nbsp; Another possibility is that Bryan was the buyer at the Hooft sale and van Coevorden acted as his agent.</div>"], "date": "Until 1798", "sortorder": 19}, {"description": "Van Coevorden1", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->1This buyer's identity is unknown.&nbsp; The name is written next to the painting in the catalogue of the Hooft sale and appears to read \"van Coevorden.\"&nbsp; He may have been the agent for Michael Bryan.</div>"], "date": "1796=", "sortorder": 20}, {"description": "(C. Blasius, et.al., Amsterdam, Hooft estate sale, August 31, 1796, no. 32, sold to van Coevorden)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [""], "date": "1796", "sortorder": 21}, {"description": "Elisabeth Hooft [c. 1711-1796], Amsterdam", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1784-1796", "sortorder": 22}, {"description": "Wouter Valckenier and family [1705-1784], Amsterdam, by descent to his widow, Elisabeth Hooft", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "Until 1784", "sortorder": 23}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "The moon and stars on the white and black dog\u2019s collar indicate that both hounds are companions of Diana, accompanying the goddess on her hunts.", "description": "Diana, the Roman goddess of the hunt, wears a crescent on her forehead, also identifying her as the moon goddess. Diana lived apart from men, accompanied by a group of nymphs; she often represented unattainable beauty or chastity. With a nymph at left fending off a lustful satyr, Rubens refers to a struggle between vice and virtue, combining a sensual display of female bodies with a moral undertone. To bring the viewer more fully into the narrative, Rubens pulls the full-bodied figures to the front of the picture plane, and Diana steps forward, activating the space between viewer and subject. The nymph at the right has the features of Isabella Brant, the artist\u2019s wife, and can be compared with Rubens\u2019s portrait of her, also in the museum's collection.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60465206"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1959.190-diana-and-her-nymphs"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, \u201cRecent Acquisition Press Release,\u201d September 14, 1959, Cleveland Museum of Art Archives.", "page_number": null, "url": "https://archive.org/details/cmapr0433"}, {"citation": "S. E. L. \u201cYear in Review.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 46, no. 10 (December 1959): 210\u2013231.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 210; Mentioned: p. 230", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25142366"}, {"citation": "Rubens, Peter Paul, and Henry S. Francis. \u201cDiana and Her Nymphs Departing for the Chase.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 47, no. 2 (February 1960): 19\u201327.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 19-27", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25142378"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 119", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n143"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 119", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n143"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 154", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n174"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Catalogue of Paintings, Part 3: European Paintings of the 16th, 17th, and 18th Centuries.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1982.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 27-32; Reproduced: p. 29", "url": null}, {"citation": "Jaff\u00e9, Michael. <em>Rubens:Catalogo Completo. </em>Milano: Rizzoli, 1989.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "McGrath, Elizabeth, et. al. <em>Rubens: Mythological Subjects. Achilles to the Graces.</em> London: Harvey Miller Publishers, 2016.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pl. 242, no. 27a", "url": null}, {"citation": "Neils, Jenifer. \"A Strange Diana: The Roman goddess as painted by Rubens bears more than a passing resemblance to a god.\u201d <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em> 56, no. 4 (July/August 2016): 10-11.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 11; Mentioned: p. 10-11", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2016-04"}, {"citation": "Jonckheere, Koenraad. \"Aertsen, Rubens and the questye in early modern painting.\" <em>Nederlands kunsthistorisch jaarboek 68 (2018): 72-99.</em>", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 70, 82", "url": null}, {"citation": "Arendsee, M., and M. Steinman-Arendsee. \"Take the CAN disability aesthetics tour, at the Cleveland Museum of art.\" <em>CAN Journal</em> (Winter 2019/20): 76-87.", "page_number": "Mentioned & reproduced: p. 77", "url": null}, {"citation": "Wieseman, Marjorie E. \"Collecting Rubens in America.\" In <em>America and the Art of Flanders: Collecting Paintings by Rubens, Van Dyck, and Their Circles. </em>Esme\u0301e.Quodbach, ed., 144-157. University Park, Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 2020.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 153-154; reproduced: P. 156, fig. 89", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Faroult, Guillaume, Sophie Barthe\u0301le\u0301my, Sandra Buratti-Hasan, and Jenny Gaschke. Absolutely bizarre !: les dro\u0302les d'histoire de l'e\u0301cole de Bristol (1800-1840). 2020, 23.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced; pp. 22-23, fig. 1.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Borggrefe, Heiner, Michael Bischoff, and Vera Lu\u0308pkes. Hofjagd: Privileg und Spektakel. 2021, 15.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: pp. 14-15, abb. 5.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Balis, Arnout, Peter Paul Rubens, Elizabeth McGrath, and P. van Calster. <em>Thinking Through Rubens: Selected Studies. </em>Turnhout ; London : Harvey Miller Publishers, 2023.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 69", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1959.190", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1959.190/1959.190_web.jpg", "width": "751", "height": "900", "filesize": "268952", "filename": "1959.190_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1959.190/1959.190_print.jpg", "width": "2838", "height": "3400", "filesize": "2857923", "filename": "1959.190_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1959.190/1959.190_full.tif", "width": "8758", "height": "10493", "filesize": "275725452", "filename": "1959.190_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2007-01-26T20:06:23", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1959.190/1959.190_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "743", "height": "893", "filesize": "468334"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1959.190/1959.190_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "2830", "height": "3400", "filesize": "6018026"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1959.190/1959.190_alt0_full.tif", "width": "4994", "height": "6000", "filesize": "89926404"}}, {"date_created": "2009-05-18T16:42:23", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1959.190/1959.190_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "764", "height": "893", "filesize": "546271"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1959.190/1959.190_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "2908", "height": "3400", "filesize": "7714525"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1959.190/1959.190_alt1_full.tif", "width": "4671", "height": "5461", "filesize": "76561936"}}], "creditline": "Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Reinberger Gallery", "athena_id": 135661, "creators": [{"id": 1251, "description": "Peter Paul Rubens (Flemish, 1577\u20131640)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1577", "death_year": "1640", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}, {"id": 34768, "description": "Workshop", "extent": null, "qualifier": "and", "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 2}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1959-06-20T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1610, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 1615", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Diana and Her Nymphs Departing for the Chase"], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:06:21.779000"}, {"id": 120870, "accession_number": "1941.591", "share_license_status": "Copyrighted", "tombstone": "The Judgment of Paris, 1914. Pierre-Auguste Renoir (French, 1841\u20131919), and Ricard Guin\u00f3 (Spanish, 1890\u20131973). Bronze; overall: 74.3 x 90.2 x 17.2 cm (29 1/4 x 35 1/2 x 6 3/4 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Purchase from the J. H. Wade Fund, 1941.591. \u00a9 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York", "current_location": "218 European Sculpture", "title": "The Judgment of Paris", "creation_date": "1914", "creation_date_earliest": 1914, "creation_date_latest": 1914, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["France, 20th century"], "technique": "bronze", "support_materials": [], "department": "Modern European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "Mod Euro - Sculpture 1800-1960", "type": "Sculpture", "measurements": "Overall: 74.3 x 90.2 x 17.2 cm (29 1/4 x 35 1/2 x 6 3/4 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"height": 0.743, "width": 0.902, "depth": 0.172}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": "\u00a9 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York", "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "Signed lower right: \"RENOIR 1914 v.\"", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 312517, "title": "The Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition", "description": "<i>The Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 26-October 4, 1936).", "opening_date": "1936-06-26T04:00:00"}, {"id": 312333, "title": "French Drawings and Watercolors from French Public and Private Collections", "description": "<i>French Drawings and Watercolors from French Public and Private Collections</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (January 6-February 15, 1942).", "opening_date": "1942-01-06T05:00:00"}, {"id": 312176, "title": "19th and 20th Century French Art and Leonard C. Hanna, Jr. Loans", "description": "<i>19th and 20th Century French Art and Leonard C. Hanna, Jr. Loans</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 22-September 1, 1943).", "opening_date": "1943-06-22T04:00:00"}, {"id": 216550, "title": "Renoir in the 20th Century", "description": "<i>Renoir in the 20th Century</i>. Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles, CA (organizer) (February 14-May 9, 2010); Philadelphia Museum of Art, Philadelphia, PA (June 12-September 5, 2010).", "opening_date": "2009-09-23T00:00:00"}, {"id": 441481, "title": "Gallery One 2012", "description": "<i>Gallery One 2012</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (December 12, 2012-March 5, 2017).", "opening_date": "2012-12-12T05:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "Antwerp: \"Exposition Art Francais,\"", "opening_date": null}, {"description": "CMA 1929: \"French Art Since 1800\"", "opening_date": "1929-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "CMA 1933:  \"Collection of Mr. and Mrs. Paul Lamb\"", "opening_date": "1933-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Chicago Arts Club, 1933:  \"Modern Sculpture\"", "opening_date": "1933-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "CMA 1936: \"20th Anniversary Exhibition,\" cat. 311, repr.", "opening_date": "1936-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "CMA 1937: \"Contemporary Sculpture\"", "opening_date": "1937-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "CMA 1956: \"The Venetian Tradition,\" cat. #79, repr. pl. LVII", "opening_date": "1956-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Los Angeles County Musuem of Art (2/14/2010 - 5/9/2010) and Philadelphia Museum of Art (6/12/2010 - 9/5/2010): \"Renoir in the 20th Century\"", "opening_date": "2010-02-14T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "A. Vollard, Paris; Thannhauser, Lucerne; Mrs. Mildred H. Lamb, Cleveland; (Parke-Bernet Gallery, NY, Dec 12, 1941, cat. #58)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": null}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": ["2876.1936", "2312.1933", "2503.1929"], "did_you_know": "Renoir collaborated with Catalan artist Ricard Guin\u00f3 on a series of sculptures produced between 1913 and 1918. Born in Girona, Spain, Guin\u00f3 had studied with Pablo Picasso's father in Barcelona before moving to Paris in 1910 and becoming an assistant to Aristide Maillol.", "description": "This bronze relief, based on a drawing by Renoir, was modelled and cast by Ricard Guin\u00f3 under Renoir\u2019s supervision. It depicts a theme from classical mythology in which Paris of Troy was directed to give a golden apple to the fairest among three goddesses: Aphrodite, Hera, or Athena. Paris chose Aphrodite, the goddess of love, after she promised him Helen of Sparta, the most beautiful woman in the world, as a bride. Paris\u2019 subsequent abduction of Helen sparked the Trojan War between the Greeks and the city of Troy.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60780819"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1941.591-the-judgment-of-pari"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Handbook.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 335", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1958/page/n65"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 176", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n200"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 176", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n200"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 218", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n238"}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1941.591", "images": {}, "alternate_images": [], "creditline": "Purchase from the J. H. Wade Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Betty T. and David M. Schneider Gallery", "athena_id": 120870, "creators": [{"id": 1765, "description": "Pierre-Auguste Renoir (French, 1841\u20131919)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": "Renoir's parents, a tailor and a dressmaker, moved their family to Paris in 1844. At age thirteen Renoir apprenticed with the porcelain decorators Levy Fr\u00e8res &amp; Cie. He earned money by painting fans, blinds, and murals for caf\u00e9s. In 1860 he registered to copy Old Master paintings in the Louvre and, the following year, entered the studio of Charles Gleyre (1806-1874), where he met Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Bazille (1841-1870), Monet (q.v.), and Sisley (q.v.). In 1862 he was also accepted at the \u00c9cole des Beaux-Arts. With his friends from Gleyre's studio, he began working en plein air and, during a visit to the forest of Fontainebleau, was introduced to Diaz de la Pe\u00f1a (q.v.). After a failed attempt in 1863, Renoir's first painting was accepted at the Salon of 1864, the same year he painted Cleveland's portrait of Romaine Lacaux. More typical of this early period, however, is the painting Diana the Huntress (1867, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.), which reveals Courbet's (q.v.) influence. Around 1867 Renoir shared a studio with Bazille and Monet, the latter becoming an important influence on his art. Renoir and Monet's comparable impressionist style during this period is evident in two paintings each made at La grenouill\u00e8re (all four titled La grenouill\u00e8re, 1869: Nationalmuseum, Stockholm, and Pushkin Museum, Moscow [Renoir]; National Gallery, London, and Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York [Monet]),1 a bathing establishment on the Seine. After Renoir's military service during the Franco-Prussian War (1870-71), Monet introduced him to the dealer Durand-Ruel, who began purchasing his works. Renoir's submissions to the Salon were regularly refused, which encouraged him to participate in the first impressionist exhibition in 1874 and the 1875 auction at H\u00f4tel Drouot, where his works were ridiculed by the critics. At the third impressionist exhibition in 1877, he showed Ball at the Moulin de la Galette (1876, Mus\u00e9e d'Orsay, Paris), in which he addressed a subject of modern life, one of his most characteristic impressionist paintings on a grand scale, with a rich pattern of light and shadow. In 1878 he returned to the Salon and became quite successful, establishing his reputation as a portraitist (1878, Mme Charpentier and her Children, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York). He continued to use this official venue for the next several years, declining to exhibit with the impressionists. This decision was partly generated by the fact that his newfound clientele would be more appreciative of his participating in the Salon. He was supported by his patrons, particularly the Charpentiers, owners of a publishing house, whose journal La vie moderne furthered Renoir's reputation. After a trip to North Africa and Italy in 1881, he joined C\u00e9zanne at L'Estaque. Throughout the 1880s and 1890s Renoir traveled extensively through Brittany, Normandy, Provence, and Spain. In the mid-1880s he began to experiment with more linear contours, the application of thinner paint layers, and smoother brush strokes. This so-called Ingresque period, which had a very mixed reception, lasted for about six years. He then reflected upon the achievements of the Old Masters and favored a more fluid style, after which he returned to using broader brush strokes and more vibrant colors. In 1886 he was given a one-man show by Durand-Ruel. By 1900 Renoir was an established artist: he became Chevalier of the Legion of Honor in 1900 and four years later was honored at the Salon d'Automne with a gallery devoted to his works. Beginning in 1912 he suffered from rheumatism and began using a wheelchair, yet he continued to work until the end of his life. He now often stayed in southern France, where he owned property in Cagnes-sur-Mer. Renoir regularly exhibited his works at the Durand-Ruel and Bernheim-Jeune galleries in Paris, as well as elsewhere in Europe and in the United States.", "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1841", "death_year": "1919", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}, {"id": 61535, "description": "Ricard Guin\u00f3 (Spanish, 1890\u20131973)", "extent": null, "qualifier": "and", "role": "artist", "biography": "Guin\u00f3 was Renoir's collaborator during the late years, and French courts have ruled that such sculptures should be attributed to both men.", "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1890", "death_year": "1973", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 2}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1941-12-05T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1914, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1914", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:05:17.540000"}, {"id": 134072, "accession_number": "1956.578", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Sunny Autumn Day, 1892. George Inness (American, 1825\u20131894). Oil on canvas; framed: 111.4 x 137.5 x 12.1 cm (43 7/8 x 54 1/8 x 4 3/4 in.); unframed: 81 x 106 cm (31 7/8 x 41 3/4 in.); former: 101 x 127 x 7.6 cm (39 3/4 x 50 x 3 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Anonymous Gift, 1956.578", "current_location": "208 American Gilded Age and Realism", "title": "Sunny Autumn Day", "creation_date": "1892", "creation_date_earliest": 1892, "creation_date_latest": 1892, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["America"], "technique": "oil on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "American Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "American - Painting", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 111.4 x 137.5 x 12.1 cm (43 7/8 x 54 1/8 x 4 3/4 in.); Unframed: 81 x 106 cm (31 7/8 x 41 3/4 in.); Former: 101 x 127 x 7.6 cm (39 3/4 x 50 x 3 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 1.114, "width": 1.375, "depth": 0.121}, "unframed": {"height": 0.81, "width": 1.06}, "former": {"height": 1.01, "width": 1.27, "depth": 0.076}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "Signed lower left: \"G. Inness 1892:", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 315769, "title": "200 Years of American Painting", "description": "<i>200 Years of American Painting</i>. Saint Louis Art Museum, St. Louis, MO (organizer) (co-organizer) (April 1-May 31, 1964).", "opening_date": "1964-04-01T05:00:00"}, {"id": 302330, "title": "Heritage and Horizon: American Painting 1776 - 1976", "description": "<i>Heritage and Horizon: American Painting 1776 - 1976</i>. Buffalo AKG Art Museum, Buffalo, NY (organizer) (March 7-April 11, 1976); The Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit, MI (May 2-June 13, 1976); The Toledo Museum of Art, Toledo, OH (July 4-August 15, 1976); The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (September 8-October 10, 1976).", "opening_date": "1976-03-07T05:00:00"}, {"id": 442438, "title": "George Inness Landscapes: His Signature Years, 1884-1894", "description": "<i>George Inness Landscapes: His Signature Years, 1884-1894</i>. Oakland Museum of California, Oakland, CA (organizer) (November 28, 1978-January 28, 1979); Santa Barbara Museum of Art, Santa Barbara, CA (February 10-April 15, 1979).", "opening_date": "1978-11-28T05:00:00"}, {"id": 304561, "title": "Visions of Landscape: East and West", "description": "<i>Visions of Landscape: East and West</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (February 17-March 21, 1982).", "opening_date": "1982-02-17T05:00:00"}, {"id": 218501, "title": "Paris 1900:  The \"American School\" at the Universal Exposition", "description": "<i>Paris 1900:  The \"American School\" at the Universal Exposition</i>. Montclair Art Museum, Montclair, NJ (organizer) (September 18, 1999-January 16, 2000); Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, Museum of American Art, Philadelphia, PA (February 11-April 16, 2000); Columbus Museum of Art, Columbus, OH (May 18-August 13, 2000); Elvehjem Museum of Art, Madison, WI (September 16-December 3, 2000); Mus\u00e9e Carnavalet, Paris, France (February 20-April 29, 2001).", "opening_date": "1999-09-18T00:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "Chicago, World's Columbian Exposition, (1893); cat. no. 598, lent by Thomas B. Clarke, N.Y.", "opening_date": null}, {"description": "New York, Union League Club, Inness and Homer Exhibition (1898), cat. no. 2, lent by Thomas B. Clarke.", "opening_date": null}, {"description": "New York, American Art Galleries, Clarke Sale (14-17 February 1899), cat. no. 184.", "opening_date": null}, {"description": "Paris, Exposition Universelle Internationale de Paris of 1900 (15 April-12 November 1900), \"The Annotated Catalogue of American Paintings, Paris Exposition of 1900\" taken from Appendix B in Paris 1900: The \"American School\" at the Universal Exposition; A18/M771c.", "opening_date": "1900-04-15T00:00:00"}, {"description": "St. Louis, St. Louis Universal Exposition (1904); did find Official: Illustrations of Selected Works in the Various National Sections of the Department of Art with Complete List of Awards by the International Jury.", "opening_date": "1904-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Chicago, Moulton and Ricketts Galleries, Loan Exhibit: Inness, Wyant, Blakelock (March, 1913), illus. plate VI, cat. not numbered or paginated.", "opening_date": "1913-03-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Buffalo, The Buffalo Fine Arts Academy, Albright Art Gallery, The Eighth Annual Exhibition of Selected Paintings by American Artists (10 May-31 August 1913), cat. no. 61, illus. p. 58, listed p. 23.", "opening_date": "1913-05-10T00:00:00"}, {"description": "New York, Macbeth Gallery, (January-April 1925), cat. no. 23, lent by Mrs. Chauncey J. Blair.", "opening_date": "1925-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Cleveland, The Cleveland Museum of Art, The Inaugural Exhibition (6 June-20 September 1916), cat. no. 21, listed p. 128, not illus.", "opening_date": "1916-06-06T00:00:00"}, {"description": "St. Louis, City Art Museum of St. Louis, 200 Years of American Painting (1 April-31 May 1964), cat. not numbered, illus. p. 28.", "opening_date": "1964-04-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Buffalo, Albright-Knox Art Gallery, Heritage and Horizon: American Painting 1776-1976 (6 March-11 April 1976); traveled to Detroit, Detroit Institute of Arts (5 may-3 June 1976); Toledo, The Toledo Museum of Art (4 July-15 August 1976); Cleveland, The Cleveland Museum of Art (8 September-10 October 1976), illus. cat. no. 25.", "opening_date": "1976-03-06T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Oakland, The Oakland Museum, George Inness Landscapes: His Signature Years 1884-1894 (28 November 1978-28 January 1979), cat. not numbered, but listed and illus. p. 59.", "opening_date": "1978-11-28T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Cleveland, The Cleveland Museum of Art, Visions of Landscape: East and West (17 February-21 March 1982)", "opening_date": "1982-02-17T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Montclair, NJ, The Montclair Art Museum, Paris 1900: The \"American School\" at the Universal Exposition (18 September 1999-16 January 2000); Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts (11 February-16 April 2000); Columbus, Columbus Art Museum (18 May-13 August 2000); Madison, WI, Elvehjem Museum of Art, University of Wisconsin-Madison (16 September-3 December 2000); Paris, Mus\u00e9e Carnavalet (2 February-15 May 2001); cat. no. 81, illus. p. 75.", "opening_date": "2000-02-11T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Thomas B. Clarke, New York, NY [1884-1931], purchased from artist1", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->1According to the introduction to the 1899 sale catalogue, Clarke and Inness were acquaintances.&nbsp; Macbeth Gallery's Art Notes also notes that \"it was purchased directly from Inness the year it was painted.\"</div>"], "date": "By October 1892-1899", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "(American Art Galleries, American Art Association, New York, Feb. 14-18, 1899, no. 184, sold to Mr. and Mrs. Chauncey J. Blair)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1899", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "Chauncey J. [1843\u20131916] and Mary Mitchell Blair [1856-1940], Chicago1", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->1Macbeth Gallery's Art Notes: \"At the disposal of his [Thomas B. Clarke] collection in 1899, it was bought by the late Chauncey Blair of Chicago.\"</div>"], "date": "1899-", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "Walter Clark Runyon [1857-1929] and Berenice Agnew Runyon [b. 1873], Scarsdale, NY1", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->1Runyon lent the painting to the Macbeth Gallery Centennial Exhibition in 1925, and the gallery's <em>Art Notes</em> from April of that year states that \"the collector who loaned it to our exhibition\" purchased the painting from the estate of the late Chauncey Blair.</div>"], "date": "-1925", "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "(Macbeth Gallery, New York, and George E. Gage Gallery, Cleveland, sold to Elizabeth Bingham Blossom)1", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->1The March 28, 1925 issue of <em>American Art News</em> notes that the painting was included in Macbeth's Centennial Exhibition in January of 1925 (cat. no. 23).&nbsp; The price (unannounced) paid for the painting established new record for the artist's work. Mr. and Mrs. Walter Clark Runyon lent the painting to the exhibition.</div>"], "date": "1925", "sortorder": 5}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, Ohio", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1956-", "sortorder": 7}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Inness died while viewing a sunset, proclaiming, \"Oh, how beautiful!\u201d and falling to the ground.", "description": "Highly prolific, Inness created more than 1,000 works during a career lasting 50 years. Dated just two years before his death, <em>Sunny Autumn Day</em> epitomizes his late style in which the physical landscape is transformed into something akin to a spiritual apparition. Featuring blurred forms and atmospheric effects from translucent colors, this scene reflects Inness\u2019s mystical view of the natural world.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20054728"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1956.578-sunny-autumn-day"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "\"Inness masterpiece sold for record price to Cleveland collector,\" <em>American Art News</em> XXIII (March 28, 1925).", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Inness masterpiece sold for record price to Cleveland collector,\" <em>American Art News</em> XXIII (March 28, 1925).", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Macbeth Gallery, and Inness, George, 1825-1894. <em>George Inness, 1825-1894; Centennial Exhibition, January 20-February 9 1925, the Macbeth Gallery</em>. Macbeth Gallery, 1925. &lt;http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/u?/p15324coll1,2101&gt;", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Macbeth Gallery, <em>Art Notes </em>(April 1925): 1425.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Quick, Michael. George Inness: A Catalogue Raisonne\u0301. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2007. No. 1066.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Macbeth Gallery Stock Disposition Cards - Sold Paintings microfilm, The Archives of American Art, New York.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Macbeth Gallery, <em>Art Notes</em> (April 1925): 1425.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": null, "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Macbeth Gallery, <em>Art Notes</em> (April 1925): 1425.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "American Art Association. <em>Private Art Collection of Thomas B. Clarke, Part I - Paintings</em>. 1899.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Clarke, Thomas Benedict, and Thomas E. Kirby. <em>Catalogue of the Private Art Collection of Thomas B. Clarke, New York: To Be Sold at Absolute Public Sale on the Evenings of February 14, 15, 16 and 17 at Chickering Hall ... and on the Afternoons of February 15, 16, 17 and 18 at the American Art Galleries</em>. New York: American Art Association, 1899.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Macbeth Gallery, <em>Art Notes</em> (April 1925): 1425.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "American Art Association. <em>Private Art Collection of Thomas B. Clarke, Part I - Paintings</em>. 1899.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": null, "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Inness, George, Gail Stavitsky, William H. Gerdts, and Montclair Art Museum. George Inness, Presence of the Unseen : A Centennial Commemoration. Montclair, N.J.: Montclair Art Museum, 1994.", "page_number": "Mentioned p. 23; reproduced p. 25.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "DeLue, Rachael Ziady. \u201cGeorge Inness : Landscape, Representation, and the Struggle of Vision,\u201d Ph.D. dissertation, Johns Hopkins University, 2000.", "page_number": "Mentioned, p. 280; reproduced, fig. 5.31.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "<em>Report: The Commissioner-General for the United States to the International Universal Exposition, Paris, 1900.</em> Vol. 2 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1901).", "page_number": "Mentioned, p. 552; reproduced, plate B-2, between pp. 494-95.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Daingerfield, Elliott. <em>Fifty Paintings by George Inness</em>. New York, NY: Priv. Print, 1913.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pl.37", "url": null}, {"citation": "Ireland, Leroy. <em>The Works of George Inness: An Illustrated Catalogue Raisonne\u0301</em>. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 1965.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 372-373; Reproduced: no. 1440", "url": null}, {"citation": "Adams, Celeste, Rita Myers, and Adele Z. Silver. <em>An Introduction to American Art in the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1972.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 14-15; Reproduced: p. 15", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"A Check List: American Paintings and Water Colors of the Eighteenth, Nineteenth, and Early Twentieth Centuries in The Cleveland Museum of Art,\" <em>The Bulletin of The Cleveland Museum of Art</em> no. 1(January, 1973): 29", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 29, no. 106", "url": null}, {"citation": "Albright-Knox Art Gallery, Detroit Institute of Arts, and Toledo Museum of Art. <em>Heritage and Horizon: American Painting, 1776-1976. </em>Toledo, OH: Toledo Museum of Art, 1976.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 37", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cikovsky, Nicolai. <em>The Life and Work of George Inness</em>. New York, NY: Garland Pub, 1977.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 309-316, 327-335; Reproduced: no. 120", "url": null}, {"citation": "Chong, Alan. <em>European &amp; American Painting in the Cleveland Museum of Art: A Summary Catalogue</em>. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1993.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 114", "url": null}, {"citation": "Carr, Carolyn Kinder and Robert W Rydell. <em>Revisiting the White City : American Art at the 1893 World's Fair</em>. Washington, DC: National Museum of American Art and National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC: University Press of New England, 1993.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 269", "url": null}, {"citation": "DeLue, Rachael Ziady. <em>George Inness and the Science of Landscape</em>. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2004.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pl. 18", "url": null}, {"citation": "Quick, Michael. <em>George Inness: A Catalogue Raisonne\u0301</em>. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2007.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 371, fig. 1066", "url": null}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1956.578", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1956.578/1956.578_web.jpg", "width": "1179", "height": "893", "filesize": "817166", "filename": "1956.578_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1956.578/1956.578_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2576", "filesize": "6459446", "filename": "1956.578_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1956.578/1956.578_full.tif", "width": "4950", "height": "3750", "filesize": "55714008", "filename": "1956.578_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2008-06-23T19:34:22", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1956.578/1956.578_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "1095", "height": "893", "filesize": "811492"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1956.578/1956.578_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2774", "filesize": "7024915"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1956.578/1956.578_alt0_full.tif", "width": "3888", "height": "3172", "filesize": "37042036"}}], "creditline": "Anonymous Gift", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "The Cleveland Foundation Gallery", "athena_id": 134072, "creators": [{"id": 2493, "description": "George Inness (American, 1825\u20131894)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1825", "death_year": "1894", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1956-10-24T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1892, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1892", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:07:55.547000"}, {"id": 97155, "accession_number": "1916.793", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Portrait of a Couple, c. 1580\u201388. Northern Italy, late 16th century. Oil on canvas; framed: 132 x 173 x 10.5 cm (51 15/16 x 68 1/8 x 4 1/8 in.); unframed: 99.8 x 140.5 cm (39 5/16 x 55 5/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Holden Collection, 1916.793", "current_location": "118 Italian Renaissance", "title": "Portrait of a Couple", "creation_date": "c. 1580\u201388", "creation_date_earliest": 1580, "creation_date_latest": 1588, "artists_tags": [], "culture": ["Northern Italy, late 16th century"], "technique": "oil on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "P - Italian 16th & 17th Century", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 132 x 173 x 10.5 cm (51 15/16 x 68 1/8 x 4 1/8 in.); Unframed: 99.8 x 140.5 cm (39 5/16 x 55 5/16 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 1.32, "width": 1.73, "depth": 0.105}, "unframed": {"height": 0.998, "width": 1.405}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "inscribed upper left:  AETA, SVAE, ANNO.  XXXV, upper right: AETA.  SVAE.  ANNO.  XXVIII", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 317001, "title": "Inaugural Exhibition", "description": "<i>Inaugural Exhibition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (co-organizer) (June 6-September 20, 1916).", "opening_date": "1916-06-06T05:00:00"}, {"id": 312517, "title": "The Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition", "description": "<i>The Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 26-October 4, 1936).", "opening_date": "1936-06-26T04:00:00"}, {"id": 300857, "title": "Art: The International Language", "description": "<i>Art: The International Language</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art (October 2-November 4, 1956).", "opening_date": "1956-10-02T04:00:00"}, {"id": 302205, "title": "Art and Humanism in the Renaissance", "description": "<i>Art and Humanism in the Renaissance</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (January 23-February 25, 1962).", "opening_date": "1962-01-23T05:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "Boston, 1883: American Exhibition of Foregin Products, Arts, and Manufactures: Art Department, \"Jarves Collection,' pp. 20-22. (A Checklist of the collection exhibited by James Jackson Jarves at the Boston exposition; the collection was viewed and subsequently purchased, in toto, by Mr and Mrs L. E. Holden of Cleveland.)", "opening_date": null}, {"description": "New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1912: \"Loan Exhibition of the Holden Collection,\" catalogue: Bulletin of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, vol. vIII, no. 10 (October 1912), pp. 174-183; author Bryson Burroughs.)", "opening_date": "1912-10-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "CMA, 1916: \"The Inaugural Exhibition of CMA,\" cat. no. 27.", "opening_date": "1916-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Denver Art Museum, March1-April 30, 1956: \"Clothers Make the Man,\" repr. p. 13 in catalogue.", "opening_date": "1956-04-30T00:00:00"}, {"description": "CMA, 1962: \"Art and Humanism in the Renaissance,\" (no catalogue).", "opening_date": "1962-01-01T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "James Jackson Jarves (1884).", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "Mrs. Liberty E. Holden, Cleveland.", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": 2}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "The bejeweled martin (weasel) was a coveted fashion accessory in Renaissance Europe.", "description": "While the attribution remains hotly debated, this work exemplifies how Italian portraiture of the 1500s could articulate family alliances through marriage. The inscription gives the sitters\u2019 ages as 35 and 28, and their elaborate jewelry, weapons, and garments, made of expensive materials, convey their elite status. The marten skin attached to the woman\u2019s waist-its head decorated with gems-symbolized propriety. These expressions of wealth convey achievements and position rather than accurate personalities, and the figures, though lifelike, stand in awkward relationship to each other, their interaction one of alliance not love.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60502651"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1916.793-portrait-of-a-couple"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Rubinstein-Bloch, Stella. <em>Catalogue of a Collection of Paintings, Etc. Presented by Mrs. Liberty E. Holden to the Cleveland Museum of Art. </em>Cleveland: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1917.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 29, cat. no. 28; Reproduced: p. 60, No. 28", "url": "https://archive.org/details/Holden_80856/page/n39"}, {"citation": "G. U. \"The Holden Collection.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 4, no. 2 (1917): 19-34.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 19, 20; reproduced: p. 35", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25136067"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1925.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: 25", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook_80839/page/n27"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1928.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 29", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1928/page/n33"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Handbook.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 411", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1958/page/n75"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 96", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n120"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 96", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n120"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 113", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n133"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art<em>. The Cleveland Museum of Art Catalogue of Paintings, Part 3: European Paintings of the 16th, 17th, and 18th Centuries</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1982.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 458; Mentioned: p. 459-460", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lisby, Darnell-Jamal, William Griswold, Matteo Augello, Alessandra Arezzi Boza, Massimiliano Capella, Luke Meagher, Stefania Ricci, and Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Renaissance to Runway: The Enduring Italian Houses</em>. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2025.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 146-147, pl. 31", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1916.793", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1916.793/1916.793_web.jpg", "width": "1257", "height": "893", "filesize": "749771", "filename": "1916.793_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1916.793/1916.793_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2415", "filesize": "5683702", "filename": "1916.793_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1916.793/1916.793_full.tif", "width": "6000", "height": "4262", "filesize": "76748452", "filename": "1916.793_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2010-10-26T12:44:12", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1916.793/1916.793_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "1156", "height": "893", "filesize": "686359"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1916.793/1916.793_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2626", "filesize": "6266751"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1916.793/1916.793_alt0_full.tif", "width": "5764", "height": "4452", "filesize": "77011012"}}, {"date_created": "2010-10-26T12:33:51", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1916.793/1916.793_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "1143", "height": "893", "filesize": "637706"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1916.793/1916.793_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2657", "filesize": "5647494"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1916.793/1916.793_alt1_full.tif", "width": "6004", "height": "4693", "filesize": "112747380"}}], "creditline": "Holden Collection", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 97155, "creators": [], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1916-06-22T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1580, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 1580\u201388", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Portrait of a Gentleman and His Wife"], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-26 23:59:19.844000"}, {"id": 124089, "accession_number": "1944.90", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Portrait of a Woman, 1635 or earlier. Rembrandt van Rijn (Dutch, 1606\u20131669), and Studio. Oil on wood; framed: 97.8 x 83.8 x 6.4 cm (38 1/2 x 33 x 2 1/2 in.); unframed: 77.5 x 64.8 cm (30 1/2 x 25 1/2 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, The Elisabeth Severance Prentiss Collection, 1944.90", "current_location": "213 Dutch Painting", "title": "Portrait of a Woman", "creation_date": "1635 or earlier", "creation_date_earliest": 1630, "creation_date_latest": 1635, "artists_tags": ["gender unknown", "male"], "culture": ["Netherlands"], "technique": "oil on wood", "support_materials": [], "department": "European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "P - Netherlandish-Dutch", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 97.8 x 83.8 x 6.4 cm (38 1/2 x 33 x 2 1/2 in.); Unframed: 77.5 x 64.8 cm (30 1/2 x 25 1/2 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 0.978, "width": 0.838, "depth": 0.064}, "unframed": {"height": 0.775, "width": 0.648}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "Signed at right center: \"Rembrandt. f. 1635.\"", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 312517, "title": "The Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition", "description": "<i>The Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 26-October 4, 1936).", "opening_date": "1936-06-26T04:00:00"}, {"id": 300448, "title": "Dutch Painting, The Golden Age", "description": "<i>Dutch Painting, The Golden Age</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (January 5-February 27, 1955).", "opening_date": "1955-01-05T05:00:00"}, {"id": 304248, "title": "Style, Truth and the Portrait", "description": "<i>Style, Truth and the Portrait</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (October 1-November 19, 1963).", "opening_date": "1963-10-01T04:00:00"}, {"id": 311444, "title": "Object Lessons: Cleveland Creates an Art Museum", "description": "<i>Object Lessons: Cleveland Creates an Art Museum</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 7-September 8, 1991).", "opening_date": "1991-06-07T04:00:00"}, {"id": 441860, "title": "Rembrandt: His Teachers and Pupils", "description": "<i>Rembrandt: His Teachers and Pupils</i>. Kawamura Memorial Museum of Art, Sakura City, Japan (organizer) (June 13-August 2, 1992).", "opening_date": "1992-06-13T04:00:00"}, {"id": 226545, "title": "Rembrandt Rembrandt", "description": "<i>Rembrandt Rembrandt</i>. Kyoto National Museum, Kyoto, Japan (organizer) (November 3, 2002-January 13, 2003).", "opening_date": "2002-11-03T00:00:00"}, {"id": 179662, "title": "Masterpieces of European Painting from the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Masterpieces of European Painting from the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. Maltz Museum of Jewish Heritage, Beachwood, OH (March 29-July 8, 2007).", "opening_date": "2007-03-29T00:00:00"}, {"id": 214325, "title": "Rembrandt in America", "description": "<i>Rembrandt in America</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (February 19-May 28, 2012); Minneapolis Institute of Art, Minneapolis, MN (June 24-September 16, 2012).", "opening_date": "2011-10-30T00:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "Exhibition of Hals and Rembrandt, Los Angeles County Museum, Los Angeles, CA (November 1947- January 1948).", "opening_date": "1947-11-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Old Masters, Dayton Art Institute, Dayton, OH March-April 1948).", "opening_date": "1948-03-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Haggin Memorial Galleries, Stockton, California, 1948.", "opening_date": "1948-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Benefit Exhibition of Paintings by Rembrandt, Wildenstein &amp; Co., 1950.", "opening_date": "1950-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Masterpiece Series, Akron Art Institute, April 14- May 17, 1953.", "opening_date": "1953-04-14T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Man and His Years, Baltimore Museum of Art, 1954, p. 15, no. 81.", "opening_date": "1954-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Chiba, Japan, Kawamura Memorial Museum of Art, 1992: cat. no. ?.", "opening_date": "1992-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Three Hundred Paintings by Old Masters. Sedelmeyer Gallery, Paris, France (1898).", "opening_date": null}, {"description": "Austellung von Weken Alter Kunst aus dem Privatbesitz der Mitglieder des K. Friderich Museums-- Vereins, Kaiser Friedrich Museum, Berlin, Germany (January 27-March 4, 1906).", "opening_date": "1906-01-27T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Capo de Lista family collection (?) (Padua, Italy)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": null}, {"description": "Barbini-Breganze coll., Venice (1847) cat. no. 204;", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": null}, {"description": "St\u00e4delsches Kunstinstitut (Frankfurt am Main, Germany) (inv. no. 927), 1847 to 1882;", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": null}, {"description": "sold, Paris, May 5, 1882, no. 30;", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": null}, {"description": "Charles Sedelmeyer (Paris, France);", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": null}, {"description": "Karl von der Heydt (Berlin, Germany) (1906);", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": null}, {"description": "A.B. Antik (Stockholm, Sweden)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": null}, {"description": "consigned to Knoedler & Co. (New York, and London, England, 1919);", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": null}, {"description": "sold to Elisabeth Severance Prentiss (Cleveland, Ohio), in exchange for John Hoppner, Portrait of Mrs. Jermingham and Herman Kricheldorf, Still-Life with Lobster, 1919, upon her death, held in trust by the estate", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": null}, {"description": "Estate of Elisabeth Severance Prentiss, by bequest to the Cleveland Museum of Art, 1944.", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": null}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "This painting is probably a pendant to a portrait of a man that is now at the Kawamura Memorial Museum of Art in Japan. Both were cut down from their original rectangular shape.", "description": "At the age of 25, Rembrandt moved from his hometown of Leiden to the bustling city of Amsterdam. Within a few years he had become one of the city\u2019s most successful portrait painters, creating remarkably vivid likenesses that seemed to express the personality and soul of the sitter. Here, Rembrandt used smooth, fluid brushstrokes to recreate the soft texture of the woman\u2019s skin. In contrast, thicker, more textured strokes draw attention to the lavish display of her lace collar and gold jewelry\u2014details sure to please a wealthy client. The extraordinary demand at that time for a portrait by Rembrandt meant that in many cases (including, probably, this painting) he called upon assistants to help complete the work.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21475059"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1944.90-portrait-of-a-woman"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Parthey, G. <em>Deutscher Bildersaal: Verzeichniss der in Deutschland vorhandenen Oelbilder verstorbener Maler aller Schulen, in alphabetischer Folge zusammengestellt.</em> Berlin, Germany: Nicolaische, 1863.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 339, vol. II", "url": null}, {"citation": "De Ris, L. Cl\u00e9ment. \"Le Mus\u00e9e de Frankfort-sur-le-Mein.\" <em>Revue Universelle des Arts </em>XIX (1864): 344-353.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 347", "url": null}, {"citation": "Vosmaer, Carel. <em>Rembrandt, Sa Vie et Ses Oeuvres.</em> La Haye: M. Nijhoff, 1877.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 508", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bode, Wilhelm von. <em>Studien zur Geschichte der Holla\u0308ndischen Malerei.</em> Braunschweig: F. Vieweg und Sohn, 1883.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 405", "url": null}, {"citation": "Dutuit, Euge\u0300ne. <em>L'\u0153uvre Complet de Rembrandt.</em> Paris: A. Le\u0301vy, 1883.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 29", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bode, Wilhelm von. <em>The Complete Work of Rembrandt, History, Description and Heliographic Reproduction of All the Master's Pictures, with a Study of His Life and His Art.</em> Paris: C. Sedelmeyer, 1897.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Bode, Wilhelm von, C. Hofstede de Groot, and Florence Simmonds. <em>The Complete Work of Rembrandt, History, Description and Heliographic Reproduction of All the Master's Pictures, with a Study of His Life and His Art. </em>Paris: C. Sedelmeyer, 1897.", "page_number": "Reproduced: Vol. II, no. 117; mentioned: Vol. II, p. 11", "url": null}, {"citation": "Sedelmeyer, Charles. <em>Illustrated Catalogue of 300 Paintings by Old Masters of the Dutch, Flemish, Italian, French, and English Schools</em>, Paris, France: [Printed for Ch. Sedelmeyer by Lahure], 1898.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 142, no. 125", "url": null}, {"citation": "Wurzbach, Alfred von. <em>Niederla\u0308ndisches Ku\u0308nstler-Lexikon; auf Grund archivalischer Forschungen bearbeitet.</em> Wien, Austria: Halm und Goldmann, 1906.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 413, vol. II", "url": null}, {"citation": "Hofstede de Groot, C. P. <em>A Catalogue Raisonne\u0301 of the Works of the Most Eminent Dutch Painters of the Seventeenth Century.</em> London, United Kingdom: Macmillan and Co, 1908.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 387, no. 846, vol. VI", "url": null}, {"citation": "Rosenberg, Adolf, and Wilhelm Reinhold Valentiner. <em>Rembrandt; des Meisters Gema\u0308lde,</em> Stuttgart, Germany: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 1909.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 207", "url": null}, {"citation": "Voss, Hermann. \"Ausstellung von bildnissen des XV bis XVIII, Jahrhunderts aus dem Privatbesitz der Mitglieder des Kaiser Friedrich-Museum-Vereines zu Berlin.\" <em>Der Cicerone: Halbmonatsschrift fu\u0308r die Interessen des Kunstforschers und Sammlers </em>I (1909): 287-290.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 287", "url": null}, {"citation": "Rosenberg, Adolf. <em>The Work of Rembrandt Reproduced in Over Five Hundred Illustrations.</em> New York, NY: Brentano's, 1913.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 207", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bangel, Rud. \"Die Kunst suf dem Internationalen Markt II\" <em>Der Cicerone: Halbmonatsschrift fu\u0308r die Interessen des Kunstforschers und Sammlers </em>VI (1914): 44-51.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 46", "url": null}, {"citation": "Errera, Isabelle.<em> Re\u0301pertoire des peintures date\u0301es, par Isabella Errera. </em>Bruxelles, Belgium: G. van Oest &amp; cie, 1920.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 210, vol. 1", "url": null}, {"citation": "Meldrum, David Storrar. <em>Rembrandt's Paintings, With an Essay on His Life and Work</em>. London: Methuen and Co. Ltd, 1923.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 190, pl. CLX", "url": null}, {"citation": "Valentiner, Wilhelm Reinhold. <em>Rembrandt Paintings in America.</em> New York, NY: S.W. Frankel, 1931.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pl. 56", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bredius, Abraham. <em>The Paintings of Rembrandt.</em> Vienna, Austria: Phaidon-Verlag, 1936.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 14, no. 350", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Catalogue of the Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition of the Cleveland Museum of Art: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition : June Twenty-Sixth to October Fourth 1936.</em> [Cleveland, Ohio]: [Cleveland Museum of Art], 1936.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 91-92, no. 229; Reproduced: pl. XLIX", "url": null}, {"citation": "Milliken, William M. \"Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition of the Cleveland Museum of Art.\" <em>ARTnews </em>34 (June 13, 1936): 6-14.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 12", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Catalogue of the Elisabeth Severance Prentiss Collection : Bequest of Elisabeth Severance Prentiss, 1944.</em> [Cleveland]: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1944.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. [18], Plate VI, cat. no. 12; Mentioned: p. 27, cat. no. 12", "url": "https://archive.org/details/Prentiss/page/n31"}, {"citation": "Francis, Henry S. \"\"Paintings in the Prentiss Bequest.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art XXXI, </em>no. 6 (June 1944): 87-89.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 88; Reproduced: p. 95", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Paintings in the Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> [Cleveland]: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1945.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 22", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAPaintings1945/page/n30"}, {"citation": "Francis, Henry Sayles. <em>Paintings in the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. no. 1, 1945.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 22", "url": null}, {"citation": "Comstock, H. \"Prentiss Collection.\" <em>The Connoisseur </em>115 (March 1945): 43.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 43", "url": null}, {"citation": "Francis, Henry. \"Rembrandt's 'Portrait of a Young Student.'\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art </em>37, no. 9 (November 1950): 191-193.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 193", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25141663"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Handbook.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 448", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1958/page/n82"}, {"citation": "Saisselin, Re\u0301my G. S<em>tyle, Truth, and the Portrait</em>. [Cleveland]: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1963.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 16", "url": null}, {"citation": "Gimpel, Rene\u0301. Journal d'un collectionneur, marchand de tableaux. [Paris]: Calmann-Le\u0301vy, 1963.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 236", "url": null}, {"citation": "Saisselin, Re\u0301my G. <em>Style, Truth, and the Portrait</em>. [Cleveland]: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1963.", "page_number": "Mentioned: cat. no. 16", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bauch, Kurt. <em>Rembrandt Gema\u0308lde.</em> Berlin, Germany: W. de Gruyter, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no, 485, Listed: p. 25", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 123", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n147"}, {"citation": "Gerson, H., and Gary Schwartz. <em>Rembrandt Paintings</em>. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Reynal &amp; Co, 1968.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 294-295, and 495", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bredius, Abraham and H. Gerson. <em>The Complete Edition of the Paintings [of] Rembrandt.</em> London, United Kingdom: Phaidon, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 274", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>L'opera pittorica completa di Rembrandt.</em> Milano, Italy: Rizzoli, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 169", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 123", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n147"}, {"citation": "<em>Rembrandt After Three Hundred Years: A Symposium, Rembrandt and His Followers.</em> Chicago, IL: Art Institute of Chicago, 1973.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 34-35", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 158", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n178"}, {"citation": "Morse, John D. <em>Old Master Paintings in North America: Over 3000 Masterpieces by 50 Great Artists</em>. New York, NY: Abbeville Press, 1979.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 232", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bruyn, J., Ernst van de Wetering, C. J. van Nes, and Murray Pearson. <em>A Corpus of Rembrandt Paintings.</em> The Hague, Netherlands: M. Nijhoff Publishers, 1982.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 661-667", "url": null}, {"citation": "D' Argencourt, Louise and Roger Diederen. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art: Catalogue of Painting, Part Three.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1982.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 112", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Catalogue of Paintings, Part 3: European Paintings of the 16th, 17th, and 18th Centuries</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1982.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 256-258; Reproduced: p. 257", "url": null}, {"citation": "Levey, Santina M. <em>Lace: A History</em>. London, United Kingdom: Victoria and Albert Museum, 1983.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pl. 140", "url": null}, {"citation": "Schwartz, Gary.<em> Rembrandt: zijn leven, zijn schilderijen : een nieuwe biografie met alle beschikbare schilderijen in klur afgebeeld</em>. Maarssen, Netherlands: Uitgeverij Gary Schwartz, 1984.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 164", "url": null}, {"citation": "Schwartz, Gary. <em>Rembrandt: His Life, His Paintings</em>, New York, N.Y: Viking, 1985.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 165", "url": null}, {"citation": "Sutton, Peter C. A <em>Guide to Dutch Art in America.</em> Washington, D.C.: Netherlands-American Amity Trust, 1986.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 66", "url": null}, {"citation": "Guillaud, Jacqueline, and Maurice Guillaud. <em>Rembrandt, the Human Form and Spirit.</em>. Paris, France: Guillaud Editions, 1986.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 292, fig. 345", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Rembrandt: Portrait of a Man in a Broad-brimmed Hat, Portrait of a Woman</em> = Renburanto : fu\u0304fu no sho\u0304zo\u0304. Chiba-ken Sakura-shi: Kawamura Kinen Bijutsukan, 1992.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 3, 6, 8, 9", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Renburanto: kare to shi to deshitachi ten</em>. Tokyo, Japan: Tokyo Shinbun, 1992.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 31, cat. 8", "url": null}, {"citation": "Van Thiel, P. J. J. \"De Rembrandt-tentoonstelling Van 1898.\" <em>Bulletin Van Het Rijksmuseum</em> 40, no. 1 (1992): 11-93.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 78", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, and Alan Chong. <em>European &amp; American Painting in the Cleveland Museum of Art: A Summary Catalogue</em>. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1993.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 193", "url": null}, {"citation": "Tu\u0308mpel, Christian, Astrid Tu\u0308mpel, Ivan Gaskell, and Christian Tu\u0308mpel. <em>Rembrandt: All Paintings in Colour.</em> Antwerp, Belgium: Fonds Mercator, 1993.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 93", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>20 Stories</em>: Kawamura Kinen Bijutsukan gaidobukku. Chiba-ken Sakura-shi: Kawamura Kinen Bijutsukan, 1994.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 3", "url": null}, {"citation": "Giltaij,Jeroen and Shinji Hata. <em>Rembrandt Rembrandt</em>. Hakko\u0304, Japan: Shiboruto zaidan, 2002.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 92-93; Reproduced: p. 93", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bleker, E. J.,and A. A. H. Bleker-Poot. <em>Rembrandt en de Blekerfamilie. </em>Lochem, Netherlands: Silverborgh B.V., 2005.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 107, vol. 1", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bleker, E. J.,and A. A. H. Bleker-Poot. <em>Rembrandt en de Blekerfamilie. </em>Lochem, Netherlands: Silverborgh B.V., 2005.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 335, vol 2", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kawamura Kinen Bijutsukan. <em>Kawamura Memorial Museum of Art</em>. Tokyo: DIC Corporation, 2008.", "page_number": "Reproduced: vol. 1, p. 18, fig. 1", "url": null}, {"citation": "Ribbens, Arjen. \"De Kunstdetective Twijfelt Niet: 'Dit is Maria van Aelst,'\" <em>NRC Handelsblad </em>(January 16, 2020).", "page_number": "", "url": "https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2020/01/16/de-kunstdetective-twijfelt-niet-dit-is-maria-van-aelst-a3986982"}, {"citation": "Giltaij, Jeroen, and Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn. Het grote Rembrandt boek: alle 684 schilderijen. Zwolle : WBOOKS, 2022.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 246, no. 384", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1944.90", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1944.90/1944.90_web.jpg", "width": "738", "height": "900", "filesize": "146308", "filename": "1944.90_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1944.90/1944.90_print.jpg", "width": "2789", "height": "3400", "filesize": "1504189", "filename": "1944.90_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1944.90/1944.90_full.tif", "width": "5738", "height": "6995", "filesize": "120451340", "filename": "1944.90_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2007-01-22T20:06:07", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1944.90/1944.90_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "737", "height": "893", "filesize": "396200"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1944.90/1944.90_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "2806", "height": "3400", "filesize": "1986067"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1944.90/1944.90_alt0_full.tif", "width": "3859", "height": "4676", "filesize": "54164980"}}, {"date_created": "2011-05-06T16:47:10", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1944.90/1944.90_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "1193", "height": "893", "filesize": "737931"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1944.90/1944.90_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2545", "filesize": "6548363"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1944.90/1944.90_alt1_full.tif", "width": "6668", "height": "4992", "filesize": "99891328"}}, {"date_created": "2011-05-06T16:47:10", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1944.90/1944.90_alt2_web.jpg", "width": "1193", "height": "893", "filesize": "157406"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1944.90/1944.90_alt2_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2545", "filesize": "1283271"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1944.90/1944.90_alt2_full.tif", "width": "6668", "height": "4992", "filesize": "99889132"}}, {"date_created": "2014-05-19T14:11:47", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1944.90/1944.90_alt3_web.jpg", "width": "786", "height": "900", "filesize": "213787"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1944.90/1944.90_alt3_print.jpg", "width": "2969", "height": "3400", "filesize": "2962828"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1944.90/1944.90_alt3_full.tif", "width": "5385", "height": "6166", "filesize": "99640152"}}, {"date_created": "2015-04-06T15:14:58", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1944.90/1944.90_alt4_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "675", "filesize": "195713"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1944.90/1944.90_alt4_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2550", "filesize": "2237083"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1944.90/1944.90_alt4_full.tif", "width": "7743", "height": "5807", "filesize": "134927656"}}, {"date_created": "2013-07-16T09:20:17", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1944.90/1944.90_alt5_web.jpg", "width": "760", "height": "900", "filesize": "337232"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1944.90/1944.90_alt5_print.jpg", "width": "2872", "height": "3400", "filesize": "2950794"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1944.90/1944.90_alt5_full.tif", "width": "6000", "height": "7104", "filesize": "127904992"}}, {"date_created": "2014-05-19T11:26:40", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1944.90/1944.90_alt6_web.jpg", "width": "797", "height": "900", "filesize": "225709"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1944.90/1944.90_alt6_print.jpg", "width": "3010", "height": "3400", "filesize": "1407904"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1944.90/1944.90_alt6_full.tif", "width": "6000", "height": "6777", "filesize": "122015696"}}], "creditline": "The Elisabeth Severance Prentiss Collection", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "The Harold C. Schott Foundation Gallery", "athena_id": 124089, "creators": [{"id": 2520, "description": "Rembrandt van Rijn (Dutch, 1606\u20131669)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1606", "death_year": "1669", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}, {"id": 61762, "description": "Studio", "extent": null, "qualifier": "and", "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 2}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1944-03-17T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1630, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1635 or earlier", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": "The oak panel is in remarkably good condition without any planar distortions. The top, bottom, and side edges on the reverse of the panel have been chamfered, but not along the curved portion, indicating that the panel was originally a rectangular format, a conclusion that has not been questioned to date. <br><br>The panel was prepared by first applying a thin, continuous layer of chalk ground (identified as calcium carbonate) to lightly fill the wood grain of the panel. This initial chalk ground was then covered with a warm yellow-brown color of thin priming or primuesel layer composed of a mixture of lead white, chalk, and earth pigments, bound in oil. Layers of paint were then built up in a manner similar to other paintings on wood panel by Rembrandt from this period. After the priming layer was laid down, translucent dark brown washes were first applied to work out the general forms of the portrait. Next, a neutral, grayish-green monochromatic paint, sometimes referred to as dead coloring, was thinly applied as a base for the successive build up for the more textured and opaque layers of the sitter\u2019s face. Areas of shadow in the face, under the lips, around the nose, under the eyebrows, and along the proper left side of the face were intentionally left in reserve by Rembrandt to preserve a rich translucency that he would exploit in the final stages of painting. The X-radiograph reveals Rembrandt's use of lead white to build up impasto. More thickly applied areas of lead white block more X-rays, appearing lighter.<br><br>Subtle glazes in the sitter\u2019s face were abraded from an early varnish removal before entering the collection. Past restoration attempts to correct these damages in the uppermost paint layers were not successful. Therefore, in 2013, an in-depth conservation treatment was designed to address passages where glazes had been stripped away. Inpainting was carried out in a systematic manner, rebuilding the paint layers and glazes in the order that the artist would have applied them. One of the key strategies behind the recent inpainting was to preserve the artist\u2019s intended use of the warm underlayer that was left in reserve for rich shadows and soft transitions.", "has_conservation_images": true, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Portrait of a Lady"], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-04-01 14:34:43.318000"}, {"id": 136510, "accession_number": "1960.81", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Water Lilies (Agapanthus), c. 1915\u201326. Claude Monet (French, 1840\u20131926). Oil on canvas; framed: 204.9 x 430.3 x 6 cm (80 11/16 x 169 7/16 x 2 3/8 in.); unframed: 201.3 x 425.6 cm (79 1/4 x 167 9/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, John L. Severance Fund and an anonymous gift, 1960.81", "current_location": "222 Impressionism & Post-Impressionism", "title": "Water Lilies (Agapanthus)", "creation_date": "c. 1915\u201326", "creation_date_earliest": 1915, "creation_date_latest": 1926, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["France, late 19th century-early 20th century"], "technique": "oil on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "Modern European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "Mod Euro - Painting 1800-1960", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 204.9 x 430.3 x 6 cm (80 11/16 x 169 7/16 x 2 3/8 in.); Unframed: 201.3 x 425.6 cm (79 1/4 x 167 9/16 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 2.049, "width": 4.303, "depth": 0.06}, "unframed": {"height": 2.013, "width": 4.256}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "Estate stamp lower left: Claude Monet\r\n", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 302007, "title": "Paths of Abstract Art", "description": "<i>Paths of Abstract Art</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (October 5-November 13, 1960).", "opening_date": "1960-10-05T04:00:00"}, {"id": 302015, "title": "Year in Review - Nineteen Hundred Sixty", "description": "<i>Year in Review - Nineteen Hundred Sixty</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (November 30, 1960-January 1, 1961).", "opening_date": "1960-11-30T05:00:00"}, {"id": 300779, "title": "Juxtapositions", "description": "<i>Juxtapositions</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (September 11-October 10, 1965).", "opening_date": "1965-09-11T04:00:00"}, {"id": 300904, "title": "Fifty Years of Modern Art", "description": "<i>Fifty Years of Modern Art</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 15-July 31, 1966).", "opening_date": "1966-06-15T04:00:00"}, {"id": 301375, "title": "Color and Field, 1890 - 1970", "description": "<i>Color and Field, 1890 - 1970</i>. Buffalo AKG Art Museum, Buffalo, NY (organizer) (September 15-November 1, 1970); Dayton Art Institute, Dayton, OH (November 20, 1970-January 10, 1971); The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (February 3-March 14, 1971).", "opening_date": "1970-09-15T04:00:00"}, {"id": 343654, "title": "Monet's Years at Giverny: Beyond Impressionism", "description": "<i>Monet's Years at Giverny: Beyond Impressionism</i>. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY (organizer) (co-organizer) (April 22-July 9, 1978); Saint Louis Art Museum, St. Louis, MO (co-organizer) (August 1-October 8, 1978).", "opening_date": "1978-04-22T05:00:00"}, {"id": 304401, "title": "The Monet Triptych: Water Lilies", "description": "<i>The Monet Triptych: Water Lilies</i>. The Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City, MO (organizer) (co-organizer) (April 5-June 15, 1979); The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (September 18, 1979-February 17, 1980); Saint Louis Art Museum, St. Louis, MO (co-organizer) (April 1-September 1, 1980).", "opening_date": "1979-04-05T05:00:00"}, {"id": 310025, "title": "Creativity in Art and Science, 1860-1960", "description": "<i>Creativity in Art and Science, 1860-1960</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (September 16-November 8, 1987).", "opening_date": "1987-09-16T04:00:00"}, {"id": 179631, "title": "CMA Highlights", "description": "<i>CMA Highlights</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art (organizer) (June 21-September 11, 2005).", "opening_date": "2005-06-21T00:00:00"}, {"id": 182153, "title": "Monet to Dal\u00ed: Modern Masters from the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Monet to Dal\u00ed: Modern Masters from the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 21, 2007-January 13, 2008).", "opening_date": "2006-05-27T00:00:00"}, {"id": 208590, "title": "Monet in Normandy", "description": "<i>Monet in Normandy</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (February 18-May 28, 2007).", "opening_date": "2006-06-17T00:00:00"}, {"id": 214130, "title": "Monet's Water Lilies", "description": "<i>Monet's Water Lilies</i>. The Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City, MO (organizer) (April 9-August 7, 2011); Saint Louis Art Museum, St. Louis, MO (October 2, 2011-January 22, 2012).", "opening_date": "2011-04-09T00:00:00"}, {"id": 201332, "title": "Painting the Modern Garden: Monet to Matisse", "description": "<i>Painting the Modern Garden: Monet to Matisse</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 6, 2015-January 5, 2016); Royal Academy of Arts, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (January 30-April 20, 2016).", "opening_date": "2015-10-06T00:00:00"}, {"id": 438645, "title": "Monet / Mitchell", "description": "<i>Monet / Mitchell</i>. Fondation Louis Vuitton, Paris, France (organizer) (October 5, 2022-February 27, 2023).", "opening_date": "2022-10-05T04:00:00"}, {"id": 662787, "title": "Monet in Focus", "description": "<i>Monet in Focus</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (March 31-August 11, 2024).", "opening_date": "2023-10-28T04:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>Claude Monet.</em> City Art Museum of St. Louis, St. Louis, MO; Minneapolis Institute of Arts, Minneapolis, MN (1957).", "opening_date": "1957-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Essence of Nations</em>. Valley House Gallery, Dallas, TX (November 1\u201314, 1959).", "opening_date": "1959-11-01T05:00:00Z"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Estate of the artist.", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "Michel Monet, Giverny, through 1950 (according to Connaissance des arts 1966).", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "Katia Granoff, Paris. Bought from her by Knoedler & Co. (stock number a 6420), July 1956.", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1960-", "sortorder": 4}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Water lilies were a recurring theme in Monet's work; he painted around 250 water lily compositions.", "description": "A skilled horticulturalist as well as an artist, Claude Monet spent the last 30 years of his life painting the private garden he designed and helped cultivate at his home in Giverny in northern France. The resultant canvases are notable for their varied motifs, formats, and sizes. Monumental in scale, this rendering of his water lily pond focuses on the momentary effects of sunlight as it both penetrates and reflects off its shimmering surface. By zeroing in on the water and omitting its horizon and surrounding banks, Monet infers a limitless expanse\u2014a perception amplified by the painting\u2019s vast horizontal format that fills the viewer\u2019s field of vision.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60465880"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1960.81-water-lilies-agapant"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "City Art Museum of St. Louis. <em>Claude Monet, a Loan Exhibition</em>. 1957.", "page_number": "Reproduced: cat. no. 93", "url": null}, {"citation": "Sloane, J. C. \"The Art of Impressionism: From Romanticism to Avant-Garde.\" In <em>Romantic Art</em>. Hilton Kramer, ed. New York: Art Digest, Inc, 1958.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 129", "url": null}, {"citation": "Spaeth, Eloise. <em>American Art Museums and Galleries: An Introduction to Looking</em>. New York, NY: Harper &amp; Brothers, 1960.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 20", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art XLVII</em>. Cleveland: [The Museum] 1960.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 253; No. 66", "url": null}, {"citation": "Francis, Henry. \"Claude Monet-- Water Lilies.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art </em>47 (October 1960): 192-198.", "page_number": "Reproduced: 192-193", "url": null}, {"citation": "Henning, E. B. \"Cleveland Museum of Art: From Turner to Gaston.\" <em>Apollo: A Journal of the Arts </em>78 (December 1963): 481-488.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 484-485", "url": null}, {"citation": "Forge, Andrew. <em>French Impressionists. </em>London United Kingdom: British Broadcasting Corporation, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: fig. 38", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 197", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n221"}, {"citation": "\"Waterlilies.\" <em>Art in America: An Illustrated Magazine </em>54 (March 1966): 32.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 32", "url": null}, {"citation": "Alsop, Joseph. \"Les Chefs-d'oeuvre de Premiere Importance du Second Musee des Etats-Unis.\" <em>Connaissance des Arts</em> 172 (June 1966): 54-63.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 57, 60", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lee, Sherman E. \"The Forest and the Trees and Chinese Painting.\" <em>National Palace Museum Quarterly </em>\u6545\u5bae\u9031\u520a 1, no. 2 (October 1966): 1\u201314.", "page_number": "Reproduced: Pl. 1-A", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 197", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n221"}, {"citation": "Henning, Edward B. \"Color and Field.\" <em>Art International </em>15 (May 1971): 46-50.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 46", "url": null}, {"citation": "Rouart, Denis, Jean Dominique Rey, Robert Maillard. <em>Monet, nymphe\u0301as; ou</em>, <em>Les miroirs du temps</em>. Paris, France: F. Hazan, 1972.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 177", "url": null}, {"citation": "Wildenstein, Daniel. Claude Monet: Biographie et Catalogue Raisonne\u0301. Lausanne: La Bibliothe\u0300que des arts, 1974.", "page_number": "Reproduced and mentioned: vol. 4, p. 316-322, no. 1975", "url": null}, {"citation": "House, John. <em>Monet</em>. London, United Kingdom: Oxford, 1977.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pl. 47, Mentioned: p. 12-13", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bell, Clive. <em>The French Impressionists</em>. London, United Kingdom: Phaidon Press, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: Fig. 46", "url": null}, {"citation": "Isaacson, Joel. <em>Claude Monet, Observation and Reflection</em>. Oxford, United Kingdom: Phaidon, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 176", "url": null}, {"citation": "Moffett, Charles S. <em>Monet's Water Lilies</em>. Mount Vernon, NY: Artist's Ltd. Edition, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: Pl 6", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 220", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n240"}, {"citation": "Monet, Claude. <em>Monet's Years at Giverny: Beyond Impressionism</em>. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Referenced: cat. no. 76, Reproduced", "url": null}, {"citation": "Gordon, Robert, and Charles F. Stuckey. \"Blossoms and Blunders: Monet and the State.\" <em>Art in America: An Illustrated Magazine </em>67 (January 1979): 102-117.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 112, fig. 12", "url": null}, {"citation": "Stuckey, Charles F. \"Blossoms and Blunders: Monet and the State; II.\" <em>Art in America</em> 67 (May 1979): 109-125.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 125", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kelder, Diane. <em>The Great Book of French Impressionism</em>. New York, NY: Abbeville Press, 1980.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 221-222", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art LXVII</em>. Cleveland: [The Museum] 1980.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 187; Mentioned: p. 189", "url": null}, {"citation": "Failing, Patricia. \"The Case of the Dismembered Masterpieces.\" <em>ARTnews </em>79 (September 1980): 66-78.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 76-77", "url": null}, {"citation": "House, John. <em>Monet</em>. Oxford, United Kingdom: Phaidon, 1981.", "page_number": "Reproduced: No. 47", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cowart, Jack. \"Impressionist and Post-impressionist Paintings.\" <em>Bulletin (St. Louis Art Museum)</em> 16, no. 2 (1982): 1-35.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 23", "url": null}, {"citation": "Borowitz, Helen O. \"The Rembrandt and Monet of Marcel Proust.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art LXX, </em>no. 2 (February, 1983):73-95.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 88, fig. 14", "url": null}, {"citation": "Peters, Mike, and Marilyn Jarvis. <em>The World of Cartooning: How Caricatures Develop</em>. Dayton, OH: Landfall Press, 1985.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 16", "url": null}, {"citation": "Larson, Dean M. <em>Studying with the Masters: Lessons from Rubens, Vela\u0301zquez, Turner, Degas, Monet, Sargent, Matisse</em>. New York, NY: Watson-Guptill Publications, 1986.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 86", "url": null}, {"citation": "Henning, Edward B. <em>Creativity in Art and Science, 1860-1960</em>. [Cleveland, Ohio]: Published by the Cleveland Museum of Art in cooperation with Indiana University Press, 1987.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 97, no. 4", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Stuckey, Charles F. <em>Waterlilies</em>. New York, NY: H.L. Levin Associates, 1988.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 83", "url": null}, {"citation": "Thomson, Belinda, and Michael Howard. <em>Impressionism</em>. London, United Kingdom: Bison Books, 1988.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 124-125", "url": null}, {"citation": "Sagner-Du\u0308chting, Karin. <em>Claude Monet, 1840-1926: ein Fest fu\u0308r die Augen</em>. Ko\u0308ln,Germany: Benedikt Taschen Verlag, 1990.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 207", "url": null}, {"citation": "Strickland, Carol, and John Boswell. <em>The Annotated Mona Lisa: A Crash Course in Art History from Prehistoric to Post-Modern</em>. Kansas City: Andrews and McMeel, 1992.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 103", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Masterpieces from East and West.</em> New York, NY: Rizzoli International, 1992.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 166-167", "url": null}, {"citation": "Chong, Alan. <em>European &amp; American Painting in the Cleveland Museum of Art: A Summary Catalogu</em>e. Cleveland, Ohio: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1993.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 159", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"1993 Annual Report.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 81, no. 6 (1994): 143-218.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 177", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25161457"}, {"citation": "Pelfrey, Robert H. <em>Art and Mass Media.</em> Dubuque, IA: Kendall/Hunt, 1996.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 169, fig. 7,8", "url": null}, {"citation": "Wildenstein, Daniel. <em>Monet</em>. Ko\u0308ln, Germany: Taschen, 1996.", "page_number": "Reproduced: vol. 1, p. 436", "url": null}, {"citation": "Sagner-Duchting, Karin. <em>Claude Monet, 1840-1926: A Feast for the Eyes</em>. Ko\u0308ln, Germany: Benedikt Taschen, 1998.", "page_number": "Reporduced: p. 119", "url": null}, {"citation": "Museo del Palacio de Bellas Artes (Mexico). <em>Maestros del impresionismo</em>. Me\u0301xico, D.F.: Istituto Nacional de Bellas Artes, 1998.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 59, fig. 14", "url": null}, {"citation": "D' Argencourt, Louise and Roger Diederen. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art: Catalogue of Paintings, Part Four; European Paintings of the 19th Century</em>. Cleveland, OH:The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1999.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 159", "url": null}, {"citation": "Wildenstein, Daniel. <em>Monet, or, The Triumph of Impressionism</em>. Ko\u0308ln, Germany: Taschen,1999.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 436-437.", "url": null}, {"citation": "May, Sally Ruth, Jane Takac, and Barbara J. Bradley. <em>Knockouts: A Pocket Guide</em>. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2001.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 56-57, no. 58", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lemonedes, Heather, Lynn Federle Orr, and David H. Steel. <em>Monet in Normandy</em>. New York, NY: Rizzoli, 2006.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 178", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lemonedes, Heather, \"FILL THIS\", Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Cleveland Art: The Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em>. Vol. 47 no. 02, February 2007", "page_number": "Mentioned & reproduced: p. 5", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2007-02/page/n3"}, {"citation": "Rey, Jean Dominique, and Denis Rouart. <em>Monet, Water Lilies: The Complete</em> <em>Series</em>. Paris, France: Flammarion, 2008.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 145", "url": null}, {"citation": "Franklin, David and C. Griffith Mann. <em>Treasures from the Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> Cleveland, OH: London, United Kingdom: Scala Books, 2012.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 302-303", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 298", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Dumas, Ann, William H. Robinson, Clare A. P. Willsdon, Monty Don, James Priest, and Heather Lemonedes. <em>Painting the Modern Garden: Monet to Matisse</em>. London, United Kingdom : Royal Academy of Arts, 2015.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 290", "url": null}, {"citation": "Dumas, Ann, William H. Robinson, Clare A. P. Willsdon, Monty Don, James Priest, Heather Lemonedes, and Lucy I. Zimmerman.<em> Painting the Modern Garden: Monet to Matisse</em>. London: Royal Academy of Arts, 2015.", "page_number": "290, cat no. 139", "url": null}, {"citation": "Robinson, William. \u201cEasels in Eden: Renowned garden historian Eric Haskell is the keynote speaker at the opening for <em>Painting the Modern Garden: Monet to </em>Matisse.\u201d <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em> 55, no. 4 (July/August): 10-11.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 10; Mentioned: p. 11", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2015-04"}, {"citation": "The Burlington Magazine. \"Exhibitions: Paintiing in the Modern Garden.\" <em>The Burlington Magazine </em>158, no. 1357 (April 2016): 300-301.<em><br></em>", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 301", "url": null}, {"citation": "Adams, Henry. \"The Invisible Man: William Robinson.\" <em>CAN Journal </em>(Spring 2017): 80-83.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 83", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Amiot-Saulnier, Emmanuelle. \"Le Jardin de Monet a Matisse.\" <em>L'Estampille, l'objet d'art</em> 521, (Mar. 2016): 28-35.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 30", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kelly, Simon. \"\"My Four Best Series\": Monet's Panorama at the Hotel Biron.\" In <em>Monet: the Late Years.</em> Shackelford, George T. M., ed., 46-61. Fort Worth, Texas: Kimbell Art Museum; San Francisco: Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, New Haven; London: Distributed by Yale University Press, 2019.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 48-49,50, 59", "url": null}, {"citation": "Shackelford, George T. M. <em>Monet: the Late Years. </em>Fort Worth, Texas: Kimbell Art Museum; San Francisco: Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, New Haven; London: Distributed by Yale University Press, 2019.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 159", "url": null}, {"citation": "Arendsee, M., and M. Steinman-Arendsee. \"Take the CAN disability aesthetics tour, at the Cleveland Museum of art.\" <em>CAN Journal</em> (Winter 2019/20): 76-87.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 81", "url": null}, {"citation": "Goldin, Marco. <em>Il Giardino e la Luna: Arte dell'Ottocento dal Romanticismo all'Impressionismo. </em>Milano: La nave di Teseo, 2021.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 508-509", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Page\u0301, Suzanne, Angeline Scherf, and Marianne Mathieu. <em>Claude Monet, Joan Mitchell.</em> Paris: Fondation Louis Vuitton; [Paris]: Muse\u0301e Marmottan Monet, Acade\u0301mie des beaux-arts; Vanves: Hazan, 2022.", "page_number": "Reproduced: Cat. no. 50", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Kelly, Simon. \"A Dialogue with Monet: Mitchell's Years in Vetheuil.\" In <em>Monet/Mitchell: Painting the French Landscape, </em>edited by Simon Kelly, 13-68. St. Louis, Missouri: Saint Louis Art Museum; Munich, Germany: Hirmer Verlag GmbH, 2023.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 27; reproduced: p. 31, fig. 12", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1960.81", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1960.81/1960.81_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "419", "filesize": "134866", "filename": "1960.81_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1960.81/1960.81_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "1581", "filesize": "1728905", "filename": "1960.81_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1960.81/1960.81_full.tif", "width": "6388", "height": "2970", "filesize": "56943340", "filename": "1960.81_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2009-07-01T15:14:35", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1960.81/1960.81_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "1263", "height": "593", "filesize": "574711"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1960.81/1960.81_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "1596", "filesize": "4366487"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1960.81/1960.81_alt0_full.tif", "width": "6172", "height": "2897", "filesize": "53671228"}}, {"date_created": "2004-09-21T17:46:45", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1960.81/1960.81_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "1263", "height": "608", "filesize": "639185"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1960.81/1960.81_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "1638", "filesize": "4885519"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1960.81/1960.81_alt1_full.tif", "width": "6227", "height": "3000", "filesize": "56055796"}}, {"annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1960.81/1960.81_alt2_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "434", "filesize": "170216"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1960.81/1960.81_alt2_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "1638", "filesize": "4771145"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1960.81/1960.81_alt2_full.tif", "width": "6227", "height": "3000", "filesize": "56067180"}}, {"date_created": "2015-05-04T11:47:33", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1960.81/1960.81_alt3_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "444", "filesize": "135050"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1960.81/1960.81_alt3_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "1677", "filesize": "1763259"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1960.81/1960.81_alt3_full.tif", "width": "15356", "height": "7576", "filesize": "349039268"}}, {"date_created": "2011-02-28T15:52:16", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1960.81/1960.81_alt4_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "687", "filesize": "257258"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1960.81/1960.81_alt4_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2594", "filesize": "3803003"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1960.81/1960.81_alt4_full.tif", "width": "6477", "height": "4941", "filesize": "96035612"}}, {"date_created": "2011-02-28T15:52:16", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1960.81/1960.81_alt5_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "687", "filesize": "329605"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1960.81/1960.81_alt5_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2594", "filesize": "8452393"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1960.81/1960.81_alt5_full.tif", "width": "6477", "height": "4941", "filesize": "96038376"}}], "creditline": "John L. Severance Fund and an anonymous gift", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Nancy F. and Joseph P. Keithley Gallery", "athena_id": 136510, "creators": [{"id": 1844, "description": "Claude Monet (French, 1840\u20131926)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": "Claude Monet spent his youth in Le Havre in Normandy, where his father worked as a wholesale grocer. By the age of sixteen, he had exhibited some of his caricatures in an art supply store, leading to his acquaintance with Boudin (q.v.). It was Boudin who first encouraged him to paint out of doors. In 1859 Monet traveled to Paris, where he saw Boudin's salon debut and met Constant Troyon (1810-1865). A year later he joined the Acad\u00e9mie Suisse, where he was introduced to Pissarro (q.v.), but his studies were interrupted in 1861 when he was drafted for a seven-year stint in the military. His family would pay for his release from military duties only if he gave up painting. Finding this unacceptable, Monet served for one year in Algeria before an early return to France to convalesce after a severe illness. In 1862 he met Jongkind (q.v.), another important influence on the young painter's development. Monet's father then allowed him to pursue his art career in Paris, where he entered the studio of the Swiss painter Charles Gleyre (1806-1874). He studied with Gleyre until 1864 and befriended Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Bazille (1841-1870), Renoir (q.v.), and Sisley (q.v.), with whom he painted in the forest of Fontainebleau (D\u00e9jeuner sur l'herbe, 1865, two fragments in Mus\u00e9e d'Orsay, Paris). Monet first exhibited at the Salon of 1865 and would do so again in 1866, 1868, and 1880. In 1868 he shared a studio with Bazille and Renoir but was soon forced to leave Paris to escape his creditors. He took his mistress, Camille Doncieux, and their son, Jean, to F\u00e9camp, then \u00c9tretat, and finally Saint-Michel. There Renoir provided hospitality, and the two also painted at the boating and bathing center of La Grenouill\u00e8re on the Seine. In 1870 Monet married Camille and, to escape the Franco-Prussian War, left for London, where he remained for nine months and met Durand-Ruel, his first dealer. In the summer of 1871 he visited the Netherlands and then settled in Argenteuil, to the west of Paris. He converted a boat into a studio, as Daubigny (q.v.) had done before him, allowing him to explore different viewpoints for his landscapes. He assisted in the organization of the First Impressionist Exhibition in 1874, partly because Durand-Ruel's worsened business situation had prevented the dealer from buying his art. The following year he participated in the H\u00f4tel Drouot sale with Morisot (q.v.), Renoir, and Sisley. In 1878 Monet and his wife moved to V\u00e9theuil with the Hosched\u00e9s, who had previously commissioned some works. Camille died the following year, and, while Ernest Hosched\u00e9 spent most of his time in Paris trying to settle his precarious financial situation, Monet stayed behind with Ernest's wife, Alice. In 1881 he moved with her and her children to Poissy and within two years was living at Giverny, where he would remain for the rest of his life. He painted some of his famous scenes-the haystack and poplar series, for example- in 1890-91. Ernest Hosched\u00e9 died in 1891, and Monet married Alice the following year. At Giverny, Monet explored the themes of his garden and water lilies. He continued to travel, going to Norway in 1895, making three trips to London from 1899 through 1901, and taking Alice to Venice in 1908. The final years of his life were mainly spent working on his Great Decorations, large paintings of a water lily pond designed for two oval rooms at the Paris Orangerie. Monet is generally considered the most typical exponent of impressionism.", "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1840", "death_year": "1926", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1960-04-25T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1915, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 1915\u201326", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": true, "updated_at": "2026-04-02 12:45:16.540000"}, {"id": 155783, "accession_number": "1991.110", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "The Power of Music, 1847. William Sidney Mount (American, 1807\u20131868). Oil on canvas; framed: 67 x 78 x 7.5 cm (26 3/8 x 30 11/16 x 2 15/16 in.); unframed: 43.4 x 53.5 cm (17 1/16 x 21 1/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund, 1991.110", "current_location": "207 American Realism", "title": "The Power of Music", "creation_date": "1847", "creation_date_earliest": 1847, "creation_date_latest": 1847, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["America"], "technique": "oil on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "American Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "American - Painting", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 67 x 78 x 7.5 cm (26 3/8 x 30 11/16 x 2 15/16 in.); Unframed: 43.4 x 53.5 cm (17 1/16 x 21 1/16 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 0.67, "width": 0.78, "depth": 0.075}, "unframed": {"height": 0.434, "width": 0.535}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "signed lower left:  Wm S. MOUNT. / 1847", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 218308, "title": "William Sidney Mount:  American Genre Painter", "description": "<i>William Sidney Mount:  American Genre Painter</i>. New-York Historical Society (August 14-October 25, 1998); Frick Art Museum, Pittsburgh, PA (November 20, 1998-January 10, 1999); Amon Carter Museum (February 5-April 4, 1999).", "opening_date": "1998-08-14T00:00:00"}, {"id": 206205, "title": "American Stories: Paintings of Everyday Life 1765-1915", "description": "<i>American Stories: Paintings of Everyday Life 1765-1915</i>. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY (organizer) (October 5, 2009-January 24, 2010); Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles, CA (February 28-May 23, 2010).", "opening_date": "2009-10-05T00:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>The Force of Music.</em> National Academy, Annual Exhibition, New York, NY (1847).", "opening_date": null}, {"description": "<em>The Washington Exhibition in Aid of the New York Gallery of the Fine Arts</em>. Art Union Gallery, New York, NY (1853).", "opening_date": null}, {"description": "<em>Exhibition of the Industry of All Nations in the Picture Gallery of the Crystal Palace</em>. Crystal Palace, New York, NY (1853).", "opening_date": null}, {"description": "<em>Metropolitan Fair</em>. U.S. Sanitary Commission. New York, NY (1864).", "opening_date": null}, {"description": "<em>World's Columbian Exposition: Retrospective Exhibit of American Painting</em>. The Art Palace, Chicago, IL (1893).", "opening_date": null}, {"description": "<em>Centennial Exhibition 1825 - 1925</em>. National Academy of Design, New York, NY (April 1-April 24, 1925); Corcoran Gallery, Washington DC (October 17, 1925 - November 15, 1925); Grand Central Art Galleries, Inc., New York, NY (December 1, 1925-January 3, 1926).", "opening_date": "1925-04-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>American Genre: The Social</em> <em>Scene in Painting and Prints</em>. Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, NY (March - April 1935).", "opening_date": "1935-03-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Life in America.</em> Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY (1939).", "opening_date": "1939-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Exhibition of Drawings and Paintings by William Sidney Mount 1807 - 1868</em>. Brooklyn Museum of Art, Brooklyn, NY (January - March 1942).", "opening_date": "1942-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>A Loan Exhibition of Paintings, Sketches, Manuscripts, Memorabilia</em> (of the Mount Family). Suffolk Museum at Stony Brook, Long Island, NY (1947).", "opening_date": "1947-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em> American Classics of the Nineteenth Century.</em> Carnegie Institute of Art, Pittsburgh, PA (October - December 1957).", "opening_date": "1957-10-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>A Hundred Years Ago</em>. American Federation of the Arts, New York, NY (November 1958 - November 1959).", "opening_date": "1958-11-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>The Portrayal of the Negro in American Painting</em>. Bowdoin College Museum of Art, Brunswick, ME (1964).", "opening_date": "1964-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Twice as Natural: 19th Century American Genre</em>. Finch College Art Museum, New York, NY (1974)..", "opening_date": "1974-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Selected Acquisitions</em>. Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (January 28 - April 26 1992).", "opening_date": "1992-04-26T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, Ohio", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1991-", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "(James H. Maroney, Jr., Leicester, VT, and Christie's, New York, NY, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1990-1991", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "The Century Association, New York, NY", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->The Board of Management meeting minutes from January 8, 1881 confirm that the Century Association purchased the painting in 1880 for $500.&nbsp; Because there are no extant financial records or sales receipts from that time period in the Century Association's archives, the identity of the seller is not recorded.&nbsp; However, it can reasonably be assumed that it was Gideon Lee, Jr., as he was a member of the club and no additional names have been associated with this provenance.&nbsp;</div>"], "date": "1880-1990", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "Gideon Lee, Jr. [1824-1894], Carmel, NY?", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1870-1880", "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "Mrs. Gideon Lee [d. 1870], Geneva, NY, probably by descent to her stepson, Gideon Lee, Jr.", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->After Charles Leupp's death in 1859, the painting was returned to Mrs. Lee.</div>"], "date": "1859-1870", "sortorder": 5}, {"description": "Charles M. Leupp [1807-1859], New York, NY", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->The circumstances surrounding Leupp's acquisition of this painting, as well as its return to Mrs. Lee, his mother-in-law, after his death are unclear.&nbsp; Leupp,a founder of The Century Association, greatly admired the painting; Mount recalled that in the spring of 1847 Leupp \"stood a long time looking at it until I began to think I had made a failure and observed to him, \u2018If you think this picture will not suit Mrs. Lee, I will paint her another with pleasure.\u2019 \u2018Why man,\u2019 he said, \u2018I only wish the picture belonged to me.\u2019\u201d&nbsp; By at least 1856, the painting did go to Leupp; in that year <em>The Crayon</em> listed it as part of his collection.&nbsp;</div>"], "date": "-1859", "sortorder": 6}, {"description": "Laura (Mrs. Gideon) Lee [1800-1870], Geneva, NY, to her son-in-law, Charles M. Leupp", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->Although the painting was ostensibly commissioned by Laura Lee, wife of Gideon Lee, a former mayor of New York City, Leupp, her son-in-law, seems to have controlled the commission.</div>"], "date": "1847-", "sortorder": 7}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Mount was an accomplished fiddle player and even patented a new design for the instrument.", "description": "Set in rural Long Island before the Civil War, Mount's complex painting presents an African American laborer listening intently to a fiddle tune enjoyed by white men. While a love of music unites the figures in a bond of shared humanity, the two races occupy different spaces--one inside, one outside, both separated by a barn door--effectively symbolizing the pronounced divisions in America at the time.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16708949"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1991.110-the-power-of-music"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Board of Management Minutes, Jan. 8, 1881, Century Association Archives, New York, NY.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Bruce Robertson, \u201c\u2019The Power of Music\u2019: A Painting by William Sidney Mount,\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 79.2 (Feb. 1992): 38-62.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Bruce Robertson, \u201c\u2019The Power of Music\u2019: A Painting by William Sidney Mount,\u201d T<em>he Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 79.2 (Feb. 1992): 38-62.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Fagg, John. <em>Re-Envisioning the Everyday: American Genre Scenes, 1905-1945.</em> 2023.", "page_number": "Mentioned, p. 145-46; reproduced p. 146.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Stebbins, Theodore E., Jr. <em>Rethinking American Art: Collectors, Critics, and the Changing Canon</em>. (Boston: Godine, 2025).", "page_number": "Mentioned pp. 83-84.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "\"Clubs and Societies.\" <em>The American Art Review</em>. Vol.2. First Division. Boston: Dana Estes and Charles E. Lauriat, 1881.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p.40", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/20559754"}, {"citation": "The Department of Fine Arts, Chicago.<em> World's Columbian Exposition: Revised Catalogue</em>. Exh. Cat. Chicago, IL: W.B. Conkey Co.,1893.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p.32", "url": null}, {"citation": "Weitenkampf, Frank. \"American Life in American Art.\" <em>The Century Illustrated Monthly Magazine</em> 79 (November 1920-April 1921). New York, NY: Scribner &amp; Co.; The Century Co, 1920.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p.159; Reproduced: p.158", "url": ""}, {"citation": "\"Mount Homestead Famous Landmark.\"<em> New York Times</em>, December 25, 1923.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p.22", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Mather, Frank Jewett, Charles Rufus Morey, and W. J. Henderson. <em>The American Spirit in Art</em>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1927", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 40, no. 64", "url": null}, {"citation": "Isham, Samuel, Royal Cortissoz, and Henry Meier. <em>The History of American Painting</em>. New York, NY: Macmillan Co, 1927.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p.206", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Burroughs, Alan. <em>Limners and Likenesses; Three Centuries of American Painting</em>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1936.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 192", "url": null}, {"citation": "American Federation of Arts.<em> Magazine of Art Index</em> 32, nos.1-2 (January-December 1939). Washington, D.C.: American Federation of Arts, 1939.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p.330", "url": ""}, {"citation": "The Metropolitan Museum of Art. <em>Life in America: A Special Loan Exhibition of Paintings Held During the Period of the New York World's Fair.</em> Exh. Cat. New York, NY: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1939.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp.79-80, no.110 (as \"Music Hath Charms\"); Reproduced: p.80", "url": "libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p15324coll10/id/138674"}, {"citation": "Locke, Alain. <em>The Negro in Art; A Pictorial Record of the Negro Artist and of the Negro Theme in Art</em>. Washington, D.C.: Associates in Negro Folk Education, 1940.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p.162 (as \"Music Hath Charms\")", "url": null}, {"citation": "Brooklyn Museum. <em>Catalogue of an Exhibition of Drawings and Paintings by William Sidney Mount 1807-1868</em>. Exh. Cat. New York, NY: Brooklyn Museum, 1942.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p.23", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cowdrey, Mary Bartlett, and Hermann Warner Williams. <em>William Sidney Mount, 1807-1868, an American Painter</em>. New York, NY: Pub. for the Metropolitan Museum of Art by Columbia University Press, 1944.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp.21-22; Reproduced: fig.40", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Met Spurs Interest in Mount.\" <em>New York World-Telegram</em>, February 3, 1945.", "page_number": "Reproduced", "url": ""}, {"citation": "\"William Sidney Mount: Painter Made Long Island His Italy.\"<em> Life Magazine</em>, July 25, 1945.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p.66", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Goodrich, Lloyd. \"The Study of Nineteenth-Century Art.\" <em>Art in America</em> 33, no.4 (October 1945).", "page_number": "Reproduced: p.223", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Suffolk Museum. <em>The Mount Brothers. A Loan Exhibition of Paintings, Sketches, Manuscripts, Memorabilia, Henry Smith Mount, A.N.A., 1802-1841, Shepard Alonzo Mount, N.A., 1804-1868, William Sidney Mount, N.A., 1807-1868.</em> August 23 to September 28, 1947, the Suffolk Museum at Stony Brook, Long Island, New York. [Stony Brook], Long Island, NY: The Museum, 1947.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p.45", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Larkin, Oliver W. <em>The University Prints, Student Series H: American Art [Painting and Sculpture]</em>. Winchester, MA: University Prints, 1956.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. H 259", "url": null}, {"citation": "Carnegie Institute. <em>American Classics of the Nineteenth Century</em>. Exh. Cat. The Carnegie Institute, Pittsburgh, PA: The Carnegie Institute, 1957.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p.16 (unpaginated)", "url": null}, {"citation": "Larkin, Oliver W. <em>Art and Life in America</em>. New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1960.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p.217", "url": null}, {"citation": "Pierson Jr., William H., and Martha Davidson, eds.<em> Arts of the United States: A Pictorial Survey</em>. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1960.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p.318", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Flexner, James Thomas. <em>That Wilder Image: The Painting of America's Native School from Thomas Cole to Winslow Homer</em>. Boston, MA: Little, Brown, 1962.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p.32; Reproduced: p.33", "url": null}, {"citation": "Richardson, E. P. <em>A Short History of Painting in America; The Story of 450 Years</em>. New York, NY: Crowell, 1963.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p.134 (as \"Music Hath Charms\")", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bowdoin College.<em> The Portrayal of the Negro in American Painting.</em> Exh. Cat. Brunswick, MA: Bowdoin College Museum of Art, 1964.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p.37", "url": null}, {"citation": "Green, Samuel M. <em>American Art, a Historical Survey</em>. New York, NY: Ronald Press, 1966.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp.270-271", "url": null}, {"citation": "McLanathan, Richard B. K. <em>The American Tradition in the Arts</em>. New York, NY: Harcourt, Brace &amp; World, 1968.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp.311-312; Reproduced: p.311", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Novak, Barbara. <em>American Painting of the Nineteenth Century: Realism, Idealism, and the American Experience</em>. New York, NY: Praeger, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 106; Mentioned: p. 107-108", "url": null}, {"citation": "Prown, Jules David, and Barbara Rose. <em>American Painting: From Its Beginnings to the Armory Show</em>. Geneva, Switzerland: Skira, 1969.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp.82-83", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lynes, Russell. <em>The Art-Makers of Nineteenth-Century America</em>. New York, NY: Atheneum, 1970.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p.240 (as \"Music Hath Charms\")", "url": null}, {"citation": "Flexner, James Thomas. \"Fitz Hugh Lane is the hero, <em>American Painting of the Nineteenth Century</em>: Review.\" <em>New York Times</em>, Jan 25, 1970.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p.244", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Davidson, Marshall B. <em>The American Heritage History of the Writers' America</em>. New York, NY: American Heritage Pub. Co, 1973", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 115", "url": null}, {"citation": "Davidson, Marshall B. <em>The American Heritage History of the Artists' America</em>. New York, NY: American Heritage Publishing Co., 1973.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 115", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Finch College, and Robert H. Luck.<em> Twice As Natural: 19th Century American Genre Painting.</em> Exh. Cat. New York, NY: Finch College Museum of Art, 1973.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p.17", "url": null}, {"citation": "Hills, Patricia. <em>The Painters' America: Rural and Urban Life, 1810-1910</em>. New York, New York: Praeger, 1974.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p.26; Reproduced: p.28", "url": null}, {"citation": "Parry, Ellwood. <em>The Image of the Indian and the Black Man in American Art, 1590-1900</em>. New York, NY: G. Braziller, 1974.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p.86", "url": null}, {"citation": "Frankenstein, Alfred V. and Alan Buechner. <em>William Sidney Mount</em>. New York, NY: Harry N. Adams, 1975.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp.30,49,118,152,153,157,(as \"force of music\"),160,236, 249, 379, 471; Reproduced: p.159, no.56", "url": null}, {"citation": "Adams, Karen M. \"The Black Image in the Paintings of William Sidney Mount.\" <em>The American Art Journal</em> 7, No.2 (November 1975): 42-59.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p.49; Reproduced: p.50", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/1593998"}, {"citation": "Taylor, Joshua C. <em>America As Art</em>. Washington D.C: Published for the National Collection of Fine Arts by the Smithsonian Institution Press, 1976.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 55", "url": null}, {"citation": "Brown, Milton W. <em>American Art to 1900: Painting, Sculpture, Architecture</em>. New York, NY: H.N. Abrams, 1977.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p.345 (as \"Music Hath Charms\"); Reproduced: p.346 (as \"Music Hath Charms\")", "url": null}, {"citation": "Callow, James T. \"American art in the collection of Charles M. Leupp.\" <em>Antiques</em> 118 (November 1980).", "page_number": "Mentioned: p.1003; Reproduced: frontispiece and p.1002", "url": null}, {"citation": "Chirico, Robert. F. \"Some Reflections on Sound and Silence in the Visual Arts.\" <em>Arts Magazine</em> 56, no.8 (April 1982):101-105.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp.102-103, 105; Reproduced: p.102", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cassedy, David C., Gail Shrott, and Janice Gray Armstrong. <em>William Sidney Mount, Annotated Bibliography and Listings of Archival Holdings of the Museums at Stony Brook</em>. Stony Brook, NY: The Museums, 1983", "page_number": "Mentioned: p.28, 65-67; Reproduced: p.67", "url": null}, {"citation": "Martha V. Pike. \"Catching the Tune: Music and William Sidney Mount.\" In <em>Catching the Tune: Music and William Sidney Mount</em>, edited by Janice Gray Armstrong. Stony Brook, NY: The Museums at Stony Brook, 1984.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp.11-12; Reproduced: p.14", "url": null}, {"citation": "Smith, Jessie Carney. <em>Images of Blacks in American Culture: A Reference Guide to Information Sources</em>. New York, NY: Greenwood Press, 1988.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 23", "url": null}, {"citation": "McElroy, Guy C., Henry Louis Gates, and Christopher C. French. <em>Facing History: The Black Image in American Art, 1710-1940</em>. San Francisco, CA: Bedford Arts, 1990.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p.19", "url": null}, {"citation": "Boime, Albert. <em>The Art of Exclusion: Representing Blacks in the Nineteenth Century</em>. Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1990.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp.92-93; Reproduced: p.91", "url": null}, {"citation": "Glueck, Grace. \"The Century Club's Hard Decision to Raise Cash by Selling a Painting.\"<em> The New York Times</em>, October 20, 1990.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p.11", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Berry, Wendell. <em>Outstanding in the Field: A Catalogue of American Paintings for the Nineties, Hard Times Call for Hard Choices, Plus Some Food for Thought ... an Essay Entitled The Pleasures of Eating, by Wendell Berry</em>. Leicester, VT: James Maroney, Inc, 1991.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p.11-13; Reproduced: p.11", "url": null}, {"citation": "Johns, Elizabeth. <em>American Genre Painting: The Politics of Everyday Life</em>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1991.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p.119-123; Reproduced: pl.14", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Century Association. 1991. <em>The Century Yearbook. </em>New York: The Century Association.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Vogel, Carol. \"The Art Market: Painting sold for Century's renovation.\" <em>The New York Times</em>, November 29, 1991.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p.C30", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cullinan, Helen. \"Art museum pays $4 million for 'Music.'\" <em>The Plain Dealer</em>, November 30, 1991.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced (unpaginated)", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Robertson, Bruce. \"The Power of Music: A Painting by William Sydney Mount.\" <em>The Bulletin of The Cleveland Museum of Art </em>79, no. 2 (February 1992): 38-62.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp.38-62; Reproduced: p.38", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25161349"}, {"citation": "Turner, Evan H. \"Selected 1991 Acquisitions.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 79, no. 2 (1992): 63-83.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 64-65, 76", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25161350"}, {"citation": "Bruce Robertson, \u201c\u2019The Power of Music\u2019: A Painting by William Sidney Mount,\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 79.2 (Feb. 1992): 38-62.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp.38-62; Reproduced: front cover and p.38", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/i25161347"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. \"Exhibitions: Selected Acquisitions.\" <em>News &amp; Calendar</em> (Feb.1992).", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p.3 (unpaginated mailer)", "url": ""}, {"citation": "<em>Gazette des beaux-arts</em> 119, no.134 (March 1992).", "page_number": "Reproduced: p.73", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Patterson, Jerry E. \"The Grand Acquisitors.\" <em>Town &amp; Country</em> (August 1992).", "page_number": "Mentioned: p.109", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Chong, Alan. <em>European &amp; American Painting in the Cleveland Museum of Art: A Summary Catalogue</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1993.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 162", "url": null}, {"citation": "Moffatt, Frederick C. \"Barnburning and Hunkerism: William Sidney Mount's <em>Power of Music</em>.\" <em>Winterthur Portfolio</em> 29, no.1 (Spring 1994).", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp.19-42; Reproduced: pp.21, 33", "url": "journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdf/10.1086/496642"}, {"citation": "Fred L. Emerson Gallery, and Whitney Museum of American Art at Philip Morris. <em>The Art of Music: American Paintings &amp; Musical Instruments, 1770-1910: An Exhibition</em>. Clinton, N.Y.: The Gallery, Hamilton College, 1984.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p.46; Reproduced: p.47", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Gay, Peter. <em>The Naked Heart</em>. The Bourgeois Experience: Victoria to Freud. Vol. IV. New York: NY: W.W. Norton &amp; Company, 1995.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp.11-12; Reproduced (unpaginated)", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Christman, Margaret C. S., Alan Fern, and Robert V. Remini.<em> 1846: Portrait of the Nation</em>. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1996.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p.159; Reproduced: p.163", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Kelly, Franklin, and Robert Wilson Torchia. <em>American Paintings of the Nineteenth Century</em>. Washington D.C.: National Gallery of Art, 1996.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p.79", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Johnson, Deborah J., William Sidney Mount, and Elizabeth Johns. <em>William Sidney Mount: Painter of American Life</em>. New York, NY: American Federation of Arts, 1998.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp.61-62; Reproduced: p.60", "url": null}, {"citation": "Robertson, Bruce. \"Who's sitting at the table?: William Sidney Mount's <em>After Dinner</em> 1834.\"<em> The Yale Journal of Criticism</em> 11, no.1 (1998).", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp.108-109; Reproduced: p.107", "url": ""}, {"citation": "William Reese Company.<em> Illustrated Americana &amp; American Art</em>. New Haven, CT: Wm Reese Co, 1990.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: item no.60", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Davis, John. \"Eastman Johnson's <em>Negro Life at the South</em> and Urban Slavery in Washington D.C.\" <em>The Art Bulletin</em> 80, no.1 (March 1998).", "page_number": "Mentioned: p.81; Reproduced: p.82", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/3051254"}, {"citation": "Cotter, Holland. \"A Young and Uninnocent America.\" <em>The New York Times</em>, August 14, 1998.", "page_number": "Mentioned: Section E, p.36", "url": "nytimes.com/1998/08/14/arts/art-review-a-young-and-uninnocent-america.html"}, {"citation": "Amon Carter Museum. \"Exhibitions. William Sidney Mount: Painter of American Life.\"<em> Amon Carter Museum Program</em> (September 1998-February 1999).", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 21", "url": null}, {"citation": "Koja, Stephan, and Nicolai Cikovsky. <em>America: The New World in 19th-Century Painting</em>. Munich, Germany: Prestel, 1999.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 110", "url": null}, {"citation": "Turner, Jane Shoaf. <em>Encyclopedia of American Art Before 1914</em>. New York, NY: Grove's Dictionaries, 1999.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p.325", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Koja, Stephan, and Nicolai Cikovsky. <em>America, Die Neue Welt in Bildern Des 19. Jahrhunderts</em>. Munich: Prestel, 1999.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p.110", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Hitchcock, H. Wiley, and Kyle Gann. <em>Music in the United States: A Historical Introduction</em>. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2000.", "page_number": "Reproduced: cover", "url": null}, {"citation": "Voorsanger, Catherine Hoover, and John K. Howat. <em>Art and the Empire City: New York, 1825-1861</em>. New York, NY: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p.209; Reproduced: p.208", "url": "books.google.com/books?id=j8dzQHVdv9oC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=true"}, {"citation": "Cikovsky, Nicolai. <em>A Connecticut Place: Weir Farm, an American Painter's Rural Retreat</em>. Wilton, Connecticut: Weir Farm Trust in collaboration with the National Park Service, Weir Farm National Historic Site, 2000.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp.49-50; Reproduced: p.49", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cikovsky, Nicolai. <em>A Connecticut Place: Weir Farm, an American Painter's Rural Retreat</em>. Wilton, CT: Weir Farm Trust in collaboration with the National Park Service, Weir Farm National Historic Site, 2000.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p.49", "url": null}, {"citation": "May, Sally Ruth, Jane Takac, and Barbara J. Bradley. <em>Knockouts: A Pocket Guide</em>. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2001.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 48", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kleinman, Craig, Nicholas M. Evans, Scott Gac, and David W. Stowe. <em>Special Issue: Noting the Nation: Words and Music in Nineteenth-Century America</em>. ATQ 16, no. 3. Kingston, RI: University of Rhode Island, 2002.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p.143; Reproduced: front cover", "url": null}, {"citation": "Wilmerding, John. <em>Signs of the Artist: Signatures and Self-Expression in American Paintings</em>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2003.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p.80", "url": null}, {"citation": "Craven, Wayne.<em> American Art: History and Culture</em>. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2003.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p.225", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Chandler, Neal. <em>Silver Apples of the Moon: Art and Poetry</em>. Shaker Heights, OH: Shaker Heights Public Library, 2006.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p.66", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Muther, Richard. <em>The History of Modern Painting</em>. London, UK: J.M. Dent &amp; Co, 1907", "page_number": "Reproduced: p.291", "url": null}, {"citation": "Novak, Barbara. <em>American Painting of the Nineteenth Century: Realism, Idealism, and the American Experience</em>. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2007.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp.107-108; Reproduced: p.106", "url": null}, {"citation": "Davies, Penelope J. E., and H. W. Janson. <em>Janson's History of Art: The Western Tradition</em>. Seventh Edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, 2007.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp.837-838; Reproduced: p.837", "url": ""}, {"citation": "McIntosh, DeCourcy E. \"American genre prints in the service of French commerce.\" <em>Antiques</em> 171, no. 4 (April 2007).", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp.104-105; Reproduced: p.105", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Greenhill, Jennifer A. \"The View from Outside: Rockwell and Race in 1950.\"<em> American Art</em> 21, no.2 (Summer 2007).", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp.73-74; Reproduced: p.73", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Adams, Henry. <em>What's American About American Art?: A Gallery Tour in the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2008.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 12. fig. 13, cover", "url": null}, {"citation": "Yale University, David G. McCullough, Jon Butler, and Helen A. Cooper. <em>Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness: American Art from the Yale University Art Gallery</em>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Art Gallery in association with Yale University Press, 2008.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp.22, 141; Reproduced: p.23", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine </em>48 (May/June 2008). Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 2008.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p.6", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Gillespie, Sarah Kate. \"The Devil Went Down to Brooklyn: William Moore Davis and the Legend of 'Martense's Lane.'\" <em>Magazine Antiques</em> 174, no.5 (November 2008).", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp.134-135; Reproduced: p.133", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Weinberg, Barbara H., and Carrie Rebora Barratt. <em>American Stories: Paintings of Everyday Life, 1765-1915</em>. New York, NY: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2009", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp.xiv, 39, 68, 173; Reproduced: pp.xiii, 68", "url": null}, {"citation": "Burns, Sarah, and John Davis. <em>American Art to 1900: A Documentary History</em>. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2009.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp.312,316", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Weinberg, H. Barbara, and Carrie Rebora Barratt. \"American Stories: Paintings of Everyday Life.\" <em>American Art Review</em> 21, no.5 (Sept.-Oct. 2009).", "page_number": "Mentioned: p.75; Reproduced: p.72", "url": ""}, {"citation": "The Metropolitan Museum of Art. \"American Stories: Paintings of Everyday Life, 1765-1915: Artist Kara Walker Discusses 'The Power of Music.'\" Podcast, November 9, 2009.", "page_number": "Mentioned.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Stoodley, Sheila Gibson. \"Narrative Paintings of the 18th and 19th Centuries Show How the Lives of Ordinary Americans Were the Stuff of History.\" <em>Art &amp; Antiques Magazine</em> 33, no.1 (January 2010).", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp.68, 71-73; Reproduced: p.66", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazin</em>e. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art (March/April 2010).", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p.10", "url": "archive.org/details/CMAMM2010-02/page/n9/mode/2up"}, {"citation": "Sotheby's (Firm). <em>American Paintings, Drawings &amp; Sculpture</em>. New York: Sotheby's, December 2, 2010.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p.34", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Marter, Joan M. <em>The Grove Encyclopedia of American Art</em>. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2011.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p.372", "url": ""}, {"citation": "<em>Treasures of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. London, UK: Scala Books, 2012.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 234-235", "url": null}, {"citation": "Galpin, Amy. <em>Behold, America!: Art of the United States from Three San Diego Museums</em>. San Diego, CA: San Diego Museum of Art, 2012.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p.74", "url": null}, {"citation": "Brownlee, Peter John. <em>American Encounters: Genre Painting and Everyday Life</em>. Chicago, IL: Terra Foundation for American Art, 2012.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 35, fig. 20", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bindman, David and Henry Louis Gates, Jr., eds. <em>The Image of the Black in Western Art, Vol. IV: From the American Revolution to World War I, Part 2: Black Models and White Myths</em>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2012.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp.73-75; Reproduced: p.73", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, David Franklin, and C. Griffith Mann. <em>Treasures from the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 2012.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p.234; Reproduced: p.235", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Brownlee, Peter John, Sarah Burns, Diane Dillon, Daniel Greene, Scott Manning Stevens, and Adam Goodheart.<em> Home Front: Daily Life in the Civil War North</em>. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, 2013.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp.131-134; Reproduced: p.132", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 47", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Davis, John, Jennifer A. Greenhill, and Jason David LaFountain. <em>A Companion to American Art</em>. Malden, MA: Wiley Blackwell, 2015.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp.321, 419", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Dini, Jane.<em> Dance: American Art, 1830-1960</em>. Detroit Institute of Arts. New Haven, CT: Distributed by Yale University Press, 2016.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp.46, 49; Reproduced: p.46", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Hill, Constance Valis. \"In the Eye of the Beholder: The Black Presence in the Art of American Dance.\" In <em>Dance: American Art, 1830-1960,</em> Jane Dini, ed., 29-49. New Haven; London: Yale University Press. 2016.", "page_number": "Mention, p. 46, 49 Reproduced: p. 46, fig. 9", "url": null}, {"citation": "Tani, Ellen Y., and Amanda Cachia. <em>Second Sight: The Paradox of Vision in Contemporary Art.</em> Brunswick, ME: Bowdoin College Museum of Art; New York, NY: Scala Arts &amp; Heritage Publishers Inc., 2018.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp.26-27; Reproduced: p.27", "url": null}, {"citation": "McCree, J. Woodrow. Washington Irving's Critique of American Culture: Sketching a Vision of World Citizenship. 2021.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 154, fig. 6.1", "url": ""}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. \"American Painting.\" Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, (no date).", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: unpaginated brochure", "url": ""}, {"citation": "\"Exhibition at the National Academy Second Saloon.\" <em>The Literary World</em> no.18 (June 5, ?).", "page_number": "Mentioned: p.419", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Berlin, Ira, and Leslie M. Harris, eds. <em>Slavery in New York</em>. New York, NY: The New Press, 2005.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp.165-166; Reproduced: p.162", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Kirkpatrick, Katherine, and Vivian Nicholson-Mueller. <em>The Art of William Sidney Mount: Long Island People of Color on Canvas. </em>Charleston, SC : The History Press, 2022.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 31, 39, 73, 77, 91, 96-97; Reproduced: Plates, back cover, P. 97", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1991.110", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1991.110/1991.110_web.jpg", "width": "1106", "height": "893", "filesize": "207550", "filename": "1991.110_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1991.110/1991.110_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2745", "filesize": "1826461", "filename": "1991.110_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1991.110/1991.110_full.tif", "width": "5422", "height": "4379", "filesize": "71253756", "filename": "1991.110_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1991.110/1991.110_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "1102", "height": "893", "filesize": "773960"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1991.110/1991.110_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2755", "filesize": "6244920"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1991.110/1991.110_alt0_full.tif", "width": "4621", "height": "3744", "filesize": "51933356"}}, {"date_created": "2008-08-13T15:12:27", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1991.110/1991.110_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "1029", "height": "893", "filesize": "816274"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1991.110/1991.110_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2952", "filesize": "7259431"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1991.110/1991.110_alt1_full.tif", "width": "3787", "height": "3288", "filesize": "37399304"}}], "creditline": "Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "The Payne Fund Gallery", "athena_id": 155783, "creators": [{"id": 2876, "description": "William Sidney Mount (American, 1807\u20131868)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1807", "death_year": "1868", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1991-09-23T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1847, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1847", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": true, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:09:25.426000"}, {"id": 136911, "accession_number": "1961.39", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "View of Florence, 1837. Thomas Cole (American, born England,1801\u20131848). Oil on canvas; framed: 125.4 x 186.7 x 9.2 cm (49 3/8 x 73 1/2 x 3 5/8 in.); unframed: 99.5 x 160.4 cm (39 3/16 x 63 1/8 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Mr. and Mrs. William H. Marlatt Fund, 1961.39", "current_location": "206 American Landscape", "title": "View of Florence", "creation_date": "1837", "creation_date_earliest": 1837, "creation_date_latest": 1837, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["America"], "technique": "oil on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "American Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "American - Painting", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 125.4 x 186.7 x 9.2 cm (49 3/8 x 73 1/2 x 3 5/8 in.); Unframed: 99.5 x 160.4 cm (39 3/16 x 63 1/8 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 1.254, "width": 1.867, "depth": 0.092}, "unframed": {"height": 0.995, "width": 1.604}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "Signed lower right: \"T C\"", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 302039, "title": "Year in Review (1961)", "description": "<i>Year in Review (1961)</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (November 1-26, 1961).", "opening_date": "1961-11-01T05:00:00"}, {"id": 521017, "title": "Paintings and Drawings by Thomas Cole", "description": "<i>Paintings and Drawings by Thomas Cole</i>. The Baltimore Museum of Art, Baltimore, MD (organizer) (January 26-February 28, 1965).", "opening_date": "1965-01-26T05:00:00"}, {"id": 316697, "title": "Thomas Cole", "description": "<i>Thomas Cole</i>. Memorial Art Gallery of the University of Rochester, NY (organizer) (co-organizer) (February 14-March 23, 1969); Munson Museum of Art, Utica, NY (April 5-May 4, 1969); Albany Institute of History and Art, Albany, NY (May 9-June 20, 1969); Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, NY (June 30-September 1, 1969).", "opening_date": "1969-02-14T05:00:00"}, {"id": 301412, "title": "Florence and the Arts: Five Centuries of Patronage", "description": "<i>Florence and the Arts: Five Centuries of Patronage</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (July 13-September 19, 1971).", "opening_date": "1971-07-13T04:00:00"}, {"id": 445261, "title": "19th Century Americans in Italy", "description": "<i>19th Century Americans in Italy</i>. Spencer Museum of Art, Lawrence, KS (organizer) (November 3-December 3, 1972).", "opening_date": "1972-11-03T05:00:00"}, {"id": 287387, "title": "Thomas Cole's Journey: Atlantic Crossings", "description": "<i>Thomas Cole's Journey: Atlantic Crossings</i>. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY (organizer) (January 29-May 13, 2018); National Gallery, London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (June 13-October 7, 2018).", "opening_date": "2018-01-29T05:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "New York, National Academy of Design, Annual Exhibition (1837), cat. no. 39 as View of Florence.", "opening_date": null}, {"description": "Boston, Athenaeum, Annual Exhibition (1839), cat. no. 123, see The Boston Athenaeum: Art Exhibition Index, 1827-1874 (Boston, 1980), p. 38, listed under year 1839 as View on the Arno, Florence, owned by J. Mason.", "opening_date": "1980-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "New York, Gallery of the American Art-Union, Exhibition of the Paintings of the Late Thomas Cole, At the Gallery of the American Art-Union (27 March 1848-?), cat. no. 33, catalogue reproduced as Appendix 1in Parry (1988), pp. 368-372.", "opening_date": "1988-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Boston, Atheneum, Annual Exhibition (1850), cat. no. 137, see The Boston Athenaeum: Art Exhibition Index, 1827-1874 (Boston, 1980), p. 38, listed under year 1850 as View on the Arno, Near Florence owned by T.P. Cushing.", "opening_date": "1980-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "New York, New York Gallery of Fine Arts, (1 May 1854) cat. no. 61, p. 10, see Index to American Art Exhibition Catalogues.", "opening_date": null}, {"description": "Baltimore, The Baltimore Museum of Art, Thomas Cole: Paintings by an American Romanticist (26 January-28 February 1965), cat. no. 14.", "opening_date": "1965-01-26T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Rochester, Memorial Art Gallery, University of Rochester, Thomas Cole (14 February-23 March 1969); traveled to Utica, Munson-Williams-Proctor Institute (7 April-4 May 1969); Albany, Albany Institute of History and Art (9 May-20 June 1969); New York, Whitney Museum of American Art (30 June-1 September 1969), cat. no. 32, illus. p. 83.", "opening_date": "1969-02-14T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Lawrence, University of Kansas Museum of Art, The Arcadian Landscape: Nineteenth-Century American Painters in Italy (4 November-3 December 1972), cat. no. 12, illus.", "opening_date": "1972-11-04T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Boston, Museum of Fine Arts, A New World: Masterpieces of American Painting 1760-1910 (7 September-13 November 1983); traveled to Washington, D.C., The Corcoran Gallery of Art (7 December 1983-12 February 1984); did not go to Paris; cat. no. 29, pp. 229-230, illus. p. 229.", "opening_date": "1983-09-07T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Boston, Museum of Fine Arts, The Lure of Italy: American Artists and The Italian Experience, 1760-1914 (16 September-13 December 1992); traveled to Cleveland, The Cleveland Museum of Art (3 February-11 April 1993); Houston, Museum of Fine Arts (23 May-8 August 1993), cat. no. 76, illus. pp. 330-331, pp. 42-54.", "opening_date": "1992-09-16T00:00:00"}, {"description": "The Metropolitan Museum of Art, NY (1/29/2018 - 5/13/2018) and the National Gallery, London, UK (6/13/2018 - 10/7/2018):  \"Thomas Cole's Journey: Atlantic Crossings\"", "opening_date": "2018-01-29T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, Ohio", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1961-", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "(Victor Spark, New York, NY, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1960-1961", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "Francis Moro, New York, NY, sold to Victor Spark1", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->1Francis Moro and his brother, Tom, operated Paul Moro, Inc., a paintings conservation studio in New York City that had been founded by their father.&nbsp; Francis, who owned the Cole, cleaned and lined the painting with Tim, before selling it to Victor Spark in 1960.&nbsp; Francis also bought and sold paintings, and in 1966 he established Moro Galleries, Inc. &nbsp;</div>"], "date": "Until 1960", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "Private collector, New York, NY, sold to Francis Moro1", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->1After purchasing the painting, this unknown collector brought it to Francis Moro for conservation, ultimately selling it to him. &nbsp;</div>"], "date": "?", "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "(Antique store, New York, NY, sold to a private collector)1", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->1The painting was displayed in the window of an unidentified antique store in New York City, where it was noticed and then purchased by an unknown collector.&nbsp;</div>"], "date": "?", "sortorder": 5}, {"description": "Henry James, Sr. [1811-1882], New York, NY1", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->1Henry James, Sr. owned the painting by 1854, when he was listed as its owner in a New York Gallery of Fine Arts exhibition on May 1st of that year.&nbsp; In his memoir of 1913, <em>A Small Boy and Others</em>, his son, novelist Henry James recalls the painting, which \"covered half a side of our front parlor\u201d of the family\u2019s brownstone on West 14th Street in Manhattan. &nbsp; He writes that, as of 1913, the painting was \"long ago lost to our sight;\" apparently, it was no longer in the possession of any member of the James family by this point.&nbsp; The painting\u2019s whereabouts from 1854 to circa 1960 remain unknown.&nbsp; In 1855, the James family moved to Europe, returning in 1859 to reside mainly in Newport, Rhode Island, where they lived until 1865, when Henry James, Sr. sold the 14th Street house and settled the family in Cambridge. The 14th Street house was sold to William Benton Greene [1819-1904], who had rented it while the James family resided elsewhere.&nbsp; Alfred Habegger, a noted Henry James scholar, suggested that the painting may have remained on the walls of the James home when they moved to Europe and that Greene \u201cinherited\u201d the painting with the house.</div>"], "date": "By 1854-?", "sortorder": 6}, {"description": "Edward James, New York, NY, probably to his brother, Henry James, S1", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->1Edward James lent the painting to an 1848 exhibition of works by Cole held at the American Art Union.&nbsp; Edward James was the uncle of novelist Henry James; he lived in Albany and is among the lesser known members of the James family.&nbsp; In some versions of the provenance of <em>View of Florence, </em>Edward James is followed by Thomas Parkman Cushing, who is then followed by Henry James, Sr. In her entry on <em>View of Florence </em>in the exhibition catalogue, <em>A Lost World: Masterpieces of American Painting , 1760-1910</em> (1983), Diana Strazdes situated the painting in the possession of Thomas Parkman Cushing in 1850, when he lent a Cole painting titled \u201cView on the Arno, near Florence\u201d to an exhibition at the Boston Athenaeum.&nbsp; It seems that Strazdes likely confused <em>View of Florence </em>with <em>View of the Arno, near Florence </em>(Worcester Art Museum, 1991.179), assigning the Cushing provenance to <em>View of Florence </em>which in fact it belongs to <em>View of the Arno. &nbsp;</em></div>"], "date": "By 1848-before 1854", "sortorder": 7}, {"description": "Jonathan Mason, Boston1", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->1Mason, Cole's friend and agent, is listed as the painting's owner in an 1839 exhibition at the Boston Athenaeum.</div>"], "date": "by 1839", "sortorder": 8}, {"description": "Possibly Mr. Hunt, Boston1", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1838-1839?", "sortorder": 9}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Novelist Henry James grew up with this painting and described its foreground monk as his \u201cconstant friend.\u201d", "description": "Cole visited Italy in 1831 and made a small pencil sketch of this vista of Florence shortly before sunset. In his New York studio six years later, he transformed the drawing into this large oil painting, adding picturesque humans and goats to the foreground. Exhibiting <em>View of Florence</em> alongside a painting of the Catskill Mountains in New York in 1837, Cole set out to prove that he had mastered the very different landscapes of the Old and New Worlds.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16934583"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1961.39-view-of-florence"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Victor Spark, letter to Henry S. Francis, June 10, 1960, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "David Steinberg, letter to Alfred Habegger, May 16, 1994, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Victor D. Spark Papers, Series 4.2, Other Financial Records, 1930-1981, Box 17, Folder 6, Stock Books, 1958-1960, Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Victor D. Spark Papers, Series 4.2, Other Financial Records, 1930-1981, Box 17, Folder 6, Stock Books, 1958-1960, Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Frank Zuccari, email to Marcia Steele, June 26, 2014, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Frank Zuccari, email to Marcia Steele, June 26, 2014, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Frank Zuccari, email to Marcia Steele, June 26, 2014, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Alfred Habegger, email to Victoria Sears Goldman, March 20, 2013, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "David Steinberg, letter to Alfred Habegger, May 16, 1994, in CMA curatorial file", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "James, Henry. <em>A Small Boy and Others</em>. New York: C. Scribner's Sons, 1913.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Habegger, Alfred. <em>The Father: A Life of Henry James, Sr</em>. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1994.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Alfred Habegger, email to Victoria Sears Goldman, March 20, 2013, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Perkins, Robert F., William J. Gavin, and Mary Margaret Shaughnessy. <em>The Boston Athenaeum Art Exhibition Index, 1827-1874</em>. Boston, Mass: The Library of the Boston Athenaeum, 1980.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "David Steinberg, letter to Alfred Habegger, May 16, 1994, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "William S. Talbot [?], notes on a telephone conversation with Howard S. Merritt, Oct. 1, 1982, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "T\u00f3ib\u00edn, Colm, Marc Simpson, Declan Kiely. <em>Henry James and American Painting.</em> University Park, Pennsylvania, New York, New York: The Pennsylvania State University Press ; The Morgan Library &amp; Museum, 2017.", "page_number": "Mentioned, pp. 50-52; reproduced, p. 51", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Novak, Barbara, Annette Blaugrund, Franklin Kelly. <em>Thomas Cole : The Artist as Architect.</em> New York, New York: The Monacelli Press, 2016.", "page_number": "Mentioned, pp. 24, 30; reproduced, pp. 26-27.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Garlington, Aubrey S. <em>Society, Culture, and Opera in Florence, 1814-1830 : Dilettantes in an \u2018Earthly Paradise\u2019</em>. Aldershot, England: Ashgate, 2005.", "page_number": "Reproduced, cover and back cover (detail).", "url": ""}, {"citation": "", "page_number": "", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, \u201cRecent Acquisition Press Release,\u201d July 13, 1961, Cleveland Museum of Art Archives.", "page_number": null, "url": "https://archive.org/details/cmapr0771"}, {"citation": "Cole, Thomas, and Elizabeth Ourusoff. \u201cView of Florence from San Miniato.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 49, no. 1 (January 1962): 12\u201319.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 12-19, fig. 1", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25142486"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 184", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n208"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 184", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n208"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 228", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n248"}, {"citation": "Adams, Henry. <em>What's American about American art?: a gallery tour in the Cleveland Museum of Art. </em>Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2008.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 82 - 83", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Simpson, Marc. \"I like ambiguities and detest great glares: Henry James and American Paintings.\" In <em>Henry James and American Painting.</em> 48-97. University Park, Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University Press; New York, New York: The Morgan Library &amp; Museum, 2017.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 51, fig.1; Mentioned: P. 50-52", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kornhauser, Elizabeth Mankin. \"Italy: The Grand Tour.\" In <em>Thomas Cole's Journey: Atlantic Crossings</em>. Elizabeth Mankin Kornhauser and Tim Barringer, 179-193. New York : The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2018.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 191, cat. 45; Mention: p. 191 & 193", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kornhauser, Elizabeth Mankin. \"Re-examining Thomas Cole.\"<em> The Magazine Antiques </em>185, no. 1 (January/February 2018): 140-147.", "page_number": "Mentioned, p. 146; reproduced, p. 140", "url": null}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1961.39", "images": {"annotation": "Oil painting from a viewpoint of the city of Florence, the sun setting over the mountains in the background, casting orange rooftops in golden light. On our left, a river cuts through the city. On our right rises the orange dome and bell tower of the Duomo, or cathedral. Left of the cathedral stands Palazzo Vecchio's castle-like structure with a single tower. In the foreground people and goats relax in front of the overlook's wall.", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1961.39/1961.39_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "554", "filesize": "160620", "filename": "1961.39_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1961.39/1961.39_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2093", "filesize": "2083307", "filename": "1961.39_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1961.39/1961.39_full.tif", "width": "7570", "height": "4659", "filesize": "105833740", "filename": "1961.39_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1961.39/1961.39_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "1263", "height": "779", "filesize": "646464"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1961.39/1961.39_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2097", "filesize": "4569404"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1961.39/1961.39_alt0_full.tif", "width": "5000", "height": "3084", "filesize": "46283648"}}, {"date_created": "2018-10-24T12:02:25", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1961.39/1961.39_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "554", "filesize": "125494"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1961.39/1961.39_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2093", "filesize": "1430133"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1961.39/1961.39_alt1_full.tif", "width": "15151", "height": "9328", "filesize": "424013540"}}, {"date_created": "2018-10-24T13:04:22", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1961.39/1961.39_alt2_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "559", "filesize": "94506"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1961.39/1961.39_alt2_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2110", "filesize": "1106868"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1961.39/1961.39_alt2_full.tif", "width": "7727", "height": "4795", "filesize": "111180064"}}], "creditline": "Mr. and Mrs. William H. Marlatt Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Baker & Hostetler LLP Gallery", "athena_id": 136911, "creators": [{"id": 2659, "description": "Thomas Cole (American, born England,1801\u20131848)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1801", "death_year": "1848", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1961-02-20T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1837, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1837", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["View of Florence from San Miniato"], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-04-10 13:37:13.917000"}, {"id": 147017, "accession_number": "1972.48", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Branch Hill Pond, Hampstead, 1828. John Constable (British, 1776\u20131837). Oil on canvas; framed: 89 x 105.5 x 11.5 cm (35 1/16 x 41 9/16 x 4 1/2 in.); unframed: 60.6 x 78.1 cm (23 7/8 x 30 3/4 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund, 1972.48", "current_location": "203A British Painting and Decorative Arts", "title": "Branch Hill Pond, Hampstead", "creation_date": "1828", "creation_date_earliest": 1828, "creation_date_latest": 1828, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["England, 19th century"], "technique": "oil on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "Modern European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "Mod Euro - Painting 1800-1960", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 89 x 105.5 x 11.5 cm (35 1/16 x 41 9/16 x 4 1/2 in.); Unframed: 60.6 x 78.1 cm (23 7/8 x 30 3/4 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 0.89, "width": 1.055, "depth": 0.115}, "unframed": {"height": 0.606, "width": 0.781}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 301752, "title": "Year in Review: 1972", "description": "<i>Year in Review: 1972</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (February 27-March 18, 1973).", "opening_date": "1973-02-27T05:00:00"}, {"id": 304561, "title": "Visions of Landscape: East and West", "description": "<i>Visions of Landscape: East and West</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (February 17-March 21, 1982).", "opening_date": "1982-02-17T05:00:00"}, {"id": 181714, "title": "CMA @ Oberlin (second rotation)", "description": "<i>CMA @ Oberlin (second rotation)</i>. Allen Memorial Art Museum, Oberlin, OH (April 3-June 5, 2006).", "opening_date": "2006-04-03T00:00:00"}, {"id": 306699, "title": "British Gallery Reinstallation  (June 2020)", "description": "<i>British Gallery Reinstallation  (June 2020)</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art (organizer).", "opening_date": "2020-06-30T04:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>A Century of Progress Exhibition of Paintings and Sculpture</em>. Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL (1933).", "opening_date": "1933-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Autumn Exhibition</em>. Leggatt Brothers, London, United Kingdom (1961).", "opening_date": "1961-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>English Painting 1750-1850</em>. Leggatt Brothers, London, United Kingdom (1963).", "opening_date": "1963-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Englische Malerei der grossen Zeit</em> . Kunsthaus Z\u00fcrich, Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland (October 8-November 6, 1966).", "opening_date": "1966-10-08T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>La Pittura Inglese de Hogarth a Turner</em>. Palazzo Venezia, Rome, Italy (November 21-December 20, 1966).", "opening_date": "1966-11-21T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Painted by the artist for Henry Hebbert [1783-1864], London, United Kingdom, by descent to his son, Henry Hebbert", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1828-1864", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "Henry Hebbert [1814-1893], London, United Kingdom", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1864-1894", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "Cyrus McCormick Jr. [1859-1936], Chicago, IL, .", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1894", "sortorder": 5}, {"description": "(Hirschl and Adler Galleries, New York, NY, 1958 sold to Leggatt Brothers)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1958-1959", "sortorder": 6}, {"description": "(Leggatt Brothers, London, United Kingdom, 1959.", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1959", "sortorder": 7}, {"description": "Earl of Inchcape, London, United Kingdom by 1966.", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "by 1966", "sortorder": 8}, {"description": "(E. V. Thaw & Co., New York. NY, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1972", "sortorder": 9}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1972-", "sortorder": 10}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "In 1820, Constable found a retreat in Hampstead where he completed 100 studies of cloud formations, referring to the process as \"skying.\"", "description": "<br>An amateur meteorologist, John Constable was most at home painting meticulously observed cloud formations, weather conditions, and natural light effects. He believed an accurate rendering of these constantly shifting elements could convey his vision of the vitality and magnificence of the English countryside. Working from the summerhouse he rented at Hampstead from 1819\u201326, Constable painted a landscape focusing more on the dark rain clouds than on the laborers in the foreground, keeping the details of their backbreaking work at a picturesque distance.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60472321"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1972.48-branch-hill-pond-ham"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Lee, Sherman E. \u201cThe Year in Review for 1972.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 60, no. 3 (1973): 63\u2013115.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 79; Mentioned: p. 109, no. 116", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25093732"}, {"citation": "Talbot, William S. \u201cJohn Constable: Branch Hill Pond, Hampstead Heath.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 61, no. 3 (March 1974): 97\u2013115.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 98-101; Mentioned: p. 97, 100", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25152518"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 208", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n228"}, {"citation": "\"Visions of Landscape East and West.\" <em>Asia</em> Vol. 4, No. 5 (January/February 1982): pp. 24-29.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 27", "url": null}, {"citation": "Talbot, William S. \u201cVisions of Landscape: East and West.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 70, no. 3 (1983): 112\u201335.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 116-117, fig. 5", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25159808"}, {"citation": "Cormack, Malcolm.<em> Constable</em>. Oxford: Phaidon, 1986.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 173, fig. 168", "url": null}, {"citation": "Argencourt, Louise d', and Roger Diederen. <em>Catalogue of Paintings</em>. <em>Pt. 4. European Paintings of the 19th Century</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1974.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 143-145, Vol. I, no. 54", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Wiles, Stephanie, \"British Invasion\", Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Cleveland Art: The Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em>. Vol. 46 no. 04, April 2006", "page_number": "Mentioned & reproduced: p. 8-9", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2006-04/page/8"}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1972.48", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1972.48/1972.48_web.jpg", "width": "1155", "height": "893", "filesize": "759286", "filename": "1972.48_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1972.48/1972.48_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2629", "filesize": "5756024", "filename": "1972.48_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1972.48/1972.48_full.tif", "width": "4627", "height": "3578", "filesize": "49697516", "filename": "1972.48_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [], "creditline": "Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Paul J. and Edith Ingalls Vignos Gallery", "athena_id": 147017, "creators": [{"id": 1536, "description": "John Constable (British, 1776\u20131837)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": "With Turner (q.v.), his exact contemporary, John Constable defined the parameters of genius for a generation of romantic landscape painters. The son of a prosperous miller and gentleman farmer, he entered into his profession late and was basically self-taught. Between 1796 and 1799 Constable had the advice of several artists and connoisseurs influential in the London art scene, primarily that of Sir George Beaumont (1753-1827), John Thomas Smith (1766-1833), and Joseph Farington (1747-1821). With the grudging consent of his parents, he entered the Royal Academy schools in 1799, the same year Turner was elected an associate member. (Twenty years would elapse before the academy conceded Constable that gesture of recognition.) He emerged publicly as a mature and focused painter of naturalistic landscapes in 1802 with the exhibition of his first oil painting at the Royal Academy.1 Shortly afterward he moved to his family home in East Bergholt with the intention of getting \"a pure and unaffected representation of the scenes that may employ me.\" The tours of 1806 produced an important body of Lake District material, especially studies in watercolor and in graphite, a medium Constable employed with unrivaled ability even at this early date. In 1808 he began a period of intense plein-air oil sketching and by 1814 was painting finished pictures like the magnificent Stour Valley and Dedham Village (Museum of Fine Arts, Boston) or Wivenhoe Park, Essex (National Gallery of Art, Washington D.C.)2 entirely out of doors. The Stour River, Flatford Mill, and Dedham Vale were the subjects to which he returned repeatedly with brilliant success. With his bride, Maria Bicknell, the artist moved permanently to London in 1816. His repertoire of subjects would expand to include Brighton, Salisbury, and Hampstead Heath, and both his practice and his fortunes also evolved in a significant new direction when he began his six-foot pictures of Suffolk landscape painted in the London studio. The scale of such works as The White Horse (1819, Frick Collection, New York)3 undoubtedly contributed to his successful bid for associate membership in the Royal Academy that year. With Sir Thomas Lawrence (1769-1830) and Bonington (q.v.), Constable created a sensation at the 1824 Paris Salon, where he exhibited The Hay Wain (National Gallery, London) and View on the Stour near Dedham (Huntington Art Gallery, San Marino),4 although French artists had known and admired his work since 1820. After the death of his wife in 1828 and his election as full academician in 1829, Constable turned toward consolidating his reputation through writing, lecturing, and the medium of printmaking. He published English Landscape (1830-32) in collaboration with the mezzotint engraver David Lucas, but it was commercially unsuccessful. He never ceased to work from nature, but the later masterworks Salisbury Cathedral from the Meadows (1831, National Gallery, London), The Opening of Waterloo Bridge (1832, Tate Gallery, London), and Arundel Mill and Castle (1837, Toledo Museum of Art)5 are pictures in which an expressionistic use of the medium struggles against an ever-increasing imaginative formalization of natural motifs.\r\n1. Probably Edge of the Wood (Art Gallery of Ontario); see Reynolds 1996, no. 2.1.\r\n2. Reynolds 1996, no. 15.1; Reynolds 1984, no. 17.4.\r\n3. Reynolds 1984, no. 2:19.1.\r\n4. Reynolds 1984, no. 21.1; Reynolds 1984, 22.1.\r\n5. Reynolds 1984, no. 31.1; Reynolds 1984, no. 32.1; Reynolds 1984, no. 37.1.", "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1776", "death_year": "1837", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1972-06-12T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1828, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1828", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": true, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Branch Hill Pond, Hampstead Heath"], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:04:36.143000"}, {"id": 149768, "accession_number": "1979.80", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Saint John the Baptist in a Landscape, c. 1445. Attributed to Petrus Christus (Netherlandish, c. 1410\u20131475/76). Oil on panel; unframed: 40.2 x 12.5 cm (15 13/16 x 4 15/16 in.); painted surface: 39.6 x 11.5 cm (15 9/16 x 4 1/2 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund, 1979.80", "current_location": "112 Northern Renaissance", "title": "Saint John the Baptist in a Landscape", "creation_date": "c. 1445", "creation_date_earliest": 1440, "creation_date_latest": 1450, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["Flanders, Bruges"], "technique": "oil on panel", "support_materials": [], "department": "Medieval Art", "collection": "MED - Medieval Art", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Unframed: 40.2 x 12.5 cm (15 13/16 x 4 15/16 in.); Painted surface: 39.6 x 11.5 cm (15 9/16 x 4 1/2 in.)", "dimensions": {"unframed": {"height": 0.402, "width": 0.125}, "painted surface": {"height": 0.396, "width": 0.115}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 304412, "title": "Year in Review: 1979", "description": "<i>Year in Review: 1979</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art (organizer) (February 13-March 9, 1980).", "opening_date": "1980-02-13T05:00:00"}, {"id": 205801, "title": "Recognizing van Eyck", "description": "<i>Recognizing van Eyck</i>. Philadelphia Museum of Art (organizer) (April 4-May 31, 1998).", "opening_date": "1998-04-04T00:00:00"}, {"id": 220441, "title": "The Mediterranean Renaissance. The Movement of Artists and Works of Art Between Italy, France, and Spain in the 15th-century.", "description": "<i>The Mediterranean Renaissance. The Movement of Artists and Works of Art Between Italy, France, and Spain in the 15th-century.</i>. Museo Nacional Thyssen-Bornemisza, Madrid, Spain (organizer) (January 31-May 6, 2001); Museo de Bellas Artes, Valencia, Spain (June 18-September 2, 2001).", "opening_date": "2001-01-31T00:00:00"}, {"id": 227326, "title": "Jan van Eyck, Early Netherlandish Painting and the South of Europe", "description": "<i>Jan van Eyck, Early Netherlandish Painting and the South of Europe</i>. Groeningemuseum, Stedelijke Musea, Brugge, Belgium (March 15-June 30, 2002).", "opening_date": "2002-03-15T00:00:00"}, {"id": 317804, "title": "Van Eyck: An Optical Revolution", "description": "<i>Van Eyck: An Optical Revolution</i>. Museum of Fine Arts Ghent, Ghent, Belgium (organizer) (February 1-April 30, 2020) https://www.mskgent.be/en/exhibitions/van-eyck.", "opening_date": "2020-02-01T05:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>Petrus Christus, Renaissance Master of Bruges</em>, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY (April 11-July 31, 1994).", "opening_date": "1994-04-11T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Herederos de John Frere (1740-1807), Royal Hall, Norfolk, England", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "(E.V. Thaw, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "?-1979", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1979-", "sortorder": 3}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "In the background is the Blacksmith's Gate, originally built in 1297, which still stands in the city Bruges, although it has been rebuilt multiple times over the centuries.", "description": "The overall style of this painting suggests that it was painted by an artist closely associated with the Netherlandish painter Jan van Eyck. The facial structure of the saint as well as the artist\u2019s treatment of his cloak are typical of van Eyck\u2019s follower, Petrus Christus. Christus was active in the city of Bruges and was a probable pupil and successor to Jan van Eyck, with whom his paintings have often been confused. Here, Christus depicts John the Baptist as an isolated, monumental figure without his typical hairshirt or other references to his life. This approach is derived from Claus Sluter\u2019s monumental image of Saint John from the portal at Champmol and from manuscript illuminators working for Philip the Bold and his brother Jean de Berry. Here, John holds the Lamb of God, a symbol of Christ\u2019s sacrifice and a reference to John\u2019s proclamation of Christ\u2019s redemption of humankind. Upon his death, Christus was succeeded by Hans Memling as the next great painter in Bruges.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60474303"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1979.80-saint-john-the-bapti"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Lee, Sherman E. \"The Year in Review for 1979.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 67, no. 3 (1980)", "page_number": "Cat. No. 7, p. 95", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25159667"}, {"citation": "\"La chronique des arts,\" <em>Gazette des Beaux-Arts</em> XCV, no. 1334 (March 1980).", "page_number": "p. 30, no. 158", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lurie, Ann Tzeutschler. \"A Newly Discovered Eyckian St. John the Baptist in a Landscape.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 68, no. 4 (1981).", "page_number": "pp. 87-109", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25159721"}, {"citation": "\"A Technical Note.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art </em>68, no. 4 (1981)", "page_number": "pp. 110-119", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25159722"}, {"citation": "Bauman, Guy, and Walter A. Liedtke. <em>Flemish Paintings in America: A Survey of Early Netherlandish and Flemish Paintings in the Public Collections of North America</em>. Antwerp: Fonds Mercator, 1992.", "page_number": "p. 323, fig. 151", "url": null}, {"citation": "Ainsworth, Maryan W., Petrus Christus, and Maximiliaan P. J. Martens. Petrus Christus: Renaissance Master of Bruges. 1994.", "page_number": "Cat. No. 3", "url": null}, {"citation": "Hand, John Oliver. \"Petrus Christus at the Metropolitan\" <em>Apollo </em>(October 1994).", "page_number": "p. 50", "url": null}, {"citation": "Eyck, Jan van, and J. R. J. van Asperen de Boer. <em>Jan Van Eyck: Two Paintings of Saint Francis Receiving the Stigmata</em>. 1997.", "page_number": "pp. 88-95", "url": null}, {"citation": "Luber, Katherine Crawford. \"Recognizing Van Eyck\".<em> Philadelphia Museum of Art Bulletin</em> 91 (1998).", "page_number": "fig. 18, p. 18, # 6, p. 46", "url": null}, {"citation": "Museo Thyssen-Bornemisza, and Museo de Bellas Artes de Valencia. The Mediterranean Renaissance: the movement of artists and works of art between Italy, France and Spain in the fifteenth century : press report. [Madrid?]: Museo Thyssen-Bornemisza, 2001.", "page_number": "exh. cat. no. 35, pp 285-287", "url": null}, {"citation": "Benito Domenech, Fernando, and Jose\u0301 Go\u0301mez Frechina. <em>La clave flamenca en los primitivos valencianos</em>. Vale\u0301ncia: Generalitat Valenciana, 2001.", "page_number": "fig. 1.3, p. 109", "url": null}, {"citation": "Natale, Mauro. <em>El Renacimiento mediterra\u0301neo: viajes de artistas e itinerarios de obras entre Italia, Francia y Espan\u0303a en el siglo XV</em> : Madrid, Museo Thyssen-Bornemisza, del 31 de enero al 6 de mayo de 2001, Valencia Museu de Belles Arts de Vale\u0300ncia, del 18 de mayo al 2 de septiembre de 2001. Madrid: Fundacio\u0301n Coleccio\u0301n Thyssen-Bornemisza, 2001.", "page_number": "Cat. No. 35, pp. 285-87", "url": null}, {"citation": "Borchert, Till, and Andreas Beyer. Age of Van Eyck: The Mediterranean World and Early Netherlandish Painting, 1430-1530. Ghent [Belgium]: Ludion, 2002.", "page_number": "Cat. No. 9, fig. 9, p. 15", "url": null}, {"citation": "Boccardo, Piero, Clario Di Fabio, Philippe Se\u0301ne\u0301chal, and Giovanni Assereto. <em>Genova e la Francia: opere, artisti, committenti, collezionisti</em>. Cinisello Balsamo (Milano): Silvana, 2003.", "page_number": "p. 82, fig. 7", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Van Eyck: et la Diffusion de L'Art Flamand.\" <em>Dossier de Art,</em> no. 119 (2005).", "page_number": "p. 53", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 274", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Borchert, Till-Holger. \"The Impact of Jan van Eyck's lost lomellini Triptych and his Genoese Patrons.\" 4 (March 2019) 30-61.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 54", "url": null}, {"citation": "DePoorter, Matthias. \"Jan van Eyck's Discovery of Nature.\" In <em>Van Eyck: An Optical Revolution</em>. Maximiliaan Martens, Till-Holger Borchert, Jan Dumolyn, Johan de Smet, and Frederica Van Dam, 204-235. Gent: Hannibal-MSK, 2020.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 215, fig. 8.10", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1979.80", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1979.80/1979.80_web.jpg", "width": "287", "height": "893", "filesize": "62046", "filename": "1979.80_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1979.80/1979.80_print.jpg", "width": "1145", "height": "3400", "filesize": "2801896", "filename": "1979.80_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1979.80/1979.80_full.tif", "width": "3527", "height": "10477", "filesize": "110887068", "filename": "1979.80_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [], "creditline": "Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Lucia Smith Nash Gallery", "athena_id": 149768, "creators": [{"id": 61584, "description": "Petrus Christus (Netherlandish, c. 1410\u20131475/76)", "extent": null, "qualifier": "attributed to", "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1410", "death_year": "1476", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1979-11-14T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1440, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 1445", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": true, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-04-17 12:00:42.471000"}, {"id": 163769, "accession_number": "2005.181", "share_license_status": "Copyrighted", "tombstone": "Go Down Death, 1934. Aaron Douglas (American, 1899\u20131979). Oil on Masonite; framed: 124.5 x 94 x 3.8 cm (49 x 37 x 1 1/2 in.); unframed: 121.9 x 91.5 cm (48 x 36 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, John L. Severance Fund and Gift of Prof. and Mrs. David C. Driskell, 2005.181. Art \u00a9 Heirs of Aaron Douglas/Licensed by VAGA, New York, NY", "current_location": "226A American Modern", "title": "Go Down Death", "creation_date": "1934", "creation_date_earliest": 1934, "creation_date_latest": 1934, "artists_tags": ["Black American Artists", "male"], "culture": ["America"], "technique": "oil on Masonite", "support_materials": [], "department": "American Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "American - Painting", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 124.5 x 94 x 3.8 cm (49 x 37 x 1 1/2 in.); Unframed: 121.9 x 91.5 cm (48 x 36 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 1.245, "width": 0.94, "depth": 0.038}, "unframed": {"height": 1.219, "width": 0.915}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": "Art \u00a9 Heirs of Aaron Douglas/Licensed by VAGA, New York, NY", "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "signed \"A. Douglas\" lower right corner in purple paint", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 215369, "title": "Aaron Douglas and the Harlem Renaissance", "description": "<i>Aaron Douglas and the Harlem Renaissance</i>. Spencer Museum of Art, Lawrence, KS (organizer) (September 8-December 2, 2007); Frist Art Museum, Nashville, TN (January 19-April 13, 2008); National Museum of American Art, Washington, DC (May 9-August 3, 2008); Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, New York, NY (August 30-November 30, 2008).", "opening_date": "2007-09-08T00:00:00"}, {"id": 200463, "title": "The Jazz Age: American Style in the 1920s", "description": "<i>The Jazz Age: American Style in the 1920s</i>. Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum, New York, NY (April 7-August 20, 2017); The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (September 30, 2017-January 14, 2018).", "opening_date": "2017-04-07T00:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>Two Centuries of Black American Art</em>. Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles, CA (September 30-November 21, 1976); High Museum of Art, Atlanta, GA (January 8-February 20, 1977); Museum of Fine Arts, Dallas, TX (March 30-May 15, 1977); The Brooklyn Museum, Brooklyn, NY(June 25-August 21, 1977).", "opening_date": "1976-09-30T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Hidden Heritage: Afro-American Art, 1800-1950</em>. Bellevue Art Museum, Bellevue, WA (September 14-November 10, 1985); Bronx Museum of the Arts, The Bronx, NY (January 14-March 10, 1986); California Afro-American Museum, Los Angeles, CA (April 7-June 2, 1986); Wadsworth Atheneum, Hartford, CT (July 4-August 31, 1986); Mint Museum of Art, Charlotte, NC (September 22-November 17, 1986); San Antonio Museum of Art, San Antonio, TX (December 15, 1986-February 9, 1987); Toledo Museum of Art, Toledo, OH (March 8-May 3, 1987).", "opening_date": "1985-09-14T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Harlem Renaissance: Art of Black America.</em> Studio Museum in Harlem, Harlem, NY (February 12-August 30, 1987); Mary and Leigh Block Museum of Art, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL (April 7-June 5, 1988); High Museum of Art, Alanta, GA (June 28-September 4, 1988); Bowdoin College Museum of Art, Brunswick, ME (September 24-November 20, 1988); Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum, University of Texas, Austin, TX (January 14-February 26, 1989); Virginia Museum of the Fine Arts (March 27-May 21, 1989); Cheekwood Museum of Art, Nashville, TN (June 17-August 6, 1989); New York State Museum, Albany, NY (August 29-October 29, 1989).", "opening_date": "1987-02-12T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Narratives of African American Art and Identity: The Davide C. Driskill Collection</em>. The Art Gallery, University of Maryland, College Park, MD (October 22- December 19, 1998); African American Museum, Dallas, TX (March 13- June 19, 1999); Colby College Museum of Art, Waterville, ME (July 21- October 17, 1999); The Fine Arts Museum of San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (November 20, 1999- February 12, 2000); The High Museum of Art, Atlanta, GA (June 20- September 10, 2000); Newark Museum, Newark, NJ (October 25, 2000- February 25, 2001); Cincinnati Art Museum, Cincinnati, OH (March 17- May 14, 2001); Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, Richmond, VA (July 8- September 30, 2001); Naples Museum of Art, Naples, FL (October 15, 2001- January 13, 2002), FL; Mint Museum of Art, Charlotte, NC (April 23-October 25, 2002).", "opening_date": "1998-10-22T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Collection of the artist", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "until 1977", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "Dr. and Mrs. David C. Driskell, by gift to the Cleveland Museum of Art", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1977-2005", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "2005-", "sortorder": 4}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Douglas founded the art department at Fisk University, where he also created many celebrated murals.", "description": "The leading painter of the Harlem Renaissance, Douglas based this painting on an illustration he made for <em>God\u2019s Trombones: Seven Negro Sermons in Verse</em> (1927), a book by noted author and civil rights advocate James Weldon Johnson. Its subject tells the story of a winged angel of death who races through the heavens on horseback to rescue a woman from a life of suffering.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60480297"], "internet_archive": []}, "citations": [{"citation": "Driskell, David, C. <em>Two Centuries of Black American Art </em>Los Angeles County Museum of Art, and New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1976.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 153", "url": null}, {"citation": "Driskell, David C. <em>Hidden Heritage: Afro-American Art, 1800-1950.</em> San Francisco, Calif: The Association, 1985.", "page_number": "Cat. no. 50", "url": null}, {"citation": "Driskell, David C. <em>Hidden Heritage: Afro-American Art, 1800\u20131950. </em>Bellevue Art Museum, Washington: Art Museum Association of America, 1985, second printing 1987.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 41,94", "url": null}, {"citation": "Campbell, Mary Schmidt. et al., <em>Harlem Renaissance: Art of Black America. </em>New York: Abrams, 1987.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 110, 130; Reproduced: color plate 33", "url": null}, {"citation": "Gips, Terry. <em>Narratives of African American Art and Identity: The David C. Driskell Collection.</em> San Francisco, Calif: Pomegranate, 1998.", "page_number": "Cat. no. 14", "url": null}, {"citation": "Holland, Juanita Marie. <em>Narratives of African American Art and Identity: The David C. Driskell Collection. </em>San Francisco: Pomegranate, 1998.", "page_number": "Reproduced: frontispiece, p. 81, n. 14; Mentioned: p. 81, 183", "url": null}, {"citation": "McAleer,Bernard. \u201cAfter Hours: An Inspiring Heritage.\u201d <em>The Network Journal </em>8, no. 4 (January 31, 2001)", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 34", "url": null}, {"citation": "Litt, Steven. \"Museum buys work by important black painter.\" <em>The Plain Dealer, </em>December 22, 2005.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. F-1, F-3; Reproduced: p. F-3", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Mark Cole.\" <em>Cleveland Art </em>46, no. 3 (March 2006)", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 2, 10", "url": null}, {"citation": "Earle, Susan, ed. <em>Aaron Douglas: African American Modernist. </em>New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 172, n. 73", "url": null}, {"citation": "Adams, Henry. <em>What's American about American art?: a gallery tour in the Cleveland Museum of Art. </em>Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2008.", "page_number": "Reproduced: fig. 15, p. 13", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cole, Mark. \"Jacob Lawrence's <em>Fulton and Nostrand.\" Cleveland Art </em>48 (February 2008).", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 7; Mentioned: p. 7", "url": null}, {"citation": "Gordon, Margery. \"Eyes on the Prizes.\" <em>Art &amp; Auction </em>31 (February 2008)", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 117; Mentioned: p. 117", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cole, Mark, \"Jacob Lawrence's Fulton and Nostrand\", Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Cleveland Art: The Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em>. Vol. 48 no. 2, February 2008", "page_number": "Mentioned & reproduced: p. 7", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2008-02/page/6"}, {"citation": "McIntyre, Dianna. \"A Personal Favorite.\" <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em> 51, no. 2 (March/April 2011): 8.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 8; Reproduced: p. 8", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2011-02/page/8/mode/2up"}, {"citation": "Cole, Mark. <em>African American Art, The Cleveland Museum of Art. </em>Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2013.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 16", "url": null}, {"citation": "Anderson, Nancy. \u201cAaron Douglas/The Judgment Day/1939.\u201d In <em>American Paintings, 1900\u20131945, NGA Online Editions.</em>", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 7", "url": null}, {"citation": "Smith, Roberta. \"A Show's Secret Star: Art Deco steps out incognito with plenty of company in a design exhibition.\" <em>The New York Times, </em>April 7, 2017.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. C19", "url": null}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/2005.181", "images": {}, "alternate_images": [], "creditline": "John L. Severance Fund and Gift of Prof. and Mrs. David C. Driskell", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Dr. Robert B. Benyo Trust Gallery", "athena_id": 163769, "creators": [{"id": 7876, "description": "Aaron Douglas (American, 1899\u20131979)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1899", "death_year": "1979", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "2005-12-05T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1934, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1934", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:09:16.720000"}, {"id": 143602, "accession_number": "1967.63", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Low Waterfall in a Wooded Landscape with a Dead Beech Tree, c. 1660\u201370. Jacob van Ruisdael (Dutch, 1628/29\u20131682). Oil on canvas; framed: 123 x 157 x 9.5 cm (48 7/16 x 61 13/16 x 3 3/4 in.); unframed: 99.2 x 131 cm (39 1/16 x 51 9/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Mr. and Mrs. William H. Marlatt Fund, 1967.63", "current_location": "213 Dutch Painting", "title": "Low Waterfall in a Wooded Landscape with a Dead Beech Tree", "creation_date": "c. 1660\u201370", "creation_date_earliest": 1660, "creation_date_latest": 1670, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["Netherlands"], "technique": "oil on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "P - Netherlandish-Dutch", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 123 x 157 x 9.5 cm (48 7/16 x 61 13/16 x 3 3/4 in.); Unframed: 99.2 x 131 cm (39 1/16 x 51 9/16 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 1.23, "width": 1.57, "depth": 0.095}, "unframed": {"height": 0.992, "width": 1.31}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "Signed lower left: \"JvRuisdael {JvR in monogram]\"", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 301129, "title": "Year in Review: 1967", "description": "<i>Year in Review: 1967</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (November 29-December 31, 1967).", "opening_date": "1967-11-29T05:00:00"}, {"id": 301805, "title": "Dutch Art and Life in the Seventeenth Century", "description": "<i>Dutch Art and Life in the Seventeenth Century</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (July 10-September 2, 1973).", "opening_date": "1973-07-10T04:00:00"}, {"id": 337140, "title": "Masterpieces of World Art from American Museums", "description": "<i>Masterpieces of World Art from American Museums</i>. National Museum of Western Art, Tokyo (organizer) (September 11-October 17, 1976); Kyoto National Museum (November 2-December 5, 1976).", "opening_date": "1976-09-11T04:00:00"}, {"id": 304561, "title": "Visions of Landscape: East and West", "description": "<i>Visions of Landscape: East and West</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (February 17-March 21, 1982).", "opening_date": "1982-02-17T05:00:00"}, {"id": 228911, "title": "Time and Transformation in seventeenth-century Dutch Art", "description": "<i>Time and Transformation in seventeenth-century Dutch Art</i>. The Frances Lehman Loeb Art Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (organizer) (April 19-June 15, 2005); John and Mable Ringling Museum of Art, Sarasota, FL (August 20-October 30, 2005); Speed Art Museum, Louisville, KY (January 15-March 26, 2006).", "opening_date": "2005-04-19T00:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "D\u00fcsseldorf, Junsthistorische ausstellung, (1904).", "opening_date": "1904-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Rotterdam, Museum Boymans, (1929-30).", "opening_date": "1929-01-01T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Freiherren von Ketteler (first at Schloss Harkotten near Warendorf, probably by mid-eighteenth century;", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": null}, {"description": "later at Schloss Ehringerfeld near Buren, Westphalia, 1904);", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": null}, {"description": "J. J. van Leeuwen Boomkamp, Naarden, Holland, 1929;", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": null}, {"description": "(sale: Sotheby\u2019s London, November 30, 1966, no. 21; to Legatt);", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": null}, {"description": "[Frederick Mont, New York], sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art, 1967.", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": null}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Jacob van Ruisdael was inspired by trees in various states of decay, observed from nature.", "description": "Jutting from a dune in the foreground, the massive silvery trunk of a dead tree leads the eye across a waterfall and toward a distant sunlit field where travelers and a dog traverse a sandy path. Partly masked by trees, a ruined building is turned gold by the sun. In Jacob van Ruisdael\u2019s landscapes, dead trees, waterfalls, and ruined buildings were visual expressions of the passage of time. Ruisdael devoted equal attention to the cloud-filled skies looming above the land, creating dramatic patterns of light and shadow and revealing the unseen movements of the wind.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20901760"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1967.63-low-waterfall-in-a-w"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Hofstede de Groot, C. P. <em>A Catalogue Raisonne\u0301 of the Works of the Most Eminent Dutch Painters of the Seventeenth Century</em>. London, United Kingdom: Macmillan and Co, 1908.", "page_number": "Reproduced: vol. 4, no. 220", "url": null}, {"citation": "Rosenberg, Jakob. <em>Jacob van Ruisdael</em>. Berlin, Germany: B. Cassirer, 1928.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 81, no. 140", "url": null}, {"citation": "Simon, Kurt Erich. <em>Jacob van Ruisdael; eine Darstellung seiner Entwicklung</em>. Berlin, Germany: Wu\u0308rfel Verlag, 1930.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 74", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Year in Review.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 54, no. 10 (1967): 302-46.", "page_number": "Mentioned: cat. no. 65, p. 343, Reproduced: p. 314", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25152183."}, {"citation": "Stechow, Wolfgana. \"Ruisdael in the Cleveland Museum.\" The Bulletin of The Cleveland Museum of Art LV, no.10 (October, 1968): 250-261.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 255, fig. 7; Mentioned: p. 254", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Accessions of American and Canadian Museums.\" <em>The Art Quarterly </em>XXXI, no. 2 (Summer 1968): 205-232.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 215", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kokuritsu Seiyo\u0304 Bijutsukan. <em>Masterpieces of World Art from American Museums from Ancient Egyptian to Contemporary Art</em>. Tokyo: National Museum of Western Art, 1976.", "page_number": "Reproduced: cat. no. 34", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 161", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n181"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Catalogue of Paintings, Part 3: European Paintings of the 16th, 17th, and 18th Centuries</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1982.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 268; Mentioned: p. 269", "url": null}, {"citation": "Walford, E. John. <em>Jacob Van Ruisdael and the Perception of Landscape</em>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1991.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 118", "url": null}, {"citation": "Gibson, Walter S. <em>Pleasant Places: The Rustic Landscape from Bruegel to Ruisdael</em>. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2000.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pl. 14", "url": null}, {"citation": "Slive, Seymour. <em>Jacob Van Ruisdael: A Complete Catalogue of His Paintings, Drawings, and Etchings</em>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2001.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 173, fig. 169; Mentioned: p. 172-173", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kuretsky, Susan Donahue, Walter S. Gibson, Catherine Levesque, Erik P. Lo\u0308ffler, Lynn Federle Orr, and Arthur K. Wheelock. <em>Time and Transformation In Seventeenth-Century Dutch Art</em>. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press, 2005.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 171, fig. 32", "url": null}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1967.63", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1967.63/1967.63_web.jpg", "width": "1184", "height": "893", "filesize": "705550", "filename": "1967.63_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1967.63/1967.63_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2565", "filesize": "5946389", "filename": "1967.63_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1967.63/1967.63_full.tif", "width": "5500", "height": "4149", "filesize": "68490280", "filename": "1967.63_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [], "creditline": "Mr. and Mrs. William H. Marlatt Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "The Harold C. Schott Foundation Gallery", "athena_id": 143602, "creators": [{"id": 2676, "description": "Jacob van Ruisdael (Dutch, 1628/29\u20131682)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1628", "death_year": "1682", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1967-04-26T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1660, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 1660\u201370", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Landscape with a Dead Tree"], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-04-17 14:35:50.396000"}, {"id": 156112, "accession_number": "1991.45", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Tea Table, c. 1907. Carlo Bugatti (Italian, 1856\u20131940). Inlaid wood (mahogany?), cast and gilded bronze mounts, inlays of ivory or bone, metal, and mother-of-pearl (marine mussels or pearl oysters); overall: 71.5 x 67.1 x 41.3 cm (28 1/8 x 26 7/16 x 16 1/4 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund, 1991.45", "current_location": "223 20th Century Avant-Garde", "title": "Tea Table", "creation_date": "c. 1907", "creation_date_earliest": 1902, "creation_date_latest": 1912, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["France, Paris"], "technique": "inlaid wood (mahogany?), cast and gilded bronze mounts, inlays of ivory or bone, metal, and mother-of-pearl (marine mussels or pearl oysters)", "support_materials": [], "department": "Decorative Art and Design", "collection": "Furniture", "type": "Furniture and woodwork", "measurements": "Overall: 71.5 x 67.1 x 41.3 cm (28 1/8 x 26 7/16 x 16 1/4 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"height": 0.715, "width": 0.671, "depth": 0.413}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "signed in ligature in white metal inlay on central shelf:  Bugatti.", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 311440, "title": "Notable Acquisitions", "description": "<i>Notable Acquisitions</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 7-September 15, 1991).", "opening_date": "1991-06-07T04:00:00"}, {"id": 191440, "title": "Bugatti", "description": "<i>Bugatti</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (July 18-September 19, 1999).", "opening_date": "1999-07-18T00:00:00"}, {"id": 220633, "title": "Carlo Bugatti", "description": "<i>Carlo Bugatti</i>. Mus\u00e9e d'Orsay, Paris, France (organizer) (April 9-July 15, 2001).", "opening_date": "2001-04-09T00:00:00"}, {"id": 194450, "title": "Artistic Luxury: Faberg\u00e9 Tiffany Lalique ", "description": "<i>Artistic Luxury: Faberg\u00e9 Tiffany Lalique </i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 19, 2008-January 18, 2009); Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (February 7-May 31, 2009).", "opening_date": "2008-10-19T04:00:00"}, {"id": 441598, "title": "Artlens Exhibition 2019", "description": "<i>Artlens Exhibition 2019</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer).", "opening_date": "2019-06-11T04:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "Possibly exhibited at the Galerie Hebrard, Paris, France (1907).", "opening_date": "1907-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Possibly exhibited at the Prima Esposizione Internazionale d'Arte Decorativa Moderna, Turin, Italy (May 10-November 10, 1902).", "opening_date": "1902-05-10T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "First owned by Mrs. Anna Blake [d. 1956] who took it to Cape Town, South Africa.", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "c. 1907-c. 1956", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "Inherited by her son Robert da Costa Blake.", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "c. 1956-1965", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "His sale Kirkcaldzs, Cape Town, South Africa, 24 May 1965, lot 34.", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1965", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "Private collection, South Africa", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "until c. 1991", "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "(Galerie Moderne, Ltd., London)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": 5}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1991-", "sortorder": 6}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [{"id": 156113, "description": "Salver, c. 1907. Carlo Bugatti (Italian, 1856\u20131940), Adrien-Aur\u00e9lien Hebrard (French, 1866\u20131937). Gilt silver and ivory; overall: 14.6 x 33 cm (5 3/4 x 13 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund, 1991.46", "relationship": null}, {"id": 150156, "description": "Tea and Coffee Service, c. 1907. Carlo Bugatti (Italian, 1856\u20131940), Adrien-Aur\u00e9lien Hebrard (French, 1866\u20131937). Gilt silver and ivory. The Cleveland Museum of Art, The Thomas L. Fawick Memorial Collection, 1980.74", "relationship": null}], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Carlo Bugatti's sons achieved illustrious careers of their own. Rembrandt Bugatti (1884-1916) became a celebrated sculptor, and Ettore Bugatti (1881-1947) manufactured luxurious automobiles and racing cars.", "description": "Luxurious materials might catch the eye first, but a closer look reveals the imaginary creatures that adorn the surface of this table. Featuring elaborate arches, a favorite motif that appeared throughout Bugatti's furniture, this fantastical imagery is a window into the designer's expressive imagination.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60779075"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1991.45-tea-table"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "<em>L'Art Decoratif</em> 25, no. 1 (June 1911).", "page_number": "Mentioned P 307", "url": "http://library.clevelandart.org/opac/?func=find-b&find_code=OCL&submit=Search&request=1514270"}, {"citation": "Duncan, J. Alastair. \"The Silver of Carlo Bugatti,\" <em>The Magazine Antiques </em>136, no. 6, (December 1989): 1344-55.", "page_number": "Reproduced P 157", "url": "http://library.clevelandart.org/opac/?func=item-global&doc_library=CMA01&doc_number=000001278&year=&volume=&sub_library=CMA"}, {"citation": "Hawley, Henry. \"Notable Acquisitions.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 78, no. 3 (1991): 63-147.", "page_number": "Reproduced and Mentioned: p. 82", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25161319"}, {"citation": "Hawley, Henry. \"Some Furniture and Silver of Carlo Bugatti.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 79, no. 5 (1992): 130-43.", "page_number": "Reproduced: cover, p. 137-39; Mentioned: p. 130-43", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25161359"}, {"citation": "Hawley, Henry H., Ve\u0301ronique Fromanger Des Cordes, and Mickey Mishne. <em>Bugatti</em>. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1999.", "page_number": "Mentioned & reproduced P 27, cat. no. 40, fig. 39A-B", "url": "http://library.clevelandart.org/opac/?func=find-b&find_code=OCL&submit=Search&request=41002835"}, {"citation": "May, Sally Ruth, Jane Takac, and Barbara J. Bradley.<em> Knockouts: A Pocket Guide</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2001.", "page_number": "Mentioned & reproduced PP 55-6", "url": "http://library.clevelandart.org/opac/?func=find-b&find_code=OCL&submit=Search&request=50820863"}, {"citation": "Masse\u0301, Marie-Madeleine. <em>Carlo Bugatti au Muse\u0301e d'Orsay: catalogue sommaire illustre\u0301 du fonds d'archives et des collections</em>. Paris, France: Re\u0301union des muse\u0301es nationaux, 2001.", "page_number": "Exh. Cat. No. 139, Pg. 41; Repr. Pg. 41", "url": null}, {"citation": "Fromanger, Ve\u0301ronique. <em>Rembrandt Bugatti Sculpteur: Re\u0301pertoire Monographique</em>. Paris: L'Amateur, 2009.", "page_number": "Mentioned P 8, fig. 69", "url": "http://library.clevelandart.org/opac/?func=find-b&find_code=OCL&submit=Search&request=537862059"}, {"citation": "Harrison, Stephen, Emmanuel Ducamp, and Jeannine J. Falino. <em>Artistic Luxury: Faberge\u0301 Tiffany Lalique</em>. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art in association with New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2008.", "page_number": "Mentioned & reproduced PP 35-6, 57, 324-5, cat. no. 9", "url": "http://library.clevelandart.org/opac/?func=find-b&find_code=OCL&submit=Search&request=230187932"}, {"citation": "Pin\u0303a, Leslie A. <em>Furniture in History, 3000 B.C.-2000 A.D.</em> Boston: Prentice Hall, 2010.", "page_number": "Mentioned P 30", "url": "http://library.clevelandart.org/opac/?func=find-b&find_code=OCL&submit=Search&request=268788668"}, {"citation": "Franklin, David, and C. Griffith Mann.<em> Treasures from the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. 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Claus de Werve (Netherlandish, 1380\u20131439). Vizille alabaster; overall: 41.1 x 17.6 x 11 cm (16 3/16 x 6 15/16 x 4 5/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Bequest of Leonard C. Hanna Jr., 1958.67", "current_location": "109 Gothic Painting and Sculpture", "title": "Mourner from the Tomb of Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy (1364\u20131404)", "creation_date": "1404\u201310", "creation_date_earliest": 1404, "creation_date_latest": 1410, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["Netherlands, active Dijon, 15th century"], "technique": "vizille alabaster", "support_materials": [], "department": "Medieval Art", "collection": "MED - Gothic", "type": "Sculpture", "measurements": "Overall: 41.1 x 17.6 x 11 cm (16 3/16 x 6 15/16 x 4 5/16 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"height": 0.411, "width": 0.176, "depth": 0.11}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 518505, "title": "25th Anniversary Exhibition", "description": "<i>25th Anniversary Exhibition</i>. Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, Richmond, VA (organizer) (January 13-March 5, 1961).", "opening_date": "1961-01-13T05:00:00"}, {"id": 519411, "title": "European Art Around 1400", "description": "<i>European Art Around 1400</i>. Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien, Wien, Austria (organizer) (May 7-July 31, 1962).", "opening_date": "1962-05-07T04:00:00"}, {"id": 361650, "title": "The International Style: The Arts in Europe around 1400", "description": "<i>The International Style: The Arts in Europe around 1400</i>. The Walters Art Museum, Baltimore, MD (organizer) (October 23-December 2, 1962).", "opening_date": "1962-10-23T04:00:00"}, {"id": 304213, "title": "Gothic Art 1360-1440", "description": "<i>Gothic Art 1360-1440</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (August 6-September 15, 1963).", "opening_date": "1963-08-06T04:00:00"}, {"id": 300926, "title": "Treasures of Medieval France", "description": "<i>Treasures of Medieval France</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (November 16, 1966-January 29, 1967).", "opening_date": "1966-11-16T05:00:00"}, {"id": 311444, "title": "Object Lessons: Cleveland Creates an Art Museum", "description": "<i>Object Lessons: Cleveland Creates an Art Museum</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 7-September 8, 1991).", "opening_date": "1991-06-07T04:00:00"}, {"id": 186370, "title": "Dukes and Angels: Art from the Court of Burgundy (1364-1419)", "description": "<i>Dukes and Angels: Art from the Court of Burgundy (1364-1419)</i>. Mus\u00e9e des Beaux-Arts, Dijon, Dijon, France (May 27-September 15, 2004); The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 24, 2004-January 9, 2005).", "opening_date": "2004-05-27T00:00:00"}, {"id": 180667, "title": "Sacred Gifts and Worldly Treasures: Medieval Masterworks from the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Sacred Gifts and Worldly Treasures: Medieval Masterworks from the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. National Museum of Bavaria, Munich, Germany (May 10-September 16, 2007); J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, CA (October 30, 2007-January 20, 2008); Frist Art Museum, Nashville, TN (February 13-June 7, 2009).", "opening_date": "2007-05-10T00:00:00"}, {"id": 207394, "title": "The Mourners: Medieval Tomb Sculptures from the Court of Burgundy", "description": "<i>The Mourners: Medieval Tomb Sculptures from the Court of Burgundy</i>. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY (organizer) (March 1-May 23, 2010).", "opening_date": "2010-03-01T00:00:00"}, {"id": 220338, "title": "The Road to Van Eyck", "description": "<i>The Road to Van Eyck</i>. Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen, Rotterdam, Netherlands (organizer) (October 13, 2012-February 10, 2013).", "opening_date": "2012-10-13T00:00:00"}, {"id": 296969, "title": "Johan Maelwael from Guelders", "description": "<i>Johan Maelwael from Guelders</i>. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, Netherlands (organizer) (October 6, 2017-January 7, 2018).", "opening_date": "2017-10-06T04:00:00"}, {"id": 453138, "title": "Riemenschneider and Late Medieval Alabaster", "description": "<i>Riemenschneider and Late Medieval Alabaster</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (March 26-July 23, 2023).", "opening_date": "2023-03-26T04:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>Deux Pleurants de Jaume Cascalle Provenant des Sepultures Royales de Poblet</em>, Mus\u00e9es du Louvre, Paris, France, (May, 1949).", "opening_date": "1949-05-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>In Memoriam Leonard C. Hanna Jr.</em>, The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH 3/4/1958 - 4/6/1958).", "opening_date": "1958-03-04T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Treasures in America</em>, Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, (January 13-March 5, 1961).", "opening_date": "1961-01-13T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>European Art about 1400</em>, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, Austria (May-July 1962).", "opening_date": "1962-05-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>International Style</em>, The Walters Art Gallery, Baltimore, (October 22-December 30, 1962).", "opening_date": "1962-10-22T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Les Pleurant dans la Sculpture du Moyen Age en Europe</em>, Mus\u00e9e de Dijon, Dijon, France; Palais des \u00c9tats de Bourgoge (July 3-September 12, 1971).", "opening_date": "1971-07-03T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Vicomte Edouard de Broissia & son, Georges (d. 1875), Dijon, France", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "?-1875", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "(M. Legay, Nancy, sold to Charles Stein)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1875-?", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "(Charles Stein, Paris, France)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "(Duveen Brothers., Paris, France)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1919-?", "sortorder": 7}, {"description": "Clarence Mackay (d. 1939), New York, NY", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "by 1922-1939", "sortorder": 8}, {"description": "(Jacques Seligmann, New York, NY, sold to Leonard C. Hanna)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1939-1940", "sortorder": 9}, {"description": "Leonard C. Hanna, Jr., Cleveland, OH, bequest to the Cleveland Museum of Art", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1940-1958", "sortorder": 10}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1958-", "sortorder": 11}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [{"id": 119132, "description": "Mourner from the Tomb of Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy (1364\u20131404), 1404\u20131410. Claus de Werve (Netherlandish, 1380\u20131439). Vizille alabaster; overall: 41.7 x 16.6 x 11.7 cm (16 7/16 x 6 9/16 x 4 5/8 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Purchase from the J. H. Wade Fund, 1940.128", "relationship": "related series"}, {"id": 135538, "description": "Mourner from the Tomb of Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy (1364\u20131404), 1404\u201310. Claus de Werve (Netherlandish, 1380\u20131439). Vizille alabaster; overall: 41 x 12.7 x 15 cm (16 1/8 x 5 x 5 7/8 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Bequest of Leonard C. Hanna Jr., 1958.66", "relationship": "related series"}, {"id": 119143, "description": "Mourner from the Tomb of John the Fearless and Margaret of Bavaria, 1443\u201345. Jean de la Huerta (Spanish, active Burgundy, 1431\u201362). Salins alabaster; overall: 41 x 20.3 x 12.4 cm (16 1/8 x 8 x 4 7/8 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Purchase from the J. H. Wade Fund, 1940.129", "relationship": null}], "former_accession_numbers": ["3876.42"], "did_you_know": "The use of alabaster in the late Middle Ages began in the 1300s with court art in the circles of French kings, especially in the field of funerary sculpture.", "description": "This figure comes from the tomb of Duke Philip the Bold from the church of Champmol near Dijon (Burgundy, France). Philip, who founded the monastery and designated it as his burial place, hired the best artists, many of whom came from the Netherlands. While the commission was given in 1381, the work was not completed until 1410, six years after the duke\u2019s death.<br><br>This mourner is unusual for the time because it is not carved as a static low relief on the pedestal of the tomb but interact with the viewers and their fellow procession members. The lifelike quality of the figure is due in large part to the alabaster. Its softness allowed artists to carve details into the material, and the transparent, milky white stone could also be polished to a high gloss.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60757403"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1958.67-mourner-from-the-tom"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Mus\u00e9e Des Beaux-Arts, Dijon France", "page_number": null, "url": "http://mba-collections.dijon.fr/ow4/mba/voir.xsp?id=00101-25102&qid=sdx_q4&n=10&e="}, {"citation": "Beaulieu, Miche\u0300le. 1949. \"Deux pleurants de Jaume Cascalls provenant des se\u0301pultures royales de Poblet: Muse\u0301e du Louvre\". Muse\u0301es De France. 96-98.", "page_number": "No Iv.", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, and William Mathewson Milliken.<em> In Memoriam: Leonard C. Hanna, Jr.</em> [Catalogue]. 1958.", "page_number": "no. 161", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 64", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n88"}, {"citation": "Wixom, William D. <em>Treasures from Medieval France.</em> [Cleveland]: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1967.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 256-257; cat. no. VI-21", "url": "https://archive.org/details/TreasuresMedievalFrance/page/n283"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 64", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n88"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 72", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n92"}, {"citation": "Alsop, Joseph. <em>The Rare Art Traditions: The History of Art Collecting and Its Linked Phenomena Wherever These Have Appeared.</em> New York: Harper &amp; Row, 1982.", "page_number": "Reproduced: fig. 4", "url": null}, {"citation": "De Winter, Patrick M. \"Art from the Duchy of Burgundy.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 74, no. 10 (1987).", "page_number": "p. 411-424", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25160010"}, {"citation": "Fliegel, Stephen N., Sophie Jugie, and Virginie Barthe\u0301le\u0301my. <em>Art from the Court of Burgundy: The Patronage of Philip the Bold and John the Fearless 1364-1419. </em>Dijon, France: Muse\u0301e des beaux-arts, 2004.", "page_number": "Cat. No.83; reproduced .p.233.no.35", "url": null}, {"citation": "Domine, Heidi, \"Time Machine\", Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Cleveland Art: The Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em>. Vol. 44 no. 01, January 2004", "page_number": "Mentioned & reproduced: p. 8-9", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2004-01/page/n7"}, {"citation": "Klein, Holger A. <em>Sacred Gifts and Worldly Treasures: Medieval Masterworks from the Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2007.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 202-205, no. 73", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kemperdick, Stephan, and Friso Lammertse. <em>The Road to Van Eyck</em>. Rotterdam: Museum Boijmans van Beuningen, 2012.", "page_number": "Cat. No. 24B; pp. 164-165", "url": null}, {"citation": "Anna Simon, review of The Road to Van Eyck, by Stephan Kemperdick und Friso Lammertse, <em>Journal fu\u0308r Kunstgeschichte</em> 17 (April 2013): 258-268.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 259", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 272", "url": ""}, {"citation": "\u201cA Walking Tour: The entire new museum wing by wing, with curators calling out a few favorite works in the collection.\u201d <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em> 54, no. 1 (January/February 2014): 8-33.", "page_number": "Reproduced and Mentioned: p. 13", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2014-01"}, {"citation": "Mikolic, Amanda. <em>Fashionable Mourners: Bronze Statuettes from the Rijksmuseum</em>. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2017.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 1, fig. 1", "url": null}, {"citation": "Gertsman, Elina and Barbara H. Rosenwein. <em>The Middle Ages in 50 Objects</em>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 188-191; Reproduced: p. 189", "url": null}, {"citation": "Freundeskreis des Bayerischen Nationalmuseums. <em>Hommage: Renate Eikelmann</em>. Mu\u0308nchen: Sieveking Verlag, 2018.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 60", "url": null}, {"citation": "Truman, Samantha, and Angelica Verduci. \u201cMourners from the Tomb of Philip the Bold.\u201c In <em>Riemenschneider and Late Medieval Alabaster</em>, edited by Aumaine Rose Smith, 106-119. 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South India, Tamil Nadu, Chola period (900-1200s). Bronze; overall: 113 x 102 x 30 cm (44 1/2 x 40 3/16 x 11 13/16 in.); base: 35 x 24 cm (13 3/4 x 9 7/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Purchase from the J. H. Wade Fund, 1930.331", "current_location": "244 Indian and Southeast Asian", "title": "Nataraja, Shiva as the Lord of Dance", "creation_date": "1000s", "creation_date_earliest": 1000, "creation_date_latest": 1099, "artists_tags": [], "culture": ["South India, Tamil Nadu, Chola period (900-1200s)"], "technique": "Bronze", "support_materials": [], "department": "Indian and Southeast Asian Art", "collection": "Indian Art", "type": "Sculpture", "measurements": "Overall: 113 x 102 x 30 cm (44 1/2 x 40 3/16 x 11 13/16 in.); Base: 35 x 24 cm (13 3/4 x 9 7/16 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"height": 1.13, "width": 1.02, "depth": 0.3}, "base": {"width": 0.35, "depth": 0.24}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 312341, "title": "The Silver Jubilee Exhibition", "description": "<i>The Silver Jubilee Exhibition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 23-September 28, 1941).", "opening_date": "1941-06-23T04:00:00"}, {"id": 355438, "title": "Exhibition of the Month: Jewelry of India", "description": "<i>Exhibition of the Month: Jewelry of India</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (April 1-June 2, 1947).", "opening_date": "1947-04-01T05:00:00"}, {"id": 700713, "title": "Indian and Indonesian Bronze", "description": "<i>Indian and Indonesian Bronze</i>. Rhode Island School of Design, Providence, RI (organizer) (November 2-30, 1955).", "opening_date": "1955-11-02T05:00:00"}, {"id": 300857, "title": "Art: The International Language", "description": "<i>Art: The International Language</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art (October 2-November 4, 1956).", "opening_date": "1956-10-02T04:00:00"}, {"id": 300801, "title": "Master Bronzes of India", "description": "<i>Master Bronzes of India</i>. The Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL (September 3-October 10, 1965); William Rockhill Nelson Gallery, Kansas City, MO (October 21-December 19, 1965); The Cleveland Museum of Art (January 19-February 27, 1966); The Asia Society Museum, New York, NY (October 12-December 11, 1966).", "opening_date": "1965-09-03T04:00:00"}, {"id": 302145, "title": "Traditions and Revisions: Themes from the History of Sculpture", "description": "<i>Traditions and Revisions: Themes from the History of Sculpture</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (September 24-November 16, 1975).", "opening_date": "1975-09-24T04:00:00"}, {"id": 309885, "title": "Sacred India", "description": "<i>Sacred India</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (November 5, 1985-January 12, 1986).", "opening_date": "1985-11-05T05:00:00"}, {"id": 311444, "title": "Object Lessons: Cleveland Creates an Art Museum", "description": "<i>Object Lessons: Cleveland Creates an Art Museum</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 7-September 8, 1991).", "opening_date": "1991-06-07T04:00:00"}, {"id": 311878, "title": "Dance of the Gods: Indian Art Inspired by Music", "description": "<i>Dance of the Gods: Indian Art Inspired by Music</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (September 24-December 8, 1996).", "opening_date": "1996-09-24T04:00:00"}, {"id": 213005, "title": "The Sensuous and the Sacred: Chola Bronzes from South India", "description": "<i>The Sensuous and the Sacred: Chola Bronzes from South India</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (July 6-September 14, 2003).", "opening_date": "2002-11-10T00:00:00"}, {"id": 181802, "title": "The Persistence of Geometry: Form, Content and Culture in the Collection of the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>The Persistence of Geometry: Form, Content and Culture in the Collection of the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. Museum of Contemporary Art Cleveland (MOCA), Cleveland, OH (June 9-August 20, 2006).", "opening_date": "2006-06-09T00:00:00"}, {"id": 222425, "title": "Chola: Sacred Bronzes of Southern India", "description": "<i>Chola: Sacred Bronzes of Southern India</i>. Royal Academy of Arts, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (organizer) (November 11, 2006-February 25, 2007).", "opening_date": "2006-11-11T00:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>Art of the United Nations</em>. Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL (November 6-Decmber 31, 1944).", "opening_date": "1944-11-06T04:00:00Z"}, {"description": "<em>Masterpieces of Sculpture, </em>Minneapolis Institute of Art, Minneapolis, MN (November 1-December 11, 1949). Cat. no. 11, pl. 157 in <em>Bulletin of Minneapolis Institute of Arts</em>, November 5, 1949.", "opening_date": "1949-11-01T05:00:00Z"}, {"description": "<em>Art of Greater India</em>. Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles, CA (March 1-April 16, 1950). Cat. no. 69, pl. 69.", "opening_date": "1950-03-01T05:00:00Z"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "(C.T. Loo \u76e7\u82b9\u9f4b [1880\u20131957], New York, NY, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "?\u20131930", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1930-", "sortorder": 2}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": ["257.30"], "did_you_know": "The trampled figure holds a serpent in his left hand and with his right points up to Shiva.", "description": "One of the most celebrated sculptural forms in the history of Indian art, this elegant and dynamic figure embodies some of Hinduism\u2019s most fundamental tenets. According to Hindu thought, time is cyclical; the world is created, maintained, preserved for a time, then destroyed, only to be created again an infinite number of times. For those Hindus who view Shiva to be the all-powerful creator divinity, he is responsible for both creation and destruction. The ring of fire and the tongue of flame he holds in his left hand refer to destruction, and the drum in his raised right hand refers to the relentless beat of time as it moves inevitably forward. His lower right hand, held up with the palm facing out, signals to his devotees not to be afraid of the impending destruction; they can be liberated from the cycles of birth and death through devotion to him, which he indicates by pointing to his upraised foot. With every step in his dance, he lands on a dwarfish figure personifying ignorance.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60762150"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1930.331-nataraja-shiva-as-th"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Hollis, Howard Conley. \u201cNataraja, Lord of the Dance.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 17, no. 8 (October 1930): 148\u2013151.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 148\u2013151", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25137325"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Handbook.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 761", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1958/page/n137"}, {"citation": "<em>Master Bronzes of India: The Art Institute of Chicago ... [et al]</em>. Chicago: The Art Institute of Chicago, 1965.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 30", "url": ""}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 236", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n260"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 235", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n259"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 299", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n319"}, {"citation": "Czuma, Stanislaw J., \"Eternal Rhythms\" , Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Cleveland Art: The Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em>. Vol. 36 no. 08, October 1996", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 8", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM1996-08/page/8"}, {"citation": "Cunningham, Michael R., Stanislaw J. Czuma, Anne E. Wardwell, and J. Keith Wilson. <em>Masterworks of Asian Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1998.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: pp. 146\u2013147", "url": null}, {"citation": "Connell, Timothy C., and Jackson J. Spielvogel. <em>World Art Transparencies</em>. Cincinnati: West Educational Pub, 1998.", "page_number": "Reproduced: Acetate 19", "url": null}, {"citation": "Fichner-Rathus, Lois. <em>Understanding Art</em>. Fifth edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1998.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 18- 30, p. 486", "url": null}, {"citation": "Murphey, Rhoads. <em>A History of Asia</em>. 3rd Edition. New York: Longman, 1999.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 122", "url": null}, {"citation": "Michell, George. <em>Hindu Art and Architecture</em>. New York: Thames &amp; Hudson, 2000.", "page_number": "Reproduced: fig. 114, p. 130", "url": null}, {"citation": "May, Sally Ruth, Jane Takac, and Barbara J. Bradley. <em>Knockouts: A Pocket Guide</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2001.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: no. 98, pp. 88\u201389, 119", "url": null}, {"citation": "Preble, Duane, Sarah Preble, and Patrick Frank. <em>Artforms: An Introduction to the Visual Arts</em>. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2002.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 469, p. 324", "url": null}, {"citation": "Getlein, Mark. <em>Gilbert's Living with Art</em>. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2002.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 9, fig. 1.9", "url": null}, {"citation": "Fiero, Gloria K. <em>Prehistory to the Early Modern World</em>. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2002.", "page_number": "Reproduced: Fig. 14.2, p. 323", "url": null}, {"citation": "Palmedo, Philip F., and Bill Barrett. <em>Bill Barrett: Evolution of a Sculptor</em>. New York: Hudson Hills, 2003.", "page_number": "p. 29", "url": null}, {"citation": "Dehejia, Vidya. <em>Chola: Sacred Bronzes of Southern India</em>. London, UK: Royal Academy of Arts, 2006.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pp. 46\u201347, cat. no. 1", "url": null}, {"citation": "Sims, Lowery S. <em>The Persistence of Geometry: Form, Content, and Culture in the Collection of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2006.", "page_number": "Reproduced. p. 30; Mentioned: p. 116, no. 17", "url": null}, {"citation": "Buser, Thomas. <em>Experiencing Art Around Us</em>. Second edition. Australia: Thomson Wadsworth, 2006.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 69, fig. 3-14", "url": null}, {"citation": "Fiero, Gloria K. <em>Faith, Reason, and Power in the Early Modern World. The Humanistic Tradition</em>. Book 4. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill, 2006.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 146, fig. 14.2", "url": null}, {"citation": "Branfoot, Crispin. \"Processions and Presence: Bronze Sculptures from the Temples of Southern India.\" <em>Arts of Asia </em>vol. 36 no. 6 (2006).", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 61, fig. 1", "url": null}, {"citation": "Knight. Elizabeth. \"The Art and Science of Chola Bronzes,\" <em>Orientations </em>37, no 8. (2006).", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 47, fig. 1", "url": null}, {"citation": "Dittmar, Peter. \"Dies gewisse L\u00e4cheln\u2026\" <em>Weltkunst</em> 15 (2006).", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Donley, Gregory M. \"Geometric Means.\" <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em> 46, no. 5 (May/June 2006): 3\u20137.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 3", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2006-05/page/2/mode/2up"}, {"citation": "\"Sacred Bronzes of Southern India.\" <em>The Asian Art Newspaper: Monthly for Collectors, Dealers, Museums and Galleries</em>. October 2006.", "page_number": "p. 12", "url": null}, {"citation": "Sims, Lowery Stokes. <em>The persistence of geometry: form, content, and culture in the collection of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2006.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 116; Reproduced: p. 30, no. 17", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Chola. Heilige Bronzen aus S\u00fcdindien\" <em>Weltkunst</em> issue 15, (December 2006)", "page_number": "p. 87", "url": null}, {"citation": "Dehejia, Vidya. <em>Chola: Sacred Bronzes of Southern India</em>. London: Royal Academy of Arts, 2006.", "page_number": "Reproduced: cat. no. 1, pp. 46\u201347", "url": null}, {"citation": "Locke, Adrian K. \"Divine Beauty: Sacred Medieval Bronzes from Southern India.\" <em>Minerva</em> vol. 18 no. 1 (January-February 2007).", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 24, fig. 7.", "url": null}, {"citation": "Markbreiter, Robin. \"Asian Art in London at the Royal Academy of Arts.\" <em>Arts of Asia</em> vol. 37 no. 1 (January-February 2007).", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 132", "url": null}, {"citation": "Franklin, David and C. Griffith Mann. <em>Treasures from the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 2012.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: pp. 86\u201387", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cothren, Michael W. and Marilyn Stokstad. <em>Art History.</em> Fifth Edition. Boston: Pearson Education, Inc., 2014", "page_number": "Reproduced: fig. 10-31, p. 322.", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: pp. 208\u2013209", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Museum Masters: 2016-17 Companion Guide.</em> [Cleveland, Ohio]: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2016.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 37", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Dehejia, Vidya. <em>The Thief Who Stole My Heart: The Material Life of Sacred Bronzes from Chola India, 855-1280. </em>Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2021.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: pp. 16\u201317", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1930.331", "images": {"annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1930.331/1930.331_web.jpg", "width": "714", "height": "893", "filesize": "328531", "filename": "1930.331_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1930.331/1930.331_print.jpg", "width": "2720", "height": "3400", "filesize": "4331593", "filename": "1930.331_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1930.331/1930.331_full.tif", "width": "4400", "height": "5500", "filesize": "72632996", "filename": "1930.331_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2007-03-12T18:59:59", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1930.331/1930.331_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "714", "height": "893", "filesize": "317566"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1930.331/1930.331_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "2720", "height": "3400", "filesize": "4183925"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1930.331/1930.331_alt0_full.tif", "width": "4400", "height": "5500", "filesize": "72633084"}}, {"date_created": "2007-03-13T14:52:15", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1930.331/1930.331_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "714", "height": "893", "filesize": "236515"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1930.331/1930.331_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "2720", "height": "3400", "filesize": "3355087"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1930.331/1930.331_alt1_full.tif", "width": "4400", "height": "5500", "filesize": "72630776"}}], "creditline": "Purchase from the J. H. Wade Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": "6862a3c673d4434a8dc39ced2a5b5720", "sketchfab_url": "https://sketchfab.com/models/6862a3c673d4434a8dc39ced2a5b5720", "gallery_donor_text": "Nancy F. & Joseph P. Keithley Gallery", "athena_id": 111811, "creators": [], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1930-06-19T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1000, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1000s", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Nataraja, Shiva as the King of Dance", "Nataraja: \u015aiva as King of Dance"], "is_highlight": true, "updated_at": "2026-04-17 19:30:56.078000"}, {"id": 155665, "accession_number": "1991.1", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Red-Figure Calyx-Krater (Mixing Vessel): Medea in Chariot (A); Telephos with Baby Orestes (B), c. 400 BCE. Near the Policoro Painter (South Italian, Lucanian, active c. 400 BCE). Ceramic; diameter of mouth: 49.9 cm (19 5/8 in.); overall: 50.5 cm (19 7/8 in.); diameter of foot: 22 cm (8 11/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund, 1991.1", "current_location": "102D Pre-Roman", "title": "Red-Figure Calyx-Krater (Mixing Vessel): Medea in Chariot (A); Telephos with Baby Orestes (B)", "creation_date": "c. 400 BCE", "creation_date_earliest": -405, "creation_date_latest": -395, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["South Italian, Lucanian"], "technique": "ceramic", "support_materials": [], "department": "Greek and Roman Art", "collection": "GR - South Italy", "type": "Ceramic", "measurements": "Diameter of mouth: 49.9 cm (19 5/8 in.); Overall: 50.5 cm (19 7/8 in.); Diameter of foot: 22 cm (8 11/16 in.)", "dimensions": {"diameter of mouth": {"width": 0.499}, "overall": {"height": 0.505}, "diameter of foot": {"width": 0.22}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 311440, "title": "Notable Acquisitions", "description": "<i>Notable Acquisitions</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 7-September 15, 1991).", "opening_date": "1991-06-07T04:00:00"}, {"id": 215185, "title": "Coming of Age in Ancient Greece", "description": "<i>Coming of Age in Ancient Greece</i>. Hood Museum of Art, Hanover, NH (organizer) (August 23-December 5, 2003); Onassis Foundation Cultural Center (January 20-April 15, 2004); The Cincinnati Art Museum, Cincinnati, OH (May 21-August 1, 2004); J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, CA (September 14-December 5, 2004).", "opening_date": "2003-08-23T00:00:00"}, {"id": 217092, "title": "The Art of Ancient Greek Theater", "description": "<i>The Art of Ancient Greek Theater</i>. Getty Villa, Pacific Palisades, CA (August 26, 2010-January 3, 2011).", "opening_date": "2010-08-26T00:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>Wealth of the Ancient World</em>, Kimbell Art Museum, Fort Worth, (25 June-18 September 1983); Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, Richmond, (19 October-11 December 1983); Detroit Institute of Arts, (1 February-24 March 1984); and Dallas Museum of Art, (25 April-10 June 1984).", "opening_date": "1983-06-25T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1991-", "sortorder": 3}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "This vase includes scenes connected to two Athenian tragedies dealing with children\u2014<em>Medea</em> and <em>Telephos</em>.", "description": "The remarkable scene on the front of this vase relates to the famous tragedy <em>Medea</em>, written by Euripides and first produced in Athens in 431 BC. Framed in the center by a halo (recalling her sun god grandfather Helios), the sorceress Medea flies off in a dragon-drawn chariot. Seeking revenge against her husband Jason, leader of the Argonauts, Medea has just slain their two children. Two Furies flank her, while Jason and a distraught nurse and teacher approach the bodies on the altar below. <br><br>A different tragedy unfolds on the other side of the vase, from Euripides\u2019s <em>Telephos</em> (438 BC). The wounded warrior Telephos holds the baby Orestes hostage at an altar, with Agamemnon and Clytemnestra rushing to save their son.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60757809"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1991.1-red-figure-calyx-kra"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Beazley Archive. n.d. <em>Beazley Archive Pottery Database</em>. 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Neils).", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Turner, Evan H. \"Acquisitions: 1990.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 78, no. 2 (1991)", "page_number": "p. 72", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25161314"}, {"citation": "Carpenter, Thomas H. Art and <em>Myth in Ancient Greece: A Handbook</em>. London: Thames and Hudson, 1991.", "page_number": "fig. 283", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kozloff, Ariell\u00e9 P. \"Notable Acquisitions.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 78, no. 3 (1991): 63-147.", "page_number": "Reproduced and Mentioned: p. 72", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25161319"}, {"citation": "Turner, Evan H. \"Selected 1991 Acquisitions.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 79, no. 2 (1992)", "page_number": "p. 76, no. 1", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25161350"}, {"citation": "<em>Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae</em> 2. 2. Zu\u0308rich: Artemis-Verl, 1992.", "page_number": "no. 36, pl. 199", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art.<em> Masterpieces from East and West. </em>New York, NY: Rizzoli International, 1992.", "page_number": "pp. 18-19", "url": null}, {"citation": "Taplin, Oliver. <em>Comic Angels: And Other Approaches to Greek Drama Through Vase-Paintings</em>. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993.", "page_number": "16-17, 22-23, 26, 37-38, 116-17, nos. 1.101 and 1.102", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae</em>, vol. VI. Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae : LIMC / Publie\u0301 Par La Fondation Pour Le Lexicon Iconographicum Mithologiae Classicae (LIMC). Zurich: Artemis, 1992.", "page_number": "s.v. Medeia, no. 36, pl. 199 (M. Schmidt).", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Aellen, Christian. <em>A la recherche de l'ordre cosmique: forme et fonction des personnifications dans la ce\u0301ramique italiote</em>. Kilchberg/Zu\u0308rich: Akanthus, 1994.", "page_number": "p. 39, n. 39", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae.</em> 7.1, 7.1. Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae : LIMC / [Publie\u0301 Par La Fondation Pour Le Lexicon Iconographicum Mithologiae Classicae (LIMC)]. Zurich: Artemis, 1994.", "page_number": "s.v. Telephos, pp. 866-67, no. 59 (M. Strauss).", "url": null}, {"citation": "Easterling, P. E. <em>The Cambridge Companion to Greek Tragedy.</em> 1997.", "page_number": "p. 79, fig. 12", "url": null}, {"citation": "Clauss, James Joseph, and Sarah Iles Johnston. <em>Medea: Essays on Medea in Myth, Literature, Philosophy, and Art. </em>Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1997.", "page_number": "pp. 269-71, fig. 3", "url": null}, {"citation": "Matheson, Susan B. \"Hounded by Furies.\" <em>Yale University Art Gallery Bulletin</em>, 1997", "page_number": "pp. 23-24, fig. 5", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/40514513"}, {"citation": "<em>Open University. An Introduction to the Humanities</em>. Milton Keynes: Open University, 1997.", "page_number": "color plate 68", "url": null}, {"citation": "Schulze, Harald. Ammen und <em>Pa\u0308dagogen: Sklavinnen und Sklaven als Erzieher in der antiken Kunst und Gesellschaft.</em> Mainz: P. von Zabern, 1998.", "page_number": "no. 1.2, plate 34", "url": null}, {"citation": "March, Jennifer R. <em>Cassell Dictionary of Classical Mythology</em>. London: Cassell, 1998.", "page_number": "p. 245, fig. 88", "url": null}, {"citation": "F. de Angelis, \"Tragedie familiari. Mitigreci nell'arte sepolcrale etrusca,\" Palila 6 (1999).", "page_number": "pp. 63-64, figs. 13-14", "url": null}, {"citation": "De Angelis, Francesco, and Tonio Ho\u0308lscher.<em> Im Spiegel des Mythos: Bilderwelt und Lebenswelt : Symposium, Rom 19. - 20. Februar 1998 = Lo specchio del mito. </em>Wiesbaden: Reichert, 1999.", "page_number": "fig. 13-14, p. 64", "url": null}, {"citation": "Young-Sanchez, Margaret, \"A Royal Plaque\", Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Cleveland Art: The Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em>. Vol. 39 no. 07, September 1999", "page_number": "Mentioned & reproduced: p. 8-9", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM1999-07/page/8"}, {"citation": "Hardwick, N. 1999. \"A Triglyph Altar of Corinthian Type in a Scene of Medea on a Lucanian Calyx-Krater in Cleveland,\" <em>Quaderni ticinesi di numismatica e antichita classiche, </em>vol. 28, pp. 179-201.", "page_number": "", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Euripides, and John Harrison. <em>Medea</em>. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 2000.", "page_number": "p. 90", "url": null}, {"citation": "Neils, Jenifer, and Gisela Walberg. <em>Corpus Vasorum Antiquorum: The Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. [Cleveland, OH]: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 2000.", "page_number": "p. 48-49, pl. 89-91", "url": null}, {"citation": "Harris, Stephen L., and Gloria Platzner.<em> Classical Mythology: Images and Insights. </em>Mountain View, Calif: Mayfield Pub. 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Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.", "page_number": "p. 23", "url": null}, {"citation": "Storey, Ian Christopher, and Arlene Allan. <em>A Guide to Ancient Greek Drama.</em> Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub, 2005.", "page_number": "p. 152, fig. 2.4", "url": null}, {"citation": "Revermann, M. 2005. \"The 'Cleveland Medea' Calyx Crater and the Iconography of Ancient Greek Theatre,\" <em>Theatre Research International</em>, vol. 30.1, pp. 3-18.", "page_number": "", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Taplin, Oliver. <em>Pots &amp; Plays: Interactions between Tragedy and Greek Vase-Painting of the Fourth Century B.C.</em> Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum, 2007.", "page_number": "pp. 122-123 (cat. 35), 207 (cat. 76).", "url": null}, {"citation": "Ankarloo, Bengt. <em>Satans raseri: en sannfa\u0308rdig bera\u0308ttelse om det stora ha\u0308xova\u0308sendet i Sverige och omgivande la\u0308nder. </em>Stockholm: Ordfront, 2007.", "page_number": "p. 161, color plate 1", "url": null}, {"citation": "Goldhill, Simon. <em>How to Stage Greek Tragedy Today.</em> Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007.", "page_number": "p. 22, fig. 4", "url": null}, {"citation": "Oakley, John H. \"Child Heroes in Greek Art,\" in Albersmeier, Sabine, and Michael J. Anderson (Eds.). <em>Heroes: Mortals and Myths in Ancient Greece.</em> (Baltimore: Walters Art Museum, 2009): 66-87.", "page_number": "See pp. 73, 77-78, figs. 40, 47.", "url": null}, {"citation": "Hart, Mary Louise, and J. Michael Walton. <em>The Art of Ancient Greek Theater. </em>Los Angeles, Calif: J. Paul Getty Museum, 2010.", "page_number": "cat. no. 27, p. 72-73", "url": null}, {"citation": "Buxton, Richard. <em>How Medea Moves: Versions of a Myth in Apollonius and Elsewhere. </em>London: Legenda, 2010.", "page_number": "p. 34, fig. 2.6", "url": null}, {"citation": "Todisco, Luigi, and Giuseppina Gadaleta. <em>La ceramica a figure rosse della Magna Grecia e della Sicilia. </em>Roma: \"L'Erma\" di Bretschneider, 2012.", "page_number": "Tav 19, p. 299, 1 & 2", "url": null}, {"citation": "Harris, Stephen L., and Gloria Platzner. C<em>lassical Mythology: Images and Insights. </em>2012.", "page_number": "p. 776, fig. 17-3", "url": null}, {"citation": "Buxton, R. G. A. <em>Myths and Tragedies in Their Ancient Greek Contexts</em>. 2013.", "page_number": "p. 115, fig. 15", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 82", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Fortenberry, Diane and Rebecca Morrill. <em>Flying Too Close to the Sun: Myths in Art from Classical to Contemporary</em>. London: Phaidon Press Limited, 2018.", "page_number": "Reproduced and mentioned: p. 189", "url": null}, {"citation": "Dunand, Franc\u0327oise. C<em>orps Vivants des Dieux: Les Statues Anime\u0301es dans le Monde Me\u0301diterrane\u0301en Antique</em>. Paris: E\u0301ditions Picard, 2018.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 139, fig. 96", "url": null}, {"citation": "Craig Jendza. <em>Paracomedy: Appropriations of Comedy in Greek Tragedy.</em> 2020. New York: Oxford University Press.", "page_number": "Cover image (side B).", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Luckow, Almuth, and William Blake. Die Gottesbilder des William Blake: Kunst und Philosophie. Darmstadt : WBG Academic, 2021.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: pp. 292-293, Abb. 63", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Carpenter, Thomas H. Art and Myth in Ancient Greece. 2021. 238-239.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced; pp. 238-239, fig. 235.", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1991.1", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1991.1/1991.1_web.jpg", "width": "838", "height": "900", "filesize": "278182", "filename": "1991.1_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1991.1/1991.1_print.jpg", "width": "3165", "height": "3400", "filesize": "1906813", "filename": "1991.1_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1991.1/1991.1_full.tif", "width": "4992", "height": "5363", "filesize": "80350748", "filename": "1991.1_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2010-01-05T13:53:33", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1991.1/1991.1_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "852", "height": "900", "filesize": "248616"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1991.1/1991.1_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "3220", "height": "3400", "filesize": "1635480"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1991.1/1991.1_alt0_full.tif", "width": "4876", "height": "5148", "filesize": "75339320"}}, {"date_created": "2010-01-05T14:58:25", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1991.1/1991.1_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "849", "height": "900", "filesize": "261033"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1991.1/1991.1_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "3208", "height": "3400", "filesize": "1762800"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1991.1/1991.1_alt1_full.tif", "width": "4649", "height": "4928", "filesize": "68765032"}}, {"date_created": "2010-01-05T14:33:29", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1991.1/1991.1_alt2_web.jpg", "width": "839", "height": "900", "filesize": "236815"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1991.1/1991.1_alt2_print.jpg", "width": "3171", "height": "3400", "filesize": "1545700"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1991.1/1991.1_alt2_full.tif", "width": "4827", "height": "5175", "filesize": "74973192"}}, {"date_created": "2010-01-05T13:28:31", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1991.1/1991.1_alt3_web.jpg", "width": "729", "height": "900", "filesize": "389729"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1991.1/1991.1_alt3_print.jpg", "width": "2753", "height": "3400", "filesize": "2572769"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1991.1/1991.1_alt3_full.tif", "width": "4992", "height": "6165", "filesize": "92365688"}}, {"date_created": "2010-01-05T13:20:00", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1991.1/1991.1_alt4_web.jpg", "width": "663", "height": "900", "filesize": "358429"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1991.1/1991.1_alt4_print.jpg", "width": "2506", "height": "3400", "filesize": "2406345"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1991.1/1991.1_alt4_full.tif", "width": "4839", "height": "6564", "filesize": "95326832"}}, {"date_created": "2010-01-05T13:17:02", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1991.1/1991.1_alt5_web.jpg", "width": "674", "height": "900", "filesize": "419915"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1991.1/1991.1_alt5_print.jpg", "width": "2545", "height": "3400", "filesize": "2891380"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1991.1/1991.1_alt5_full.tif", "width": "4992", "height": "6668", "filesize": "99898132"}}, {"date_created": "2010-01-05T13:13:16", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1991.1/1991.1_alt6_web.jpg", "width": "674", "height": "900", "filesize": "273691"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1991.1/1991.1_alt6_print.jpg", "width": "2545", "height": "3400", "filesize": "1921269"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1991.1/1991.1_alt6_full.tif", "width": "4992", "height": "6668", "filesize": "99894896"}}], "creditline": "Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 155665, "creators": [{"id": 10735, "description": "Policoro Painter (South Italian, Lucanian, active c. 400 BCE)", "extent": null, "qualifier": "near the", "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1991-03-27T00:00:00", "sortable_date": -405, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 400 BCE", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": true, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:08:45.047000"}, {"id": 122338, "accession_number": "1942.635", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "The Annunciation, c. 1480. Albert Bouts (Netherlandish, 1451/55\u20131549). Oil on wood; framed: 75.2 x 69 x 8.5 cm (29 5/8 x 27 3/16 x 3 3/8 in.); unframed: 50.2 x 41.5 cm (19 3/4 x 16 5/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Bequest of John L. Severance, 1942.635", "current_location": "112 Northern Renaissance", "title": "The Annunciation", "creation_date": "c. 1480", "creation_date_earliest": 1475, "creation_date_latest": 1485, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["Netherlands, Leuven, 15th century"], "technique": "oil on wood", "support_materials": [], "department": "Medieval Art", "collection": "MED - Medieval Art", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 75.2 x 69 x 8.5 cm (29 5/8 x 27 3/16 x 3 3/8 in.); Unframed: 50.2 x 41.5 cm (19 3/4 x 16 5/16 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 0.752, "width": 0.69, "depth": 0.085}, "unframed": {"height": 0.502, "width": 0.415}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 335856, "title": "Exhibition of the John L. Severance Collection", "description": "<i>Exhibition of the John L. Severance Collection</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (November 12, 1942-March 14, 1943).", "opening_date": "1942-11-12T04:00:00"}, {"id": 355504, "title": "Exhibition of the Month: Texture in Art", "description": "<i>Exhibition of the Month: Texture in Art</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 6-December 8, 1947).", "opening_date": "1947-10-06T05:00:00"}, {"id": 311953, "title": "Classic to Baroque: A Style Change in the Arts", "description": "<i>Classic to Baroque: A Style Change in the Arts</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (September 30-November 13, 1949).", "opening_date": "1949-09-30T04:00:00"}, {"id": 311898, "title": "35th Anniversary Exhibition", "description": "<i>35th Anniversary Exhibition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 20-September 30, 1951).", "opening_date": "1951-06-20T04:00:00"}, {"id": 518197, "title": "Masterpieces of Flemish Art: Van Eyck to Bosch", "description": "<i>Masterpieces of Flemish Art: Van Eyck to Bosch</i>. Groeningemuseum, Bruges, Bruges, Belgium (organizer) (co-organizer) (June 26-September 11, 1960); The Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit, MI (co-organizer) (October 18-December 31, 1960).", "opening_date": "1960-06-26T04:00:00"}, {"id": 300779, "title": "Juxtapositions", "description": "<i>Juxtapositions</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (September 11-October 10, 1965).", "opening_date": "1965-09-11T04:00:00"}, {"id": 181802, "title": "The Persistence of Geometry: Form, Content and Culture in the Collection of the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>The Persistence of Geometry: Form, Content and Culture in the Collection of the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. Museum of Contemporary Art Cleveland (MOCA), Cleveland, OH (June 9-August 20, 2006).", "opening_date": "2006-06-09T00:00:00"}, {"id": 449397, "title": "The Medieval Top Seller: The Book of Hours", "description": "<i>The Medieval Top Seller: The Book of Hours</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (August 26, 2022-July 30, 2023).", "opening_date": "2022-08-26T04:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>Old and Modern Masters, </em>Knoedler &amp; Co., Gage Gallery, Cleveland, OH (1915).", "opening_date": "1915-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Art Through the Ages, </em>The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (October 30 1931-November 29 1931).", "opening_date": "1931-10-30T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>The 20th Anniversary Exhibition: The Official Art Exhibition of the Great Lakes Exposition, </em>The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (June 26 193-October 12 1936).", "opening_date": "1936-10-12T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Masterpieces of Art, </em>New York World's Fair, New York, NY (April 30, 1939-October 27, 1940).", "opening_date": "1939-04-30T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Masterpieces of Art from the New York and San Francisco World's Fairs,</em> The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (February 7-March 7, 1940).", "opening_date": "1940-02-07T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Le Sie\u0300cle des Primitifs Flamands (Flanders in the Fifteenth Century): Exposition Organise\u0301e par l'Administration Communale de Bruges</em>; Muse\u0301e Communal des Beaux-Arts, Muse\u0301e Groeninge, (26 June-11 September 1960); The Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit, Michigan (October-December 1960).", "opening_date": "1960-06-26T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Graf Sierstorpff, Driburg, Germany", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "[Sale: Rudolph Lepke's Kunst-Auctions-Haus, April 19, 1887, Berlin Germany, no. 106]", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "April 19, 1887", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "Eugen Schweitzer (1888\u20131981), Berlin, Germany", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "before 1912", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "(M. Knoedler & Company, New York, NY)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "-1915", "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "John L. Severance (1863-1936), Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1915-1942", "sortorder": 5}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1942-", "sortorder": 6}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Netherlandish artists are known for their attention to lifelike detail: notice the sliver of landscape through the window at the left of this composition.", "description": "The scene of the Annunciation to Mary that she will give birth to Christ is depicted here as a contemporary scene that may have been familiar to any viewer at the end of the 1400s. Mary is portrayed as an ordinary but wealthy woman who is interrupted by the Archangel Gabriel as she reads a book of hours. This type of book was enormously popular in the late Middle Ages as a prayer and devotional book, particularly among the wealthy, literate nobility, and city aristocracy.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60514797"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1942.635-the-annunciation"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Rudolph Lepke's Kunst-Auctions-Haus. <em>Gema\u0308lde-Galerie vom Schlosse Driburg</em>. 1887.", "page_number": "no. 106", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Hulin de Loo, Georges. <em>Catalogue critique: exposition de tableaux flamands des XIVe, XVe et XVIe sie\u0300cles</em> : Bruges 1902. Gand: Siffer, 1902.", "page_number": "", "url": ""}, {"citation": "\"Cleveland Gets a Corot,\" <em>American Art News</em>, Vol. 13, No. 33. (June 12, 1915).", "page_number": "p. 1", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25588625"}, {"citation": "Alte Pinakothek (Munich, Germany). <em>Katalog der a\u0308lteren Pinakothek zu Mu\u0308nchen</em>. Mu\u0308nchen: Carl Gerber, 1925.", "page_number": "p. 17", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Baldass, Ludwig. <em>Die altniederla\u0308ndische Malerei.</em> Wien: A. Schroll, 1925.", "page_number": "Vol. III, no. 44a. p. 115. pl. LI", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Alte Pinakothek (Munich, Germany).<em> Illustrated catalogue, Old Pinakothek, Munich</em>. Munich: Alte Pinakothek, 1928.", "page_number": "p. 16", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art.<em> Catalogue of the Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition of the Cleveland Museum of Art: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition : June Twenty-Sixth to October Fourth 1936.</em> [Cleveland, Ohio]: [Cleveland Museum of Art], 1936.", "page_number": "no. 185, p. 78, pl. XLIII", "url": ""}, {"citation": "<em>Art News </em>Vol. 34 pt. 2 (June 13, 1936)", "page_number": "p. 11", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Robb, David M. \"The Iconography of the Annunciation in the 14th and 15th Centuries,\" <em>Art Bulletin </em>Vol. XVIII (1936).", "page_number": "p. 513n, note 91", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Buttrick, George A. Rev. \"The Life of Christ,\" <em>Life Magazine </em>(December 28, 1936).", "page_number": "p. 45", "url": ""}, {"citation": "<em>Art Digest,</em> (July 1, 1936).", "page_number": "p. 7", "url": ""}, {"citation": "<em>Fortune Magazine </em>(Dec. 1936).", "page_number": "p. 114", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Scho\u0308ne, Wolfgang. <em>Dieric Bouts und seine Schule.</em> Mit 90 Bildtafeln. Berlin: Verlag fu\u0308r Kunstwissenschaft, 1938.", "page_number": "no. 84a, pp. 116, 148-9, 191, pl. 54b", "url": ""}, {"citation": "New York World's Fair, Wilhelm Reinhold Valentiner, and Alfred M. Frankfurter. <em>Masterpieces of Art: Exhibition at the New York World's Fair, 1939</em>; Official Souvenir Guide and Picture Book. 1939.", "page_number": "no. 23", "url": ""}, {"citation": "New York World's Fair, George Henry McCall, and Wilhelm Reinhold Valentiner. <em>Catalogue of European Paintings and Sculpture from 1300-1800</em>. [New York]: [Printed by Publishers Printing Company], 1939.", "page_number": "pp. 12-13", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, and William Mathewson Milliken<em>. Masterpieces of Art from the New York and San Francisco World's Fairs; The Cleveland Museum of Art, February 7 Through March 7, 1940.</em> 1940.", "page_number": "no. 1, p. 7, pl. I (frontispiece)", "url": ""}, {"citation": "<em>Catalogue of the John L. Severance Collection: Bequest of John L. Severance, 1936.</em> [Cleveland, Ohio]: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1942.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. [11], Plate I, cat. no. 1; Mention: p. 21, cat. no. 1", "url": "https://archive.org/details/SeveranceBequest/page/n25"}, {"citation": "<em>Art News </em>(Nov. 15, 1942)", "page_number": "p. 6", "url": ""}, {"citation": "\"Cleveland Installs Last Gifts of Generous John L. Severance,\" <em>Art Digest,</em> (December 1, 1942).", "page_number": "p. 8", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Francis, Henry S. \"Department of Paintings.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 29, no. 9 (1942).", "page_number": "p. 132", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25141016"}, {"citation": "\"The Cleveland Museum's Severance Collection,\" <em>Antiques </em>Vol. 42 (December 1942).", "page_number": "p. 315", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Comstock, Helen. \"The John L. Severance Collection at Cleveland.\" <em>Connoisseur </em>Vol. III (March 1943).", "page_number": "p. 61", "url": ""}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Handbook.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 438", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1958/page/n80"}, {"citation": "Staatsgalerie Stuttgart, and Johann Eckart von Borries. <em>Meisterwerke aus baden-wu\u0308rttembergischem Privatbesitz</em>: [Ausstellung] 9. Okt. 1958-10. Jan. 1959. [Stuttgart]: [publisher not identified], 1958.", "page_number": "p. 17, cat. no. 19, pl. 40", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Bruges (Belgium), Groeningemuseum, and Detroit Institute of Arts. <em>Le Sie\u0300cle des primitifs flamands: catalogue. Bruges: Edite\u0301 par la Ville de Bruges</em> et imprime\u0301 par les Presses Saint-Augustin, 1960.", "page_number": "no. 32, pp. 94-5", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Detroit Institute of Arts. <em>Flanders in the Fifteenth Century: Art and Civilization. Catalogue of the Exhibition Masterpieces of Flemish Art: Van Eyck to Bosch</em>. 1960.", "page_number": "no. 28, pp. 135-7", "url": ""}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 69", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n93"}, {"citation": "Friedla\u0308nder, Max J. <em>Dieric Bouts and Joos Van Gent.</em> Leyden: A.W. Sijthoff, 1968.", "page_number": "p. 39, 65, pl. 60, fig. 44a", "url": ""}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 69", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n93"}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>European Paintings Before 1500</em>. Cleveland: The Museum, 1974. .", "page_number": "cat. no. 50", "url": ""}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 78", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n98"}, {"citation": "Alte Pinakothek (Munich, Germany).<em> Alte Pinakothek Mu\u0308nchen: Erla\u0308uterungen zu den ausgestellten Gema\u0308lden. </em>Mu\u0308nchen: Bayerische Staatsgema\u0308ldesammlungen, 1983.", "page_number": "p. 88", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Bauman, Guy, and Walter A. Liedtke. <em>Flemish Paintings in America: A Survey of Early Netherlandish and Flemish Paintings in the Public Collections of North America</em>. Antwerp: Fonds Mercator, 1992.", "page_number": "p. 318, fig. 119", "url": ""}, {"citation": "S\u030cebkova\u0301-Thaller, Zuzana.<em> Su\u0308nde und Verso\u0308hnung in Jan van Eycks Hochzeitsbild.</em> Markt Berolzheim: Hernoul-le-Fin Verlag, 1992.", "page_number": "p. 182, pl. 90, no. 8", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, and Alan Chong. <em>European &amp; American Painting in the Cleveland Museum of Art: A Summary Catalogue. </em>Cleveland, Ohio: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1993.", "page_number": "p. 22", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Sims, Lowery Stokes. <em>The persistence of geometry: form, content, and culture in the collection of the Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2006.", "page_number": "pp. 45 & 116, no. 22", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Fliegel, Stephen N., and Stephen N. Fliegel. <em>A Higher Contemplation: Sacred Meaning in the Christian Art of the Middle Ages.</em> Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 2012.", "page_number": "p. 52, fig 42", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 277; Reproduced: P. 256-257", "url": ""}, {"citation": "<em>Paintings in the Cleveland Museum of Art: Picture Book No. 4 .</em> [Cleveland]: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1952.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 22", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAPaintings1952/page/n23/mode/2up"}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1942.635", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1942.635/1942.635_web.jpg", "width": "739", "height": "893", "filesize": "573528", "filename": "1942.635_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1942.635/1942.635_print.jpg", "width": "2815", "height": "3400", "filesize": "7472284", "filename": "1942.635_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1942.635/1942.635_full.tif", "width": "5027", "height": "6072", "filesize": "91592896", "filename": "1942.635_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [], "creditline": "Bequest of John L. Severance", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Lucia Smith Nash Gallery", "athena_id": 122338, "creators": [{"id": 2535, "description": "Albert Bouts (Netherlandish, 1451/55\u20131549)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1451", "death_year": "1549", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1942-07-24T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1475, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 1480", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:04:10.831000"}, {"id": 123985, "accession_number": "1944.485", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "The Wade Cup with Animated Script, 1200\u20131221. Iran, Seljuq period of Iran (1037\u20131194). Brass inlaid with silver; overall: 11.5 cm (4 1/2 in.); diameter: 16.1 cm (6 5/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Purchase from the J. H. Wade Fund, 1944.485", "current_location": "116 Islamic", "title": "The Wade Cup with Animated Script", "creation_date": "1200\u20131221", "creation_date_earliest": 1200, "creation_date_latest": 1221, "artists_tags": [], "culture": ["Iran, Seljuq period of Iran (1037\u20131194)"], "technique": "brass inlaid with silver", "support_materials": [], "department": "Islamic Art", "collection": "Islamic Art", "type": "Metalwork", "measurements": "Overall: 11.5 cm (4 1/2 in.); Diameter: 16.1 cm (6 5/16 in.)", "dimensions": {"diameter": {"width": 0.161}, "overall": {"height": 0.115}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "Glory, and success, and government, and bliss, and soundness, and peace of mind, and mercy, and well-being, and good health, and duration, and increase, and satisfaction, and care, and continuance to its owner.", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": "The band of animated Arabic script, written from right to left around the rim of the cup, is a series of good wishes for the owner.", "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 312146, "title": "Islamic Art", "description": "<i>Islamic Art</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (November 3, 1944-February 2, 1945).", "opening_date": "1944-11-03T04:00:00"}, {"id": 312068, "title": "For Modern America from the Ancient Near East", "description": "<i>For Modern America from the Ancient Near East</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (February 24-March 21, 1948).", "opening_date": "1948-02-24T05:00:00"}, {"id": 701409, "title": "Exhibition of Persian Art", "description": "<i>Exhibition of Persian Art</i>. Italian Institute for the Middle and Far East, Rome, Italy (organizer) (May 31-September 30, 1956).", "opening_date": "1956-05-31T04:00:00"}, {"id": 518751, "title": "The Exhibition of Persian Art: 7000 Years of Art in Iran", "description": "<i>The Exhibition of Persian Art: 7000 Years of Art in Iran</i>. Petit Palais, Mus\u00e9e des Beaux-Arts de la Ville de Paris, Paris, France (organizer) (October 19, 1961-January 31, 1962).", "opening_date": "1961-10-19T04:00:00"}, {"id": 311444, "title": "Object Lessons: Cleveland Creates an Art Museum", "description": "<i>Object Lessons: Cleveland Creates an Art Museum</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 7-September 8, 1991).", "opening_date": "1991-06-07T04:00:00"}, {"id": 396857, "title": "Art of the Islamic World (Islamic art rotation)", "description": "<i>Art of the Islamic World (Islamic art rotation)</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art (organizer) (May 21, 2021-May 31, 2022).", "opening_date": "2021-05-21T04:00:00"}], "legacy": []}, "provenance": [{"description": "(Heeramaneck Galleries, New York, NY, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "?\u20131944", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1944\u2013", "sortorder": 2}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "This is known as the Wade Cup, after J. H. Wade who bequeathed the funds for its acquisition", "description": "The highlight of the cup\u2019s decoration is the inscription around the rim, which you see on the walls around you, with letters composed of human figures, animals, and birds. This is known as animated script and it developed in northeast Iran or Afghanistan during the mid-1100s and migrated westward. The inscription on the rim of the Wade Cup is the pinnacle of this form of script with its full-figure animation. The body of the cup is covered with interlacing bands of compartments containing tiny figures of humans and animals. These represent the 12 signs of the zodiac from astrology, the practice of interpreting the influence of planets and stars on earthly affairs. Astrology began in Mesopotamia, was adopted by the Greeks, and then absorbed into medieval Islamic culture through translations of Greek texts.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60757781"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1944.485-the-wade-cup-with-an"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Rice, D. S. <em>The Wade Cup in the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Paris: E\u0301ditions du Che\u0302ne, 1955.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Ettinghausen, Richard. \u201cThe \u2018Wade Cup\u2019 in the Cleveland Museum of Art, Its Origin and Decorations.\u201d <em>Ars Orientalis</em>, vol. 2, 1957, pp. 327\u2013366.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: pp. 327\u2013366", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/4629041"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Handbook.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 708", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1958/page/n129"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 209", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n233"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 209", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n233"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 265", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n285"}, {"citation": "May, Sally Ruth, Jane Takac, and Barbara J. Bradley. <em>Knockouts: A Pocket Guide</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 2001.", "page_number": "Mentioned: no. 73, p. 118; Reproduced: p. 70", "url": null}, {"citation": "Franklin, David and C. Griffith Mann. <em>Treasures from the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 2012.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pp. 102-103", "url": null}, {"citation": "Blair, Sheila. <em>Text and Image in Medieval Persian Art</em>. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 107, note 65", "url": null}, {"citation": "Mackie, Louise W. <em>Symbols of Power: Luxury Textiles from Islamic Lands, 7th-21st Century</em>. Cleveland; New Haven: Cleveland Museum of Art; Yale University Press, 2015.", "page_number": "Reproduced and Mentioned : P. 33, fig. 1.17", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Schick, Irvin Cemil. \"The Content of Form: Islamic Calligraphy between Text and Representation.\" In <em>Sign and Design: Script as Image in a Cross-Cultural Perspective (300-1600 CE) (Symposium).</em> Brigitte Bedos-Rezak, and Jeffrey F. Hamburger, eds., 173-194. Washington, D.C: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 2016.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 177, fig. 9.2", "url": null}, {"citation": "Strong, Meghan E. \u201cArt of the Islamic World.\u201d <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine </em>61, no. 3 (Summer 2021): 28-30.", "page_number": "Reproduced and Mentioned: P. 30.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Mu\u0308hlemann, Corinne. <em>Complex Weaves: Technique, Text, and Cultural History of Striped Silks</em>. Affalterbach: Didymos-Verlag, 2023.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: pp. 78\u201379, figs. 41\u201342", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1944.485", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1944.485/1944.485_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "794", "filesize": "177329", "filename": "1944.485_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1944.485/1944.485_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "3000", "filesize": "2112869", "filename": "1944.485_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1944.485/1944.485_full.tif", "width": "6853", "height": "6046", "filesize": "124327692", "filename": "1944.485_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2010-03-25T18:12:57", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1944.485/1944.485_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "1263", "height": "877", "filesize": "667116"}, "print": {"url": 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H. Wade Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": "4d4dfba6506d40b09b7eb34c642afab7", "sketchfab_url": "https://sketchfab.com/models/4d4dfba6506d40b09b7eb34c642afab7", "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 123985, "creators": [], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1944-12-15T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1200, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1200\u20131221", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Silver Inlaid Brass Bowl", "The Wade Cup", "Footed Bowl"], "is_highlight": true, "updated_at": "2026-04-17 19:30:43.655000"}, {"id": 149665, "accession_number": "1979.57", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Ruin by the Sea, 1881. Arnold B\u00f6cklin (Swiss, 1827\u20131901). Oil on fabric; framed: 132.1 x 102.9 x 8.3 cm (52 x 40 1/2 x 3 1/4 in.); unframed: 111 x 82 cm (43 11/16 x 32 5/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Mr. and Mrs. William H. Marlatt Fund, 1979.57", "current_location": "219 19th Century European", "title": "Ruin by the Sea", "creation_date": "1881", "creation_date_earliest": 1881, "creation_date_latest": 1881, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["Switzerland"], "technique": "oil on fabric", "support_materials": [], "department": "Modern European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "Mod Euro - Painting 1800-1960", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 132.1 x 102.9 x 8.3 cm (52 x 40 1/2 x 3 1/4 in.); Unframed: 111 x 82 cm (43 11/16 x 32 5/16 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 1.321, "width": 1.029, "depth": 0.083}, "unframed": {"height": 1.11, "width": 0.82}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "Signed lower left: A B \r\n", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 304412, "title": "Year in Review: 1979", "description": "<i>Year in Review: 1979</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art (organizer) (February 13-March 9, 1980).", "opening_date": "1980-02-13T05:00:00"}, {"id": 304561, "title": "Visions of Landscape: East and West", "description": "<i>Visions of Landscape: East and West</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (February 17-March 21, 1982).", "opening_date": "1982-02-17T05:00:00"}, {"id": 191818, "title": "Object in Focus: Ruin by the Sea by Arnold B\u00f6cklin", "description": "<i>Object in Focus: Ruin by the Sea by Arnold B\u00f6cklin</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (February 9-March 14, 1999).", "opening_date": "1999-02-09T00:00:00"}, {"id": 223530, "title": "Hitchcock and Art: Fatal Coincidences", "description": "<i>Hitchcock and Art: Fatal Coincidences</i>. Montr\u00e9al Museum of Fine Arts, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (organizer) (November 16, 2000-March 18, 2001); Centre national d'art et de culture Georges Pompidou, Paris cedex O4, France (June 6-September 24, 2001).", "opening_date": "2000-11-16T00:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "Basel, Kunsthalle. Erinnerung an die Ausstellung Schweizerischer K\u00fcnstler (1883), 3, 4, Ruine am Meer (repr.).", "opening_date": null}, {"description": "Berlin, K\u00f6nigliche Akademie der K\u00fcnste. Ausstellung von Wercken Arnold B\u00f6cklins zur Feier seines 70. Geburtstages (1897-98), no. 74.", "opening_date": null}, {"description": "Darmstadt, Mathildenh\u00f6he. Arnold B\u00f6cklin 1827-1901 (1977), no. 65 (repr.); private collection, Z\u00fcrich.", "opening_date": "1977-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "London, Fischer Fine Art Ltd. 1860-1910 Paintings, Drawings, Sculpture (1979), unpaginated, Ruine am Meer (1881) (repr.).", "opening_date": "1979-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Cleveland, Ohio:  The Cleveland Museum of Art; February 9 - March 14, 1999.  \"Object in Focus:  Ruin by the Sea by Arnold B\u00f6cklin.\"", "opening_date": "1999-02-09T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Montreal, Quebec: The Montreal Museum of Fine Arts (11/16/00 - 4/16/01); Paris: Centre Georges Pompidou (6/6/01 - 9/30/01) \"Hitchcock and Art: Fatal Coincidences\" repr. p. 315.", "opening_date": "2000-11-16T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "C. Wetter-R\u00fcsch, St. Gallen, by 1893. Hermann Nabel, Berlin 1897. Kunsthandel Eduard Schulte, Berlin 1902. E. Junghanns, Schramberg. Paul Landenberger Jr., Schramberg. Z\u00fcrich sale, Max G. Bollag, 23 March 1933 (lot 107), Ruine am Meer, reproduced. Private collection, Z\u00fcrich. Fischer Fine Art, London. Purchased by the cma on 17 August 1979.", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": null}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Who used to live in this crumbling villa on a lonely shore? B\u00f6cklin's eerie painting seems to beg the question of the building's history and the circumstances of its ruin. Haunted by the past, this scene also contains premonitions of future peril.", "description": "The dark, ruined villa in this painting is made especially mysterious by the strange cypress trees tossed by the wind. A nervous green light flickers through the scene. Influenced by German Romantic art of the early 1800s, B\u00f6cklin was preoccupied with dreamlike images suggestive of death.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19930785"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1979.57-ruin-by-the-sea"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Lee, Sherman E. \"The Year in Review for 1979.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 67, no. 3 (1980): 58-99.", "page_number": "Reproduced: cat. no. 19, p. 74; Mentioned: p. 61", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25159667"}, {"citation": "Argencourt, Louise d', and Roger Diederen. <em>Catalogue of Paintings</em>. <em>Pt. 4. European Paintings of the 19th Century</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1974.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 34-37, Vol. I, no. 12", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Arendsee, M., and M. Steinman-Arendsee. \"Take the CAN disability aesthetics tour, at the Cleveland Museum of art.\" <em>CAN Journal</em> (Winter 2019/20): 76-87.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p.84; Reproduced: p. 85", "url": null}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1979.57", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1979.57/1979.57_web.jpg", "width": "656", "height": "893", "filesize": "369514", "filename": "1979.57_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1979.57/1979.57_print.jpg", "width": "2498", "height": "3400", "filesize": "5722020", "filename": "1979.57_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1979.57/1979.57_full.tif", "width": "4282", "height": "5829", "filesize": "74910864", "filename": "1979.57_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [], "creditline": "Mr. and Mrs. William H. Marlatt Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Norma and Alfred Lerner Gallery", "athena_id": 149665, "creators": [{"id": 2775, "description": "Arnold B\u00f6cklin (Swiss, 1827\u20131901)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": "In 1845 Arnold B\u00f6cklin enrolled for two years at the D\u00fcsseldorf academy in the landscape class of Johann Wilhelm Schirmer (1807-1863). B\u00f6cklin traveled to Brussels and Antwerp, where he admired Flemish paintings, and then continued his studies with the landscape painter Alexandre Calame (1810-1864) in Geneva. In Paris during the tumultuous February and June Revolutions of 1848, B\u00f6cklin copied Old Master paintings at the Louvre. Couture's (q.v.) Romans of the Decadence (1847, Mus\u00e9e d'Orsay, Paris) made a strong impression on him, as did Corot's (q.v.) atmospheric treat-ment of landscapes. After a short stay in Basel, B\u00f6cklin moved to Rome in 1850 and married Angela Pascucci three years later. In 1857 he returned via Basel to Hannover, where he decorated the dining room in the Wedekind mansion (1858). He hoped this commission would relieve his financial burdens, but Wedekind was far from pleased with the result. B\u00f6cklin's first major success occurred when he exhibited Pan in the Reeds (Bayerische Staatsgem\u00e4ldesammlungen, Munich) in 1859 in Munich. King Ludwig I bought the work, and soon after B\u00f6cklin started teaching in Weimar (1860-62). In Munich he met Baron von Schack, who became one of his most important supporters. From 1862 through 1866 he lived in Rome and while there was in touch with Anselm Feuerbach (1829-1880) and Hans von Mar\u00e9es (1837-1887). The trio formed the nucleus of the late-nineteenth-century \"Deutschr\u00f6mer\" (German Romans) who continued a tradition of German artists working in Italy using a classical vocabulary. B\u00f6cklin moved repeatedly, living in Basel (1866-71), Munich (1871-74), Florence (1874-85), and Zurich (1885-92) until he finally settled in Florence in 1892. In Basel he painted the murals for the Museum an der Augustinergasse (1868-70); Jacob Burckhardt's criticism of these works ended their close friendship. At the end of his career he had built a solid reputation and was praised as a distinctively German artist. His seven-tieth birthday was celebrated with exhibitions in Basel and Berlin. With other movements such as impressionism and modernism taking over, however, the esteem for his art soon diminished after his death in 1901. Except for the attention of artists like Giorgio de Chirico (1888-1978) and other surrealists, recognition of B\u00f6cklin's work did not reappear until the second half of the twentieth century. (For a self-portrait of B\u00f6cklin, see Blanche, fig. 11a.)", "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1827", "death_year": "1901", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1979-08-17T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1881, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1881", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": true, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:06:43.751000"}, {"id": 171296, "accession_number": "2014.12", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Vale of Kashmir, 1867. Robert S. Duncanson (American, 1821\u20131872). Oil on canvas; framed: 94.9 x 154.6 x 12.1 cm (37 3/8 x 60 7/8 x 4 3/4 in.); unframed: 73 x 132.4 cm (28 3/4 x 52 1/8 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Sundry Purchase Fund, 2014.12", "current_location": "206 American Landscape", "title": "Vale of Kashmir", "creation_date": "1867", "creation_date_earliest": 1867, "creation_date_latest": 1867, "artists_tags": ["Black American Artists", "male"], "culture": ["America"], "technique": "oil on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "American Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "American - Painting", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 94.9 x 154.6 x 12.1 cm (37 3/8 x 60 7/8 x 4 3/4 in.); Unframed: 73 x 132.4 cm (28 3/4 x 52 1/8 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 0.949, "width": 1.546, "depth": 0.121}, "unframed": {"height": 0.73, "width": 1.324}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "Inscribed at lower right: Duncanson. / 1867. / Cinti O", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [], "legacy": [{"description": "Robert S. Duncanson: A Centennial Exhibition, Cincinnati Art Museum, March 16-April 30, 1972.", "opening_date": "1972-03-16T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>American Paintings from the Manoogian Collection.</em> National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC (June 4-September 4, 1989); M.H. de Young Memorial Museum, San Francisco, CA (September 23-November 26, 1989); Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY (December 18, 1989-February 25, 1990); Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit, MI (March 27-May 27, 1990).", "opening_date": "1989-06-04T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Lifting the Veil: Robert S. Duncanson and the Emergence of the African American Artist. </em>Cincinnati Art Museum and Taft Museum, Cincinnati, OH (September 15--November 26, 1995); Washington University Gallery of Art, St. Louis, MO (January 26--March 31, 1996); Amon Carter Museum, Ft. Worth,TX (April 20--June 16, 1996); Hammonds House Gardens and Clark Atlanta University Art Gallery, Atlanta, GA (July 19--September 15, 1996).", "opening_date": "1995-11-26T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Long Term Loan. Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit, MI (October 2007-June 2009).", "opening_date": "2007-10-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Bold, Cautious, True: Walt Whitman and the American Art of the Civil War Era. </em>The Dixon Gallery and Gardens, Memphis, TN (July 5-October 4, 2009); Katonah Museum of Art, Katonah, NY (October 18, 2009-January 24, 2010); The Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, Richmond, VA (June 2-August 26, 2012).", "opening_date": "2009-07-05T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Long Term Loan. Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven, CT (December 12, 2012-January 2014).", "opening_date": "2012-12-12T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Andrew Nicholas Jergens [1881\u20131967], Cincinnati, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "Elizabeth Marie Jergens [born 1950], Los Angeles, CA, by inheritance", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "[Spanierman Gallery, New York, NY, consigned by 1980]", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "Richard Manoogian [born 1936] and Jane Cameron Manoogian [born 1943], Grosse Pointe Park, MI, purchased in 1980", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "[Jonathan Boos, New York, NY, consigned in 2014]", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": 5}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH, purchased in 2014", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": 6}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "During the Civil War, Duncanson relocated to Montreal, where he inspired several Canadian landscape painters.", "description": "Cincinnati-based Duncanson was the first African American artist to achieve recognition both nationally and abroad. This panoramic painting, one of his grandest, was inspired by an episode in Thomas Moore\u2019s then-popular epic poem, <em>Lalla-Rookh</em> (1817), which describes a Persian princess\u2019s journey to the Indian subcontinent to be married. In Duncanson\u2019s conception, members of a courtly entourage depart a quasi-Islamic palace, arriving by boat onto a scrim of land where they ascend a monumental staircase to a plaza with a fountain spraying an impressive plume of water. Despite these substantial storytelling details, the human elements remain subordinate to the overwhelming splendor of the natural landscape in and of itself.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60482409"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-2014.12-vale-of-kashmir"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "<em>Robert S. Duncanson: A Centennial Exhibition</em>. Cincinnati, OH : Cincinnati Art Museum, 1972.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 15, 40; Reproduced: p. 29", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cederholm, Theresa Dickason. <em>Afro-American Artists; a Bio-Bibliographical Directory</em>. Boston, MA: Trustees of the Boston Public Library, 1973.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 83", "url": null}, {"citation": "Manoogian, Richard A. <em>American Paintings from the Manoogian Collection</em>. Washington, DC: National Gallery of Art, 1989.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 25", "url": null}, {"citation": "Thomison, Dennis. <em>The Black Artist in America: An Index to Reproductions</em>. Metuchen, NJ.: Scarecrow Press, 1991.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 90", "url": null}, {"citation": "Ketner, Joseph D. <em>The Emergence of the African-American Artist: Robert S. Duncanson, 1821-1872</em>. Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press, 1993.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 8, 162-163, 202; Reproduced: cover, p. 130-131", "url": null}, {"citation": "Katz, Wendy Jean. <em>Regionalism and Reform: Art and Class Formation in Antebellum Cincinnati</em>. Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press, 2002.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 130, 134; Reproduced: p. 130", "url": null}, {"citation": "Sharp, Kevin, Adam M. Thomas, and Kevin Sharp. <em>Bold, Cautious, True: Walt Whitman and American Art of the Civil War Era</em>. Memphis, TN: Dixon Gallery and Gardens, 2009.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 153-157; Reproduced:  p. 56", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Artistic Excellence: Acquisitions 2012-14</em>. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 30-31", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cole, Mark. \u201cAcquisition Highlights 2014: American Art.\u201d <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em> 55, no. 2 (March/April 2015): 18.", "page_number": "Reproduced and Mentioned: p. 18", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2015-02"}, {"citation": "Betjemann, Peter. \"The Ends of Time.\" <em>American Art </em>31, no. 3 (Fall 2017): 80-109", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 94-98, fig. 6-8", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Arendsee, M., and M. Steinman-Arendsee. \"Take the CAN disability aesthetics tour, at the Cleveland Museum of art.\" <em>CAN Journal </em>(Winter 2019/20): 76-87.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 79", "url": null}, {"citation": "Ware, Zaria. Blk Art: The Audacious Legacy of Black Artists and Models in Western Art. New York, NY : Harper Design, an imprint of HarperCollinsPublishers, 2023.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 142-143", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/2014.12", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/2014.12/2014.12_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "492", "filesize": "128201", "filename": "2014.12_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/2014.12/2014.12_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "1857", "filesize": "1691459", "filename": "2014.12_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/2014.12/2014.12_full.tif", "width": "7795", "height": "4258", "filesize": "99603184", "filename": "2014.12_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2014-07-15T09:30:45", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2014.12/2014.12_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "675", "filesize": "151363"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2014.12/2014.12_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2550", "filesize": "2109193"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2014.12/2014.12_alt0_full.tif", "width": "8000", "height": "6000", "filesize": "144030116"}}, {"date_created": "2014-07-15T10:04:44", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2014.12/2014.12_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "595", "filesize": "180576"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2014.12/2014.12_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2249", "filesize": "1760569"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2014.12/2014.12_alt1_full.tif", "width": "8000", "height": "5292", "filesize": "127046388"}}], "creditline": "Sundry Purchase Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Baker & Hostetler LLP Gallery", "athena_id": 171296, "creators": [{"id": 2605, "description": "Robert S. Duncanson (American, 1821\u20131872)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1821", "death_year": "1872", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "2014-06-02T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1867, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1867", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:02:14.906000"}, {"id": 148753, "accession_number": "1926.1976", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Violette Heymann, 1910. Odilon Redon (French, 1840\u20131916). Pastel on gray wove paper; unframed: 72 x 92 cm (28 3/8 x 36 1/4 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Hinman B. Hurlbut Collection, 1926.1976", "current_location": null, "title": "Violette Heymann", "creation_date": "1910", "creation_date_earliest": 1910, "creation_date_latest": 1910, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["France, early 20th Century"], "technique": "pastel on gray wove paper", "support_materials": [], "department": "Drawings", "collection": "DR - French", "type": "Drawing", "measurements": "Unframed: 72 x 92 cm (28 3/8 x 36 1/4 in.)", "dimensions": {"unframed": {"height": 0.72, "width": 0.92}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 616624, "title": "Fifty Years of French Art", "description": "<i>Fifty Years of French Art</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 29-November 29, 1926).", "opening_date": "1926-10-29T05:00:00"}, {"id": 338065, "title": "French Art Since Eighteen Hundred", "description": "<i>French Art Since Eighteen Hundred</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (November 8-December 8, 1929).", "opening_date": "1929-11-08T05:00:00"}, {"id": 312341, "title": "The Silver Jubilee Exhibition", "description": "<i>The Silver Jubilee Exhibition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 23-September 28, 1941).", "opening_date": "1941-06-23T04:00:00"}, {"id": 312176, "title": "19th and 20th Century French Art and Leonard C. Hanna, Jr. Loans", "description": "<i>19th and 20th Century French Art and Leonard C. Hanna, Jr. Loans</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 22-September 1, 1943).", "opening_date": "1943-06-22T04:00:00"}, {"id": 355481, "title": "Exhibition of the Month: The Floral Motif in Art", "description": "<i>Exhibition of the Month: The Floral Motif in Art</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (July 29-September 30, 1947).", "opening_date": "1947-07-29T04:00:00"}, {"id": 311904, "title": "Odilon Redon (1840-1916): Pastels and Drawings", "description": "<i>Odilon Redon (1840-1916): Pastels and Drawings</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (November 29, 1951-January 20, 1952); Walker Art Center, Minneapolis, MN (February 1-March 1, 1952).", "opening_date": "1951-10-22T04:00:00"}, {"id": 300822, "title": "Horticulture Motifs in Art", "description": "<i>Horticulture Motifs in Art</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (March 9-April 24, 1955).", "opening_date": "1955-03-09T05:00:00"}, {"id": 309840, "title": "Odilon Redon: Dream Creatures and Anemones", "description": "<i>Odilon Redon: Dream Creatures and Anemones</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (August 21-October 14, 1984).", "opening_date": "1984-08-21T04:00:00"}, {"id": 192019, "title": "Master Drawings from the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Master Drawings from the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (August 27-October 17, 2000).", "opening_date": "2000-08-27T00:00:00"}, {"id": 182153, "title": "Monet to Dal\u00ed: Modern Masters from the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Monet to Dal\u00ed: Modern Masters from the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 21, 2007-January 13, 2008).", "opening_date": "2006-05-27T00:00:00"}, {"id": 202597, "title": "Imagining the Garden", "description": "<i>Imagining the Garden</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 24, 2015-March 6, 2016).", "opening_date": "2015-10-24T00:00:00"}, {"id": 283693, "title": "Pure Color: Pastels from the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Pure Color: Pastels from the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (November 19, 2016-March 19, 2017).", "opening_date": "2016-11-19T05:00:00"}, {"id": 393854, "title": "Collecting Dreams: Odilon Redon", "description": "<i>Collecting Dreams: Odilon Redon</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (September 19, 2021-January 23, 2022).", "opening_date": "2021-09-19T04:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "Exposition annuelle, 1er groupe. Galerie E. Druet, Paris (December 4 - 17, 1910).", "opening_date": "1910-12-04T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Exposition r\u00e9trospective d'oeuvres d'Odilon Redon (1840-1916). Galerie Barbazanges, Paris (May - June 1920).", "opening_date": "1920-05-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Odilon Redon: Exposition r\u00e9trospective de son oeuvre. Mus\u00e9e des arts d\u00e9coratifs, Paris (March 1926).", "opening_date": "1926-03-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Paintings and Pastels by Odilon Redon. Lef\u00e8vre Galleries, London (June - July 1926).", "opening_date": "1926-06-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Fifty Years of French Art. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (October 29 - November 28, 1926).", "opening_date": "1926-10-29T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Marcel Kapferer [1872-1966], Paris", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "by 1910-1926", "sortorder": null}, {"description": "(Kraushaar Gallery, New York, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1926", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1926-", "sortorder": 3}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": ["1886.1926", "1976.1926"], "did_you_know": "This pastel was acquired by the Cleveland Museum of Art in the same year as several other works by Redon, leading arts writers to describe Cleveland as holding the most important works by the artist outside of Paris at the time.", "description": "Although he was known early in his career for works primarily in black and white, such as charcoal drawings and lithographs, Odilon Redon turned to more colorful media, including pastel, later on. In particular, he focused on commissioned pastel portraits of women with flowers, such as this one. Here, the young niece of the Parisian collector Marcel Kapferer appears alongside colorful blossoms as she looks forward, focused as if in the dreamlike state evoked by her surroundings.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117066460"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1926.1976-violette-heymann"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "<em>Exposition Annuelle, 1er Groupe</em>. Exh. Cat. Paris: Galerie E. Druet, 1910.", "page_number": "Mentioned: no. 27", "url": null}, {"citation": "Salmon, Andr\u00e9. \"Odilon Redon.\" <em>L'Art d\u00e9coratif</em> 15, no. 1 (1913): 5-21.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 19", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Exposition r\u00e9trospective d'oeuvres d'Odilon Redon (1840-1916)</em>. Exh. Cat. Paris: Galerie Barbazanges, 1920.", "page_number": "Mentioned: no. 124", "url": null}, {"citation": "Mellerio, Andr\u00e9. \"Odilon Redon (1840-1916).\" <em>Gazette des Beaux-Arts</em> 62 (1920): 137-156.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 152", "url": null}, {"citation": "Rey, Robert. \"Odilon Redon.\" <em>Art et Decoration</em> 38, no. 224 (1920): 36-45.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 43", "url": null}, {"citation": "Mellerio, Andr\u00e9. <em>Odilon Redon: peintre, dessinateur et graveur</em>. Paris: H. Floury, 1923.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 136; Reproduced: opposite p. 88", "url": null}, {"citation": "Furst, Herbert. \"Paintings and Pastels by Odilon Redon at the L\u00e9f\u00e8vre Galleries, King Street.\" <em>Apollo</em> 4, no. 19 (July 1926): 46.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 46", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Odilon Redon, exposition r\u00e9trospective de son oeuvre</em>. Exh. Cat. Paris: Mus\u00e9e des arts d\u00e9coratifs, 1926.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 17, no. 137", "url": null}, {"citation": "Karr, Benjamin. \"Notable Painting Added to Art Museum's Display.\" <em>Cleveland News</em> (December 19, 1926): n.p.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced.", "url": null}, {"citation": "Glasier, Jessie C. \"Museum Gets Another French Canvas.\" <em>Cleveland Plain Dealer</em> (December 19, 1926): n.p.", "page_number": "Mentioned.", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Paintings and Pastels by Odilon Redon</em>. Exh. Cat. London: Lef\u00e8vre Galleries, 1926.", "page_number": "Mentioned: no. 13", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Cleveland Museum Buys a Redon.\" <em>The Art News</em> (January 1, 1927): 1-2.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 1-2", "url": null}, {"citation": "W.M.M. \"'Portrait of Mademoiselle Violette H.' by Odilon Redon.\" <em>Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art </em>14, no. 3 (March 1927): 41, 47.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 41; Reproduced p. 47", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1928.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 39", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1928/page/n43"}, {"citation": "Dorival, Bernard. <em>La Peinture fran\u00e7aise. </em>Paris: Larousse, 1942.", "page_number": "Reproduced: opposite p. 105", "url": null}, {"citation": "Jewell, Edward Alden and Aim\u00e9e Crane. <em>French Impressionists and their Contemporaries Represented in American Collections</em>. New York: Hyperion Press, 1944.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 129", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Paintings in the Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> Cleveland: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1945.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 39", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAPaintings1945/page/n47"}, {"citation": "Bazin, Germain. <em>History of Modern Painting</em>. Trans. Rosamund Frost (New York: Hyperion Press, 1951.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 77", "url": null}, {"citation": "Hartlaub, G.F. <em>Impressionists in France</em>. Milan: Uffici Press, 1951.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 35", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Odilon Redon, 1840-1916</em>. Exh. Cat. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1951.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: no. 16", "url": null}, {"citation": "Seligman, Germain. <em>Oh! Fickle Taste: Objectivity in Art</em>. New York: B. Wheelwright, 1952.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 51", "url": null}, {"citation": "Berger, Klaus. \"The Pastels of Odilon Redon.\" <em>College Art Journal</em> 16, no. 1 (Autumn 1956): 23-33.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 28", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Rewald, John. <em>Post-Impressionism from Van Gogh to Gauguin</em>. New York: Museum of Modern Art, 1956.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 179", "url": null}, {"citation": "Colombo, Alfredo and Gaston Diehl. <em>Treasury of World Painting</em>. New York: Tudor, 1960.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 65", "url": null}, {"citation": "Awazu, Norio. \"Redon's Letters: Letters to Redon (IV).\" <em>Mizue</em>, no. 721 (March 1965): 73-77.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 76", "url": null}, {"citation": "Berger, Klaus. <em>Odilon Redon: Fantasy and Colour</em>. Trans. Michael Bullock. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1965.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 212, no. 406", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 180", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n204"}, {"citation": "<em>I Maestri del Colore: Redon</em>. Milan: Fratelli Fabbri, 1966.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: no. VI-VII", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 180", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n204"}, {"citation": "Selz, Jean. <em>Odilon Redon</em>. Lugano: Uffici Press, 1971.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 81", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Praeger Encyclopedia of Art</em>. London: Praeger, 1971.", "page_number": "Mentioned: vol. 4, p. 1667; Reproduced: vol. 4, p. 1666", "url": null}, {"citation": "Preston, Stuart. <em>Edouard Vuillard. </em>New York: Harry Abrams, 1971.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 23", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cassou, Jean. <em>Odilon Redon</em>. Milan: Fratelli Fabbri, 1972.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pp. 16-17.", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Die Grosse Enzyklopadie der Malerei</em>. Freiburg: Herder, 1975.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 2648", "url": null}, {"citation": "Hobbs, Richard. <em>Odilon Redon</em>. London: Studio Vista, 1977.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 139; Reproduced: p. 141", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 224", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n244"}, {"citation": "<em>Phaidon Encyclopedia of Art and Artists</em>. Oxford: Phaidon, 1978.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 544", "url": null}, {"citation": "Wilson, Michael. <em>Nature and Imagination: The Work of Odilon Redon</em>. Oxford: Phaidon, 1978.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 66; Reproduced: p. 67", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bacou, Roseline. <em>Odilon Redon: Pastels</em>. Trans. Beatrice Rehl. New York: George Braziller, 1987.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 126, no. 43; Reproduced: p. 127", "url": null}, {"citation": "Vialla, Jean. <em>La vie et l'oeuvre d'Odilon Redon</em>. Paris: ACR, 1988.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 140-141", "url": null}, {"citation": "Fugazza, Stefano. <em>Simbolismo</em>. Milan: Arnoldo Mondadori Arte, 1991.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 104", "url": null}, {"citation": "Wildenstein, Alec. <em>Odilon Redon, catalogue raisonn\u00e9 de l'oeuvre peint et dessin\u00e9</em>. Paris: Wildenstein Institute, 1992.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: vol. I, p. 50, no. 96", "url": null}, {"citation": "Jarrass\u00e9, Dominique. <em>Odilon Redon, le r\u00eave</em>. Paris: Herscher, 1996.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 42; Reproduced: p. 43", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Impressionist, Modern and Contemporary Paintings, Drawings, Sculpture and Ceramics</em>. London: Christie's, 1996.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 26, lot 53", "url": null}, {"citation": "Takashina, Shuji and Nobuyuki Senzoku. <em>Seikimatsu to shocho shugi, New World History of Art</em>. Tokyo: Shogakukan, 1996.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 85", "url": null}, {"citation": "Humair, Sylviane. \"De la fin du XIXe si\u00e8cle au d\u00e9but du XXe.\" <em>Gazette de l'Hotel Drouot</em> (April 17, 1998): 72-74.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 73", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>300 Selected European Paintings</em>. Otsuka: Otsuka Museum of Art, 1998.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 314", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Impressionist and Modern Art</em>. London: Sotheby's, 1999.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 17, lot 20", "url": null}, {"citation": "De Grazia, Diane. \"Drawings in Cleveland: The Evolution of a Collection.\" In <em>Master Drawings from the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>, 1-15. Diane De Grazia and Carter E. Foster, eds. Exh. Cat. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art in Association with Rizzoli International Publications, New York, 2000.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 11-12, fig. 11", "url": null}, {"citation": "DeGrazia, Diane and Carter E. Foster. <em>Master Drawings from the Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art in association with Rizzoli International Publications, New York, 2000.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: P. 11-12, fig. 11", "url": null}, {"citation": "Masini, Lara Vinca and Alessandro Vezzosi. <em>Il Liberty, Art Nouveau. </em>Firenze: Giunti, 2000.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 83", "url": null}, {"citation": "Shimizu, Yoshiro. <em>Redon, Moro</em>. Tokyo: Shogakkan, 2000.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 12", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Sugu wakaru gakabetsu genso bijutsu no mikata</em>. Tokyo: Tokyobijutsu, 2004.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 57", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lemonedes, Heather, \"Unparalleled Color\", Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Cleveland Art: The Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em>. Vol. 47 no. 10, December 2007", "page_number": "Mentioned & reproduced: p. 4", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2007-10/page/4/"}, {"citation": "Yamamoto, Atsuko. <em>Redon, His Life and Works: I Want to Know More</em>. Tokyo: Bijutsu, 2011.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 66; Reproduced: p. 67", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Exhibitions.\u201d <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em> 55, no. 5 (September/October 2015): 3.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 3", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2015-05"}, {"citation": "Lemonedes, Heather. \u201cImaging the Garden: The garden is a ground plot for the mind. --Thomas Hill, <em>The Gardener's Labyrinth</em> (1577).\u201d <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em> 55, no. 6 (November/December 2015): 4-6.", "page_number": "Reproduced: Cover; Mentioned: p. 5.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "De Seta, Cesare. <em>Arti Della Modernit\u00e0</em>. Milano: Jaca Book, 2021.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 194-195", "url": ""}, {"citation": "\u201cThe Legacy of Odilon Redon at the CMA.\u201d <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine </em>61, no. 3 (Summer 2021): 37.", "page_number": "Reproduced and Mentioned: p. 37", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2021-03"}, {"citation": "Salsbury, Britany. \"Collecting 19th-Century French Drawings at the Cleveland Museum of Art.\" In <em>Nineteenth-Century French Drawings: The Cleveland Museum of Art, </em>11-23. Lewes, UK, Cleveland, Ohio: GILES; Cleveland Museum of Art, 2023.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 18-19, fig. 8", "url": ""}], "catalogue_raisonne": "Wildenstein 96", "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1926.1976", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1926.1976/1926.1976_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "705", "filesize": "258753", "filename": "1926.1976_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1926.1976/1926.1976_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2665", "filesize": "3589165", "filename": "1926.1976_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1926.1976/1926.1976_full.tif", "width": "9989", "height": "7831", "filesize": "234695396", "filename": "1926.1976_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1926.1976/1926.1976_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "1164", "height": "893", "filesize": "847648"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1926.1976/1926.1976_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "3268", "height": "2507", "filesize": "6092690"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1926.1976/1926.1976_alt0_full.tif", "width": "3268", "height": "2507", "filesize": "24620796"}}, {"date_created": "2013-11-18T11:28:10", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1926.1976/1926.1976_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "675", "height": "900", "filesize": "217982"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1926.1976/1926.1976_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "2550", "height": "3400", "filesize": "2999902"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1926.1976/1926.1976_alt1_full.tif", "width": "6000", "height": "8000", "filesize": "144024060"}}, {"date_created": "2013-11-18T11:31:56", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1926.1976/1926.1976_alt2_web.jpg", "width": "657", "height": "900", "filesize": "256193"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1926.1976/1926.1976_alt2_print.jpg", "width": "2481", "height": "3400", "filesize": "3540985"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1926.1976/1926.1976_alt2_full.tif", "width": "5838", "height": "8000", "filesize": "140135264"}}], "creditline": "Hinman B. Hurlbut Collection", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 148753, "creators": [{"id": 1748, "description": "Odilon Redon (French, 1840\u20131916)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": "A leader of the symbolist movement in France, Odilon Redon was born in Bordeaux in 1840 and grew up in the surrounding region. During his early years he studied drawing, architecture, and the violin. A friendship with Armand Clavaud, a local botanist and philosopher, stimulated Redon's passion for romantic art and literature. In 1864, after a brief and discouraging period of instruction with G\u00e9r\u00f4me in Paris, Redon returned to Bordeaux, where he studied printmaking with Rodolphe Bresdin (1825-1885). Deploring the emphasis on rational, phenomenal experience in academic and naturalist art, Redon turned for inspiration to the imaginative paintings of Delacroix, the prints of Francisco Jos\u00e9 de Goya (1746-1828), and the poetry of Charles Baudelaire. In 1870, after military service in the Franco-Prussian War, Redon settled in Paris and produced his first <em>Noirs</em>. These visionary images, featuring floating eyes and severed heads born aloft on wings, reflect Redon's belief in the superiority of the imagination and fantasy, which he considered \"the messenger of the unconscious.\" After producing his initial <em>Noirs </em>in charcoal, Redon discovered a method of transferring his drawings to lithography in 1876. Throughout the 1880s he continued to use charcoal, etching, and lithography as his primary media, and he produced twelve lithography albums before abandoning the genre in the late 1890s. During the 1880s Redon emerged as a leader of the symbolist reaction against impressionism. The publication in 1879 of his first lithographic album, <em>Dans le r\u00eave</em>, followed by his first solo exhibition in 1881, attracted the admiration of J. K. Huysmans, who included illustrations by Redon in his novel <em>\u00c0 rebours</em> (1884). Around the same time, Redon developed a personal and artistic relationship with poet St\u00e9phane Mallarm\u00e9. Increasingly drawn into the public arena, Redon helped organize the Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 des Artistes Ind\u00e9pendants in 1884. In 1886 he participated in the last impressionist exhibition and began showing with Les XX in Brussels. Redon's antinaturalist, visionary, art inspired many symbolist and Nabi artists, including Gauguin and Vuillard. Maurice Denis praised Redon as \"our Mallarm\u00e9,\" and in 1892 critic Albert Aurier described Redon as a leader of the new \"idealistic\" tendency in art. After 1890 the focus of Redon's activity shifted from monochromatic drawings and prints toward exploring color in richly worked pastels. His innovations in luminous color, as seen in the pastel and oil paintings he exhibited at the Galeries Durand-Ruel in 1900 were greatly admired by Henri Matisse (1869-1954) and the Fauves. Awarded the Legion of Honor in 1903, Redon continued his leadership role in the avant-garde and in 1904 became a founding member of the Salon d'Automne. In 1913 forty of his works were selected for exhibition in the Armory Show, the most by any artist. Redon died at his home in Paris in the summer of 1916.", "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1840", "death_year": "1916", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1926-11-19T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1910, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1910", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Portrait of Mademoiselle Violette Heymann"], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:08:50.786000"}, {"id": 106841, "accession_number": "1924.859", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Table Fountain, c. 1320\u201340. France, Paris. Gilt-silver and translucent enamels; overall: 33.8 x 25.4 x 26 cm (13 5/16 x 10 x 10 1/4 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Gift of J. H. Wade, 1924.859", "current_location": "109 Gothic Painting and Sculpture", "title": "Table Fountain", "creation_date": "c. 1320\u201340", "creation_date_earliest": 1320, "creation_date_latest": 1340, "artists_tags": [], "culture": ["France, Paris"], "technique": "gilt-silver and translucent enamels", "support_materials": [], "department": "Medieval Art", "collection": "MED - Gothic", "type": "Metalwork", "measurements": "Overall: 33.8 x 25.4 x 26 cm (13 5/16 x 10 x 10 1/4 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"height": 0.311, "width": 0.241, "depth": 0.26}, "No Extent Specified": {"width": 0.022, "length": 0.038}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 312517, "title": "The Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition", "description": "<i>The Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 26-October 4, 1936).", "opening_date": "1936-06-26T04:00:00"}, {"id": 361650, "title": "The International Style: The Arts in Europe around 1400", "description": "<i>The International Style: The Arts in Europe around 1400</i>. The Walters Art Museum, Baltimore, MD (organizer) (October 23-December 2, 1962).", "opening_date": "1962-10-23T04:00:00"}, {"id": 304213, "title": "Gothic Art 1360-1440", "description": "<i>Gothic Art 1360-1440</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (August 6-September 15, 1963).", "opening_date": "1963-08-06T04:00:00"}, {"id": 300926, "title": "Treasures of Medieval France", "description": "<i>Treasures of Medieval France</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (November 16, 1966-January 29, 1967).", "opening_date": "1966-11-16T05:00:00"}, {"id": 442290, "title": "Le Siecle de Charles V (The Century of Charles V)", "description": "<i>Le Siecle de Charles V (The Century of Charles V)</i>. R\u00e9union des mus\u00e9es nationaux - Grand Palais, Paris cedex 12, France (October 10, 1981-February 1, 1982).", "opening_date": "1981-10-10T04:00:00"}, {"id": 309664, "title": "Consuming Passions: The Art of Food and Drink", "description": "<i>Consuming Passions: The Art of Food and Drink</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (July 26-October 9, 1983).", "opening_date": "1983-07-26T04:00:00"}, {"id": 311444, "title": "Object Lessons: Cleveland Creates an Art Museum", "description": "<i>Object Lessons: Cleveland Creates an Art Museum</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 7-September 8, 1991).", "opening_date": "1991-06-07T04:00:00"}, {"id": 311637, "title": "All That Glitters: Great Silver Vessels in Cleveland's Collection", "description": "<i>All That Glitters: Great Silver Vessels in Cleveland's Collection</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (November 23, 1994-January 8, 1995).", "opening_date": "1994-11-23T05:00:00"}, {"id": 186370, "title": "Dukes and Angels: Art from the Court of Burgundy (1364-1419)", "description": "<i>Dukes and Angels: Art from the Court of Burgundy (1364-1419)</i>. Mus\u00e9e des Beaux-Arts, Dijon, Dijon, France (May 27-September 15, 2004); The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 24, 2004-January 9, 2005).", "opening_date": "2004-05-27T00:00:00"}, {"id": 180667, "title": "Sacred Gifts and Worldly Treasures: Medieval Masterworks from the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Sacred Gifts and Worldly Treasures: Medieval Masterworks from the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. National Museum of Bavaria, Munich, Germany (May 10-September 16, 2007); J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, CA (October 30, 2007-January 20, 2008); Frist Art Museum, Nashville, TN (February 13-June 7, 2009).", "opening_date": "2007-05-10T00:00:00"}, {"id": 203147, "title": "Myth and Mystique: Cleveland's Gothic Table Fountain", "description": "<i>Myth and Mystique: Cleveland's Gothic Table Fountain</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 9, 2016-February 26, 2017).", "opening_date": "2016-10-09T00:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>The International Style: The Arts in European around 1400</em>, The Walters Art Gallery, Baltimore, MD (October 23 - December 2, 1962).", "opening_date": "1962-10-23T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Les Fastes du Gothique:</em> <em>Le Siecle de Charles V</em>, The Grand Palais, Paris (9 Oct. 1981-1 Feb.1982).", "opening_date": "1981-10-01T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "(M. & R. Stora, Paris, France, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "?-1924", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1924-", "sortorder": 2}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "This fountain with its minute architectural details and finely made enamel plaques displayed the wealth and refinement of the owner as it entertained his guests. Imagine hearing the ringing of the tiny bells when this fountain was in use.", "description": "Conceptually and stylistically, this object is beyond all else a piece of Gothic architecture in miniature with vaults, pinnacles, columns, and traceried arches. Though the artist who created it is unknown, he was unquestionably inspired by the great Gothic buildings of his time. <br>The table fountain is a three-tiered assembly combining cast elements with bent sheets of gilt-silver. To these have been attached a series of enamel plaques representing grotesque figures, some of which play musical instruments. Water wheels and bells were added to capture motion and sound. <br>The rich detail, precious materials, and involved ornamentation of this deluxe object suggest it would have been expensive to produce and highly treasured by its original owner, someone of high status, and would have been deployed as an object of spectacle. This is the most complete example of its type known to survive from the Middle Ages. Medieval inventories reveal that small fountains like this, often taking various forms, and generally made from precious metals, once existed in large numbers, thus making the Cleveland table fountain an extremely rare object.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60758750"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1924.859-table-fountain"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Milliken, William M. \"A Table Fountain of the Fourteenth Century.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 12, no. 3 (1925).", "page_number": "pp. 36-39", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25093719"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1925.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 16", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook_80839/page/n18"}, {"citation": "Milliken, William M. \"In Memoriam: Jeptha Homer Wade.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 13, no. 4 (1926)", "page_number": "p. 75", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25136919"}, {"citation": "Milliken, William M. \u201cEarly Enamels in the Cleveland Museum of Art.\u201d <em>Connoisseur </em>76 (October 1926).", "page_number": "pp. 69-70", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bassermann-Jordan, Ernst von. <em>The Clock of Philip the Good of Burgundy.</em> Leipzig: W. Diebener g.m.b.h, 1927.", "page_number": "p. 39, figs. 35-36", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1928.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 18", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1928/page/n22"}, {"citation": "Milliken, William Mathewson. <em>The Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. [New York]: [The Art news], 1936.", "page_number": "Cat. No. 15", "url": null}, {"citation": "Henry S Francis, \"A Gothic Table Fountain and an Engraved Design for on by the Master [W with a Key]\" <em>The Print Collector's Quarterly</em> (April, 1939).", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Francis, Henry S. \"A Gothic Fountain Design by the Goldsmith-Engraver Monogrammist [Unrepresentable Symbol].\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 26, no. 7 (1939).", "page_number": "p. 118, 120", "url": null}, {"citation": "Stites, Raymond S.<em> The Arts and Man</em>. New York: Whittlesey House, 1940.", "page_number": "p. 445, fig. 369", "url": null}, {"citation": "Milliken, William. \"Silver Jubilee Exhibition.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art </em>28, no.6 (June 1941): 88-108", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 90", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25140932"}, {"citation": "N. M. Penzer, \"The Great Wine Coolers -- II,\" <em>Apollo </em>LXVI, no. 391 (September, 1957).", "page_number": "pp. 40-41, fig II", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Handbook.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 179", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1958/page/n43"}, {"citation": "Walters Art Gallery (Baltimore, Md.). <em>The International Style: The Arts in Europe Around 1400</em>; [Exhibition]: October 23-December 2, 1962. 1962.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Gothic Art 1360-1440.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 50, no. 7 (1963).", "page_number": "No. 33, p. 175", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25151960"}, {"citation": "Harry Bober, \"Medieval Art and Cleveland,\" <em>Apollo </em>LXXVII, no. 22 (1963).", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Silvio A. Bedini, \"The Role of Automata in the History of Technology, \" <em>Technology and Culture</em> V (Winter, 1964).", "page_number": "p. 33, fig. 7", "url": null}, {"citation": "Colin Eisler, \"Le gothique international,\" Art de France IV (1964).", "page_number": "pp. 288-90", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 63", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n87"}, {"citation": "Joseph Alsop, \"Treasures of The Cleveland Museum of Art,\" <em>Art in America </em>(May-June, 1966).", "page_number": "p. 36", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Selected Works: Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. 1967.", "page_number": "No. 99", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Treasures from Medieval France: A Summary Catalogue of the Exhibition</em>. [Cleveland]: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1967.", "page_number": "Cat. No. VI 18, pp. 250-51, 376", "url": null}, {"citation": "Wixom, William D. <em>Treasures from Medieval France.</em> [Cleveland]: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1967.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 250-251; cat. no. VI-18", "url": "https://archive.org/details/TreasuresMedievalFrance/page/n277"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 63", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n87"}, {"citation": "Munro, Thomas. <em>Form and Style in the Arts: An Introduction to Aesthetic Morphology</em>. Cleveland: Press of Case Western Reserve University, 1970.", "page_number": "fig. 18", "url": null}, {"citation": "Hernmarck, Carl. <em>The Art of the European Silversmith, 1430-1830.</em> London: Sotheby Parke Bernet, 1977.", "page_number": "p. 100, pl. 271", "url": null}, {"citation": "Impey, O. R. <em>Chinoiserie: The Impact of Oriental Styles on Western Art and Decoration.</em> London: Oxford University Press, 1977.", "page_number": "p.178, fig. 203", "url": null}, {"citation": "Miller, Naomi. <em>French Renaissance Fountains</em>. New York: Garland Pub, 1977.", "page_number": "pp. 33, 347, No. 8, footnotes 11-12", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 71", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n91"}, {"citation": "Lightbown, R. W. <em>Secular Goldsmiths' Work in Medieval France: A History</em>. London: Society of Antiquaries of London, 1978.", "page_number": "p. 48-51", "url": null}, {"citation": "Donzet, Bruno, and Christian Siret. <em>Les Fastes du gothique: le sie\u0300cle de Charles V </em>: Galeries nationales du Grand Palais, 9 octobre 1981-1er fe\u0301vrier 1982. [Paris]: Ministe\u0300re de la culture, Editions de la Re\u0301union des muse\u0301es nationaux, 1981.", "page_number": "Cat. No. 191, pp. 236-38", "url": null}, {"citation": "Dombi, Istvan, Bernd Ho\u0308fler, and Ingrid Loschek. <em>Bruckmann's Silber-Lexikon.</em> Mu\u0308nchen: Bruckmann, 1982.", "page_number": "p. 290", "url": null}, {"citation": "Dumbarton Oaks Colloquium on the History of Landscape Architecture, and Elisabeth B. MacDougall.<em> Medieval Gardens</em>. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1986.", "page_number": "p. 144", "url": null}, {"citation": "Patrick M. De Winter, \"Castles and Town Residences of Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy (1364-1404), <em>Artibus et historiae</em> No. 8 (1983).", "page_number": "p. 117", "url": null}, {"citation": "Truman, Charles. <em>Sotheby's Concise Encyclopedia of Silver</em>. London: Conran Octopus, 1993.", "page_number": "p. 53", "url": null}, {"citation": "Chastel, Andre\u0301. <em>French Art.</em> Paris: Flammarion, 1994.", "page_number": "p. 315", "url": null}, {"citation": "Richter, Rainer. \"Between Original and Imitation: Four Technical Studies in Basse-Taille Enameling and Re-Enameling of the Historicism Period.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 81, no. 7 (1994): 222-51.", "page_number": "Reproduced: cover, p. 222, 234-35; Mentioned: p. 222-52", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25161461"}, {"citation": "Daston, Lorraine, and Katharine Park. <em>Wonders and the Order of Nature, 1150-1750</em>. New York: Zone Books, 1998.", "page_number": "p. 99, Fig. 2.10", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kemp, Martin.<em> The Oxford History of Western Art.</em> 2000.", "page_number": "No. 237, p. 168", "url": null}, {"citation": "May, Sally Ruth, Jane Takac, and Barbara J. Bradley. <em>Knockouts: A Pocket Guide</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2001.", "page_number": "pp. 27 & 116", "url": null}, {"citation": "Fliegel, Stephen N. \"The Cleveland Table Fountain and Gothic Automata.\" <em>Cleveland Studies in the History of Art</em> 7 (2002).", "page_number": "pp. 6-49", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/20079718"}, {"citation": "Pe\u0301rouse de Montclos, Jean-Marie. <em>Paris: City of Art.</em> New York: Vendome, 2003.", "page_number": "p. 119", "url": null}, {"citation": "Fliegel, Stephen N., Sophie Jugie, and Virginie Barthe\u0301le\u0301my. <em>Art from the Court of Burgundy: The Patronage of Philip the Bold and John the Fearless 1364-1419</em> : Muse\u0301e Des Beaux-Arts De Dijon, May 28-September 15, 2004, the Cleveland Museum of Art, October 24, 2004-January 9, 2005. [Dijon]: Muse\u0301e des beaux-arts, 2004.", "page_number": "Cat. No. 26, p. 87", "url": null}, {"citation": "Fliegel, Stephen. \"Patronage and the Burgundian Court, 1364-1419\" <em>The Magazine Antiques</em> (October 2004).", "page_number": "p. 142-51, pl. III", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bernstein, Bernard. <em>The Fifteenth Century Arles Torah Crown Contract: A Twenty-First Century Silversmith's Interpretation</em>. [New York]: B. Bernstein, 2005.", "page_number": "p. 31, fig. 5", "url": null}, {"citation": "Nys, Wim.<em> Zilver uit Antwerpen</em> = Argenterie d'Anvers = Silber aus Antwerpen = Silver from Antwerp. Antwerp: Zilvermuseum Sterckshof, 2006.", "page_number": "p. 120", "url": null}, {"citation": "Rowland-Jones, Anthony. \"Iconography in the history of the recorder up to 1430-Part 2\". <em>Early Music</em> XXXIV, no. 1 (2006).", "page_number": "p. 12, fig. 12", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, and Holger A. Klein. S<em>acred Gifts and Worldly Treasures: Medieval Masterworks from the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, Ohio: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2007.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 190-193, no. 68", "url": null}, {"citation": "Eikelmann, Renate, Holger A. Klein, Stephen N. Fliegel, and Virginia Brilliant. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art: Meisterwerke von 300 bis 1550</em>. Mu\u0308nchen: Hirmer, 2007.", "page_number": "Cat. No. 72, p. 198-199", "url": null}, {"citation": "Pin\u0303a, Leslie A. <em>Furniture in History, 3000 B.C.-2000 A.D</em>. Boston: Prentice Hall, 2010.", "page_number": "pp. 3, 25", "url": null}, {"citation": "Caskey, Jill, Adam S. Cohen, and Linda Safran. Confronting the Borders of Medieval Art. Leiden, The Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill, 2011.", "page_number": "p. 176, fig. 4", "url": null}, {"citation": "Anderson, Maxwell Lincoln. <em>The Quality Instinct: Seeing Art Through a Museum Director's Eye</em>. Washington, DC: AAM Press, American Association of Museums, 2012.", "page_number": "p. 32-33", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, David Franklin, and C. Griffith Mann. <em>Treasures from the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2012.", "page_number": "pp. 116-7", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kirkham, Pat, and Susan Weber. <em>History of Design: Decorative Arts and Material Culture, 1400-2000</em>. 2013.", "page_number": "p. 92, Fig. 5.10", "url": null}, {"citation": "Conference \"The splendour of Burgundy.\", Wim Blockmans, and Anne van Oosterwijk. Staging the Court of Burgundy: Proceedings of the Conference \"The Splendour of Burgundy\". Turnhout: Brepols, 2013.", "page_number": "Fig. 20, p. 136", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 269", "url": ""}, {"citation": "\u201cA Walking Tour: The entire new museum wing by wing, with curators calling out a few favorite works in the collection.\u201d <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em> 54, no. 1 (January/February 2014): 8-33.", "page_number": "Reproduced and Mentioned: p. 13", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2014-01"}, {"citation": "Normore, Christina. <em>A Feast for the Eyes: Art, Performance, and the Late Medieval Banquet</em>. Chicago: Univesity of Chicago Press, [2015].", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 28-31; Reproduced: p. 29, fig. 3", "url": null}, {"citation": "Fliegel, Stephen N., and Elina Gertsman. <em>Myth and Mystique: Cleveland's Gothic Table Fountain</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art; London: In association with D Giles Limited, [2016].", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 92, plate 1", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bagnoli, Martina. \"Sensual Awakenings.\" In <em>A Feast for the Senses: Art and Experience in Medieval Europe, </em>edited by Martina Bagnoli<em>. </em>Baltimore: The Walters Art Museum, 2016.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 14", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Museum Masters: 2016-17 Companion Guide.</em> [Cleveland, Ohio]: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2016.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 15, p. 62-64", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Fliegel, Stephen N. \u201cMyth and Mystique: A fresh look at the museum\u2019s captivating Gothic table fountain.\u201d <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em> 56, no. 5 (September/October 2016): 10-12.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 10; Mentioned: p. 11-12", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2016-05"}, {"citation": "\"Exhibitions.\" <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em> 56, no. 6 (November/December 2016): 4.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 4", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2016-06"}, {"citation": "Gertsman, Elina and Barbara H. Rosenwein. <em>The Middle Ages in 50 Objects</em>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 146-149; Reproduced: p. 147", "url": null}, {"citation": "Freundeskreis des Bayerischen Nationalmuseums. <em>Hommage: Renate Eikelmann</em>. Mu\u0308nchen: Sieveking Verlag, 2018.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 38", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kessler, Herbert L .<em> Experiencing Medieval Art</em>. Toronto; Buffalo ;London: University of Toronto Press, 2019.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 182, fig. 64", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cordez, Philippe. \"Musique et Jouvence au Royaume de France: Le Roman de Fauvel et la Fountaine de Cleveland (Pairs, vers 1320),\" <em>Object Studies in Art History </em>Vol. 3 (2020)", "page_number": "pp. 17-39", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bernasconi, Gianenrico, and Susanne Thu\u0308rigen. Material histories of time: objects and practices, 14th-19th centuries. 2020.", "page_number": "Reproduced; pp. 18, 21, 31, fig. 1. Mentioned: pp. 17-39", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Bock, Nicolas, and Michele Tomasi. Art et e\u0301conomie en France et en Italie au XIVe sie\u0300cle: prix, valeurs, carrie\u0300res. 2020, 124.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 124, Fig. 4.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Gertsman, Elina, and Stephen N. Fliegel. Collectors, Commissioners, Curators: Studies in Medieval Art for Stephen N. Fliegel. Berlin ; Boston : De Gruyter ; [Kalamazoo, Michigan] : Medieval Institute Publications, 2023.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: pp. 1-2, Fig. 0.1.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Filson, Lily V. <em>Renaissance Automata of the Villa Pratolino: Magic, Mechanics, and Medici Ambition.</em> Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan, an imprint of Springer Nature Switzerland, 2025.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 218-219, fig. 4.6", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1924.859", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1924.859/1924.859_web.jpg", "width": "772", "height": "900", "filesize": "248785", "filename": "1924.859_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1924.859/1924.859_print.jpg", "width": "2915", "height": "3400", "filesize": "2448137", "filename": "1924.859_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1924.859/1924.859_full.tif", "width": "5718", 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The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (October 5-November 13, 1960).", "opening_date": "1960-10-05T04:00:00"}, {"id": 515905, "title": "Seven Decades of Modern Art", "description": "<i>Seven Decades of Modern Art</i>. Rosenberg & Co., New York, NY (organizer) (April 26-May 21, 1966).", "opening_date": "1966-04-26T04:00:00"}, {"id": 300904, "title": "Fifty Years of Modern Art", "description": "<i>Fifty Years of Modern Art</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 15-July 31, 1966).", "opening_date": "1966-06-15T04:00:00"}, {"id": 517539, "title": "Seventy-Five Masterworks", "description": "<i>Seventy-Five Masterworks</i>. Portland Museum of Art, Portland, ME (organizer) (December 12, 1967-January 21, 1968).", "opening_date": "1967-12-12T05:00:00"}, {"id": 443384, "title": "Henri Matisse", "description": "<i>Henri Matisse</i>. French Academy in Rome, Rome, Italy (organizer) (November 24, 1978-January 28, 1979).", "opening_date": "1978-11-24T05:00:00"}, {"id": 442228, "title": "Henri Matisse Retrospective", "description": "<i>Henri Matisse Retrospective</i>. Kunsthaus Z\u00fcrich, CH-8024 Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland (organizer) (October 14, 1982-January 16, 1983).", "opening_date": "1982-10-14T04:00:00"}, {"id": 442150, "title": "Matisse Retrospective", "description": "<i>Matisse Retrospective</i>. Moderna Museet, Stockholm, Sweden (organizer) (November 3, 1984-January 6, 1985); Louisiana Museum of Modern Art, Humbelbaek, Denmark (January 19-April 14, 1985).", "opening_date": "1984-11-03T05:00:00"}, {"id": 214554, "title": "La r\u00e9v\u00e9lation m'est venue de l'Orient", "description": "<i>La r\u00e9v\u00e9lation m'est venue de l'Orient</i>. Palazzo dei Conservatori (Musei Capitolini, Rome) (September 19, 1997-January 20, 1998).", "opening_date": "1997-09-19T00:00:00"}, {"id": 218577, "title": "Henri Matisse:  La r\u00e9v\u00e9lation me'est venue de l'Orient", "description": "<i>Henri Matisse:  La r\u00e9v\u00e9lation me'est venue de l'Orient</i>. Musei Capitolini, Rome, Italy (September 19, 1997-January 20, 1998).", "opening_date": "1997-09-19T00:00:00"}, {"id": 214256, "title": "Henri Matisse:  Process and Variation", "description": "<i>Henri Matisse:  Process and Variation</i>. National Museum of Western Art, Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (organizer) (September 10-December 12, 2004).", "opening_date": "2004-09-10T00:00:00"}, {"id": 184132, "title": "Masterworks from The Phillips Collection", "description": "<i>Masterworks from The Phillips Collection</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (February 20-May 29, 2005).", "opening_date": "2005-02-20T00:00:00"}, {"id": 224310, "title": "Henri Matisse: Interiors with Women", "description": "<i>Henri Matisse: Interiors with Women</i>. Kunstsammlung Nordrhein-Westfalen, D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany (October 29, 2005-February 26, 2006); Fondation Beyeler, CH-4125 Riehen/Basel, Switzerland (organizer) (March 19-July 23, 2006).", "opening_date": "2005-10-29T00:00:00"}, {"id": 182153, "title": "Monet to Dal\u00ed: Modern Masters from the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Monet to Dal\u00ed: Modern Masters from the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. Seoul Art Center, South Korea (December 22, 2006-March 28, 2007); Seoul Olympic Museum of Art, South Korea (April 7-May 20, 2007); Vancouver Art Gallery, Vancouver, Canada (June 9-September 16, 2007); The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 21, 2007-January 13, 2008); Frist Art Museum, Nashville, TN (February 15-June 1, 2008); Utah Museum of Fine Arts, Salt Lake City, UT (June 22-September 21, 2008); The Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit, MI (October 12, 2008-January 18, 2009).", "opening_date": "2006-05-27T00:00:00"}, {"id": 201332, "title": "Painting the Modern Garden: Monet to Matisse", "description": "<i>Painting the Modern Garden: Monet to Matisse</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 6, 2015-January 5, 2016).", "opening_date": "2015-10-06T00:00:00"}, {"id": 281796, "title": "Matisse in the Studio", "description": "<i>Matisse in the Studio</i>. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Boston, MA (organizer) (April 9-July 9, 2017).", "opening_date": "2017-04-09T04:00:00"}, {"id": 380560, "title": "Matisse in the 1930s", "description": "<i>Matisse in the 1930s</i>. Philadelphia Museum of Art, Philadelphia, PA (organizer) (October 13, 2022-January 29, 2023); Mus\u00e9e de l'Orangerie, Paris, France (February 27-May 29, 2023); Mus\u00e9e Matisse, Nice, France (June 23-September 24, 2023).", "opening_date": "2022-10-13T04:00:00"}, {"id": 449908, "title": "Matisse - Invitation to Voyage", "description": "<i>Matisse - Invitation to Voyage</i>. Fondation Beyeler, CH-4125 Riehen/Basel, Switzerland (organizer) (September 22, 2024-January 26, 2025) https://www.fondationbeyeler.ch/ausstellungen/henri-matisse.", "opening_date": "2024-09-22T04:00:00"}, {"id": 701668, "title": "Matisse: The Pursuit of Harmony", "description": "<i>Matisse: The Pursuit of Harmony</i>. Acquavella Galleries, Inc., New York, NY (organizer) (April 9-May 22, 2026) https://www.acquavellagalleries.com/exhibitions/matisse2.", "opening_date": "2026-04-09T04:00:00"}], "legacy": []}, "provenance": [{"description": "The artist", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "Paul Rosenberg (1881-1959), Bordeaux, France", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1940", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "Confiscated by Nazi ERR (Einsatzstab Reichsleiter Rosenberg), sent to Paris", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "Hermann Goering (1893-1946)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1941", "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "Traded to Gustav Rochlitz (1889-1972)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": 5}, {"description": "Recovered by Allied Forces, Munich Central Collection Point, Germany", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1946", "sortorder": 6}, {"description": "[Restituted to Paul Rosenberg Gallery, New York, NY]", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1946", "sortorder": 7}, {"description": "Leigh Block, Chicago, IL", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "about 1947", "sortorder": 8}, {"description": "[Paul Rosenberg Gallery, New York]", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": 9}, {"description": "[Pierre Matisse Gallery, New York]", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "around 1952", "sortorder": 10}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "When Matisse's <em>Blue Nude</em> was shown in the 1913 Armory show, the violent, unnaturalistic colors and distorted forms so enraged students and faculty from the Art Institute of Chicago that they burned a copy in effigy.", "description": "In this interior, a woman is seated at a table with an open book and scattered fruits. The artist painted green potted philodendrons, a red patterned curtain, and an orange antique vase to create an exuberantly colorful composition. Henri Matisse painted this interior in his studio-residence at the H\u00f4tel R\u00e9gina in Nice on the coast of southeastern France about six months after the outbreak of WWII. As he explained in a letter to a friend, making art provided the equilibrium he needed to withstand the tragedy unfolding in the world beyond his studio.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60472163"], "internet_archive": []}, "citations": [{"citation": "Ballou, Mary G. \"\"Interior with Etruscan Vase\" by Henri Matisse.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 39, no. 10 (December 1952): 239-241.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 239-240; Reproduced: P. 241", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25141841"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Handbook.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 518", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1958/page/n96"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 199", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n223"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 199", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n223"}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Art of the Twentieth Century in the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: Dept. of Art History &amp; Education, CMA, 1969.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 1", "url": "https://archive.org/details/20thCenturyArtCMA/page/n1"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 248", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n268"}, {"citation": "Sievers, Ann H., Linda D. Muehlig, and Nancy Rich. <em>Master Drawings from the Smith College Museum of Art</em>. New York, New York: Hudson Hills Press, 2000.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 246, fig. 2", "url": null}, {"citation": "May, Sally Ruth, Jane Takac, and Barbara J. Bradley. <em>Knockouts: A Pocket Guide</em>. Cleveland, Ohio: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2001.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 60, no. 63; Mentioned: p. 118", "url": null}, {"citation": "Tanaka, Masayuki, and Chika Amano. <em>Matisu ten</em>. To\u0304kyo\u0304, Japan: Yomiuri Shinbun To\u0304kyo\u0304 Honsha Bunka, 2004.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 192. fig. 6", "url": null}, {"citation": "Mu\u0308ller-Tamm, Pia, ed. <em>Henri Matisse: Figure, Color, Space</em>. Ostfildern-Ruit: Hatje Cantz, 2005.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 248, no. 164; mentioned: p. 370", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Ciuha, Delia. <em>Eros in der Kunst der Moderne: Ausstellung \"Eros in der Kunst der Moderne\", Fondation Beyeler, Riehen/Basel, 8. Oktober 2006-18. Februar 2007 ; BA-CA Kunstforum, Wien, 1. Ma\u0308rz - 22. Juli 2007</em>. Ostfildern, Germany: Hatje Cantz, 2006.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 157", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Treasures of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. London, United Kingdom: Scala Books, 2012.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 318-319", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 301", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Essers, Volkmar.<em> Henri Matisse, 1869-1954: Master of Colour.</em> K\u00f6ln: Benedikt Taschen, 2016.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 74-75", "url": null}, {"citation": "McBreen, Ellen. \"The Studio as Theater.\" In <em>Matisse in the Studio. </em>Ellen McBreen, and Helen Burnham, 113-139. Boston, Massachusetts: MFA publications, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, 2017.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 139, no. 124", "url": null}, {"citation": "Dorfman, John. \"Matisse Madness.\" <em>Art &amp; Antiques</em>, (Apr. 2017): 48-54.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 48", "url": null}, {"citation": "Klein, John. <em>Matisse and Decoration</em>. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2018.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 94, fig 4.1", "url": null}, {"citation": "Gu\u00e9gan, St\u00e9phane. <em>Matisse sans Fronti\u00e8res.</em> [Paris]: Gallimard, 2025.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 155' Reproduced: p. 158, fig. 124", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Grammont, Claudine, and Ellen McBreen. <em>Matisse. </em>Translated by Christian Vair. Paris: Citadelles &amp; Mazenod, 2025.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 263-264, no. 259; Reproduced: p. 7", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1952.153", "images": {}, "alternate_images": [], "creditline": "Gift of the Hanna Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 129265, "creators": [{"id": 2130, "description": "Henri Matisse (French, 1869\u20131954)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1869", "death_year": "1954", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1952-05-06T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1940, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1940", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": true, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": true, "updated_at": "2026-04-17 14:35:44.820000"}, {"id": 135920, "accession_number": "1959.42", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Saint Lawrence, 1502\u20138. Tilman Riemenschneider (German, active W\u00fcrzburg, c. 1460\u20131531). Lindenwood with polychromy and gilding; overall: 93.8 x 38.5 x 21.8 cm (36 15/16 x 15 3/16 x 8 9/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund, 1959.42", "current_location": "111 German and Austrian Gothic", "title": "Saint Lawrence", "creation_date": "1502\u20138", "creation_date_earliest": 1502, "creation_date_latest": 1508, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["Germany, W\u00fcrzburg, 16th century"], "technique": "lindenwood with polychromy and gilding", "support_materials": [], "department": "Medieval Art", "collection": "MED - Gothic", "type": "Sculpture", "measurements": "Overall: 93.8 x 38.5 x 21.8 cm (36 15/16 x 15 3/16 x 8 9/16 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"height": 0.938, "width": 0.385, "depth": 0.218}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 302145, "title": "Traditions and Revisions: Themes from the History of Sculpture", "description": "<i>Traditions and Revisions: Themes from the History of Sculpture</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (September 24-November 16, 1975).", "opening_date": "1975-09-24T04:00:00"}, {"id": 177124, "title": "Tilman Riemenschneider:  Master Sculptor of the Late Middle Ages", "description": "<i>Tilman Riemenschneider:  Master Sculptor of the Late Middle Ages</i>. National Gallery of Art, Landover, MD (organizer) (October 3, 1999-January 9, 2000); The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY (February 7-May 14, 2000).", "opening_date": "1999-10-03T00:00:00"}, {"id": 180667, "title": "Sacred Gifts and Worldly Treasures: Medieval Masterworks from the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Sacred Gifts and Worldly Treasures: Medieval Masterworks from the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, CA (October 30, 2007-January 20, 2008).", "opening_date": "2007-05-10T00:00:00"}], "legacy": []}, "provenance": [{"description": "Richard von Passavant-Gontard, Frankfurt-am-Main, Germany", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "C. von Pannwitz, Bennebroek, The Netherlands", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "(Rosenberg & Stiebel, Inc., New York, NY, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "?-1959", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1959-", "sortorder": 4}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [{"id": 135931, "description": "Saint Stephen, 1502\u20138. Tilman Riemenschneider (German, active W\u00fcrzburg, c. 1460\u20131531). Lindenwood with polychromy and gilding; overall: 93.5 x 35 x 23.5 cm (36 13/16 x 13 3/4 x 9 1/4 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund, 1959.43", "relationship": null}], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Before Riemenschneider finally settled in W\u00fcrzburg, Germany, in 1484, he traveled to Strasbourg and Colmar, where he became acquainted with the works of the engraver Martin Schongauer.", "description": "This sculpture, along with that of Saint Stephen (1959.43), and two female saints preserved in Frankfurt (Historisches Museum), are believed to be the remaining fragments of a large altarpiece carved by Riemenschneider for the Dominican convent in Rothenburg in Franconia (demolished in 1813). Saints Stephen and Lawrence both wear the dalmatic to indicate their status as deacons in the early church. Each holds a symbol of his martyrdom; here, Saint Lawrence holds a grill to indicate his death by burning. Late Gothic Style Art in Germany through the early 1500s remained firmly anchored in the late Gothic style with its associated interests in realism. Riemenschneider was one of the most prolific and versatile sculptors of this style, a recognized master in both stone and wood. His flourishing workshop employed as many as 40 apprentices in sculpting, woodcarving, and painting. His sculptures are noted for the dreamy, melancholy, and introspective quality in their expressions, as well as their remarkable attention to detail.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": [], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1959.42-saint-lawrence"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Feulner, Adolf, and Theodor Mu\u0308ller. G<em>eschichte der deutschen Plastik</em>. Mu\u0308nchen: F. Bruckmann, 1887.", "page_number": "p. 165", "url": null}, {"citation": "Riemenschneider, Tilman, and Carl Streit. <em>Tylmann Riemenschneider: 1460-1531 ; Leben und Kunstwerke des fra\u0308nkischen Bildschnitzers</em>. 1 (1888) 1 (1888). Berlin: Wasmuth, 1888.", "page_number": "p. 23", "url": null}, {"citation": "T\u00f6nies,Eduard \"Leben und Werke des W\u00fcrzburger Bildscnitzers Tilmann Riemenschneider\" <em>Studien zur deutschen Kunstgeschichte</em> XXII (1900).", "page_number": "p. 261, nos. 2, 3", "url": null}, {"citation": "Weber, Anton, and A. Schnizlein. Ti<em>l Riemenschneider: sein Leben und Wirken.</em> Regensburg: J. Habbel, 1911.", "page_number": "pp. 192, 247", "url": null}, {"citation": "Schmitt, Otto, and Georg Swarzenski. <em>Meisterwerke der bildhauerkunst in Frankfurter privatbesitz</em>. Frankfurt am Main: Frankfurter kunstverein, 1921.", "page_number": "p. 28, nos. 138-9", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bier, Justus, and Tilman Riemenschneider. <em>Tilmann Riemenschneider. </em>Augsburg: Filser, 1925.", "page_number": "p. 10", "url": null}, {"citation": "Sta\u0308delsches Kunstinstitut (Frankfurt am Main, Germany). <em>Sammlung R. von Passavant-Gontard.</em> Frankfurt am Main: Sta\u0308dtelsches Kunstinstitut, 1929.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Schilling, R. \"Ausstellung der Sammlung R. v. Passavant-Gontard im St\u00e4delschen Kunstinstitut,\" <em>Pantheon </em>III (April, 1929).", "page_number": "pp. 185, 187", "url": null}, {"citation": "Allgemeines Lexikon der bildenden Kunstler von der Antike bis zur Gegenwart. 28, 28. <em>Allgemeines Lexikon Der Bildenden Kunstler Von Der Antike Bis Zur Gegenwart</em> / Unter Mitwirkung Von 320 Fachgelehrten Des In- Und Auslandes ; Herausgegeben Von Ulrich Thieme Und Felix Becker. Leipzig: E.A. Seeman, 1934.", "page_number": "pp. 333-4", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>The Art Quarterly</em> (Winter 1959).", "page_number": "p. 388", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, \u201cSaint Lawrence and Saint Stephen,\u201d September 14, 1959, Cleveland Museum of Art Archives.", "page_number": null, "url": "https://archive.org/details/cmapr0434"}, {"citation": "Wixom, William. \"Two Lindenwood Sculptures.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art </em>46, no. 9 (November 1959): 189-197.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 189; Reproduced: p. 188, 190", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25142360"}, {"citation": "<em>The Connoisseur</em> (March 1960).", "page_number": "p. 136", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>La Chronique des Arts</em> (January 1960).", "page_number": "p. 34, pl. 113", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bier, Justus, \"Two Statues: St. Stephen and St. Lawrence by Riemenschneider in the Cleveland Museum of Art,\" <em>The Art Quarterly</em> XXIII, 3 (Autumn 1960).", "page_number": "pp. 219, 223", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bober, Harry, \"Medieval Art at Cleveland\" <em>Apollo</em> LXXVII no. 22 (1963).", "page_number": "p. 455", "url": null}, {"citation": "Wixom, William D. <em>Two Lindenwood Sculptures by Tillmann Riemenschneider. </em>Thesis--New York University, February 1963, 1963.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 76", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n100"}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Selected Works: Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. 1967.", "page_number": "no. 111", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 76", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n100"}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, and Berthold Fricke. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art. </em>Hannover: Knorr &amp; Hirth, 1970.", "page_number": "p. 41", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 87", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n107"}, {"citation": "Bier, Justus, and Tilman Riemenschneider. <em>Tilmann Riemenschneider, His Life and Work. </em>Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 1982.", "page_number": "pp. 8-9, 50-52, Pl. 6A-B", "url": null}, {"citation": "Metford, J. C. J. <em>Dictionary of Christian Lore and Legend</em>. 1983.", "page_number": "pp. 59.43, 159", "url": null}, {"citation": "Riemenschneider, Tilman, Julien Chapuis, and Michael Baxandall. <em>Tilman Riemenschneider: Master Sculptor of the Late Middle Ages</em>. 1999.", "page_number": "p. 108, no. 4; pp. 283-298, cat. no. 32D", "url": null}, {"citation": "Hayum, Andree \"A Devotion to Carving: The Art of Tilman Riemenschneider\" <em>Art in America</em> (July 2000).", "page_number": "p. 93", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kalden-Rosenfeld, Iris. <em>Tilman Riemenschneider und seine Werkstatt: mit einem Katalog der allgemein als Arbeiten Riemenschneiders und seiner Werkstatt akzeptierten Werke. </em>Ko\u0308nigstein im Taunus: Langewiesche, 2001.", "page_number": "p. 127, no. 174, Kat. 14", "url": null}, {"citation": "Eikelmann, Renate, Holger A. Klein, Stephen N. Fliegel, and Virginia Brilliant. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art: Meisterwerke von 300 bis 1550. </em>Mu\u0308nchen: Hirmer, 2007.", "page_number": "p. 19, fig. 13", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, and Holger A. Klein. S<em>acred Gifts and Worldly Treasures: Medieval Masterworks from the Cleveland Museum of Art. </em>Cleveland, Ohio: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2007.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 244-245, no. 91", "url": null}, {"citation": "Krohm, Hartmut, and Tobias Kunz. <em>Nicht die Bibliothek, sondern das Auge: westeuropa\u0308ische Skulptur und Malerei an der Wende zur Neuzeit : Beitra\u0308ge zu Ehren von Hartmut Krohm.</em> Petersberg: M. Imhof, 2008.", "page_number": "p. 263", "url": null}, {"citation": "Fliegel, Stephen N. <em>Resplendent Faith: Liturgical Treasuries of the Middle Ages. </em>Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 2009.", "page_number": "p. 62, fig. 52", "url": null}, {"citation": "Fliegel, Stephen N., and Stephen N. Fliegel. A<em> Higher Contemplation: Sacred Meaning in the Christian Art of the Middle Ages</em>. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 2012.", "page_number": "p. 48, fig. 40", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, David Franklin, and C. Griffith Mann. <em>Treasures from the Cleveland Museum of Art. </em>Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2012.", "page_number": "pp. 158-9", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. 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Hanna Jr. Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 135920, "creators": [{"id": 9821, "description": "Tilman Riemenschneider (German, active W\u00fcrzburg, c. 1460\u20131531)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "death_year": "1531", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1959-02-21T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1502, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1502\u20138", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:09:06.635000"}, {"id": 140396, "accession_number": "1964.340", "share_license_status": "Copyrighted", "tombstone": "A Bird in the Room, 1955. Kay Sage (American, 1898\u20131963). Oil on canvas; unframed: 99.1 x 81.3 cm (39 x 32 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Bequest of Kay Sage Tanguy, 1964.340. \u00a9 Estate of Kay Sage / Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York", "current_location": "226B American Modern", "title": "A Bird in the Room", "creation_date": "1955", "creation_date_earliest": 1955, "creation_date_latest": 1955, "artists_tags": ["female"], "culture": ["America"], "technique": "oil on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "American Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "American - Painting", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Unframed: 99.1 x 81.3 cm (39 x 32 in.)", "dimensions": {"unframed": {"height": 0.991, "width": 0.813}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": "\u00a9 Estate of Kay Sage / Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York", "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "Signed lower left: Kay Sage '55\r\nWritten on back of stretcher: \"A Bird in the Room '55 Kay Sage/Woodbury, Conn.\"", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 304723, "title": "Year in Review (1964)", "description": "<i>Year in Review (1964)</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (December 8, 1964-January 31, 1965).", "opening_date": "1964-12-08T05:00:00"}, {"id": 320904, "title": "Kay Sage, 1898-1963", "description": "<i>Kay Sage, 1898-1963</i>. Herbert F. Johnson Museum of Art, Ithaca, NY (organizer) (January 26-March 13, 1977); Art Gallery, University of Maryland at College Park, College Park, MD (April 5-May 15, 1977); Albany Institute of History and Art, Albany, NY (June 8-July 20, 1977).", "opening_date": "1977-01-26T05:00:00"}, {"id": 218287, "title": "Double Solitaire: The Surrealist Worlds of Kay Sage and Yves Tanguy", "description": "<i>Double Solitaire: The Surrealist Worlds of Kay Sage and Yves Tanguy</i>. Katonah Museum of Art, Katonah, NY (organizer) (June 5-September 18, 2011); Davis Museum and Cultural Center, Wellesley, MA (October 8, 2011-January 8, 2012); Mint Museum of Art, Charlotte, NC (February 11, 2012-May 13, 2013).", "opening_date": "2011-06-05T00:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "Catherine Viviano Gallery, New York, \"Kay Sage: Exhibition of Paintings,\" January 3-28, 1956, no. 7.", "opening_date": "1956-01-03T05:00:00Z"}, {"description": "Catherine Viviano Gallery, New York, \"Kay Sage Retrospective Exhibition, 1937-1958,\" April 5-30, 1960, no. 45.", "opening_date": "1960-04-05T05:00:00Z"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Kay Sage [1898-1963], Woodbury, CT, bequest to the Cleveland Museum of Art", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1955-1964", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1964-", "sortorder": 2}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "To maintain her own identity, Sage often refused to exhibit with her husband, also an artist.", "description": "Sage created this work, one of her most somber and desolate, shortly after the death of her husband, Yves Tanguy (1900\u20131955), who was also an esteemed Surrealist painter. The title likely refers to the folk legend that says a wild bird flying into a house is a premonition of death\u2014an actual event that Sage experienced shortly before Tanguy passed away. Although for most of her career she was a prolific artist, Sage increasingly lost her momentum and inspiration during widowhood. Unable to endure living with her loss, she became reclusive and depressed, eventually succeeding in her second attempt at suicide by shooting herself in the heart.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60469230"], "internet_archive": []}, "citations": [{"citation": "Porter, Fairfield. \"Kay Sage,\" <em>Art News </em>54 (January 1956).", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 56; Reproduced: p. 56", "url": null}, {"citation": "Breuning, Margaret. \"Kay Sage,\" <em>Arts </em>30 (January 1956).", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 49", "url": null}, {"citation": "Devree, Howard. \"Reality and Fantasy.\" <em>New York Times</em>, January 8, 1956.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 19", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Kay Sage Retrospective Exhibition, 1937-1958</em>, exh. cat. (New York: Catherine Viviano Gallery, 1960)", "page_number": "Reproduced: n. 45", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Annual Report for 1964,\" <em>The Bulletin of The Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 52 (June 1965).", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 156-157", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Year in Review,\" <em>The Bulletin of The Cleveland Museum of Art </em>52 (November 1965).", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 157", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bailey, Holly M. <em>Kay Sage, 1898-1963</em>. Ithaca, NY: Herbert F. Johnson Museum of Art, 1977.", "page_number": "Reproduced: n. 53", "url": null}, {"citation": "Andre, Tomas. \"Kay Sage: Exploring the Conscious Unconscious.\" <em>Ithaca Post, </em>Art section, February 27, 1977.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Appelhof, Ruth Ann. \"Kay Sage: the Super-Reality of Dreams and Modern Women Artists.\" <em>Syracuse Guide </em>Visual Arts section, May 1977.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Miller, Stephen R. \"The Surrealist Imagery of Kay Sage,\" <em>Art International</em> 26 (September - October 1983).", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 45; Reproduced: p. 44", "url": null}, {"citation": "Suther, Judith D. <em>A House of Her Own: Kay Sage, Solitary Surrealist. </em>Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1997.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 167-171; Reproduced: p. 39", "url": null}, {"citation": "Miller, Stephen Robeson, Jonathan Stuhlman. <em>Double Solitaire: The Surreal Worlds of Kay Sage and Yves Tanguy</em>. ed. Nancy Wallach. Katonah, N.Y.: Katonah Museum of Art, 2011.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 98, no. 44", "url": null}, {"citation": "Miller, Stephen Robeson, Jessie Sentivan, Mary Ann Caws, and Kay Sage. <em>Kay Sage: Catalogue Raisonne\u0301</em>. New York, NY : DelMonico Books/Prestel, 2018.", "page_number": "jMentioned & reproduced: p. 290-291, pl. 1955.3", "url": null}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1964.340", "images": {}, "alternate_images": [], "creditline": "Bequest of Kay Sage Tanguy", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Hammond Hemmelgarn Family Gallery", "athena_id": 140396, "creators": [{"id": 3631, "description": "Kay Sage (American, 1898\u20131963)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1898", "death_year": "1963", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1964-10-31T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1955, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1955", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-04-16 13:47:56.285000"}, {"id": 128392, "accession_number": "1951.356", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Edge of the Woods Near L'Hermitage, Pontoise, 1879. Camille Pissarro (French, 1830\u20131903). Oil on fabric; framed: 166 x 204 x 16.5 cm (65 3/8 x 80 5/16 x 6 1/2 in.); unframed: 125 x 163 cm (49 3/16 x 64 3/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Gift of the Hanna Fund, 1951.356", "current_location": "222 Impressionism & Post-Impressionism", "title": "Edge of the Woods Near L'Hermitage, Pontoise", "creation_date": "1879", "creation_date_earliest": 1879, "creation_date_latest": 1879, "artists_tags": ["male", "Jewish artists"], "culture": ["France, 19th century"], "technique": "oil on fabric", "support_materials": [], "department": "Modern European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "Mod Euro - Painting 1800-1960", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 166 x 204 x 16.5 cm (65 3/8 x 80 5/16 x 6 1/2 in.); Unframed: 125 x 163 cm (49 3/16 x 64 3/16 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 1.66, "width": 2.04, "depth": 0.165}, "unframed": {"height": 1.25, "width": 1.63}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "Signed lower left: C. Pissarro 79\r\n", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 338469, "title": "De David a Toulouse-Lautrec : chefs-d\u2019oeuvres des collections americaines", "description": "<i>De David a Toulouse-Lautrec : chefs-d\u2019oeuvres des collections americaines</i>. Mus\u00e9e de l'Orangerie, Paris, France (organizer) (April 20-July 5, 1955).", "opening_date": "1955-04-20T05:00:00"}, {"id": 301477, "title": "In Memoriam: Leonard C. Hanna, Jr.", "description": "<i>In Memoriam: Leonard C. Hanna, Jr.</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (March 4-April 7, 1958).", "opening_date": "1958-03-04T05:00:00"}, {"id": 442308, "title": "Camille Pissarro: The Unexplored Impressionist", "description": "<i>Camille Pissarro: The Unexplored Impressionist</i>. Hayward Gallery, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (October 30, 1980-January 11, 1981); Galeries Nationales du Grand Palais, 75008 Paris, France (January 30-April 27, 1981); Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Boston, MA (May 19-August 9, 1981).", "opening_date": "1980-10-30T05:00:00"}, {"id": 338472, "title": "The New Painting: Impressionism 1874-1886", "description": "<i>The New Painting: Impressionism 1874-1886</i>. National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC (organizer) (January 16-April 6, 1986); Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (April 19-July 6, 1986).", "opening_date": "1986-01-16T05:00:00"}, {"id": 220250, "title": "Camille Pissarro and Impressionism", "description": "<i>Camille Pissarro and Impressionism</i>. Staatsgalerie Stuttgart, D-70184 Stuttgart, Germany (organizer) (December 11, 1999-May 1, 2000).", "opening_date": "1999-12-11T00:00:00"}, {"id": 175431, "title": "C\u00e9zanne and Pissarro: Making Modernism", "description": "<i>C\u00e9zanne and Pissarro: Making Modernism</i>. The Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY (organizer) (June 24-September 12, 2005); Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles, CA (October 20, 2005-January 16, 2006); Mus\u00e9e d'Orsay, Paris, France (February 27-May 28, 2006).", "opening_date": "2005-06-24T00:00:00"}, {"id": 182153, "title": "Monet to Dal\u00ed: Modern Masters from the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Monet to Dal\u00ed: Modern Masters from the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. Seoul Art Center, South Korea (December 22, 2006-March 28, 2007); Seoul Olympic Museum of Art, South Korea (April 7-May 20, 2007); Vancouver Art Gallery, Vancouver, Canada (June 9-September 16, 2007); The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 21, 2007-January 13, 2008); Frist Art Museum, Nashville, TN (February 15-June 1, 2008); Utah Museum of Fine Arts, Salt Lake City, UT (June 22-September 21, 2008); The Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit, MI (October 12, 2008-January 18, 2009).", "opening_date": "2006-05-27T00:00:00"}, {"id": 230546, "title": "Pissarro. A Meeting on St. Thomas", "description": "<i>Pissarro. A Meeting on St. Thomas</i>. Ordrupgaard, Charlottenlund, Copenhagen, Denmark (organizer) (March 9-July 2, 2017).", "opening_date": "2017-03-09T00:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>La 4e exposition de peinture</em>. 28 Avenue de l'Op\u00e9ra, Paris, France (1879).", "opening_date": null}, {"description": "<em>Tableaux par Camille Pissarro</em>. Galeries Durand-Ruel, Paris, France (1928).", "opening_date": "1928-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Centenaire de la naissance de Camille Pissarro</em>. Mus\u00e9e de l'Orangerie, Paris, France (1930).", "opening_date": "1930-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Les premi\u00e8res \u00e9poques de Camille Pissarro, de 1858 \u00e0 1884</em>. Galerie Marcel Bernheim, Paris, France (1936),", "opening_date": "1936-01-01T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Family of the artist, sold to Bernheim-Jeune", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1903-1913", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "(Bernheim-Jeune, Paris, sold to L\u2019Art Moderne)", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->Bernheim-Jeune purchased the painting (stock number 20114) from Julie Pissarro, the artist's widow, on December 17, 1913. &nbsp;</div>"], "date": "1913-1935", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "(L'Art Moderne, Lucerne)", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->L\u2019Art Moderne was a branch of Bernheim-Jeune located in Lucerne, Switzerland; a number of works from its stock were auctioned at H\u00f4tel Drouot on June 20, 1935.&nbsp;</div>"], "date": "1935", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "(L'Art Moderne sale, H\u00f4tel Drouot, June 20, 1935 (no. 59), sold to Andr\u00e9 Schoeller)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1935", "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "(Andr\u00e9 Schoeller [1898-1991], Paris)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1935-", "sortorder": 5}, {"description": "(Charles Comiot, Paris", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->Comiot was a businessman and art collector who had amassed a significant collection of Impresisonist works by the late 1920s.&nbsp; The Wildenstein Pissarro catalogue raisonn\u00e9 includes Comiot as a previous owner of the painting, but does not provide dates or documentation for his ownership.&nbsp; A sale of works from Comiot\u2019s collection at H\u00f4tel Drouot on June 11, 1958 does not include the CMA painting.&nbsp; A Renoir pastel sold at Sotheby\u2019s, New York, on May 10, 2001 also has Comiot followed by de Hauke in its provenance, so the two may have had an ongoing business relationship.&nbsp;</div>"], "date": "?", "sortorder": 6}, {"description": "(C\u00e9sar de Hauke and Hector Brame, Paris, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->The Pissarro does not appear in Galerie Brame &amp; Lorenceau\u2019s stock books, so it is likely that Hector Brame, a close business associate of de Hauke, brokered the sale of the painting to CMA.</div>"], "date": "Until 1951", "sortorder": 7}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1951-", "sortorder": 8}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "A goat seen from the back standing next to the figure in blue laying in the grass invites the viewer to step inside this serene and beautiful setting.", "description": "Born to a French-Jewish family on St. Thomas island in the Caribbean, Pissarro painted this monumental landscape when he was desperately poor and struggling to sell his paintings. It depicts a man slumbering in the sun-dappled backwoods of the Hermitage, a rural village near Pontoise, where the artist had been living since 1872. Restricting his palette to pure hues, Pissarro applied brushstrokes in systematic diagonal patterns, producing an effect that he likened to knitting. This canvas was included in the fourth Impressionist exhibition of 1879.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21785872"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1951.356-edge-of-the-woods-ne"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Pissarro, Joachim, Joachim Pissarro, and Claire Durand-Ruel Snollaerts. <em>Pissarro: critical catalogue of paintings</em>. Paris: Wildenstein Institute Publications, 2005.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "C\u00e9sar de Hauke, letter to Henry S. Francis, Nov. 17, 1951, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Guy-Patrice Dauberville, letter to Victoria Sears Goldman, July 28, 2015, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Pissarro, Joachim, Joachim Pissarro, and Claire Durand-Ruel Snollaerts. <em>Pissarro: critical catalogue of paintings</em>. Paris: Wildenstein Institute Publications, 2005.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "C\u00e9sar de Hauke, letter to Henry S. Francis, Nov. 17, 1951, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Guy-Patrice Dauberville, letter to Victoria Sears Goldman, July 28, 2015, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Guy-Patrice Dauberville, letter to Victoria Sears Goldman, Oct. 13, 2015, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Ho\u0302tel Drouot. <em>Tableaux modernes, aquarelles, pastels, dessins par Bonnard, Boudin, Ce\u0301ria, Ce\u0301zanne, Chagall, Corot, Coubine, Courbet, Cross, Degas, Derain, R. Dufy, Dufresne, Eberl, Gauguin, Van Gogh, Guillaumin, Laglenne, Marquet, Modigliani, Monet, Monticelli, Pascin, Picasso, Pissarro, Quizet, Renoir, Rouault, Signac, Souverbie, Utrillo, Vallotton, Vlaminck</em>. 1935.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Pissarro, Joachim, Joachim Pissarro, and Claire Durand-Ruel Snollaerts. <em>Pissarro: critical catalogue of paintings</em>. Paris: Wildenstein Institute Publications, 2005.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Guy-Patrice Dauberville, letter to Victoria Sears Goldman, July 28, 2015, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Ho\u0302tel Drouot. T<em>ableaux modernes, aquarelles, pastels, dessins par Bonnard, Boudin, Ce\u0301ria, Ce\u0301zanne</em>... June 20, 1935.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Ho\u0302tel Drouot. T<em>ableaux modernes, aquarelles, pastels, dessins par Bonnard, Boudin, Ce\u0301ria, Ce\u0301zanne</em>... June 20, 1935.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Pissarro, Joachim, Joachim Pissarro, and Claire Durand-Ruel Snollaerts. <em>Pissarro: critical catalogue of paintings</em>. Paris: Wildenstein Institute Publications, 200", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Pissarro, Ludovico Rodo, and Lionello Venturi. <em>Camille Pissarro; son art--son \u0153uvre</em>. Paris: P. Rosenberg, 1939.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Sylvie Brame, email to Victoria Sears Goldman, Jan. 30, 2015, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Sylvie Brame, email to Victoria Sears Goldman, Jan. 29, 2015, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "D'Hervilly, Ernest. \"Exposition des Impressionistes.\" <em>Le Rappel </em>(April 11, 1879): 2.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 2", "url": null}, {"citation": "Pissarro, Ludovico Rodo, and Lionello Venturi. <em>Camille Pissarro; Son Art--Son Oeuvre</em>. Paris: P. Rosenberg, 1939.", "page_number": "Mentioned: vol. 1, no. 489; reproduced: vol. 2, no. 489, pl. 99", "url": null}, {"citation": "Francis, Henry S. \"Le Fond de l'Hermitage by Camille Pissarro.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 39, no. 4 (April 1952): 64-66.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 62", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em> Art et Style </em>34 (1955): 22.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 22", "url": null}, {"citation": "Muse\u0301e de l'Orangerie. <em>De David a\u0300 Toulouse-Lautrec; chefs-d'\u0153uvres des collections ame\u0301ricaines</em>. Paris: [Presses artistiques], 1955.", "page_number": "Referenced: cat. no. 45, Reproduced: pl. 44", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, \u201cCleveland Owned Paintings Will Go to France,\u201d April 20, 1955, Cleveland Museum of Art Archives.", "page_number": null, "url": "https://archive.org/details/cmapr4556"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Handbook.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 505", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1958/page/n93"}, {"citation": "Milliken,William Mathewson. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> New York: H.N. Abrams, 1958.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 54", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>In Memoriam: Leonard C. Hanna, Jr. </em>Cleveland: The Museum, 1958.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 69", "url": null}, {"citation": "Henning, E. B. \u201cCleveland Museum of Art: From Turner to Guston.\u201d <em>Apollo: The International Magazine for Collectors</em> 78 (December 1963): 481\u2013488.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 484", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 174", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n198"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 174", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n198"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 215", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n235"}, {"citation": "Brettell, Richard R. and Christopher Lloyd. <em>A Catalogue of the Drawings by Camille Pissarro in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. </em>Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 140-141, nos. 132, 133", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Pissarro: Camille Pissarro, 1830-1903 : Hayward Gallery, London, 30 October 1980-11 January 1981, Grand Palais, Paris, 30 January-27 April 1981, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, 19 May-9 August 1981</em>. London, United Kingdom: Arts Council of Great Britain, 1980.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 43", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lucie-Smith, Edward. \"Impressions of Pissarro.\" <em>Illustrated London News </em>268 (December 1980): 75.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 75", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lloyd, Christopher. <em>Camille Pissarro</em>. New York: Rizzoli, 1981.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 80-81", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bernard, Bruce. <em>The Impressionist Revolution.</em> London: Orbis, 1986.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 232; mentioned: p. 263", "url": null}, {"citation": "Brettell, Richard R. <em>Pissarro and Pontoise: The Painter in a Landscape</em>. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 192-193, pl. 166", "url": null}, {"citation": "Zimmermann, Michael F. <em>Seurat and the Art Theory of His Time</em>. Antwerp: Fonds Mercator, 1991.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 104, fig. 170", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kapos, Martha. <em>The Impressionists, a Retrospective.</em> [Southport, Conn.]: Hugh Lauter Levin Associates, 1991.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pl. 57", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Masterpieces from East and West</em>. New York, NY: Rizzoli International, 1992.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 152-153", "url": null}, {"citation": "Pissarro, Joachim. <em>Camille Pissarro.</em> New York: H.N. Abrams, 1993.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 121; reproduced: p. 132, fig. 138", "url": null}, {"citation": "Chong, Alan. <em>European &amp; American Painting in the Cleveland Museum of Art: A Summary Catalogue. </em>Cleveland, Ohio: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1993.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 183", "url": null}, {"citation": "Benedetti, Maria Teresa. <em>L'Impressionismo: Dentro l'Immagine.</em> Milano: A. Mondadori, 1993.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 178-181", "url": null}, {"citation": "Reid, Martin. <em>Pissarro.</em> London, England: Studio Editions, 1993.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 96-97", "url": null}, {"citation": "Ewers-Schultz, Martina. <em>Die Franzo\u0308sischen Grundlagen des \"Rheinischen Expressionismus\" 1905 bis 1914: Stellenwert und Bedeutung der franzo\u0308sischen Kunst in Deutschland und ihre Rezeption in den Werken der Bonner Ausstellungsgemeinschaft von 1913. </em>Mu\u0308nster: Lit, 1996.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 369, pl. 5", "url": null}, {"citation": "Berson, Ruth. <em>The New Painting: Impressionism, 1874-1886: Documentation.</em> [San Francisco, CA]: Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, 1996.", "page_number": "Mentioned: Vol. 1, p. 206-207, 224; Vol. 2, p. 117; Reproduced: Vol. 2, p. 137", "url": null}, {"citation": "Benedetti, Maria Teresa. \"Pissarro: Il Periodo Impressionista.\" <em>Art e Dossier</em> 132 (March 1998): 16-33", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 28; mentioned: p, 30", "url": null}, {"citation": "Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.<em> Mone, Runowa\u0304ru to insho\u0304ha no fu\u0304kei: kaikan kinen dai ikkai kikakuten = Monet, Renoir, and the Impressionist Landscape.</em> [Japan]: Nagoya Bosuton Bijutsukan, 1999.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 146, fig. 26", "url": null}, {"citation": "D Argencourt, Louise, and Roger Diederen. <em>Catalogue of Paintings. Pt. 4. European Paintings of the 19th Century</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1999.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 494-496, no. 172", "url": null}, {"citation": "Shackelford, George T. M. <em>Monet, Renoir, and the Impressionist Landscape.</em> Ottawa: National Gallery of Canada, 2000.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 146, fig. 37", "url": null}, {"citation": "Eisenman, Stephen. <em>Nineteenth Century Art: A Critical History.</em> New York, N.Y.: Thames &amp; Hudson, 2002.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 297; reproduced: p. 292, fig. 13.11", "url": null}, {"citation": "Christie. <em>Impressionist and Modern Art (Evening Sale).</em> London: Christie's, 2002.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 29, fig.4", "url": null}, {"citation": "Mancoff, Debra N.<em> Impressionism: Reflections of Beauty.</em> Lincolnwood, Ill: Publications International, Ltd, 2003.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 72", "url": null}, {"citation": "Pissarro, Joachim. <em> Pioneering Modern Painting: Ce\u0301zanne &amp; Pissarro, 1865-1885.</em> New York: Museum of Modern Art, 2005.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 212, no. 105", "url": null}, {"citation": "Legrand, Francois. \"Conversation en Peinture.\" <em>Connaissance des Arts Hors-Serie</em> 275 (2006): 24-35.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 29", "url": null}, {"citation": "Eisenman, Stephen. <em>Nineteenth Century Art: A Critical History.</em> London: Thames &amp; Hudson, 2007.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 344, fig. 15.13", "url": null}, {"citation": "Fonsmark, Anne-Birgitte. <em>Pissarro: et m\u00f8de pa\u030a Skt. Thomas.</em> K\u00f8benhavn: Ordrupgaard, 2017.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 168, fig. 161", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Paintings in the Cleveland Museum of Art: Picture Book No. 4 .</em> [Cleveland]: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1952.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 39", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAPaintings1952"}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1951.356", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1951.356/1951.356_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "690", "filesize": "388399", "filename": "1951.356_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1951.356/1951.356_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2605", "filesize": "5555080", "filename": "1951.356_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1951.356/1951.356_full.tif", "width": "15203", "height": "11648", "filesize": "531286664", "filename": "1951.356_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2007-10-29T14:35:17", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1951.356/1951.356_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "1167", "height": "893", "filesize": "916861"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1951.356/1951.356_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2602", "filesize": "8002541"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1951.356/1951.356_alt0_full.tif", "width": "5525", "height": "4228", "filesize": "70113452"}}, {"date_created": "2009-07-01T15:21:36", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1951.356/1951.356_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "1177", "height": "893", "filesize": "963035"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1951.356/1951.356_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2580", "filesize": "8189061"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1951.356/1951.356_alt1_full.tif", "width": "5899", "height": "4476", "filesize": "79244524"}}, {"date_created": "2017-07-19T14:45:08", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1951.356/1951.356_alt2_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "675", "filesize": "400419"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1951.356/1951.356_alt2_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2550", "filesize": "5723993"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1951.356/1951.356_alt2_full.tif", "width": "16000", "height": "12000", "filesize": "576032700"}}, {"date_created": "2009-07-01T15:23:21", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1951.356/1951.356_alt3_web.jpg", "width": "1076", "height": "893", "filesize": "857813"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1951.356/1951.356_alt3_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2822", "filesize": "8445305"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1951.356/1951.356_alt3_full.tif", "width": "5674", "height": "4710", "filesize": "80207920"}}], "creditline": "Gift of the Hanna Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Nancy F. and Joseph P. Keithley Gallery", "athena_id": 128392, "creators": [{"id": 1836, "description": "Camille Pissarro (French, 1830\u20131903)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": "Camille Pissarro's parents ran a general merchandise business on St. Thomas. After attending boarding school in Paris, Pissarro returned to the West Indies to work for his father from 1847 until 1852. As an artist he was largely self-taught, receiving some instruction from Fritz Melbye (1826-1896), a Danish artist with whom he traveled to Venezuela in 1852. When Pissarro returned to Paris in 1855, he shared a studio with Anton Melbye (1818-1875), Fritz's brother, and with David Jacobsen (1821-1871). He took classes at the \u00c9cole des Beaux-Arts in 1856 and three years later attended the Acad\u00e9mie Suisse, where he befriended artists such as C\u00e9zanne (q.v.), Monet (q.v.), and Guillaumin (q.v.). Corot (q.v.) encouraged him to paint landscapes around Paris, and he was listed as Corot's pupil in the catalogues of the Salons of 1864 and 1865. He had met Julie Vellay in 1860, with whom he would have eight children; they married in 1871. Pissarro exhibited regularly at the Salons from 1859 to 1870, although his work received little attention and he sold hardly anything. In 1866 he settled in Pontoise, often returning to Paris where he kept a studio. He frequented \u00c9mile Zola's \"Thursdays\" (weekly literary gatherings) and associated with Manet's (q.v.) artistic circle that gathered in the Caf\u00e9 Guerbois. During the Franco-Prussian War (1870-71) Pissarro fled with his family, first to Montfoucault and then to London, where he worked with Monet and Daubigny (q.v.) and was introduced to the dealer Durand-Ruel. In 1872 he returned to Pontoise, where he painted with C\u00e9zanne. Around 1869 Pissarro began painting in a purely impressionist style, and in 1874 he helped organize the first impressionist exhibition. He moved to \u00c9ragny-sur-Epte in 1884, where he came into contact with Seurat (q.v.) and Paul Signac (1863-1935) and subsequently began to work in a pointillist style. He eventually found this technique too limiting, and returned to an impressionist mode, often working in series. By the end of his career his landscapes and depictions of city life sold well, and in 1892 he was given a retrospective exhibition at Durand-Ruel. By now, the artist had developed strongly anarchist convictions. Pissarro not only painted and made drawings, he also experimented with etching and lithography.", "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1830", "death_year": "1903", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1951-08-19T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1879, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1879", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": true, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Le Fond de l'Hermitage"], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:10:07.838000"}, {"id": 128842, "accession_number": "1951.454", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Saint Peter Repentant, 1645. Georges de La Tour (French, 1593\u20131652). Oil on canvas; framed: 140.3 x 119.1 x 7 cm (55 1/4 x 46 7/8 x 2 3/4 in.); unframed: 114 x 95 cm (44 7/8 x 37 3/8 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Gift of the Hanna Fund, 1951.454", "current_location": "217 Italian Baroque", "title": "Saint Peter Repentant", "creation_date": "1645", "creation_date_earliest": 1645, "creation_date_latest": 1645, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["France, 17th century"], "technique": "oil on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "P - French 17th Century", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 140.3 x 119.1 x 7 cm (55 1/4 x 46 7/8 x 2 3/4 in.); Unframed: 114 x 95 cm (44 7/8 x 37 3/8 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 1.403, "width": 1.191, "depth": 0.07}, "unframed": {"height": 1.14, "width": 0.95}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "signed upper right:  Georgs delaTour Invet et Pin / 1645", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 701945, "title": "Masterpieces", "description": "<i>Masterpieces</i>. Columbus Museum of Art, Columbus, OH (organizer) (November 8-December 16, 1956).", "opening_date": "1956-11-08T05:00:00"}, {"id": 301477, "title": "In Memoriam: Leonard C. Hanna, Jr.", "description": "<i>In Memoriam: Leonard C. Hanna, Jr.</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (March 4-April 7, 1958).", "opening_date": "1958-03-04T05:00:00"}, {"id": 445521, "title": "Georges de La Tour", "description": "<i>Georges de La Tour</i>. Mus\u00e9e de l'Orangerie, Paris, France (organizer) (May 10-September 25, 1972).", "opening_date": "1972-05-10T04:00:00"}, {"id": 177035, "title": "Georges de la Tour and His World: Masterpieces in Focus", "description": "<i>Georges de la Tour and His World: Masterpieces in Focus</i>. National Gallery of Art (organizer) (October 6, 1996-January 5, 1997); Kimbell Art Museum (February 1-May 10, 1997).", "opening_date": "1996-10-06T00:00:00"}, {"id": 215166, "title": "Georges de la Tour (1593-1652)", "description": "<i>Georges de la Tour (1593-1652)</i>. Galeries Nationales du Grand Palais, Paris, France (October 1, 1997-January 26, 1998).", "opening_date": "1997-10-01T00:00:00"}, {"id": 223411, "title": "The Light of Truth. Caravaggio, La Tour, Rembrandt, Zurbar\u00e1n", "description": "<i>The Light of Truth. Caravaggio, La Tour, Rembrandt, Zurbar\u00e1n</i>. Galleria d\u2019Arte Moderna e Contemporanea Accademia Carrara di Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy (September 9-December 17, 2000).", "opening_date": "2000-09-09T00:00:00"}, {"id": 214251, "title": "Georges de la Tour", "description": "<i>Georges de la Tour</i>. National Museum of Western Art, Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (organizer) (March 7-May 29, 2005).", "opening_date": "2005-03-07T00:00:00"}, {"id": 222394, "title": "Masterpieces of European Painting from The Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Masterpieces of European Painting from The Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. Frick Collection, New York, NY (organizer) (November 8, 2006-January 28, 2007).", "opening_date": "2006-11-08T00:00:00"}, {"id": 179662, "title": "Masterpieces of European Painting from the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Masterpieces of European Painting from the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. Maltz Museum of Jewish Heritage, Beachwood, OH (March 29-July 8, 2007).", "opening_date": "2007-03-29T00:00:00"}, {"id": 220311, "title": "Georges de la Tour", "description": "<i>Georges de la Tour</i>. Museo Nacional del Prado, Madrid, Spain (organizer) (February 23-June 12, 2016).", "opening_date": "2016-02-23T00:00:00"}, {"id": 677024, "title": "Georges de la Tour: Between Shadow and Light", "description": "<i>Georges de la Tour: Between Shadow and Light</i>. Mus\u00e9e Jacquemart-Andr\u00e9, Paris, France (September 11, 2025-February 22, 2026) https://www.musee-jacquemart-andre.com/fr/georges-tour.", "opening_date": "2025-09-11T04:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>Caravaggio and His Followers</em>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, Ohio (October 29, 1971-January 2, 1972).", "opening_date": "1971-10-29T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Possibly Alleyn's College of God's Gift, Dulwich, Surrey", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "\u20131857", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "Reverend William Lucas Chafy, by inheritance to his heirs", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "\u20131878", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "Heirs of Reverend Chafy, Bath, Somerset", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1878\u2013May 1951", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "[Marshall Spink, London]", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "[M. Knoedler & Co., New York], sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art, 1951", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "\u20131951", "sortorder": 5}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1951", "sortorder": 6}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "The rooster next to Peter is a reference to Jesus's prediction that Peter will betray him, stating: \"Before the rooster crows, you will disown me three times.\"", "description": "During Jesus\u2019s arrest on the night of the Last Supper, the apostle Peter denied knowing him. Although Christ forgave his betrayal, Peter was consumed by guilt. Georges de La Tour represents Peter as an old man, reflecting on his past actions in a state of perpetual repentance. The apostle\u2019s red-rimmed eyes and the uncertain light of the lantern suggest anxious sleepless nights; muted colors and simple forms give visual expression to Peter\u2019s somber emotions. Unlike other artists inspired by Caravaggio, La Tour worked in relative isolation in northeastern France, and his connection to his Italian counterpart remains unclear.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60515901"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1951.454-saint-peter-repentan"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Wright, Christopher. <em>The Masters of Candlelight: An Anthology of Great Masters Including Georges de La Tour, Godfried Schalcken, Joseph Wright of Derby. </em>Landshut: Arvos Verlag, 1995.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 62, 127, cat. 35; Reproduced: pp. 62\u201363", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Paintings in the Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> [Cleveland], 1945.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 32", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAPaintings1952"}, {"citation": "Bloch, Vitale. <em>Georges de La Tour; een beschouwing over zijn werk voorafgegaan door een catalogus van zijn oeuvre</em>. Amsterdam, Netherlands: J.H. de Bussy, 1950.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 53", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bloch, Vitale. <em>Georges de La Tour; een beschouwing over zijn werk voorafgegaan door een catalogus van zijn oeuvre.</em> Amsterdam: J.H. de Bussy, 1950.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 53, no. 18; reproduced: Pl. 18", "url": null}, {"citation": "Pariset, Francois-Georges. \"Le Saint Pierre Repentant de Georges de la Tour.\" <em>Arts-loisirs</em> no. 304 (1951): 1, 4.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 1, 4; reproduced: P. 1", "url": null}, {"citation": "Sterling, Charles. \"Observations sur Georges de la Tour \u00e0 propos d'un Livre Recent.\" <em>La Revue des Arts </em>I (September 1951): 147-158.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 154; Reproduced: P. 153, fig. 7", "url": null}, {"citation": "Francis, Henry S. \"The Retentant St. Peter by Georges de La Tour.\" <em>The Bulletin of The Cleveland Museum of Art XXXIX</em>, no. 7 (September, 1952): 174-177.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 170", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Accessions of American and Canadian Museums.\" The Art Quarterly (Winter 1952): 344-346.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 344", "url": null}, {"citation": "Pariset, Franc\u0327ois-Georges. \"Mise Au Point - Provisoire - Sur Georges De La Tour.\" <em>Cahiers De Bordeaux / Journe\u0301es Internationales D'etudes D'art</em> 2 (1955): 79-89.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 87", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Handbook.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 480", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1958/page/n88"}, {"citation": "Milliken, William Mathewson. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> New York: H.N. Abrams, 1958.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 38", "url": null}, {"citation": "Pariset, Fran\u00e7ois-Georges. \"La Servante \u00e1 la Puce.\" <em>Le Pays Lorrain </em>39, no. 3 (1958): 100-108.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 105-106", "url": null}, {"citation": "Grossmann, F. \"A Painting by Georges De La Tour in the Collection of Archduke Leopold Wilhelm.\" <em>The Burlington Magazine</em> 100, no. 660 (March 1958): 86-91.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 90", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/872408"}, {"citation": "Myers, Bernard S.<em> Encyclopedia of World Art</em>. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1959.", "page_number": "Mentioned: Vol. IX, P. 164", "url": null}, {"citation": "R\u00e9au, Louis. <em>Iconographie de l'art Chr\u00e9tien</em>, Vol. III, Pt. 3. Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1959. <strong><br></strong>", "page_number": "Cat. 68", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Bougier, Annette Marie. <em>Georges de La Tour, Peintre du Roy</em>. [Paris]: Descle\u0301e, De Brouwer, 1963.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 92-93", "url": null}, {"citation": "Casa de Vela\u0301zquez (Madrid). <em>Ve\u0301lazquez, son temps, son influence Actes du colloque tenu a la Casa de Vela\u0301zquez les 7, 9 et 10 de\u0301cembre 1960.</em> Paris: Arts et me\u0301tiers graphiques, 1963.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 62; reproduced: Pl. XXXVIII", "url": null}, {"citation": "Birren, Faber. <em>History of Color in Painting, With New Principles of Color Expression</em>. New York, NY: Reinhold Pub. Corp, 1965.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 247", "url": null}, {"citation": "Birren, Faber. <em>History of Color in Painting, With New Principles of Color Expression</em>. New York: Reinhold Pub. Corp, 1965.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 247", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 117", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n141"}, {"citation": "Wrightsman, Charles B., Jayne Wrightsman, F. J. B. Watson, Carl Christian Dauterman, and Everett Fahy. <em>The Wrightsman Collection</em>. [New York]: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Mentioned: Vol. 5, P. 134", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cavina, Anna Ottani. <em>Georges de La Tour.</em> Milano: Fratelli, Fabbri, 1966.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 4", "url": null}, {"citation": "\u201cFiftieth Anniversary for the Cleveland Museum of Art.\u201d <em>Art in America</em> 54 (March 1966): 20\u201356.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 23; reproduced: P. 29", "url": null}, {"citation": "Alsop, Joseph. \"Les Chef-d'Oeuvre de Premi\u00e8re Importance du Second Mus\u00e9e des Etats-Unis.\" <em>Connaissance des Arts </em>172 (June 1966): 55-63.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 57", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Selected Works: Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. 1967.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 155", "url": null}, {"citation": "Pariset, Fran\u00e7ois-Georges. \"L'Ermite \u00e0 la Lanterne et Georges de La Tour.\" <em>Cahiers Alsaciens d'Arche\u0301ologie, d'Art et d'Histoire </em>XI (1967): 241-246.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: P. 244-246", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 117", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n141"}, {"citation": "Wright, Christopher. \"A Suggestion for Etienne De La Tour.\" <em>The Burlington Magazine</em> 111, no. 794 (May 1969): 295-97.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 296", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/875939"}, {"citation": "Fricke, Berthold, ed. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Hannover: Knorr &amp; Hirth, 1970.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: P. 46-47", "url": null}, {"citation": "Szigethi A\u0301gnes. <em>Georges de La Tour.</em> [Budapest]: Corvina, 1971.", "page_number": "Reproduced: Fig. 44", "url": null}, {"citation": "Moussalli, Ulysse. <em>A la recherche de Georges de La Tour</em>. Paris, France: Grenier aux livres, 1972.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pp. 66, 72; Mentioned: pp. 75\u201376", "url": null}, {"citation": "Tanaka, Hidemichi. \"Observations sur l'e\u0301volution stylistique de Georges de La Tour\". In <em>Evolution Ge\u0301ne\u0301rale Et De\u0301veloppements Re\u0301gionaux En Histoire De L'Art</em>. (1972): 45-50.", "page_number": "Mentioned: Vol. II, pp. 45\u201347; Reproduced: Vol. III, pl. 271, no. 13", "url": null}, {"citation": "Nicolson, Benedict and Christopher Wright. \"Georges de La Tour et la Grande Bretagne.\" <em>La Revue du Louvre et des Muse\u0301es de France </em>22, no. 2 (1972): 135\u2013142.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 135, 141, n. 1", "url": null}, {"citation": "G\u00e1llego, Juli\u00e1n. \"Cr\u00f3nica de Paris: La Tour, Illuminado.\" <em>Goya </em>109 (1972): 35-39.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 37", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cavini. \"La Tour a l'Orangerie e il suo primo tempo Caravaggesco.\" <em>Paragone: Mensile di Arte Figurativa e Letteratura </em>XXIII, pt. 2, no. 273 (1972): 3-24.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 20, n. 17", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Georges de La Tour</em>. Paris, France: Re\u0301union des muse\u0301es nationaux, 1972.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 40, 43, 51, 77, 108, 111-112, 188, 190-193, 261, 263.", "url": null}, {"citation": "Held, Julius S. \u201cCaravaggio and His Followers.\u201d <em>Art in America</em> 60 (March 1972): 40\u201347.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 43; reproduced: P. 45", "url": null}, {"citation": "Blunt, Anthony. \"Georges De La Tour at the Orangerie.\" <em>The Burlington Magazine</em> 114, no. 833 (August 1972): 516-25.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 520", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/877063"}, {"citation": "Dauriac, Jacques Paul. \"Zur Wiederentdeckung un W\u00fcdigung von Georges de La Tour.\" <em>Die Kunst </em>(December 1972): 725-728.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 727", "url": null}, {"citation": "Brejon de Lavergne\u0301e, Arnauld, and Jean Pierre Cuzin. <em>I Caravaggeschi francesi</em>. Roma, Italy: De Luca, 1973.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 94", "url": null}, {"citation": "Rosenberg, Pierre and Franc\u0327ois Mace\u0301 de Le\u0301pinay. <em>Georges de La Tour, vie et \u0153uvre</em>. Fribourg, Switzerland : Office du livre, 1973.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 159", "url": null}, {"citation": "Solesmes, Franc\u0327ois. <em>Georges de La Tour</em>. (Lausanne, Switzerland: E\u0301ditions Clairefontaine, 1973.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 110, p. 162", "url": null}, {"citation": "Thuillier, Jacques. <em>Tout l'Oeuvre Peint de Georges de La Tour.</em> Paris: Flammarion, 1973.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 8, 95, no. 51; reproduced: P. 94, Pl. XL, XLVII", "url": null}, {"citation": "G\u00e1llego, Julian. \"Actualidad de Georges de La Tour.\" <em>Goya </em>112 (1973): 200-207.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 206", "url": null}, {"citation": "Held, Julius S. \u201cEmergence of Georges de La Tour.\u201d <em>Art in America</em> 61 (April 1973): 82\u201387.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 86", "url": null}, {"citation": "Nicolson, Benedict, and Christopher Wright. <em>Georges De La Tour</em>. London, United Kingdom: Phaidon Press, 1974.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 13-15; Reproduced: fig. 96", "url": null}, {"citation": "Tribout de Morembert, Henri. \"Consid\u00e9rations sur Georges de La Tour.\" <em>Gazette des Beaux-Arts </em>LXXXIII (April 1974): 227-234.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 227, 230", "url": null}, {"citation": "Roskill, Mark W. <em>What Is Art History?</em> New York, NY: Harper &amp; Row, 1976.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 39", "url": null}, {"citation": "Schleier, Erich. \u201dGeorges de La Tour: Essendes Bauernpaar, Zu einer Neuerwerbung der Gem\u00e4ldegalerie.\u201d <em>Jahrbuch Preussischer Kulturbesitz.</em> Berlin: Gebr\u00fcder Mann, 1976.", "page_number": "Referenced: p. 235", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Spear, Richard E. \"A New Book on La Tour.\" <em>The Burlington Magazine</em> 118, no. 877 (April 1976): 233-35.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 235", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/878384"}, {"citation": "Rosenberg, Pierre. \u201cReview: <em>Georges de La Tour</em> by Benedict Nicolson, Christopher Wright.\u201d <em>The Art Bulletin</em> 58, No. 3 (September 1976): 452\u2013454.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 453", "url": "https://doi.org/10.2307/3049545"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 171", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n191"}, {"citation": "Nicolson, Benedict. <em>The International Caravaggesque Movement: Lists of Pictures by Caravaggio and His Followers Throughout Europe from 1590 to 1650</em>. Oxford, United Kingdom: Phaidon, 1979.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 65", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lurie, Ann Tzeutschler. \"The Weeping Heraclitus by Hendrick Terbrugghen in the Cleveland Museum of Art.\" <em>The Burlington Magazine</em> 121, no. 914 (May 1979): 279-87.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 284, n. 31", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/879582"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Catalogue of Paintings, Part 3: European Paintings of the 16th, 17th, and 18th Centuries. </em>Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1982.", "page_number": "pp. 90\u201392; fig. 37", "url": null}, {"citation": "Rosenberg, Pierre. <em>France in the Golden Age: Seventeenth-Century French Paintings in American Collections</em>. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1982.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 258, cat. 40; Reproduced: pp. 85, 259.", "url": null}, {"citation": "Galeries nationales du Grand Palais, Paris. <em>La peinture fran\u00e7aise du XVII\u1d49 si\u00e8le dans les collections am\u00e9ricaines. </em>Paris: Editions de la Reunion des Musees Nationaux, 1982.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 75, 259, cat. 40; Reproduced: pp. 85, 259", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Brigstocke, Hugh. \u201cFrance in the Golden Age {Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; Exhibit}.\u201d <em>Apollo: The International Magazine for Collectors</em> 116 (July 1982): 8\u201314.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 8", "url": null}, {"citation": "Wright, Christopher. <em>The Art of the Forger</em>. New York, NY: Dodd, Mead, 1985.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 12; Reproduced: p. 29", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bajou, Thierry. <em>De La Tour. </em>Paris: Fernand Hazan, 1985.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 12, 30, 78, 86, 88, 102,", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Rosenberg, Pierre and Marion C. Stewart. <em>French Paintings 1500\u20131825. </em>San Francisco: The Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, 1987.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 60", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Adams, Steven. <em>The Art of the Pre-Raphaelites</em>. Secaucus, NJ: Chartwell Books, 1988.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 29", "url": null}, {"citation": "Quignard, Pascal, and Georges du Mesnil de La Tour. <em>Georges de la Tour &amp; Pascal Quignard</em>. Paris, France: Flohic, 1991.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 55-56; Reproduced: p. 57", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lacau St. Guily, Agne\u0300s, and Georges du Mesnil de La Tour. <em>La Tour, une lumie\u0300re dans la nuit</em>. Paris, France: Mame, 1992.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 90", "url": null}, {"citation": "Daniels, Stephen. <em>Fields of Vision: Landscape Imagery and National Identity in England and the United States</em>. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Polity, 1993.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 133, fig. 8", "url": null}, {"citation": "Conisbee, Philip. <em>The Magdalene with the Smoking Flame.</em> Washington, D.C.: Board of Trustees, National Gallery of Art, 1993.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 13-14", "url": null}, {"citation": "Thuillier, Jacques. <em>Georges de La Tour</em>. Paris, France: Flammarion, 1993.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 200, 291\u2013292; Reproduced: p. 201, 291, no. 58", "url": null}, {"citation": "Russell, John. <em>London</em>. New York, NY: H.N. Abrams, 1994.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 46", "url": null}, {"citation": "Egri, Pe\u0301ter. <em>E\u0301rte\u0301k e\u0301s ke\u0301pzelet: Shelley, Turner, Field e\u0301s Chopin</em>. Budapest: Akade\u0301miai Kiado\u0301, 1994.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 12, no. 6", "url": null}, {"citation": "Le Floch, Jean-Claude. <em>La Tour: le clair et l'obscur</em>. Paris, France: Herscher, 1995.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 58; Reproduced: p. 59", "url": null}, {"citation": "Le Floch, Jean-Claude. <em>Le signe de contradiction: essai sur Georges de La Tour et son \u0153uvre</em>. Rennes, France: Presses universitaires de Rennes 2, 1995.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 23, no. 9", "url": null}, {"citation": "Quignard, Pascal. <em>La Nuit et le Silence: Georges de La Tour.</em> [France]: Flohic Editions, 1995.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 58", "url": null}, {"citation": "Conisbee, Philip. <em>Georges De La Tour and His World</em>. Washington, DC: National Gallery of Art, 1996.", "page_number": "pp. 26, 112\u2013114, 198, 216, 236, 240, 247\u2013257, 272, 301; cat. 24", "url": null}, {"citation": "Duro, Paul. <em>The Academy and the Limits of Painting in Seventeenth-Century France</em>. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 1997.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 15\u201317; Reproduced: p. 15, fig. 5", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cuzin, Jean Pierre, and Dimitri Salmon. <em>Georges de La Tour: histoire d'une rede\u0301couverte</em>. Paris, France: Gallimard, 1997.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 69", "url": null}, {"citation": "Chon\u00e9, Paulette. \"Itin\u00e9raire d'un Peintre Lorrain.\" <em>Connaissance des Arts</em>, supp. issue #112 (1997): 30-49.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 38-39", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cuzin, Jean Pierre, Georges du Mesnil de La Tour, and Pierre Rosenberg. <em>Georges de La Tour: Paris, Galeries nationales du Grand Palais, 3 octobre 1997-26 janvier 1998</em>. Paris, France: Re\u0301union des muse\u0301es nationaux, 1997.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 224\u2013225; Reproduced: pp. 225, 254", "url": null}, {"citation": "Blunt, Anthony, and Richard Beresford. <em>Art and Architecture in France, 1500-1700</em>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1999.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 178, no. 64", "url": null}, {"citation": "Rosenberg, Pierre and Bruno Ferte\u0301. <em>Georges de la Tour</em>. Paris, France: Gallimard, 1999.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 104\u2013105, 120, cat. 6.; Reproduced: pp. 104\u2013105, 120", "url": null}, {"citation": "Fert\u00e9, Bruno. \u201cGeorge de La Tour (Vic-sur-Seille 1593\u2013Luneville 1652.\u201d In <em>La luce del vero: Caravaggio, La Tour, Rembrandt, Zurbara\u0301n</em>, pp. 100\u2013126. Cinisello Balsamo, Milan, Italy: Silvana, 2000.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 118, cat. 10; Reproduced: p. 119", "url": null}, {"citation": "Seidel, Max. <em>L'Europa e l'arte italiana</em>. Venezia, Italy: Marsilio, 2000.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 354; detail, pp. 352, 355, 356", "url": null}, {"citation": "May, Sally Ruth, Jane Takac, and Barbara J. Bradley. <em>Knockouts: A Pocket Guide</em>. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2001.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 38; Mentioned: p. 117", "url": null}, {"citation": "Chone, Paulette, Jean-Claude Boyer, Richard E. Spear, and Irving Lavin. <em>L'a\u0302ge d'or du nocturne</em>. Paris, France: Gallimard, 2001.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 186, fig. 108", "url": null}, {"citation": "Rosenberg, Pierre, and Jean-Pierre Caillet. <em>La peinture franc\u0327aise</em>. Paris, France: Menge\u0300s, 2001.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 292", "url": null}, {"citation": "Varese, Ranieri. \"Bilblioteca.\" <em>Critica d'Arte </em>64, no. 12 (December 2001): 11.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 11", "url": null}, {"citation": "McClintock, Stuart, and Georges du Mesnil de La Tour. <em>The Iconography and Iconology of Georges De La Tour's Religious Paintings, 1624-1650</em>. Lewiston, NY.: Edwin Mellen Press, 2003.", "page_number": "Reproduced: fig. 18", "url": null}, {"citation": "Takahashi, Akiya and Jean-Pierre Cuzin. <em>Georges de La Tour: [exposition : 8 mars-29 mai, 2005, Le Muse\u0301e national d'art occidental, Tokyo</em>. Tokyo, Japan: National Museum of Western Art, 2005.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 98\u201399, fig. 22", "url": null}, {"citation": "Judovitz, Dalia. \u201cSpiritual Passion and the Betrayal of Painting in Georges de la Tour.\u201d In <em>Representing Emotions: New Connections in the Histories of Art, Music, and Medicine</em>, edited by Penelope Gouk and Helen Hills, pp. 109\u2013122. Burlington: Ashgate Publishing Company, 2005.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 114, fig. 6.3", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Iacono, Margaret. <em>Masterpieces of European Painting from the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. New York. New York: The Frick Collection, 2006.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: pp. 56\u201359", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cuzin, Jean-Pierre, Dominique Cordellier, Michel Laclotte, and Antoinette Le Normand-Romain. <em>Figures de la re\u0301alite\u0301 caravagesques franc\u0327ais, Georges de La Tour, les fre\u0300res Le Nain</em>. Paris, France: Hazan, 2010.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 217, fig. 218", "url": null}, {"citation": "Reinbold, Anne. \u201cSignatures and Attribution: the Question of the Workshop.\u201d In <em>Georges De La Tour in Milan: The Adoration of the Shepherds, Christ with Saint Joseph in the Carpenter's Shop</em>, edited by Valeria Merlini, Dimitri Salmon, and Daniela Stori. Milan, Italy: Skira, 2011.", "page_number": "p. 64, fig. 53", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lavin, Irving. \"Georges de La Tour: les larmes de saint Pierre et la lumi\u00e8re \u00abocculte\u00bb de la p\u00e9nitence.\" In <em>L'\u00c2ge d'or du nocturne. </em>Paris: Gallimard, 2001.", "page_number": "pp. 186, 189\u2013190; figs. 108\u2013113", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Treasures of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. London, United Kingdom: Scala Books, 2012.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 198-199", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 186", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Salmon, Dimitri, and Andre\u0301s Ubeda de los Cobos, eds. <em>Georges De La Tour: 1593-1652.</em> Madrid: Museo Nacional del Prado, 2016.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p.150-151, no. 27", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cuzin, Jean-Pierre, et. al. <em>Le Saint Joseph Charpentier de Georges de la Tour: Un Don au Louvre de Percy Moore Turner. </em>[Gent]: Snoeck, 2017.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 213, n. 2505", "url": null}, {"citation": "Judovitz, Dalia. <em>Georges De La Tour and the Enigma of the Visible</em>. New York: Fordham University Press, 2018.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 6-7; 10, 34-37; 43; Reproduced: Pl. 9", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Neer, Richard. <em>Painting as a Way of Life : Philosophy and Practice in French Art, 1620-1640</em>. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, 2025.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: pp. 208-209, fig. 83", "url": ""}, {"citation": "<em>Georges de La Tour: Entre Ombre et Lumi\u00e8re. </em>Edited by Soline Massot and Anne-Claire Juramie. Paris, Vanves: Culturespaces; \u00c9ditions Hazan, 2025.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 120, 122, no. 19", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Chon\u00e9, Paulette. <em>Georges de La Tour Impr\u00e9vu</em>. Paris: Fayard, 2025.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 127-134; Reproduced: Color plates", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1951.454", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1951.454/1951.454_web.jpg", "width": "727", "height": "893", "filesize": "404648", "filename": "1951.454_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1951.454/1951.454_print.jpg", "width": "2769", "height": "3400", "filesize": "6304117", "filename": "1951.454_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1951.454/1951.454_full.tif", "width": "4887", "height": "6000", "filesize": "87999412", "filename": "1951.454_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2007-02-15T21:05:58", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1951.454/1951.454_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "733", "height": "893", "filesize": "341062"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1951.454/1951.454_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "2791", "height": "3400", "filesize": "5434150"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1951.454/1951.454_alt0_full.tif", "width": "4104", "height": "5000", "filesize": "61582176"}}, {"date_created": "2008-11-05T16:07:03", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1951.454/1951.454_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "727", "height": "893", "filesize": "404648"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1951.454/1951.454_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "2769", "height": "3400", "filesize": "6304117"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1951.454/1951.454_alt1_full.tif", "width": "4887", "height": "6000", "filesize": "87999412"}}], "creditline": "Gift of the Hanna Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Donna and James Reid Gallery", "athena_id": 128842, "creators": [{"id": 1910, "description": "Georges de La Tour (French, 1593\u20131652)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1593", "death_year": "1652", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1951-11-15T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1645, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1645", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": true, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["The Repentant St. Peter"], "is_highlight": true, "updated_at": "2026-04-15 20:33:31.244000"}, {"id": 164628, "accession_number": "2006.137", "share_license_status": "Copyrighted", "tombstone": "A Paramount Picture, 1934. Reginald Marsh (American, born France, 1898\u20131954). Tempera on Masonite; framed: 107.3 x 86.4 x 4.5 cm (42 1/4 x 34 x 1 3/4 in.); unframed: 90.8 x 70.5 cm (35 3/4 x 27 3/4 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund, 2006.137. \u00a9 Estate of Reginald Marsh / Art Students League, New York / Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York", "current_location": "226B American Modern", "title": "A Paramount Picture", "creation_date": "1934", "creation_date_earliest": 1934, "creation_date_latest": 1934, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["America"], "technique": "tempera on Masonite", "support_materials": [], "department": "American Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "American - Painting", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 107.3 x 86.4 x 4.5 cm (42 1/4 x 34 x 1 3/4 in.); Unframed: 90.8 x 70.5 cm (35 3/4 x 27 3/4 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 1.073, "width": 0.864, "depth": 0.045}, "unframed": {"height": 0.908, "width": 0.705}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": "\u00a9 Estate of Reginald Marsh / Art Students League, New York / Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York", "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 224514, "title": "Swing Time:  Reginald Marsh and Thirties New York", "description": "<i>Swing Time:  Reginald Marsh and Thirties New York</i>. New-York Historical Society, New York, NY (organizer) (June 21-September 2, 2013).", "opening_date": "2013-06-21T00:00:00"}, {"id": 521173, "title": "Egyptomania: Fashion\u2019s Conflicted Obsession", "description": "<i>Egyptomania: Fashion\u2019s Conflicted Obsession</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (April 1, 2023-January 28, 2024).", "opening_date": "2023-04-01T04:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "New-York Historical Society (6/21/2013 - 9/2/2013):  \"Swing Time:  Reginald Marsh and Thirties New York\"", "opening_date": "2013-06-21T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Senator William Benton; Marjorie and Charles Benton, Wilmette, IL", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "By 1973", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "Merrill C. Berman, New York, NY", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "By 1996", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "(D. Wigmore Fine Art, Inc. New York, NY sold to Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "By 2002", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "2006-", "sortorder": 4}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Marsh kept meticulous records, indicating that he created this painting between September 5\u201324, 1934.", "description": "Contrasting the real lives of everyday people with the reel lives of movie stars, this painting portrays a working-class woman standing by a Times Square theater in front of a large poster advertising Cecil B. DeMille\u2019s blockbuster movie <em>Cleopatra</em>, starring Claudette Colbert in the title role. Enormously popular, such film spectacles offered escapist glamour, romance, and power amid the challenges of the Great Depression. Yet, despite the distraction of the city and its entertainments, the woman remains weary and essentially alone in the crowd.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60480344"], "internet_archive": []}, "citations": [{"citation": "Lant, Antonia, \"The Curse of the Pharaoh, or How Cinema Contracted Egyptomania,\" <em>October </em>59 (Winter 1992).<em><br></em>", "page_number": "Mentioned p. 112; Reproduced p. 111.", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lant, Antonia, \"The Curse of the Pharoah, or How Cinema Contracted Egyptomania,\" in Matthew Bernstein and Gaylyn Studlar, eds., V<em>isions of the East: Orientalism in Film </em>(New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1997).", "page_number": "Mentioned, p. 93; Reproduced p. 92.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Lant, Antonia, \"The Curse of the Pharaoh, or How Cinema Contracted Egyptomania,\" in Matthew Bernstein and Gaylyn Studlar, eds., <em>Visions of the East: Orientalism in Film </em>(New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1997).", "page_number": "Mentioned p. 93; reproduced p. 92.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "\u201c\u2019Art of Today\u2019 Put on Exhibition at Albright Gallery, Buffalo.\u201d <em>The Art Digest </em>10 (January 15th, 1936).", "page_number": "Rerpoduced: p. 20", "url": null}, {"citation": "Goodrich, Lloyd. <em>Reginald Marsh. </em>New York: Harry N. Abrams Inc. Publishers, 1972.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 63", "url": null}, {"citation": "Sokol, David M. \u201cSolitude: Inner Visions in American Art.\u201d In <em>Solitude: Inner Visions in American Art</em> <em>September 25- December 30,1982. </em>Evanston: Terra Museum of American Art, 1982.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 13,15", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cohen, Marilyn. <em>Reginald Marsh\u2019s New York: Paintings, Drawings, Prints and Photographs. </em>New York: Whitney Museum of Art, 1983.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 52; Reproduced: inside front cover", "url": null}, {"citation": "Doss, Erika. \u201cImages of American Women in the 1930s: Reginald Marsh and <em>Paramount Picture.</em>\u201d <em>Woman\u2019s Art Journal </em>4 (Fall/Winter 1983).", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 1,3", "url": null}, {"citation": "\u201cSpellbound in Darkness.\u201d In <em>Hollywood: Legend and Reality, </em>reproduction 17. Michael Webb, ed. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, in association with Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service, 1986.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 17", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cohen, Marilyn Ann. \u201cReginald Marsh: An Interpretation of His Art.\u201d PhD. Diss., New York University, 1987.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 73,92,182", "url": null}, {"citation": "Todd, Ellen Wiley. \u201cSex for Sale: Reginald Marsh\u2019s Voluptuous Shopper.\u201d In <em>The \u2018New Woman\u2019 Revised: Painting and Gender Politics on Fourteenth Street. </em>Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 200, 211-217,355-358", "url": null}, {"citation": "Berman, Avis. \u201cReginald Marsh: Eros and the City.\u201d In <em>Reginald Marsh\u2019s New York. </em>New York: D C Moore Gallery, 1996.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 1, 6-7", "url": null}, {"citation": "Charney, Leo. \u201cIn Order: Fragmentation in Film and Vaudeville.\u201d In <em>On the Edge of Your Seat: Popular Theater and Film in Early Twentieth-Century American Art, </em>107-123. Robert C. Allen, C. Lance Brockman, Leo Charney, Walter Murch, David Nasaw, Robert Silberman, Laural Weintraub, Sylvia Yount, and Rebecca Zurier. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2002.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 118", "url": null}, {"citation": "\u201cHighlights from the Collection.\u201d In D. Wigmore Fine Art, Inc. catalog, 2004.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 22", "url": null}, {"citation": "Litt, Steven. \u201cMuseum buys Marsh\u2019s \u2018Paramount\u2019.\u201d <em>Plain Dealer, </em>September 14, 2006.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. F1, F4", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cole, Mark, \"A Paramount Picture\", Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Cleveland Art: The Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em>. Vol. 47 no. 01, January 2007", "page_number": "Mentioned & reproduced: p. 8", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2007-01/page/8"}, {"citation": "\u201cAcquisitions.\u201d <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Annual Report </em>July 1, 2006- June 30, 2007.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 25", "url": "https://ingallslibrary.on.worldcat.org/atoztitles/link?rft.issn=1922-2009"}, {"citation": "Cole, Mark. \u201cObjects of Desire: Collecting American Paintings at the Cleveland Museum of Art.\u201d In <em>What\u2019s American about American Art? A Gallery Tour in the Cleveland Museum of Art, </em>Henry Adams. Manchester: the Cleveland Museum of Art in association with Hudson Hills Press, 2008.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 13; Reproduced: p. 11", "url": null}, {"citation": "Adams, Henry. <em>What\u2019s American about American Art? A Gallery Tour in the Cleveland Museum of Art. </em>Manchester: The Cleveland Museum of Art in association with Hudson Hills Press, 2008.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 134-135", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cole, Mark. \u201cA Picture Finds Its Frame.\u201d <em>Cleveland Art </em>50 no. 4 (July/August 2010).", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 26-27", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cole, Mark. \"A Picture Finds Its Frame.\" <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em> 50, no. 4 (July/August 2010): 26-27.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 26-27", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2010-04/page/n25/mode/2up"}, {"citation": "Franklin, David. \u201cRecent Acquisitions (2005-11) at the Cleveland Museum of Art.\u201d <em>The Burlington Magazine </em>154, no. 1312 (July 2012).", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 532", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bronfen, Elisabeth. \u201cAuf der Suche nach Kleopatra: Das Nachleben einer kulturellen Ikone.\u201d In <em>Kleopatra: Die Ewige Diva. </em>Italy: Alle Rechte vorbehalten, in association with Kunst-und Ausstellungshalle de Bundespreublik Deutschland, Bonn, 2013.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 8,18", "url": null}, {"citation": "Russeth, Andrew. \u201c\u2019Swing Time: Reginald Marsh and Thirties New York\u2019 at the New-York Historical Society.\u201d <em>Gallerist NY, </em>June 25, 2013.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Russeth, Andrew. \u201c\u2019Swing Time: Reginald Marsh and Thirties New York\u2019 at the New-York Historical Society.\u201d <em>Observer, </em>June 25, 2013.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art. </em>New York: Scala Arts Publishers, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 58", "url": null}, {"citation": "Doss, Erika. \u201cParamount Pictures: Reginald Marsh and the Image of the American Woman in the 1930s.\u201d <em>American Studies Exchange </em>(Fall 1982).", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 3-12", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bovot, Jean-Luc. \"Le Cin\u00e9ma \u00c9gyptisant \u00c0 l'\u00c9poque de l'Art D\u00e9co.\" In <em>Art de\u0301co: \u00c9gyptomanie, </em>edited by Jean-Marcel Humbert, 167-179. Paris, France: Norma E\u0301ditions, 2022.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 175", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/2006.137", "images": {}, "alternate_images": [], "creditline": "Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Hammond Hemmelgarn Family Gallery", "athena_id": 164628, "creators": [{"id": 31614, "description": "Reginald Marsh (American, born France, 1898\u20131954)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1898", "death_year": "1954", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "2006-09-05T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1934, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1934", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:05:23.841000"}, {"id": 147938, "accession_number": "1974.39", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Interior of the Pantheon, Rome, 1747. Giovanni Paolo Panini (Italian, 1691\u20131765). Oil on canvas; framed: 147.5 x 120 x 5 cm (58 1/16 x 47 1/4 x 1 15/16 in.); unframed: 127 x 97.8 cm (50 x 38 1/2 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Purchase from the J. H. Wade Fund, 1974.39", "current_location": "217 Italian Baroque", "title": "Interior of the Pantheon, Rome", "creation_date": "1747", "creation_date_earliest": 1747, "creation_date_latest": 1747, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["Italy, 18th century"], "technique": "oil on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "P - Italian 18th Century", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 147.5 x 120 x 5 cm (58 1/16 x 47 1/4 x 1 15/16 in.); Unframed: 127 x 97.8 cm (50 x 38 1/2 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 1.475, "width": 1.2, "depth": 0.05}, "unframed": {"height": 1.27, "width": 0.978}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "Signed lower left: \"ROMAE / [I] P. PANINI. 1747.\"", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 302084, "title": "Year in Review: 1974", "description": "<i>Year in Review: 1974</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (March 11-April 6, 1975).", "opening_date": "1975-03-11T04:00:00"}, {"id": 310040, "title": "Collecting Drawings in England", "description": "<i>Collecting Drawings in England</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (November 3, 1987-January 17, 1988).", "opening_date": "1987-11-03T05:00:00"}, {"id": 181802, "title": "The Persistence of Geometry: Form, Content and Culture in the Collection of the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>The Persistence of Geometry: Form, Content and Culture in the Collection of the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. Museum of Contemporary Art Cleveland (MOCA), Cleveland, OH (June 9-August 20, 2006).", "opening_date": "2006-06-09T00:00:00"}, {"id": 441481, "title": "Gallery One 2012", "description": "<i>Gallery One 2012</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (December 12, 2012-March 5, 2017).", "opening_date": "2012-12-12T05:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>Year in Review for 1974.</em> The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (March 11-April 6, 1975).", "opening_date": "1975-03-11T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Tyrwhitt-Drake (\"Shardeloes,\" Amersham, Buckinghamshire, UK) (sold, Christie\u2019s, London, July 25, 1952, no. 148, to Reder)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "1952 -    Reder", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "David Koetser (New York, New York)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "- 1969   Walter P. Chrysler", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "1969 - 1974   Eugene V. Thaw (New York, New York), sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art.", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": 5}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Panini's depictions of contemporary and ancient Rome were popular with foreigners who visited the city on their Grand Tours.", "description": "Created as a temple under the Roman emperor Hadrian around the year AD 125, the Pantheon became a Christian church in 609. Significant restoration took place in the early 1700s, a period of renewed attention to early Christian monuments. The site was a major monument of antiquity, an active church, and its portico, visible through the door, held the most important art fair in the city. Panini shows the complexity of this public space by representing foreign tourists, local churchgoers, Roman nobles, and artists mingling under the dome.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60472658"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1974.39-interior-of-the-pant"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Portland Art Museum. <em>Paintings from the Collection of Walter P. Chrysler, Jr. </em>An Exhibition Organized 1956 by the Portland Art Museum, Portland, OR: Portland Art Association, 1956.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 38", "url": null}, {"citation": "Grieg, T. P. \"In the Auction Rooms.\" <em>The Connoisseur </em>CXXX (1959): 137-138.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 138", "url": null}, {"citation": "Olsen, Harald. <em>Italian Paintings and Sculpture in Denmark</em>. Copenhagen, Denmark: Munksgaard, 1961.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 82", "url": null}, {"citation": "Arisi, Ferdinando. <em>Gian Paolo Panini</em>. Piacenza, Italy: Cassa di Risparmio, 1961.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 188, no. 199; Mentioned: p. 325", "url": null}, {"citation": "Wixom, Nancy Coe. \"Interior of the Pantheon, Rome, by Giovanni Paolo Panini,\"  <em>The Bulletin of The Cleveland Museum of Art LXII</em>, no. 9 (November, 1975): 263-269.", "page_number": "Reproduced: cover, p. 263, fig. 1", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lee, Sherman E. \"The Year in Review for 1974.\" The Bulletin of The Cleveland Museum of Art LXII, no.3 (March, 1975):62-103.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 76, no. 50; Mentioned: p. 98", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 145", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n165"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Catalogue of Paintings, Part 3: European Paintings of the 16th, 17th, and 18th Centuries</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1982.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 382; Mentioned: p. 383-384", "url": null}, {"citation": "Arisi, Ferdinando. <em>Gian Paolo Panini e i fasti della Roma del'700</em>. Roma, Italy: U. Bozzi, 1986.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 419, no. 374", "url": null}, {"citation": "Sims, Lowery S. <em>The Persistence of Geometry: Form, Content, and Culture in the Collection of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2006.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 24, no. 29", "url": null}, {"citation": "Arisi, Ferdinando. <em>Gian Paolo Panini: Work in Progress</em>. London, United Kingdom: Chaucer Fine Arts, 2010.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 23-26", "url": null}, {"citation": "\u201cNew in the Galleries.\u201d <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em> 58, no. 2 (March/April 2018): Back cover.", "page_number": "Reproduced and Mentioned: Back cover", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2018-02/page/n21/mode/2up"}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1974.39", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1974.39/1974.39_web.jpg", "width": "693", "height": "900", "filesize": "235779", "filename": "1974.39_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1974.39/1974.39_print.jpg", "width": "2618", "height": "3400", "filesize": "2593717", "filename": "1974.39_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1974.39/1974.39_full.tif", "width": "11106", "height": "14424", "filesize": "480609428", "filename": "1974.39_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2017-01-23T14:00:17", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1974.39/1974.39_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "704", "height": "900", "filesize": "241279"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1974.39/1974.39_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "2658", "height": "3400", "filesize": "2778477"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1974.39/1974.39_alt0_full.tif", "width": "11302", "height": "14458", "filesize": "490242860"}}, {"date_created": "2017-01-23T14:11:41", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1974.39/1974.39_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "723", "height": "900", "filesize": "239046"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1974.39/1974.39_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "2732", "height": "3400", "filesize": "5044014"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1974.39/1974.39_alt1_full.tif", "width": "5914", "height": "7360", "filesize": "130610896"}}], "creditline": "Purchase from the J. H. Wade Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Donna and James Reid Gallery", "athena_id": 147938, "creators": [{"id": 2249, "description": "Giovanni Paolo Panini (Italian, 1691\u20131765)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1691", "death_year": "1765", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1974-05-21T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1747, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1747", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": true, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:02:25.134000"}, {"id": 153603, "accession_number": "1987.136", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Portrait of Machtelt Suijs, c. 1540\u201345. Maerten van Heemskerck (Dutch, 1498\u20131574). Oil on wood; framed: 107 x 97 x 8 cm (42 1/8 x 38 3/16 x 3 1/8 in.); unframed: 85 x 74 cm (33 7/16 x 29 1/8 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund, 1987.136", "current_location": "118 Italian Renaissance", "title": "Portrait of Machtelt Suijs", "creation_date": "c. 1540\u201345", "creation_date_earliest": 1540, "creation_date_latest": 1545, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["Flanders"], "technique": "oil on wood", "support_materials": [], "department": "European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "P - Netherlandish-Flemish", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 107 x 97 x 8 cm (42 1/8 x 38 3/16 x 3 1/8 in.); Unframed: 85 x 74 cm (33 7/16 x 29 1/8 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 1.07, "width": 0.97, "depth": 0.08}, "unframed": {"height": 0.85, "width": 0.74}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "note on cradle appears on a notation in chalk (originally) slightly scratched faintly letters \" Mr A.M.C [?] or K [?] Reyve\"", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 310231, "title": "The Year in Review for 1987", "description": "<i>The Year in Review for 1987</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (February 24-April 17, 1988).", "opening_date": "1988-02-24T05:00:00"}, {"id": 441481, "title": "Gallery One 2012", "description": "<i>Gallery One 2012</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (December 12, 2012-March 5, 2017).", "opening_date": "2012-12-12T05:00:00"}, {"id": 334961, "title": "Forget Me Not", "description": "<i>Forget Me Not</i>. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, Netherlands (organizer) (September 30, 2021-January 16, 2022).", "opening_date": "2021-09-30T04:00:00"}, {"id": 338314, "title": "Maarten Van Heemskerck (1498-1574)", "description": "<i>Maarten Van Heemskerck (1498-1574)</i>. Stedelijk Museum Alkmaar, Alkmaar, Netherlands (organizer) (September 28, 2024-January 19, 2025) https://stedelijkmuseumalkmaar.nl/nu-te-zien/verwacht/maarten-van-heemskerck.", "opening_date": "2024-09-28T04:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "CMA, 1988: \"Year in Review 1987,\" Bull. 75 (Feb. 1988), p. 65, no. 21, color repr. p. 40.", "opening_date": "1988-02-01T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, Ohio", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1987-", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "(Thomas Agnew & Sons, London, and Bruno Meissner, Zurich, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1987", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "(Nouveau Drouot, Paris, sale, March 17, 1987, no. 147, sold to Thomas Agnew and Bruno Meissner)", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->The painting was in private hands until it appeared in this auction, before which it was unknown.&nbsp; The painting is listed in the catalogue section containing works consigned by \u201cdivers amateurs.\u201d</div>"], "date": "1987", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "Private collection, Tournai (?), Belgium", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->The museum's files indicate this painting was owned by a private collector in Tournai whose identity remains unknown.</div>"], "date": "Possibly until 1987", "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "Dirick [1512-1578] and Machtelt van Teijlingen [d. after 1581], Alkmaar, Holland", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "c. 1540/1545-after 1581", "sortorder": 6}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "The coat of arms depicts golden pile drivers, indicating the family construction business.", "description": "Maerten van Heemskerck lived in Rome for four years (1532\u201336) and was deeply affected by the city's art and antiquities. Here, the half-length, seated figure, the tense yet elegant hands, and even the grotesque classical mask reflect the impact of that experience, while the love of meticulously represented textures is traditionally associated with northern European art. Machtelt Suijs married Dirick van Teijlingen in 1535 and lived in Alkmaar (the Netherlands), where Heemskerck must have painted her. The coat-of-arms that hangs from the mask combines family emblems, indicating that her portrait must have been accompanied by one (now lost) of her husband.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60475929"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1987.136-portrait-of-machtelt"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Ann Tzeutschler Lurie, letter to Evan Turner, July 1, 1987, in CMA curatorial", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Evan Turner, letter to Ann Tzeutschler Lurie, April 7, 1987, in CMA curatorial file", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "H\u00f4tel Drouot. <em>Objets d'art et de tr\u00e8s bel ameublement principalement du XVIIIe si\u00e8cle; dessins et tableaux anciens</em>.  March 17, 1987.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "\u201cThe Year in Review,\u201d <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art News &amp; Calendar</em>, 1988.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Ann Tzeutschler Lurie, letter to Evan Turner, July 1, 1987, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Evan Turner, letter to Ann Lurie, April 7, 1987, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Lurie, Ann Tzeutschler.  \u201cHeemskerck\u2019s Portrait of Machtelt Suijs at The Cleveland Museum of Art,\u201d T<em>he Burlington Magazine </em>134, no. 1076 (Nov., 1992): 698-706.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Turner, Evan H. \u201cThe Year in Review for 1987.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 75, no. 2 (February 1988): 30\u201371.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 40; Mentioned: p. 65, no. 21", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25160017"}, {"citation": "Dudok van Heel, S. A. C. \"Andries Willemsz. van Oudshoorn en Alkmaarse opdrachten aan Maarten van Heemskerck.\" In <em>Face book: studies on Dutch and Flemish portraiture of the 16th-18th centuries. </em>Leiden: Primavera Pers, 2012. pp. 45-54.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 51, fig. 8", "url": null}, {"citation": "Perkinson, Stephen, and Naomi Speakman. <em>The Ivory Mirror: The Art of Mortality in Renaissance Europe. </em>Brunswick, Maine: Bowdoin College Museum of Ar,t 2017.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 18, fig. 3;  Mentioned: p. 265", "url": null}, {"citation": "Veldman, Ilja M., Martin van Heemskerk, Mireille te Marvelde, Jessica Roeders, Frans Halsmuseum, Teylers Museum, and Alkmaar (Netherlands). Stedelijk Museum. Maarten van Heemskerck 1498-1574. Haarlem, Haarlem, Alkmaar, Zwolle: Frans Hals Museum ; Teylers Museum ; Stedelijk Museum Alkmaar ; Wbooks, 2024.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 140, 6.23, and p. 279, no. 37; Mentioned: p. 141", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1987.136", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1987.136/1987.136_web.jpg", "width": "779", "height": "900", "filesize": "211838", "filename": "1987.136_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1987.136/1987.136_print.jpg", "width": "2942", "height": "3400", "filesize": "2544940", "filename": "1987.136_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1987.136/1987.136_full.tif", "width": "11216", "height": "12960", "filesize": "436111236", "filename": "1987.136_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2012-02-24T13:57:51", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1987.136/1987.136_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "773", "height": "893", "filesize": "99682"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1987.136/1987.136_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "2945", "height": "3400", "filesize": "1365466"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1987.136/1987.136_alt0_full.tif", "width": "4642", "height": "5359", "filesize": "74654636"}}, {"date_created": "2007-06-07T18:45:18", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1987.136/1987.136_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "796", "height": "893", "filesize": "435924"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1987.136/1987.136_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "3029", "height": "3400", "filesize": "5672049"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1987.136/1987.136_alt1_full.tif", "width": "5346", "height": "6000", "filesize": "96263444"}}, {"date_created": "2012-02-24T14:46:55", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1987.136/1987.136_alt2_web.jpg", "width": "782", "height": "893", "filesize": "112885"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1987.136/1987.136_alt2_print.jpg", "width": "2978", "height": "3400", "filesize": "1932763"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1987.136/1987.136_alt2_full.tif", "width": "4900", "height": "5594", "filesize": "82259548"}}, {"date_created": "2018-11-07T13:14:26", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1987.136/1987.136_alt3_web.jpg", "width": "819", "height": "900", "filesize": "210389"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1987.136/1987.136_alt3_print.jpg", "width": "3095", "height": "3400", "filesize": "2200107"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1987.136/1987.136_alt3_full.tif", "width": "4865", "height": "5345", "filesize": "78043400"}}, {"date_created": "2018-11-07T13:06:20", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1987.136/1987.136_alt4_web.jpg", "width": "828", "height": "900", "filesize": "220401"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1987.136/1987.136_alt4_print.jpg", "width": "3128", "height": "3400", "filesize": "2262849"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1987.136/1987.136_alt4_full.tif", "width": "5064", "height": "5504", "filesize": "83655976"}}], "creditline": "Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 153603, "creators": [{"id": 2858, "description": "Maerten van Heemskerck (Dutch, 1498\u20131574)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1498", "death_year": "1574", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1987-09-21T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1540, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 1540\u201345", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": "The panel is in remarkably good condition for a painting from the mid-1500s. Old losses, which run vertically along the plank joins, indicate a history of previous instability. This is likely what led to the addition of the cradle (fixed vertical and sliding horizontal battens on the reverse), a common treatment in the past, but now replaced with more sensitive stabilization methods that are less constraining. A 3\u20137 mm (about 0.28 in.) band of exposed wood with a raised gesso ridge is present along the top and bottom edges. This would seem to indicate that an \u201cengaged\u201d frame was once part of the original structure. Infrared reflectography reveals changes to the chair posts executed in lead-tin yellow, but does not indicate any underdrawing in a carbon-based media over the white chalk (calcium carbonate) ground layer. Interestingly, Heemskerck added a calcium-rich glass to some of his paint, notably in the red sleeves where glazes of a transparent red lake colorant were applied over top of vermilion and lead white paint layers. While the paint layer is in excellent condition, retouchings (inpainting) from a prior treatment had lifted away from older waxy fill material and become matte. These conditions led to the decision to conserve the painting in 2019. The old problematic fills were removed and replaced, followed by inpainting with powdered pigments ground in an aldehyde resin-based varnish.", "has_conservation_images": true, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": true, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Machtelt Suijs"], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:02:02.484000"}, {"id": 155860, "accession_number": "1991.163", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "The Young Eastern Woman, 1838. Friedrich Amerling (Austrian, 1803\u20131887). Oil on fabric; framed: 106.5 x 90.5 x 9 cm (41 15/16 x 35 5/8 x 3 9/16 in.); unframed: 88.5 x 71.5 cm (34 13/16 x 28 1/8 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Mr. and Mrs. William H. Marlatt Fund, 1991.163", "current_location": "219 19th Century European", "title": "The Young Eastern Woman", "creation_date": "1838", "creation_date_earliest": 1838, "creation_date_latest": 1838, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["Austria"], "technique": "oil on fabric", "support_materials": [], "department": "Modern European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "Mod Euro - Painting 1800-1960", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 106.5 x 90.5 x 9 cm (41 15/16 x 35 5/8 x 3 9/16 in.); Unframed: 88.5 x 71.5 cm (34 13/16 x 28 1/8 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 1.065, "width": 0.905, "depth": 0.09}, "unframed": {"height": 0.885, "width": 0.715}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 221840, "title": "Friedrich von Amerling (1803-1887)", "description": "<i>Friedrich von Amerling (1803-1887)</i>. Belvedere, Wien, Austria (organizer) (March 26-June 22, 2003).", "opening_date": "2003-03-26T00:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "Vienna, kk Akademie der Bildenden K\u00fcnste. Wiener Kunstaustellung zu St. Anna (1838), no. 282.", "opening_date": null}, {"description": "Osterreichische Galerie Belvedere, Vienna (3/26/2003 - 6/22/2003):  \"Friedrich von Amerling (1803-1887),\" exh.cat. no. 69, p. 219.", "opening_date": "2003-03-26T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Wien: Wien Museum Hermesvilla.  Orientalische Reise: Malerei Und Exotick Im Spaten 19. Jahrhundert. Oct. 16, 2003 - April 12, 2004.  Exh. cat. fig. 8, p. 43.", "opening_date": "2003-10-16T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, Ohio", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1991-", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "(Galerie Sanct Lucas, Vienna, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1971-1991", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "Heirs of Franz Wertheim, United States, sold to the Galerie Sanct Lucas", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "Probably 1883-1971", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "Baron Franz Wertheim [1814-1883], Vienna, by descent to his heirs", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->Gunther Probszt\u2019s 1927 book on Amerling situates the painting in the collection of Baron Franz Wertheim.&nbsp; Because Wertheim died in 1883, it is possible that Probszt meant to indicate that the painting was formerly with Wertheim, or that the painting was currently with Wertheim\u2019s heirs, perhaps Franz von Wertheim, Jr., who was born in 1865.</div>"], "date": "Date description:", "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "L\u00f6scher, Vienna", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->L\u00f6scher was a Viennese dealer active in the 1870s.</div>"], "date": "1871-", "sortorder": 5}, {"description": "(P. Kaeser, Vienna, Fellner sale, Dec. 14-15, 1871, lot 9, as \"Die Morgenl\u00e4nderin,\" sold to L\u00f6scher)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1871", "sortorder": 6}, {"description": "Jakob Fellner, Vienna", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->Fellner bought most of the Feldm\u00fcller collection shortly after 1852.</div>"], "date": "c. 1852-1871", "sortorder": 7}, {"description": "Mathias Feldm\u00fcller (the Younger), Vienna, sold to Jakob Fellne", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->According to Amerling's account book, the painting was sold to Feldm\u00fcller, a wood merchant, for 80 ducats.&nbsp; The painting may have been paired with Amerling's \"Bathing Woman\" (now lost).&nbsp; Feldm\u00fcller also purchased works from Amerling in 1836, 1840, and 1850.</div>"], "date": "1838-c. 1852", "sortorder": 8}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "One can see in Amerling's sensitive and beautiful portrayal why he was well known and admired for his portraits.", "description": "Although the artist provocatively titled this painting Young Eastern Woman, it is obvious that the model is not Asian, but merely wears a Turkish costume. The rich fabrics and glowing light create an exotic atmosphere, revealing a Western fascination with \"Oriental\" images and themes.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60476663"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1991.163-the-young-eastern-wo"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Galerie Sanct Lucas, invoice, March 1, 1992, in CMA curatorial file", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Galerie Sanct Lucas, invoice, March 1, 1992, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Galerie Sanct Lucas, invoice, March 1, 1992, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "P. Kaeser.  <em>Tabl. 120. </em> Dec. 14-15, 1871.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "<br>P. Kaeser.  <em>Tabl. 120. </em> Dec. 14-15, 1871.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Galerie Sanct Lucas, invoice, March 1, 1992, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Galerie Sanct Lucas, invoice, March 1, 1992, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "P. Kaeser.  <em>Tabl. 120. </em> Dec. 14-15, 1871.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Galerie Sanct Lucas, invoice, March 1, 1992, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Turner, Evan H. \"Selected 1991 Acquisitions.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 79, no. 2 (1992): 63-83.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 65, 76; Reproduced: p. 70", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25161350"}, {"citation": "Lurie, Ann Tzeutschler. \u201cFerdinand Georg Waldm\u00fcller in the Cleveland Museum of Art: Portrait of Crescentia, Countess Zichy (later Countess Sz\u00e9chenyi) with a Parrot and a Camellia in a Mountainous Landscape.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 81, no. 1 (1994): 3-17.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 16", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25161437"}, {"citation": "Grabner, Sabine. \"Art for the Bourgeoisie in Imperial Vienna.\" In<em> Is That Biedermeier?: Amerling, Waldmu\u0308ller, and More. </em>Ferdinand Georg Waldmu\u0308ller, 14-25. M\u00fcnchen: Hirmer Verlag; Vienna: Belvedere, 2016.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 22 Mentioned: p. 21-22", "url": null}, {"citation": "Argencourt, Louise d', and Roger Diederen. <em>Catalogue of Paintings</em>. <em>Pt. 4. European Paintings of the 19th Century</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1974.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 12-15, Vol. I, no. 4", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Ware, Zaria. Blk Art: The Audacious Legacy of Black Artists and Models in Western Art.  New York, NY : Harper Design, an imprint of HarperCollinsPublishers, 2023.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 60-61", "url": ""}, {"citation": "<em>Friedrich von Amerling: Werkverzeichnis Der Gema\u0308lde = Catalogue Raisonne\u0301 of the Paintings.</em> Edited by Stella Rollig and Luisa Ziaja. Berlin: Deutscher Kunstverlag, 2025.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 149-150, no. 470", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1991.163", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1991.163/1991.163_web.jpg", "width": "719", "height": "893", "filesize": "382243", "filename": "1991.163_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1991.163/1991.163_print.jpg", "width": "2737", "height": "3400", "filesize": "5453852", "filename": "1991.163_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1991.163/1991.163_full.tif", "width": "4830", "height": "6000", "filesize": "86972208", "filename": "1991.163_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [], "creditline": "Mr. and Mrs. William H. Marlatt Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Norma and Alfred Lerner Gallery", "athena_id": 155860, "creators": [{"id": 2879, "description": "Friedrich Amerling (Austrian, 1803\u20131887)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": "Friedrich Amerling grew up in a poor working-class milieu and started his career illuminating maps and prints before attending the Vienna academy from 1815 until 1824. The following two years he studied at the academy in Prague, until his sojourn in London from 1827 through 1828. Amerling went to London primarily to meet the portraitist Thomas Lawrence (1769-1830), whose fame had spread throughout Europe and whose work, together with that of Joshua Reynolds (1723-1792), would form an important influence on Amerling's art. After a brief stay in Paris, during which Amerling met Vernet (q.v.), he went on to Rome. Back in Vienna he painted the life-size portrait of Emperor Franz I (1832/33, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna), which, despite its mixed reviews, estab-lished his reputation as the foremost portrait painter in Vienna. From then on he received many portrait commissions from the Viennese aristocracy and bourgeoisie (see Waldm\u00fcller, Countess Sz\u00e9chenyi, fig. 223b). In 1833 Amerling traveled to the Netherlands and, upon his return, visited the artistic centers of Munich and D\u00fcsseldorf, where he met the influential academy director Friedrich Wilhelm von Schadow (1788-1862). Amerling's career reached its height from the 1830s through the 1850s. In the early 1840s he traveled to Rome where he worked with Leopold Pollak (1806-1880) and August Riedel (1799-1883), who influenced his work with their depictions of Italian beauties. Besides painting formal portraits, Amerling developed a painting category that remained close to portraiture but crossed over to a slightly sentimental type of genre or character painting, mostly depicting single women in coquettish poses. Although Amerling retained a certain popularity throughout his long career-he was knighted in 1879-he failed to adapt to changing artistic developments and was eventually overshadowed by artists such as Hans Makart (1840-1884).", "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1803", "death_year": "1887", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1991-12-16T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1838, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1838", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": true, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:06:59.168000"}, {"id": 160289, "accession_number": "1998.168", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Portrait of Lisa Colt Curtis, 1898. John Singer Sargent (American, born Italy, 1856\u20131925). Oil on canvas; framed: 249 x 134 x 9.5 cm (98 1/16 x 52 3/4 x 3 3/4 in.); unframed: 219.3 x 104.8 cm (86 5/16 x 41 1/4 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund, 1998.168", "current_location": "208 American Gilded Age and Realism", "title": "Portrait of Lisa Colt Curtis", "creation_date": "1898", "creation_date_earliest": 1898, "creation_date_latest": 1898, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["America"], "technique": "oil on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "American Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "American - Painting", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 249 x 134 x 9.5 cm (98 1/16 x 52 3/4 x 3 3/4 in.); Unframed: 219.3 x 104.8 cm (86 5/16 x 41 1/4 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 2.49, "width": 1.34, "depth": 0.095}, "unframed": {"height": 2.193, "width": 1.048}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "Inscribed: To Ralph and Mrs. Ralph, John S. Sargent 1898", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 216458, "title": "Sargent and Italy", "description": "<i>Sargent and Italy</i>. Palazzo dei Diamanti, Ferrara (Galleria d'Arte Moderna et Contemporanea) (September 29, 2002-January 6, 2003); Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles, CA (organizer) (February 9-May 11, 2003); Denver Art Museum, Denver, CO (June 21-September 14, 2003).", "opening_date": "2002-09-29T00:00:00"}, {"id": 226362, "title": "Gondola Days: Isabella Stewart Gardner and the Palazzo Barbaro Circle", "description": "<i>Gondola Days: Isabella Stewart Gardner and the Palazzo Barbaro Circle</i>. Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum, Boston, MA (organizer) (April 20-August 15, 2004).", "opening_date": "2004-04-20T00:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "Ferrara, Italy, Palazzo dei Diamanti, Sargent and Italy (22 September 2002-6 January 2003); traveled to Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Art (2 February-11 May 2003); to Denver, Denver Art  Museum (28 June-21 September 2003); illus. p. 165.", "opening_date": "2003-02-02T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Boston, Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum Gondola Days: Isabella Stewart Gardner and the Palazzo Barbaro Circle (21 April-15 August 2004); illus. fig. 48, p. 73, listed p. 275 as Lisa Curtis; pp. 70-75.", "opening_date": "2004-04-21T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, Ohio", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1998-", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "(Christie\u2019s, New York, Dec. 29, 1998, private treaty sale to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1998", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "Patricia Curtis Vigan\u00f2, Venice, Italy; Lisa Marjorie Curtis de Beaumont, France; and Ralph D. Curtis, Venice, Italy", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "Probably 1973 - probably 1998", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "Ralph Wormeley Curtis, Jr. [1909-1973] Venice, Italy, and Paris, France, by descent to his children Patricia Curtis Vigan\u00f2, Lisa Marjorie Curtis de Beaumont, and Ralph D. Curtis", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "Probably 1936 - probably 1973", "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "Sylvia Curtis Steinert [1899-1981], Paris and Saint-Jean-Cap-Ferrat, France, to her brother, Ralph Wormeley Curtis, Jr.", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->The painting apparently resided in the Villa Sylvia, Saint-Jean-Cap-Ferrat, until Sylvia Curtis Steinert sold the property upon her divorce in 1936.&nbsp; Subsequently it was transferred to her brother, who resided in the family home at the Palazzo Barbaro, Venice; he is listed as the painting\u2019s owner when it was published in 1956 and 1970.&nbsp; According to Patricia Curtis Vigan\u00f2, the art in the Palazzo Barbaro was crated and stored at the Doge\u2019s Palace in Venice for safekeeping during the Second World War.&nbsp;</div>"], "date": "Probably 1933 - probably 1936", "sortorder": 5}, {"description": "Ralph Wormeley Curtis [1854-1922] and Lisette De Wolf Colt Curtis [1867-1933], Paris and Saint-Jean-Cap-Ferrat, France, probably by descent to their daughter Sylvia Curtis Steinert", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->The painting, inscribed \u201cTo Ralph and Mrs. Ralph / John S. Sargent 1898,\u201d was a wedding gift from Sargent, Ralph Wormeley Curtis\u2019s distant cousin.&nbsp; The portrait was photographed in situ at the Villa Sylvia, Saint-Jean-Cap-Ferrat around 1927.</div>"], "date": "1898 - probably 1933", "sortorder": 6}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Although known as John Singer Sargent today, he almost never used his middle name during his lifetime.", "description": "One of the most sought-after painters of his era, Sargent achieved considerable critical and financial success portraying cosmopolitan members of high society on both sides of the Atlantic. Here, the artist depicts an acquaintance\u2014a relative of the Colt firearms family\u2014who had recently married his distant cousin Ralph. In her portrait, Curtis wears an elegant satin dress and poses as if she were welcoming guests into her palatial Venetian home. The painting apparently was a wedding gift to the couple by the artist; its inscription at the top right reads, \"To Ralph and Mrs. Ralph, John S. Sargent 1898.\"", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60477599"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1998.168-portrait-of-lisa-col"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Berendt, John. <em>The City of Falling Angels</em>. 2005.", "page_number": "Mentioned, p. 164.", "url": null}, {"citation": "Ormond, Richard. <em>John Singer Sargent: Paintings, Drawings, Watercolors. </em>New York: Harper &amp; Row, 1970.", "page_number": "Mentioned, p. 251.", "url": null}, {"citation": "<br>McKibben, David, <em>Sargent\u2019s Boston, with an Essay &amp; a Biographical Summary &amp; A Complete Check List of Sargent\u2019s</em> <em>Portraits</em>. Boston: Museum of Fine Arts, 1956.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Cox, E.H.M., \u201cHouses &amp; Gardens of the Riviera: Villa Sylvia, Cap Ferrat, The Home of Mrs. Lisa Curtis, <em>Country Life </em>61 (January 15, 1927): 91", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Downes, William Howe. <em>John S. Sargent: His Life and Work. </em>Boston: Little, Brown, and Co., 1925.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Franco Maria Ricci (Firm). <em>FMR: The Magazine of Franco Maria Ricci</em> 118 (October 2002).", "page_number": "Reproduced p. 12.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Sargent, John Singer, Elaine Kilmurray, and Richard Ormond. <em>Sargent E l\u2019Italia.</em> [Ferrara, Italy]: Ferrara arte, 2002.", "page_number": "Mentioned, p. 324; reproduced, p. 325.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cole, Mark, \"An American Virtuoso,\" <em>Masterworks on Loan: Celebrating the 100th Anniversary of the Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> (Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2016).", "page_number": "Reproduced, p. 13.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, \u201cLittle-Known Masterpiece by John Singer Sargent Acquired by the Cleveland Museum of Art,\u201d November 27, 1998, Cleveland Museum of Art Archives.", "page_number": null, "url": "https://archive.org/details/cmapr4224"}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Cleveland Art: The Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em>. Vol. 39 no. 01, January 1999", "page_number": "Mentioned & reproduced: cover, p. 3", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM1999-01/page/2"}, {"citation": "Adams, Henry. <em>What's American about American art?: a gallery tour in the Cleveland Museum of Art. </em>Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2008.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 106 - 107", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 51", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Masterworks on Loan: Celebrating the 100th Anniversary of the Cleveland Museum of Art: July Through September 2016</em>. [Cleveland]: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2016.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 13", "url": null}, {"citation": "Mamoli Zorzi, Rosella. <em>Ralph W. Curtis, un Pittore Americano a Venezia: Biografia. </em>Venezia Lido: Supernova, 2019.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 116, fig. 108", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1998.168", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1998.168/1998.168_web.jpg", "width": "425", "height": "900", "filesize": "180844", "filename": "1998.168_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1998.168/1998.168_print.jpg", "width": "1605", "height": "3400", "filesize": "1020240", "filename": "1998.168_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1998.168/1998.168_full.tif", "width": "3305", "height": "7000", "filesize": "69435332", "filename": "1998.168_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2007-05-21T17:15:37", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1998.168/1998.168_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "422", "height": "893", "filesize": "221473"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1998.168/1998.168_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "1605", "height": "3400", "filesize": "3084726"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1998.168/1998.168_alt0_full.tif", "width": "3305", "height": "7000", "filesize": "69435332"}}, {"date_created": "2007-05-21T17:31:04", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1998.168/1998.168_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "670", "height": "893", "filesize": "344567"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1998.168/1998.168_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "2550", "height": "3400", "filesize": "5266278"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1998.168/1998.168_alt1_full.tif", "width": "3750", "height": "5000", "filesize": "56280940"}}], "creditline": "Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "The Cleveland Foundation Gallery", "athena_id": 160289, "creators": [{"id": 2559, "description": "John Singer Sargent (American, born Italy, 1856\u20131925)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1856", "death_year": "1925", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1998-11-23T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1898, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1898", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Mrs. Ralph Curtis"], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-26 23:59:08.298000"}, {"id": 138464, "accession_number": "1962.37", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Cupid and Psyche, 1817. Jacques-Louis David (French, 1748\u20131825). Oil on canvas; framed: 221 x 282 x 10 cm (87 x 111 x 3 15/16 in.); unframed: 184.2 x 241.6 cm (72 1/2 x 95 1/8 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund, 1962.37", "current_location": null, "title": "Cupid and Psyche", "creation_date": "1817", "creation_date_earliest": 1817, "creation_date_latest": 1817, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["France, 19th century"], "technique": "oil on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "Modern European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "Mod Euro - Painting 1800-1960", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 221 x 282 x 10 cm (87 x 111 x 3 15/16 in.); Unframed: 184.2 x 241.6 cm (72 1/2 x 95 1/8 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 2.21, "width": 2.82, "depth": 0.1}, "unframed": {"height": 1.842, "width": 2.416}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "Signed in yellow in arm of the couch: L. David 1817 Bruxelles\r\n", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 302276, "title": "Year in Review - 1962", "description": "<i>Year in Review - 1962</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 24-November 25, 1962).", "opening_date": "1962-10-24T04:00:00"}, {"id": 304705, "title": "Neo-classicism: Style and Motif", "description": "<i>Neo-classicism: Style and Motif</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (September 23-October 31, 1964).", "opening_date": "1964-09-23T04:00:00"}, {"id": 515708, "title": "Fifteenth Anniversary Exhibition", "description": "<i>Fifteenth Anniversary Exhibition</i>. Minneapolis Institute of Art, Minneapolis, MN (organizer) (November 4, 1965-January 2, 1966).", "opening_date": "1965-11-04T05:00:00"}, {"id": 455290, "title": "The Age of Neoclassicism", "description": "<i>The Age of Neoclassicism</i>. Arts Council of Great Britain (organizer) (September 7-November 19, 1972).", "opening_date": "1972-09-07T04:00:00"}, {"id": 223677, "title": "Jacques-Louis David: Empire to Exile", "description": "<i>Jacques-Louis David: Empire to Exile</i>. J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, CA (February 1-April 24, 2005); Sterling and Francine Clark Art Institute, Williamstown, MA (organizer) (June 5-September 5, 2005).", "opening_date": "2005-02-01T00:00:00"}, {"id": 180662, "title": "CMA @ Oberlin (first rotation)", "description": "<i>CMA @ Oberlin (first rotation)</i>. Allen Memorial Art Museum, Oberlin, OH (January 31-April 3, 2006).", "opening_date": "2006-01-31T00:00:00"}, {"id": 222394, "title": "Masterpieces of European Painting from The Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Masterpieces of European Painting from The Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. Frick Collection, New York, NY (organizer) (November 8, 2006-January 28, 2007).", "opening_date": "2006-11-08T00:00:00"}, {"id": 179662, "title": "Masterpieces of European Painting from the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Masterpieces of European Painting from the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. Maltz Museum of Jewish Heritage, Beachwood, OH (March 29-July 8, 2007).", "opening_date": "2007-03-29T00:00:00"}, {"id": 673962, "title": "Jacques-Louis David", "description": "<i>Jacques-Louis David</i>. Mus\u00e9e du Louvre, Paris, France (organizer) (October 15, 2025-January 26, 2026) https://www.louvre.fr/en/exhibitions-and-events/exhibitions/jacques-louis-david.", "opening_date": "2025-10-15T04:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "City Hall, Ghent, Belgium (1817). (According to Dowd 1956).", "opening_date": "1956-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Au profit des hospices de Sainte-Gudule et des Ursuline</em>s. Mus\u00e9e Royal de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium (1817). (See Wildenstein and Wildenstein 1973).", "opening_date": "1973-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Au profit des Grecs</em>. Galerie Lebrun, Paris, France (1826). (According to David, exh. cat., Orangerie des Tuileries, Paris, France (1948).", "opening_date": "1948-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Gros, ses amis, ses \u00e9l\u00e8ves</em>. Petit Palais, Paris, France (1936).", "opening_date": "1936-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>David: Exposition en l'honneur du deuxi\u00e8me centenaire de sa naissance</em>. Orangerie des Tuileries, Paris, France (June-September, 1948).", "opening_date": "1948-06-01T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Giovanni Battista Comte de Sommariva [1760-1826], his sale February 18-23, 1839, sold to Dubois.", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1839", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "(Dubois, Paris, France, February 18-23, 1839, lot 1)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1839", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "James Alexandre Comte de Pourtal\u00e8s [1776-1855], Paris. France.", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "Pourtal\u00e8s-Gorgier sale, Paris, France, March 27, 1865 (lot 242), ff 1,450 sold to Madame de Furtado, 1880.", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1880", "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "Madame de Furtado [1821-1896], Paris, France", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1880-?", "sortorder": 5}, {"description": "M. Eisenschitz ? (See distinguishing marks label)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": 6}, {"description": "Prince Murat by 1913. Princesse Murat. Murat sale, Palais Galli\u00e9ra, Paris, France, March 2, 1961 (lot 140), ff 245,000.", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": 7}, {"description": "(Rosenberg & Stiebel, New York, NY sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1962", "sortorder": 8}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1962", "sortorder": 9}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [{"id": 162396, "description": "Cupid and Psyche, 1813. Jacques-Louis David (French, 1748\u20131825). Gray wash and pen and black ink with white paint and traces of black chalk ; sheet: 16.7 x 22.4 cm (6 9/16 x 8 13/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Andrew R. and Martha Holden Jennings Fund, 2002.91", "relationship": "based on"}], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Jacques-Louis David included two butterflies in this painting: one above the slumbering Psyche and the other on the base of the couple's bed frame.", "description": "David used the story of Cupid and Psyche to explore the conflict between idealized love and physical reality. Cupid, lover of the beautiful mortal Psyche, visited her nightly on the condition that she not know his identity. Cupid was usually depicted as an ideal adolescent, but here David presents him as an ungainly teenager smirking at his sexual conquest. David took inspiration from a number of ancient texts, including an obscure, recently published Greek poem by Moschus that describes Cupid as a mean-spirited brat with flashing eyes and curly hair.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3201883"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1962.37-cupid-and-psyche"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "", "page_number": "", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Dibdin, Thomas Frognall, William Bulmer, William Nicol, R. H. Evans, Robert Triphook, and John Major. <em>A Bibliographical, Antiquarian and Picturesque Tour in France and Germany</em>. 1821.", "page_number": "Mentioned: vol. 2, p. 309-310", "url": null}, {"citation": "Blanc, Charles and Adolphe Narcisse Thibaudeau. <em>Le tre\u0301sor de la curiosite\u0301, tire\u0301 des catalogues de vente de tableaux, dessins, estampes, livres, marbres, bronzes, ivoires, terres cuites, vitraux, me\u0301dailles, armes, precelaines, meubles, e\u0301maux, laques et autres objets d'art</em>. Paris: Ve J. Renouard, 1857.", "page_number": "Mentioned: vol. 2, p. 437", "url": null}, {"citation": "Rosenthal, Le\u0301on. Louis David. Paris: Librairie de l'art ancien et moderne, 1904.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 139-140", "url": null}, {"citation": "Muse\u0301e du Petit Palais. <em>Exposition David et ses e\u0301le\u0300ves, 7 avril-9 juin, 1913, Palais des beaux-arts de la ville de Paris</em>. Paris: Impr. G. Petit, 1913.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 60", "url": null}, {"citation": "Gallatin, James. <em>A Great Peace Maker; The Diary of James Gallatin, Secretary to Albert Gallatin, 1813-1827</em>. New York, NY: C. Scribner's Sons, 1930.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 64; Reproduced: p. 67", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cantinelli, R. <em>Jacques-Louis David, 1748-1825</em>. Paris: Editions G. van Oest, 1930.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 143", "url": null}, {"citation": "Escholier, Raymond and Germaine Barnaud. <em>Gros, ses amis et ses e\u0301le\u0300ves</em>. Paris: Petit Palais, 1936.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 218", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kolma, Klaus. <em>David, son evolution et son style</em>. Paris: P. Lejay, 1940.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 94-95; Reproduced: p. 129, no. 149", "url": null}, {"citation": "Maret, Jacques. <em>David</em>. Monaco: Documents d'Art, 1943", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 16; Reproduced: p. 94", "url": null}, {"citation": "Maurois, Andre\u0301 and Franc\u0327oise Gaston-Che\u0301rau. <em>J.-L. David</em>. Paris: E\u0301ditions du Dimanche, 1948.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 36", "url": null}, {"citation": "Florisoone, Michel. <em>David: exposition en l'honneur du deuxie\u0300me centenaire de sa naissance</em>. Paris: E\u0301ditions des Muse\u0301es Nationaux, 1948.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 72", "url": null}, {"citation": "Galerie Charpentier. <em>Figures nues d'e\u0301cloe franc\u0327aise; depuis les ma\u00eetres de Fontainebleau</em>: Paris: 1953.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 45", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, \u201cRecent Acquisition Press Release,\u201d June 13, 1962, Cleveland Museum of Art Archives.", "page_number": null, "url": "https://archive.org/details/cmapr0964"}, {"citation": "Francis, Henry S. \"Jacques Louis David 'Cupid and Psyche'.\" <em>Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art, </em>vol. L (1963): 29-34.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 34", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 164", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n188"}, {"citation": "<em>Fiftieth Anniversary Exhibition, 1915-1965. November 4, 1965-January 2, 1966. </em>Minneapolis: Minneapolis Institute of Arts, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 20", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 164", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n188"}, {"citation": "Council of Europe, Royal Academy of Arts, Victoria and Albert Museum, and Arts Council of Great Britain. <em>The Age of Neo-Classicism </em>(catalogue of exhibition at the Royal Academy of Arts and the V&amp;A Museum). London: Arts Council of Great Britain, 1972.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 71", "url": null}, {"citation": "Verbraeken, Rene\u0301. <em>Jacques-Louis David juge\u0301 par ses contemporains et par la poste\u0301rite\u0301. Suivi de la liste des tableaux dont l'authenticite\u0301 est garantie par les e\u0301crits de l'artiste, des documents de son e\u0301poque, ou par leur appartenance a\u0300 ses descendants</em>. Paris: L. Laget, 1973.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 29,105-106,184; Reproduced: p. 186, pl. 65", "url": null}, {"citation": "Praz, Mario. <em>Gusto neoclassico</em>. Milan: Rizzoli, 1974.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 18, 123; Reproduced: p. 255, pl. 27", "url": null}, {"citation": "Heim Gallery. <em>Exhibition of French Drawings: Neo-Classicism</em>. London: Heim Gallery, 1975.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 26", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 202", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n222"}, {"citation": "Borowitz, Helen O. \"The Man Who Wrote to David.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 67, no. 8 (1980): 256-74.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 263-264", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25159691"}, {"citation": "Lawrence, Mary. <em>Lovers: 100 Works of Art Celebrating Romantic Love, with Commentaries by the Distinguished and the Great</em>. New York, NY: A &amp; W Publishers, 1982.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 144-145; Reproduced: p. 145", "url": null}, {"citation": "Louise d'Argencourt, Roger Diederen, Alisa Luxenberg, Patrick Noon, William H. Robinson, Ann Tzeutschler Lurie. <em>Catalogue of Paintings</em>. <em>Pt. 4. European Paintings of the 19th Century</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1974.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P:194-202, Vol. I, no. 72", "url": null}, {"citation": "Laveissie\u0300re, Sylvain and Philippe Bordes. <em>Pierre-Paul Prud'hon: actes du colloque organise\u0301 au Muse\u0301e du Louvre par le Service culturel, le 17 novembre 1997</em>. Paris: Documentation franc\u0327aise, 2001.", "page_number": "Reproduced: fig. 19", "url": null}, {"citation": "May, Sally Ruth. <em>Knockouts: a pocket guide.</em> Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2001.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 44, p. 46 - 47", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cavicchioli, Sonia. <em>The Tale of Cupid and Psyche: An Illustrated History</em>. New York, NY: George Braziller, 2002.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 209, fig.148", "url": null}, {"citation": "Baur, Eva Gesine. <em>Meisterwerke der erotischen Kunst</em>. Cologne: Dumont, 2002.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 73, fig.4", "url": null}, {"citation": "Greer, Germainer. <em>The Beautiful Boy</em>. New York, NY: Rizzoli, 2003.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 84", "url": null}, {"citation": "Delaporte, Franc\u0327ois. <em>Anatomie des passions</em>. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 2003.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pl. 9", "url": null}, {"citation": "Pinelli, Antonio. <em>David</em>. Milan: 5 Continents, 2004.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pl. 46", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bordes, Philippe. <em>Jacques-Louis David: Empire to Exile</em>. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2005.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 231-232; Reproduced: no. 32", "url": null}, {"citation": "Muse\u0301e du Louvre. <em>Ru\u0304vuru Bijutsukan ten: 19-seiki Furansu kaiga : shin koten shugi kara roman shugi e </em>(Louvre: chefs-d'\u0153uvre de la peinture franc\u0327aise du XIXe\u0300me sie\u0300cle dans les collections du Louvre). Tokyo: Nihon Terebi Ho\u0304so\u0304mo\u0304, 2005.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 42", "url": null}, {"citation": "Iacono, Margaret. <em>Masterpieces of European Painting from the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. New York, NY: Frick Collection, 2006.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 64-69; no. 13", "url": null}, {"citation": "Holm, Christiane. <em>Amor und Psyche: die Erfindung eines Mythos in Kunst, Wissenschaft und Alltagskultur (1765-1840)</em>. Munich: Deutscher Kunstverlag, 2006.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 20-21,115-116,192-194,251,159", "url": null}, {"citation": "Carrier, David. <em>Museum Skepticism: A History of the Display of Art in Public Galleries</em>. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press, 2006.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 72, fig.11", "url": null}, {"citation": "Johnson, Dorothy. <em>Jacques-Louis David: New Perspectives</em>. Newark: University of Delaware Press, 2006.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 30, pl. 14", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lampe, Issa. <em>Painting History Ex Patria: Empire, Exile and Memory in the Late Narrative Paintings of Jacques-Louis David (1817-1824)</em>. Ph.D. diss., Harvard University, 2006.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 265, fig. 4", "url": null}, {"citation": "Channing, Laurence, \"Personal and Professional\", Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Cleveland Art: The Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em>. Vol. 46 no. 10, December 2006", "page_number": "Mentioned & reproduced: p. 4", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2006-10/page/4"}, {"citation": "Ledbury, Mark. <em>David After David: Essays on the Later Work</em>. Williamstown, MA: Sterling and Francine Clark Art Institute, 2007.", "page_number": "Reproduced: fig. 4", "url": null}, {"citation": "Allard, Se\u0301bastien and Marie-Claude Chaudonneret. <em>Le suicide de Gros: les peintres de l'Empire et la ge\u0301ne\u0301ration romantique</em>. Paris: Gourcuff Gradenigo, 2010.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 65", "url": null}, {"citation": "Johnson, Dorothy. <em>David to Delacroix: The Rise of Romantic Mythology</em>. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2011.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 14, fig. 5", "url": null}, {"citation": "Allard, Se\u0301bastien, Nadeije Laneyrie-Dagen, and Emmanuel Pernoud. <em>L'enfant dans la peinture</em>. Paris: Citadelles &amp; Mazenod, 2011.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 248-249; Reproduced: p. 249", "url": null}, {"citation": "Leniaud, Jean-Michel. <em>Napole\u0301on et les arts</em>. Paris: Citadelles &amp; Mazenod, 2012.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 402", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Treasures of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland:Cleveland Museum of Art in association with Scala Publishers, 2012.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 226-227", "url": null}, {"citation": "Pomare\u0300de, Vincent, Valeria Merlini, and Daniela Storti. <em>Cupid and Psyche</em>. Soveria Mannelli, Italy: Rubbettino Editore, 2012.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 39, fig. 14", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cogeval, Guy. <em>Masculin masculin: l'homme nu dans l'art de 1800 a\u0300 nos jours</em>. Paris: Mus\u00e9e d'Orsay, 2013.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 15, fig. 5", "url": null}, {"citation": "Fried, Michael. <em>Another Light: Jacques-Louis David to Thomas Demand. </em>New Haven: Yale University Press, 2014.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 27", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 287", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Langer, Laurent. \"James de Pourtales. Collectionneur de tableaux contemporains.\" In <em>Kunst &amp; Karriere: ein Kaleidoskop des Kunstbetriebs.</em> Ed. by Ba\u0308tschmann, Oskar, and Regula Kra\u0308henbu\u0308hl, 139-154. Zu\u0308rich: Schweizerisches Institut fu\u0308r Kunstwissenschaft, 2015.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 142, fig. 2", "url": null}, {"citation": "LeValley, Paul. Art Follows Nature: A Worldwide History of the Nude. <br>[Kissimmee, FL] : [Paul LeValley]; 2016.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 157", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Guichard, Charlotte. <em>La griffe du peintre: la valeur de l'art (1730-1820).</em> Paris: \u00c9ditions du Seuil, 2018.", "page_number": "Reproduced and mentioned: p. 250-251, fig.75", "url": null}, {"citation": "Rosenberg, Pierre. \"David e Caravaggio.\" In <em>David E Caravaggio: La Crudelta\u0300 Della Natura, Il Profumo Dell\u2019ideale. </em>Fernando Mazzocca, ed., 13-40. Milano: Edizioni Gallerie d\u2019Italia: Skira, 2019.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 36-37, figs. 29-30", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Arendsee, M. and M. Steinman-Arendsee. \"Take the CAN disability aesthetics tour, at the Cleveland Museum of art.\" CAN Journal (Winter 2019/20): 76-87.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 77", "url": null}, {"citation": "David, Jacques Louis, and Perrin Stein. <em>Jacques Louis David: Radical Draftsman.</em> 2022, 245.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced, p. 245, fig. 140.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "De\u0301cimo, Marc. <em>E\u0301tant Donne\u0301 Marcel Duchamp: Palimpseste d'Une Oeuvre</em>. Dijon: Les Presses du re\u0301el, 2022.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 207, fig. 46", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Joseph, Wassil. <em>Franc\u0327ois Rude (1784-1855): Le Souffle Romantique.</em> Paris: Arthena, 2024.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 470, fig. 313", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Allard, Sebastien, ed. <em>Jacques-Louis David.</em> Paris: Mus\u00e9e du Louvre, 2025.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 267; Reproduced: p. 270-271, fig. 160, p. 200, fig. 111", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Gobet, Aude.\u201cL'Exil \u00e0 Bruxelles.\u201d <em>Dossiers de l'Art</em> n. 332 (October 2025): 66-71.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 68, 70, 71 ; Reproduced: p. 69", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Gobet, Aude. \u201cJacques-Louis David: du chevalet \u00e0 l'ar\u00e8ne politique.\" <em>L\u2019Estampille, L\u2019objet d\u2019Art</em>, n. 628 (December 2025): 52.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 52", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1962.37", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1962.37/1962.37_web.jpg", "width": "1180", "height": "893", "filesize": "695293", "filename": "1962.37_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1962.37/1962.37_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2574", "filesize": "5203435", "filename": "1962.37_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1962.37/1962.37_full.tif", "width": "5000", "height": "3785", "filesize": "56804216", "filename": "1962.37_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [], "creditline": "Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 138464, "creators": [{"id": 1643, "description": "Jacques-Louis David (French, 1748\u20131825)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": "The founder and leading painter of the neoclassical movement in France, Jacques-Louis David was born in Paris to a prosperous family of artists and archi-tects. In 1766 he entered the Acad\u00e9mie Royale as the pupil of Joseph-Marie Vien (1716-1809). After several failed attempts, David won the Prix de Rome in 1774. The following year he left for Italy, where he studied antique art and envisioned replacing the frivolity of the rococo with an art of grandeur, simplicity, and moral virtue. After returning to Paris in 1780, he established his reputa-tion with three spectacular successes at the Salon: The Oath of the Horatii (1785, Mus\u00e9e du Louvre, Paris), The Death of Socrates (1787, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York), and The Lictors Bring-ing Brutus the Bodies of His Sons (1789, Mus\u00e9e du Louvre, Paris). Widely interpreted as moral parables for contemporary political events, these archetypes of neoclassical aesthetics set the standard for academic painting of the next century. In the 1790s David joined the radical Jacobin Club and played an active role in the French Revolution. He allied himself with Robespierre, served a short term as president of the Convention, and voted for the execution of Louis XVI. He also placed his artistic talents at the service of the Revolution by creating paintings that glorified its martyrs and by organizing public festivals that celebrated the new political order. As the most prominent artist in the revolutionary ranks, he led the attack against the Acad\u00e9mie Royale that culminated in its abolish-ment in 1793. When the excesses of the Reign of Terror precipitated the fall of Robespierre in 1794, David was imprison-ed but spared execution. Authorities released him the following year due to ill health. Around 1798 David developed a new alliance with the brilliant young general of the Directory, Napol\u00e9on Bonaparte. David's painting The Intervention of the Sabine Women (1799, Mus\u00e9e du Louvre, Paris) coalesced perfectly with Napoleonic propaganda urging national reconciliation. After the coup d'\u00e9tat of 1799, Napol\u00e9on was named first consul and began supplying David with important commissions. Upon Napol\u00e9on's coronation in 1804, David was appointed first painter to the emperor. David's monumental painting The Coronation of Napol\u00e9on, or Le Sacre (1805-7, Mus\u00e9e du Louvre, Paris), introduced a less spartan, more colorful and emotive style. However, as seen in his life-size portrait Napol\u00e9on in His Study (1812, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.), David increasingly searched to balance this new heroic-romanticism with an exacting realism. In 1816, following Napol\u00e9on's defeat at Waterloo and the restoration of the monarchy, David went into exile in Belgium. He spent the last nine years of his life in Brussels, painting mostly mythological subjects and portraits. David died of a stroke in 1825 and was denied burial in France.", "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1748", "death_year": "1825", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1962-02-17T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1817, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1817", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": true, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:02:55.653000"}, {"id": 135538, "accession_number": "1958.66", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Mourner from the Tomb of Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy (1364\u20131404), 1404\u201310. Claus de Werve (Netherlandish, 1380\u20131439). Vizille alabaster; overall: 41 x 12.7 x 15 cm (16 1/8 x 5 x 5 7/8 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Bequest of Leonard C. Hanna Jr., 1958.66", "current_location": "109 Gothic Painting and Sculpture", "title": "Mourner from the Tomb of Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy (1364\u20131404)", "creation_date": "1404\u201310", "creation_date_earliest": 1404, "creation_date_latest": 1410, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["Netherlands, active Dijon, 15th century"], "technique": "vizille alabaster", "support_materials": [], "department": "Medieval Art", "collection": "MED - Gothic", "type": "Sculpture", "measurements": "Overall: 41 x 12.7 x 15 cm (16 1/8 x 5 x 5 7/8 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"height": 0.41, "width": 0.127, "depth": 0.15}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 304213, "title": "Gothic Art 1360-1440", "description": "<i>Gothic Art 1360-1440</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (August 6-September 15, 1963).", "opening_date": "1963-08-06T04:00:00"}, {"id": 300926, "title": "Treasures of Medieval France", "description": "<i>Treasures of Medieval France</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (November 16, 1966-January 29, 1967).", "opening_date": "1966-11-16T05:00:00"}, {"id": 302145, "title": "Traditions and Revisions: Themes from the History of Sculpture", "description": "<i>Traditions and Revisions: Themes from the History of Sculpture</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (September 24-November 16, 1975).", "opening_date": "1975-09-24T04:00:00"}, {"id": 311444, "title": "Object Lessons: Cleveland Creates an Art Museum", "description": "<i>Object Lessons: Cleveland Creates an Art Museum</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 7-September 8, 1991).", "opening_date": "1991-06-07T04:00:00"}, {"id": 186370, "title": "Dukes and Angels: Art from the Court of Burgundy (1364-1419)", "description": "<i>Dukes and Angels: Art from the Court of Burgundy (1364-1419)</i>. Mus\u00e9e des Beaux-Arts, Dijon, Dijon, France (May 27-September 15, 2004); The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 24, 2004-January 9, 2005).", "opening_date": "2004-05-27T00:00:00"}, {"id": 180667, "title": "Sacred Gifts and Worldly Treasures: Medieval Masterworks from the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Sacred Gifts and Worldly Treasures: Medieval Masterworks from the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. National Museum of Bavaria, Munich, Germany (May 10-September 16, 2007); J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, CA (October 30, 2007-January 20, 2008); Frist Art Museum, Nashville, TN (February 13-June 7, 2009).", "opening_date": "2007-05-10T00:00:00"}, {"id": 207394, "title": "The Mourners: Medieval Tomb Sculptures from the Court of Burgundy", "description": "<i>The Mourners: Medieval Tomb Sculptures from the Court of Burgundy</i>. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY (organizer) (March 1-May 23, 2010).", "opening_date": "2010-03-01T00:00:00"}, {"id": 296969, "title": "Johan Maelwael from Guelders", "description": "<i>Johan Maelwael from Guelders</i>. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, Netherlands (organizer) (October 6, 2017-January 7, 2018).", "opening_date": "2017-10-06T04:00:00"}, {"id": 453138, "title": "Riemenschneider and Late Medieval Alabaster", "description": "<i>Riemenschneider and Late Medieval Alabaster</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (March 26-July 23, 2023).", "opening_date": "2023-03-26T04:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>Deux Pleurants de Jaume Cascalle Provenant des Sepultures Royales de Poblet,</em> Mus\u00e9es de France, Paris, France (May 1949).", "opening_date": "1949-05-01T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "M. M. Hocquart, Dijon, France", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "Vicomte Edouard de Broissia & son, Georges, (d. 1875) Dijon, France", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "-1875", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "(M. Legley, Nancy, sold to Charles Stein)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1875-?", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "(Charles Stein, Paris, France)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "Baron Arthur de Schickler, Paris, France", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": 5}, {"description": "Count de Pourtales, Paris, France", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": 6}, {"description": "(Duveen Bros., Paris, France)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1919-?", "sortorder": 7}, {"description": "Clarence Mackay (d. 1939), New York, NY", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "by 1922-1939", "sortorder": 8}, {"description": "(Jacques Seligmann, New York, sold to Leonard C. Hanna)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1939-1940", "sortorder": 9}, {"description": "Leonard C. Hanna, Cleveland, OH, bequest to the Cleveland Museum of Art", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1940-1958", "sortorder": 10}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1958-", "sortorder": 11}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [{"id": 119132, "description": "Mourner from the Tomb of Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy (1364\u20131404), 1404\u20131410. Claus de Werve (Netherlandish, 1380\u20131439). Vizille alabaster; overall: 41.7 x 16.6 x 11.7 cm (16 7/16 x 6 9/16 x 4 5/8 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Purchase from the J. H. Wade Fund, 1940.128", "relationship": "related series"}, {"id": 135539, "description": "Mourner from the Tomb of Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy (1364\u20131404), 1404\u201310. Claus de Werve (Netherlandish, 1380\u20131439). Vizille alabaster; overall: 41.1 x 17.6 x 11 cm (16 3/16 x 6 15/16 x 4 5/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Bequest of Leonard C. Hanna Jr., 1958.67", "relationship": "related series"}, {"id": 119143, "description": "Mourner from the Tomb of John the Fearless and Margaret of Bavaria, 1443\u201345. Jean de la Huerta (Spanish, active Burgundy, 1431\u201362). Salins alabaster; overall: 41 x 20.3 x 12.4 cm (16 1/8 x 8 x 4 7/8 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Purchase from the J. H. Wade Fund, 1940.129", "relationship": null}], "former_accession_numbers": ["3877.42"], "did_you_know": "A plaster cast of this mourner decorates the empty niche in the Tomb of Philip the Bold in Dijon, France.", "description": "This figure comes from the tomb of Duke Philip the Bold from the church of Champmol near Dijon (Burgundy, France). Philip, who founded the monastery and designated it as his burial place, hired the best artists, many of whom came from the Netherlands. While the commission was given in 1381, the work was not completed until 1410, six years after the duke\u2019s death.<br><br>This mourner is unusual for the time because it is not carved as a static low relief on the pedestal of the tomb but interacts with the viewers and their fellow procession members. The lifelike quality of the figure is due in large part to the alabaster. Its softness allowed artists to carve details into the material, and the transparent, milky white stone could also be polished to a high gloss.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": [], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1958.66-mourner-from-the-tom"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Mus\u00e9e Des Beaux-Arts, Dijon France", "page_number": null, "url": "http://mba-collections.dijon.fr/ow4/mba/voir.xsp?id=00101-25103&qid=sdx_q8&n=3&e="}, {"citation": "Beaulieu, Miche\u0300le. 1949. \"Deux pleurants de Jaume Cascalls provenant des se\u0301pultures royales de Poblet: Muse\u0301e du Louvre\". Muse\u0301es De France. 96-98.", "page_number": "no. Iv", "url": null}, {"citation": "Parker, Clifford S., and Paul L. Grigaut.<em> Initiation a\u0300 la culture franc\u0327aise.</em> New York: Harper &amp; Row, 1963.", "page_number": "p. 63", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 64", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n88"}, {"citation": "Wixom, William D. <em>Treasures from Medieval France.</em> [Cleveland]: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1967.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 256-257; cat.no. VI-21", "url": "https://archive.org/details/TreasuresMedievalFrance/page/n283"}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art (Cleveland). \"<em>Selected Works</em>.\" 1967.", "page_number": "no. 97", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 64", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n88"}, {"citation": "Marti\u0301-Iba\u0301n\u0303ez, Fe\u0301lix. <em>The Adventure of Art. </em>New York: C.N. Potter; distributed by Crown, 1970.", "page_number": "p. 280", "url": null}, {"citation": "Muse\u0301e des beaux-arts de Dijon, and Pierre Quarre\u0301. <em>Les pleurants des tombeaux des ducs de Bourgogne</em>. 1971.", "page_number": "pl. 38", "url": null}, {"citation": "Clasen, Karl Heinz.<em> Der Meister Der Scho\u0308nen Madonnen: Herkunft, Entfaltung Und Umkreis. </em>Berlin: W. de Gruyter, 1974.", "page_number": "pp. 91, 203, abb. 13", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 72", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n92"}, {"citation": "Alsop, Joseph.<em> The Rare Art Traditions: The History of Art Collecting and Its Linked Phenomena Wherever These Have Appeared.</em> 1982.", "page_number": "pl. 2, No. 4", "url": null}, {"citation": "Schreckenberg, Hella, and Claus Sluter. <em>Claus Sluter</em>. Bochum: Brockmeyer, 1987.", "page_number": "p. 32, fig. 53", "url": null}, {"citation": "De Winter, Patrick M. \"Art from the Duchy of Burgundy.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 74, no. 10 (1987).", "page_number": "pp. 411-424", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25160010"}, {"citation": "Petrusevich, N. B., I\ufe20U\ufe21. S. Pamfilov, Ljudmila Brylenko, and E. B. Georgievskai\ufe20a\ufe21.<em> Five Hundred Years of French Painting: The Hermitage, Leningrad, the Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts, Moscow. </em>Leningrad: Aurora Art Publishers, 1990.", "page_number": "p. 56, no. 20", "url": null}, {"citation": "Journe\u0301es internationales Claus Sluter, and Claus Sluter. <em>Actes des Journe\u0301es internationales Claus Sluter: Septembre 1990. </em>Dijon: Association Claus Sluter, 1992.", "page_number": "fig. 6, p. 186", "url": null}, {"citation": "Morand, Kathleen, Claus Sluter, and David Finn. <em>Claus Sluter: Artist at the Court of Burgundy</em>. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1991.", "page_number": "p. 359, no. 35, pls. 134-35", "url": null}, {"citation": "Gibson, Walter S., and Laurinda S. Dixon. I<em>n Detail: New Studies of Northern Renaissance Art in Honor of Walter S. Gibson.</em> [Lieu de publication non identifie\u0301]: Brepols, 1998.", "page_number": "p. 179, fig. 26", "url": null}, {"citation": "May, Sally Ruth, Jane Takac, and Barbara J. Bradley. <em>Knockouts: A Pocket Guide</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2001.", "page_number": "no. 25, pp. 28-9 & 117", "url": null}, {"citation": "Fliegel, Stephen N., Sophie Jugie, and Virginie Barthe\u0301le\u0301my. <em>Art from the Court of Burgundy: The Patronage of Philip the Bold and John the Fearless 1364-1419</em> : Muse\u0301e Des Beaux-Arts De Dijon, May 28-September 15, 2004, the Cleveland Museum of Art, October 24, 2004-January 9, 2005. [Dijon]: Muse\u0301e des beaux-arts, 2004.", "page_number": "Cat. No. 83, p. 233", "url": null}, {"citation": "Domine, Heidi, \"Time Machine\", Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Cleveland Art: The Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em>. Vol. 44 no. 01, January 2004", "page_number": "Mentioned & reproduced: p. 8-9", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2004-01/page/n7"}, {"citation": "Fliegel, Stephen. \"Patronage and the Burgundian Court, 1364-1419\" <em>The Magazine Antiques</em> (October 2004).", "page_number": "pp. 142-151, pl. XII", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, and Holger A. Klein. <em>Sacred Gifts and Worldly Treasures: Medieval Masterworks from the Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> Cleveland, Ohio: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2007.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 202-205, no. 73", "url": null}, {"citation": "Eikelmann, Renate, Holger A. Klein, Stephen N. Fliegel, and Virginia Brilliant. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art: Meisterwerke von 300 bis 1550</em>. Mu\u0308nchen: Hirmer, 2007.", "page_number": "p. 188-9, no. 68", "url": null}, {"citation": "Baron, Franc\u0327oise, Sophie Jugie, and Benoi\u0302t Lafay. <em>Les tombeaux des ducs de Bourgogne: cre\u0301ation, destruction, restauration.</em> Paris: Somogy, 2009.", "page_number": "p. 132, cat. no. 5", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kemperdick, Stephan, and Friso Lammertse. <em>The Road to Van Eyck</em>. Rotterdam: Museum Boijmans van Beuningen, 2012.<br>.", "page_number": "Cat. No. 24B; pp. 164-165", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, David Franklin, and C. Griffith Mann. T<em>reasures from the Cleveland Museum of Art. </em>Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2012.", "page_number": "pp. 134-5", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 272", "url": ""}, {"citation": "\u201cA Walking Tour: The entire new museum wing by wing, with curators calling out a few favorite works in the collection.\u201d <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em> 54, no. 1 (January/February 2014): 8-33.", "page_number": "Reproduced and Mentioned: p. 13", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2014-01"}, {"citation": "Mikolic, Amanda.<em> Fashionable Mourners: Bronze Statuettes from the Rijksmuseum.</em> Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2017.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 1, fig. 1", "url": null}, {"citation": "Freundeskreis des Bayerischen Nationalmuseums. <em>Hommage: Renate Eikelmann</em>. Mu\u0308nchen: Sieveking Verlag, 2018.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 60", "url": null}, {"citation": "Truman, Samantha, and Angelica Verduci. \u201cMourners from the Tomb of Philip the Bold.\u201c In <em>Riemenschneider and Late Medieval Alabaster</em>, edited by Aumaine Rose Smith, 106-119. Cleveland, Lewes: The Cleveland Museum of Art; D Giles Limited, 2023.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 106, 114-118; Reproduced: p. 107-113,119, no. 5", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1958.66", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1958.66/1958.66_web.jpg", "width": "689", "height": "900", "filesize": "144378", "filename": "1958.66_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1958.66/1958.66_print.jpg", "width": "2604", "height": "3400", "filesize": "793975", "filename": "1958.66_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1958.66/1958.66_full.tif", "width": "10652", "height": "13907", "filesize": "444439528", "filename": "1958.66_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1958.66/1958.66_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "574", "height": "893", "filesize": "209522"}, "print": {"url": 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"width": "3400", "height": "2738", "filesize": "1596908"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1958.66/1958.66_alt13_full.tif", "width": "8631", "height": "6951", "filesize": "180011884"}}, {"date_created": "2022-07-14T19:46:02", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1958.66/1958.66_alt14_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "542", "filesize": "178758"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1958.66/1958.66_alt14_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2047", "filesize": "1160767"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1958.66/1958.66_alt14_full.tif", "width": "11564", "height": "6963", "filesize": "241589420"}}], "creditline": "Bequest of Leonard C. Hanna Jr.", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": "0d89139b17024e378f2882e575531e08", "sketchfab_url": "https://sketchfab.com/models/0d89139b17024e378f2882e575531e08", "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 135538, "creators": [{"id": 9759, "description": "Claus de Werve (Netherlandish, 1380\u20131439)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": "active in Burgundy (mostly Dijon) from 1396 until his death.", "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1380", "death_year": "1439", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1958-11-29T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1404, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1404\u201310", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": true, "updated_at": "2026-04-17 19:31:30.309000"}, {"id": 127571, "accession_number": "1950.250", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Portrait of a Man, Possibly Girolamo Rosati, 1533\u201334. Lorenzo Lotto (Italian, 1480\u20131556). Oil on canvas; framed: 135.9 x 128 x 8.6 cm (53 1/2 x 50 3/8 x 3 3/8 in.); unframed: 108.2 x 100.5 cm (42 5/8 x 39 9/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Gift of the Hanna Fund, 1950.250", "current_location": null, "title": "Portrait of a Man, Possibly Girolamo Rosati", "creation_date": "1533\u201334", "creation_date_earliest": 1533, "creation_date_latest": 1534, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["Italy, 16th century"], "technique": "oil on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "P - Italian 16th & 17th Century", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 135.9 x 128 x 8.6 cm (53 1/2 x 50 3/8 x 3 3/8 in.); Unframed: 108.2 x 100.5 cm (42 5/8 x 39 9/16 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 1.359, "width": 1.28, "depth": 0.086}, "unframed": {"height": 1.082, "width": 1.005}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "Signed lower right: \".L. Lotus 15[...]\"", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 706769, "title": "Mostra di Lorenzo Lotto", "description": "<i>Mostra di Lorenzo Lotto</i>. Palazzo Ducale, Venice, Venice, Italy (organizer) (June 14, 1953-October 18, 1954).", "opening_date": "1953-06-14T04:00:00"}, {"id": 300859, "title": "The Venetian Tradition", "description": "<i>The Venetian Tradition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (November 8, 1956-January 1, 1957).", "opening_date": "1956-11-08T05:00:00"}, {"id": 301477, "title": "In Memoriam: Leonard C. Hanna, Jr.", "description": "<i>In Memoriam: Leonard C. Hanna, Jr.</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (March 4-April 7, 1958).", "opening_date": "1958-03-04T05:00:00"}, {"id": 361379, "title": "The Renaissance Image of Man and the World", "description": "<i>The Renaissance Image of Man and the World</i>. Columbus Museum of Art, Columbus, OH (organizer) (October 27-November 27, 1961).", "opening_date": "1961-10-27T04:00:00"}, {"id": 302205, "title": "Art and Humanism in the Renaissance", "description": "<i>Art and Humanism in the Renaissance</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (January 23-February 25, 1962).", "opening_date": "1962-01-23T05:00:00"}, {"id": 520139, "title": "Major Masters of the Renaissance, A Loan Exhibition of the Poses", "description": "<i>Major Masters of the Renaissance, A Loan Exhibition of the Poses</i>. The Rose Art Museum, Waltham, MA (organizer) (May 3-June 9, 1963).", "opening_date": "1963-05-03T04:00:00"}, {"id": 304248, "title": "Style, Truth and the Portrait", "description": "<i>Style, Truth and the Portrait</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (October 1-November 19, 1963).", "opening_date": "1963-10-01T04:00:00"}, {"id": 222625, "title": "Renaissance Venice and the North:  Crosscurrents in the time of Bellini, D\u00fcrer, and Titian", "description": "<i>Renaissance Venice and the North:  Crosscurrents in the time of Bellini, D\u00fcrer, and Titian</i>. Palazzo Grassi spa, 30124 Venice, Italy (organizer) (September 5, 1999-January 9, 2000).", "opening_date": "1999-09-05T00:00:00"}, {"id": 228320, "title": "Lorenzo Lotto", "description": "<i>Lorenzo Lotto</i>. Scuderie del Quirinale, Rome, Italy (organizer) (February 25-June 12, 2011).", "opening_date": "2011-02-25T00:00:00"}, {"id": 292170, "title": "Lorenzo Lotto, Portraits", "description": "<i>Lorenzo Lotto, Portraits</i>. Museo Nacional del Prado, Madrid, Spain (organizer) (June 18-September 30, 2018).", "opening_date": "2018-06-18T04:00:00"}, {"id": 675826, "title": "Renaissance to Runway: The Enduring Italian Houses", "description": "<i>Renaissance to Runway: The Enduring Italian Houses</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (November 9, 2025-February 1, 2026).", "opening_date": "2025-11-09T05:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, Netherlands (1933-1939) (lent by Bruikleen von Ofenheim).", "opening_date": "1933-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Italiaansche Kunst in Nederlandsche bezit. </em>Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam, Netherlands (May 11-October 1, 1934).", "opening_date": "1934-05-11T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Imperial collection, Vienna;", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "- 1923            Kunsthistorisches Museum (Vienna, Austria), sold to Moritz Lindemann, 1923;", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "1923              Moritz Lindemann (Vienna, Austria),sold to Wilhelm von Ofenheim, 1923;", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "1923 - 1930   Wilhelm von Ofenheim, 1860-1930 (Vienna, Austria), upon his death, held in trust by his heirs, 1930;", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "1930 - 1939   Von Ofenheim family trust, sold to Rosenberg and Stiebel, 1939;", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": 5}, {"description": "[Rosenberg & Stiebel, New York], sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art, 1950.", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": 6}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "This fashionable man broadcasts his wealth by wearing a fur-lined velvet and satin outfit with expensive gold jewelry.", "description": "The gesture of the elegantly dressed man is a mystery. Is he rising from his chair to address someone or is he pointing to something outside the frame? His right hand rests on a piece of paper (a letter?), while on the table are clover\u2014a symbol of abundance, good fortune, and happy marriage\u2014and jasmine, associated with purity and love, further emphasized by the roses on the trellis. There may have been a companion portrait of the sitter\u2019s bride, to whom he acknowledges his devotion. Another recent interpretation identifies the sitter as Girolamo Rosati, a high official in Fermo, on Italy\u2019s east coast. The paper may be a design for one of his important architectural projects, to which he may be pointing in the distance. The interrupted moment is a naturalistic touch characteristic of Lotto, quite distinct from the formality of the other Italian Renaissance portraits in the museum's collection. Though this portrait clearly articulates the man\u2019s status, Lotto emphasizes his individuality and interiority as much as a socially constructed identity.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60515739"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1950.250-portrait-of-a-man-po"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Thieme, Ulrich, Felix Becker, Fred. C. Willis, and Hans Vollmer. <em>Allgemeines Lexikon der bildenden Ku\u0308nstler von der Antike bis zur Gegenwart</em>. Leipzig, Germany: W. Engelmann, 1907.", "page_number": "Reproduced: vol. XXIII, 412", "url": null}, {"citation": "Berenson, Bernard. <em>Italian Pictures of the Renaissance: A List of the Principal Artists and Their Works, with an Index of Places</em>. Oxford, United Kingdom : The Clarendon Press, 1932.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 312", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Catalogue of Paintings, Part 3: European Paintings of the 16th, 17th, and 18th Centuries. </em>Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1982.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 367; Mentioned: p. 366-368", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, \u201cRecent Acquisition Press Release,\u201d January 4, 1951, Cleveland Museum of Art Archives.", "page_number": null, "url": "https://archive.org/details/cmapr4558"}, {"citation": "Francis, Henry. \"Venetian Art and Its Field of Influence.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art </em>38, no. 2 (February 1951): 21-27, 30-35, 38-40", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 22-23; Reproduced: p. 38, 47", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25141687"}, {"citation": "Banti, Anna. <em>Lorenzo Lotto di Anna Banti</em>. Firenze, Italy: Sansoni, 1953.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 39; Reproduced: p. 82, pl. 159", "url": null}, {"citation": "Coletti, Luigi. <em>Lotto</em>. Bergamo, Italy: Istituto italiano d'arti grafiche, 1953.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 45, pl. 117", "url": null}, {"citation": "Pignatti, Teresio. <em>Lorenzo Lotto; 147 tavole in nero, 4 tavole a colori</em>. Milano, Italy: Mondadori, 1953.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 120, pl. 93", "url": null}, {"citation": "Berenson, Bernard. <em>Lotto</em>. Milano, Italy: Electa Editrice, 1955.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 126, pl. 172", "url": null}, {"citation": "Berenson, Bernard. <em>Lorenzo Lotto</em>. London, United Kingdom: Phaidon Press, 1956.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p.94, pl. 172, 172a", "url": null}, {"citation": "Berenson, Bernard. <em>Italian Pictures of the Renaissance; A List of the Principal Artists and Their Works with an Index of Places. Venetian School</em>. New York, NY: Phaidon Publishers; distributed by Garden City Books, 1957.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 101, vol. 1", "url": null}, {"citation": "Francis, Henry S. \"Portraits by Lorenzo Lotto.\" <em>The Bulletin of The Cleveland Museum of Art</em> XLIV, (1957): 44.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 44", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Handbook.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 413", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1958/page/n76"}, {"citation": "Milliken, William Mathewson. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. New York, NY: H.N. Abrams, 1958.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 34", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cappi Bentivegna, Ferruccia. <em>Abbigliamento e costume nella pittura italiana; rinascimento</em>. Roma, Italy: Bestetti, Edizioni d'arte, 1962.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 236. fig. 333", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 97", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n121"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 97", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n121"}, {"citation": "Fredericksen, Burton B., and Federico Zeri. <em>Census of Pre-Nineteenth-Century Italian Paintings in North American Public Collections</em>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1972.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 112, 521, 574", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>L'opera completa del Lotto</em>. Milano, Italy: Rizzoli, 1975.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 107; Mentioned: p. 108", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 106", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n126"}, {"citation": "Caroli, Flavio. <em>Lorenzo Lotto et la nascita della psicologia moderna</em>. Milano, Italy: Gruppo Editoriale Fabbri, 1980.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 264; Reproduced: p. 265", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"1993 Annual Report.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 81, no. 6 (1994): 143-218.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 170; Reproduced p. 148", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25161457"}, {"citation": "Brown, David Alan, Peter Humfrey, Mauro Lucco, and Augusto Gentili. <em>Lorenzo Lotto: Rediscovered Master of the Renaissance</em>. Washington DC: National Gallery of Art, 1997.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 47, fig. 6", "url": null}, {"citation": "Aikema, Bernard, Beverly Louise Brown, and Giovanna Nepi Scire\u0300. <em>Renaissance Venice and the North: Crosscurrents in the Time of Bellini, Du\u0308rer, and Titian</em>. Milano, Italy: Bompiani, 1999.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 384-385", "url": null}, {"citation": "Rossi, Francesco. <em>Bergamo, l'altra Venezia: il Rinascimento negli anni di Lorenzo Lotto, 1510-1530</em>. Milano, Italy: Skira, 2001.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 57, fig. 13", "url": null}, {"citation": "Dezuanni, Elsa, Eugenio Manzato, and Giovanni Carlo Federico Villa. <em>Lorenzo Lotto: emozioni nascoste</em>. Crocetta del Montello, Treviso, Italy: Antiga, 2011.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 224-225", "url": null}, {"citation": "Frangi, Francesco and Maria Cristina Passoni.<em> Attorno a Lotto: Naturalismo e Psicologia nel Ritratto Rinascimentale.</em> Milano: Skira, 2017.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 30, fig. 8", "url": null}, {"citation": "Dal Pozzolo, Enrico Maria.<em> Lorenzo Lotto:Il Richiamo delle Marche: Luoghi, Tempi e Persone. </em>Milano: Skira, 2018.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 75; Reproduced: p. 76, fig. 5", "url": null}, {"citation": "Dal Pozzolo, E. M. \"Two Paitnings of Samson by Lorenzo Lotto at Charlecote Park.\" <em>The Burlington Magazine</em> 160. no. 1385 (Aug. 2018): 640-645.", "page_number": "Mention: p. 26", "url": null}, {"citation": "Dossier de l'art. \"Exposition a Londres: Lorenzo Lotto Portraitiste.\" Dossier de l'art 264, (Nov. 2018): 4-13.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. [4-5], 12", "url": null}, {"citation": "du Bourg, Alexis Marle. \"Lorenzo Lottoe Portaitiste.\" <em>Dossier De L'Art</em>, 364 (November 2018): 4-13.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pp. 4-5, 12.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Pozzolo, Enrico Maria Dal. <em>Lorenzo Lotto: Portraits</em>. Madrid: Museo Nacional del Prado, 2018.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: no. 29, p. 42, 284-286", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Paintings in the Cleveland Museum of Art: Picture Book No. 4 .</em> [Cleveland]: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1952.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 54", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAPaintings1952"}, {"citation": "Lisby, Darnell-Jamal, William Griswold, Matteo Augello, Alessandra Arezzi Boza, Massimiliano Capella, Luke Meagher, Stefania Ricci, and Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Renaissance to Runway: The Enduring Italian Houses</em>. 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Byzantium, Constantinople. Tempera and gold on wood panel (poplar); 35.5 x 62.5 x 2.7 cm (14 x 24 5/8 x 1 1/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Severance and Greta Millikin Trust, 2016.32", "current_location": "105 Byzantine", "title": "Icon of the New Testament Trinity", "creation_date": "c. 1450", "creation_date_earliest": 1445, "creation_date_latest": 1455, "artists_tags": [], "culture": ["Byzantium, Constantinople"], "technique": "Tempera and gold on wood panel (poplar)", "support_materials": [], "department": "Medieval Art", "collection": "MED - Byzantine", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "35.5 x 62.5 x 2.7 cm (14 x 24 5/8 x 1 1/16 in.)", "dimensions": {"No Extent Specified": {"height": 0.355, "width": 0.625, "depth": 0.027}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "\u039f \u03a0\u0391\u039b\u0391\u0399\u039fC \u03a4\u0397\u03a9- God the Father as Christ in old age on right identified on either side of his head in gold, outlined in red.", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}, {"inscription": "\u03a4\u039f \u0391\u0399\u039f\u039d \u03a0\u039d\u0391- The Holy Spirit, identified by dove in gold outlined in red.", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}, {"inscription": "\u0399\u03a9CH\u03a6 \u039f \u03a0\u039f\u0399\u0397\u03a4\u0397C- St. Joseph the Hymnographer identified on the left by gold letters, outlined in red.", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}, {"inscription": "\u039a\u039fC\u039c \u039f \u03a0\u039f\u0399\u0397\u03a4\u0397C- St. Kosmas the Hymnopgrapher identified on the right in gold letters in red outline", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}, {"inscription": "\"'together with...you my God' and 'your dominion\" in Scroll of Kosmas on the right.", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [], "legacy": [{"description": "Danish Museum of Decorative Arts, 1913.", "opening_date": "1913-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Oslo, Museum of Decorative Arts, 1913.", "opening_date": "1913-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Berlin, Kustgewerbnuseum, 1914", "opening_date": "1914-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "New York, Ehrich Galleries, 5th Avenue, 1915", "opening_date": "1915-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Gothenberg, Rohsska Konstslojdmuseet, 1915", "opening_date": "1915-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Lund University Art Museum, 1915", "opening_date": "1915-01-01T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Halvor Bagge [Danish, 1866-1939?]", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "Professor Einar Frank-Utzon [Danish, 1888-1985], Copenhagen, Denmark", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1888-1955", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "Henrik Schleppegrel, Copenhagen, Denmark", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1955-2013", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "(Bruun-Rasmussen Auctioneers, Copenhagen, sale, June 6, 2013)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "2013", "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "(Temple Gallery, London) sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "2013-2016", "sortorder": 5}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, Ohio", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "2016-", "sortorder": 6}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "More than just a breakfast food, eggs are used to make the tempera paint used in this painting.", "description": "This icon depicts an important subject in Orthodox Christian art, the three corresponding figures of the single godhead known as the Holy Trinity. The Trinity is represented here in a composition known as the \u201cNew Testament Trinity,\u201d which features Christ and God the Father seated on a bench with a dove representing the Holy Spirit between them. The central field is occupied by a large wooden throne with gold highlights on which Christ (left) and the Ancient of the Days (God the Father as Christ in old age) are seated. The Holy Spirit, in the form of a dove, hovers within an eight-pointed star that signifies the eighth day, the future eon.<br><br>On either side of the Trinity are two hymnographers, authors of hymns of praise, both identified by gold letters outlined in red\u2014Saint Kosmas (about 675\u2013752) on the left and Saint Joseph (about 812/818\u2013about 886) on the right. They both suspend scrolls from round-arched windows. The icon likely was part of a church templon, the barrier that separated the nave from the sanctuary in an Orthodox church. It is not signed or dated; however, careful analysis of the painting\u2019s style and technique places it in Constantinople around 1450, just prior to the city\u2019s fall to the Ottomans in 1453. It represents a moment when Byzantine painting reached a brilliant crescendo.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60482814"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-2016.32-icon-of-the-new-test"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Bagge, Halvor. Exhibition of the Halvor Bagge Collection of Byzantine Paintings, Carvings, Manuscripts, Embroideries, Etc. New York: [publisher not identified], 1915.", "page_number": "p. 9, No. 42", "url": null}, {"citation": "Fleischer, Jens. \"<em>Rundt om en s\u00f8jlehelgen\"</em> Meddelelser fra Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek (1993)", "page_number": "pp. 59-71", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"New in the Galleries.\u201d <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em> 56, no. 6 (November/December 2016): Back cover.", "page_number": "Reproduced and Mentioned: Back cover", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2016-06"}, {"citation": "Fliegel, Stephen N. \u201cAcquisition Highlights 2016: Medieval Art.\u201d <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em> 57, no. 2 (March/April 2017): 14.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 7, 14; Mentioned: p. 6, 14", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2017-02"}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/2016.32", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/2016.32/2016.32_web.jpg", "width": "900", 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Hymnographer"], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:01:39.592000"}, {"id": 145412, "accession_number": "1970.67", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Portrait of Hott\u014d Enmy\u014d Kokushi (\u6cd5\u71c8\u5186\u660e\u56fd\u5e2b\u50cf), c. 1295\u20131315. Japan, Kamakura period (1185\u20131333). Hinoki cypress wood with lacquer, metal staples and fittings; overall: 91.4 cm (36 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund, 1970.67", "current_location": "235B Japanese", "title": "Portrait of Hott\u014d Enmy\u014d Kokushi", "title_in_original_language": "\u6cd5\u71c8\u5186\u660e\u56fd\u5e2b\u50cf", "creation_date": "c. 1295\u20131315", "creation_date_earliest": 1295, "creation_date_latest": 1315, "artists_tags": [], "culture": ["Japan, Kamakura period (1185\u20131333)"], "technique": "Hinoki cypress wood with lacquer, metal staples and fittings", "support_materials": [], "department": "Japanese Art", "collection": "Japanese Art", "type": "Sculpture", "measurements": "Overall: 91.4 cm (36 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"height": 0.914}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 301391, "title": "Year in Review: 1970", "description": "<i>Year in Review: 1970</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (February 10-March 7, 1971).", "opening_date": "1971-02-10T05:00:00"}, {"id": 302145, "title": "Traditions and Revisions: Themes from the History of Sculpture", "description": "<i>Traditions and Revisions: Themes from the History of Sculpture</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (September 24-November 16, 1975).", "opening_date": "1975-09-24T04:00:00"}, {"id": 358325, "title": "Masterworks of Wood: China and Japan", "description": "<i>Masterworks of Wood: China and Japan</i>. Portland Art Museum, Portland, OR (organizer) (November 4-December 5, 1976); Asia House Galleries, New York City, NY (January 13-March 27, 1977).", "opening_date": "1976-11-04T05:00:00"}, {"id": 309646, "title": "Reflections of Reality in Japanese Art", "description": "<i>Reflections of Reality in Japanese Art</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (March 16-May 1, 1983).", "opening_date": "1983-03-16T04:00:00"}, {"id": 309658, "title": "Portraiture: The Image of the Individual", "description": "<i>Portraiture: The Image of the Individual</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (November 22, 1983-January 22, 1984).", "opening_date": "1983-11-22T05:00:00"}, {"id": 311446, "title": "Asian Autumn: Masterpieces from the Collection", "description": "<i>Asian Autumn: Masterpieces from the Collection</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (September 17, 1991-January 5, 1992).", "opening_date": "1991-09-17T04:00:00"}, {"id": 196054, "title": "Streams and Mountains Without End: Asian Art and the Legacy of Sherman E. Lee at the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Streams and Mountains Without End: Asian Art and the Legacy of Sherman E. Lee at the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 27-August 23, 2009).", "opening_date": "2009-06-27T04:00:00"}, {"id": 295705, "title": "Japanese Gallery 235 Rotation - July 2017-January 2018", "description": "<i>Japanese Gallery 235 Rotation - July 2017-January 2018</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art (organizer) (July 15, 2017-January 2, 2018).", "opening_date": "2017-07-15T04:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>One Thousand Years of Japanese Art (650-1650) from The Cleveland Museum of Art. </em>Japan House Gallery, New York, NY (March 19-May 17, 1981).", "opening_date": "1981-03-19T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Main Asian Rotation (Gallery 235)</em>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (April 15, 2013-November 16, 2015).", "opening_date": "2013-04-15T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "My\u014dshinji, Wakayama Prefecture, Japan", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "(Mayuyama and Company, Tokyo, Japan, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "?\u20131970", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1970\u2013", "sortorder": 3}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Two famous sculptural portraits of this monk, one at the temple Ankokuji in Hiroshima, and another at the temple K\u014dkokuji in Wakayama, are dated to 1275 and 1286, respectively.", "description": "Hott\u014d Enmy\u014d Kokushi, is a posthumous title bestowed upon the Zen Buddhist monk Shinchi Kakushin (1203\u20131298) by the emperor Go-Daigo. The title means \u201cperfectly awakened national teacher of the Dharma lamp.\u201d Considered a fine example of \u201cKamakura realism,\u201d while downplaying detail in the body, the sculpture emphasizes fidelity in representing the visage of Kakushin.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60740018"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1970.67-portrait-of-hotto-en"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Kurata, Osamu \u8535\u7530\u8535 <em>Kumano</em> [\u718a\u91ce]. Tokyo: Kodansha, 1968.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 60, no. 64", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Lee, Sherman E. \u201cThe Year in Review for 1970.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 58, no. 2 (February 1971): 22\u201371.", "page_number": "Mentioned: no. 168, p. 72; Reproduced: no. 168, Back Cover", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25152361"}, {"citation": "Lee, Sherman E. \u201cZen in Art: Art in Zen.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 59, no. 9 (November 1972): 239\u2013259.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 239, 251, 259, note 16a; Reproduced: pp. 248, 249, figs. 9 and 9a", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25152451"}, {"citation": "Lee, Sherman E. \u201cNoh: Masks and Robe.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 62, no. 2 (February 1975): 26\u201335.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 28, fig. 5; Reproduced: p. 29, fig. 5", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25152574"}, {"citation": "Jenkins, Donald, and Robin Scribnick. <em>Masterworks in Wood: China and Japan: [Exhibition] Portland Art Museum, November 4 Through December 5, 1976, Asia House Gallery, January 13 Through March 20, 1977</em>. Portland, OR: Portland Art Museum, 1976.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced:  no. 44, pp. 8, 9, 91", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Lee, Sherman E. \u201cVarieties of Portraiture in Chinese and Japanese Art.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 64, no. 4 (April 1977): 118\u2013136.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: pp. 128\u2013129, fig. 12", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25159523"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 370", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n390"}, {"citation": "WVIZ-TV (Television station: Cleveland, Ohio), and Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Priest of Myoshinji</em>. [Cleveland, Ohio]: [WVIZ Television], 1978.", "page_number": null, "url": "https://ingallslibrary.on.worldcat.org/oclc/78406075"}, {"citation": "Yamane, Yu\u0304zo\u0304 \u5c71\u6839\u6709\u4e09, Shu\u0304jiro\u0304 Shimada \u5cf6\u7530\u4fee\u4e8c\u90ce, and Terukazu Akiyama \u79cb\u5c71\u5149\u548c. <em>Zaigai Nihon no shiho\u0304</em> [\u5728\u5916\u65e5\u672c\u306e\u81f3\u5b9d = Japanese Art: Selections from Western Collections, vol. 8 ]. To\u0304kyo\u0304: Mainichi Shinbunsha, 1979.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: no. 78, p. 147", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Zenzo Shimizu. \"Japanese Sculptures in America and Canada,\" <em>Ars Buddhica</em> [\u4f5b\u6559\u85dd\u8853], no. 126 (Sept. 1979), part I, pp. 67\u201388.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 73, fig. 24", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Roukes, Nicholas. <em>Masters of Wood Sculpture</em>. New York: Watson-Guptill Publishers, 1980.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 15", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Lee, Sherman E., Michael R. Cunningham, and Ursula Korneitchouk.<em> One Thousand Years of Japanese Art (650-1650): From the Cleveland Museum of Art: Catalogue</em>. New York: Japan Society, 1981.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: pp. 42\u201343, no. 20", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Roberts, Laurance. \"To See Japanese Art, Go to Tokyo, or Boston, or Baltimore, or Seattle.\" <em>Art News</em>, vol. 80, no. 7 (Sept. 1981).", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 112", "url": ""}, {"citation": "<em>Interpretations: Sixty-Five Works from the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1991.", "page_number": "no. 61", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cunningham, Michael R., Stanislaw J. Czuma, Anne E. Wardwell, and J. Keith Wilson. <em>Masterworks of Asian Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1998.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: pp. 190\u2013191", "url": ""}, {"citation": "May, Sally Ruth, Jane Takac, and Barbara J. Bradley. <em>Knockouts: A Pocket Guide</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 2001.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 15", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Liebson, Milt. <em>Direct Wood Sculpture: Techniques, Innovation, Creativity</em>. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Pub, 2001.", "page_number": "p. 15", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Ulak, James, T. \"Uncomfortable Realites: Reflecting on Sherman Lee's Hunches,\" <em>Orientations, </em>vol. 36, no. 1<em> </em>(Jan/Feb. 2005), pp. 78-79.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 78", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Grossman, Nancy, James T. Ulak, Marjorie Williams, and Laurence Channing. <em>Art of Japan: Masterpieces from the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 2005.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 38", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Ulak, James T. \"The Alchemy of Selection: Lee and the Japanese Collection,\" <em>Orientations </em>vol. 40, no. 5 (2009), pp. 41\u201347.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 41, fig. 1", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Franklin, David. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art - Director's choice</em>. London: Scala Arts &amp; Heritage Publishers Ltd, 2012.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pp. 26\u201327", "url": ""}, {"citation": "\"Reopening of the Asian Galleries at The Cleveland Museum of Art: An Interview with David Franklin.\" <em>Orientations: The Magazine for Collectors and Connoisseurs of Asian Art</em>, vol. 44, no. 8 (November/December 2013): pp. 60\u201363.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 63", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"A Walking Tour.\" <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine </em>54, no. 1 (January/February 2014): 8\u201333.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 28", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2014-01/page/n27/mode/2up"}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Museum Masters: 2016-17 Companion Guide.</em> [Cleveland, Ohio]: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2016.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 30", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Dobbins, James C. <em>Behold the Buddha: Religious Meanings of Japanese Buddhist Icons</em>. Honolulu: University of Hawai\u02bbi Press, 2020.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: pp. 199\u2013200, fig. 85", "url": null}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1970.67", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1970.67/1970.67_web.jpg", "width": "678", "height": "900", "filesize": "136343", "filename": "1970.67_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1970.67/1970.67_print.jpg", "width": "2561", "height": "3400", "filesize": "1480701", "filename": "1970.67_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1970.67/1970.67_full.tif", "width": "4360", "height": "5789", "filesize": "75746032", "filename": "1970.67_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2015-01-29T18:18:50", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1970.67/1970.67_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "702", "height": "900", "filesize": "138868"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1970.67/1970.67_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "2653", "height": "3400", "filesize": "1346970"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1970.67/1970.67_alt0_full.tif", "width": "3902", "height": "5000", "filesize": "58561244"}}, {"date_created": "2009-03-31T16:30:27", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1970.67/1970.67_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "674", "height": "900", "filesize": "167711"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1970.67/1970.67_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "2545", "height": "3400", "filesize": "1761270"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1970.67/1970.67_alt1_full.tif", "width": "4992", "height": "6668", "filesize": "99886032"}}, {"date_created": "2009-03-31T17:57:11", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1970.67/1970.67_alt2_web.jpg", "width": "595", "height": "900", "filesize": "95343"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1970.67/1970.67_alt2_print.jpg", "width": "2247", "height": "3400", "filesize": "888803"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1970.67/1970.67_alt2_full.tif", "width": "4062", "height": "6146", "filesize": "74919860"}}, {"date_created": "2009-03-31T18:00:07", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1970.67/1970.67_alt3_web.jpg", "width": "674", "height": "900", "filesize": "131558"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1970.67/1970.67_alt3_print.jpg", "width": "2545", "height": "3400", "filesize": "1314094"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1970.67/1970.67_alt3_full.tif", "width": "4992", "height": "6668", "filesize": "99885272"}}, {"date_created": "2009-03-31T18:03:06", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1970.67/1970.67_alt4_web.jpg", "width": "674", "height": "900", "filesize": "139370"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1970.67/1970.67_alt4_print.jpg", "width": "2545", "height": "3400", "filesize": "1402623"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1970.67/1970.67_alt4_full.tif", "width": "4992", "height": "6668", "filesize": "99885408"}}, {"date_created": "2009-03-31T18:39:20", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1970.67/1970.67_alt5_web.jpg", "width": "578", "height": "900", "filesize": "97160"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1970.67/1970.67_alt5_print.jpg", "width": "2182", "height": "3400", "filesize": "904243"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1970.67/1970.67_alt5_full.tif", "width": "3923", "height": "6112", "filesize": "71957012"}}, {"date_created": "2009-03-31T18:45:19", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1970.67/1970.67_alt6_web.jpg", "width": "683", "height": "900", "filesize": "124694"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1970.67/1970.67_alt6_print.jpg", "width": "2581", "height": "3400", "filesize": "1240124"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1970.67/1970.67_alt6_full.tif", "width": "4469", "height": "5887", "filesize": "78952228"}}], "creditline": "Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 145412, "creators": [], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1970-12-18T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1295, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 1295\u20131315", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "cover", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Portrait of Hoto Kokushi (Priest Kakushin)"], "is_highlight": true, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:07:28.210000"}, {"id": 103366, "accession_number": "1921.428", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Elizabeth Beltzhoover Mason, c. 1803\u20135. Gilbert Stuart (American, 1755\u20131828). Oil on canvas; framed: 90 x 78 x 8 cm (35 7/16 x 30 11/16 x 3 1/8 in.); unframed: 73.8 x 61 cm (29 1/16 x 24 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Gift from J. H. Wade, 1921.428", "current_location": "204 Colonial American", "title": "Elizabeth Beltzhoover Mason", "creation_date": "c. 1803\u20135", "creation_date_earliest": 1798, "creation_date_latest": 1810, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["America"], "technique": "oil on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "American Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "American - Painting", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 90 x 78 x 8 cm (35 7/16 x 30 11/16 x 3 1/8 in.); Unframed: 73.8 x 61 cm (29 1/16 x 24 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 0.9, "width": 0.78, "depth": 0.08}, "unframed": {"height": 0.738, "width": 0.61}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 312517, "title": "The Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition", "description": "<i>The Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 26-October 4, 1936).", "opening_date": "1936-06-26T04:00:00"}, {"id": 312341, "title": "The Silver Jubilee Exhibition", "description": "<i>The Silver Jubilee Exhibition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 23-September 28, 1941).", "opening_date": "1941-06-23T04:00:00"}, {"id": 311898, "title": "35th Anniversary Exhibition", "description": "<i>35th Anniversary Exhibition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 20-September 30, 1951).", "opening_date": "1951-06-20T04:00:00"}, {"id": 700602, "title": "American Portraits", "description": "<i>American Portraits</i>. Akron Art Museum, Akron, OH (organizer) (February 23-March 18, 1956).", "opening_date": "1956-02-23T05:00:00"}, {"id": 206136, "title": "Gilbert Stuart", "description": "<i>Gilbert Stuart</i>. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY (organizer) (October 18, 2004-January 16, 2005); National Gallery of Art, Landover, MD (March 27-July 31, 2005).", "opening_date": "2004-10-18T00:00:00"}, {"id": 180609, "title": "CMA @ Oberlin - American Portraits", "description": "<i>CMA @ Oberlin - American Portraits</i>. Allen Memorial Art Museum, Oberlin, OH (August 29-December 17, 2006).", "opening_date": "2006-08-29T00:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>American Painting Before 1865. </em>Washington County Museum of Fine Arts (September 4-26, 1927).", "opening_date": "1927-09-04T04:00:00Z"}, {"description": "<em>Comparisons, </em>Art Gallery of Toronto (January 11-February 3, 1957).", "opening_date": "1957-01-11T05:00:00Z"}, {"description": "Houston, Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, George Washington's World (15 January - 14 February 1954).", "opening_date": "1954-01-15T05:00:00Z"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, Ohio", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1921-", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "(Frank W. Bayley, Boston, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1921", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "Louisa Mason Terry [1844-1921], Washington, DC, consigned to Frank W. Bayley for sale1", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->Sometimes referred to as Louise, Louisa Terry was married to Rear Admiral Silas Wright Terry [c. 1841-1911]. From 1909 until 1921, the painting was on loan to the Corcoran Gallery of Art, Washington DC.</div>"], "date": "1899-1921", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "Margaret Augusta Cowan Mason [1821-1899], Hagerstown, MD, by descent to her daughter, Louisa Mason Terry1", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->1While not generally included in this painting\u2019s provenance, George C. Mason\u2019s <em>The Life and Works of Gilbert Stuart</em>, published in 1879, situates the painting in the collection of \u201cMrs. J. Thompson [sic] Mason\u201d at the time.</div>"], "date": "1873-1899", "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "Judge John Thomson Mason, Jr. [1815-1873], Hagerstown, MD, by descent to his wife, Margaret Augusta Cowan Mason", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1836-1873", "sortorder": 5}, {"description": "Elizabeth Beltzhoover Mason [1781-1836] and John Thomson Mason [1765-1824], Montpelier, Clear Spring, MD, by descent to their son, Judge John Thomson Mason, Jr.", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "c. 1803/1805 - 1836", "sortorder": 6}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Stuart also painted a portrait of George Washington, now immortalized on the dollar bill.", "description": "The sitter\u2019s high-waisted dress, pearl necklace, and elegant hairstyle of cascading ringlets reflect the height of fashion around 1800. Her gaze is assured: her chin is tilted upward but her eyes peer down with confidence. Mason\u2019s husband was a prosperous lawyer, an influential figure in President Thomas Jefferson\u2019s administration, and a plantation owner in Maryland. According to an inventory from 1807, the couple enslaved approximately 185 people, ranging from the newborn Abraham to 79-year-old Rachel. The family\u2019s wealth afforded Mason the opportunity to be painted by Gilbert Stuart, a much sought-after portraitist.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60503339"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1921.428-elizabeth-beltzhoove"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Washington County Museum of Fine Arts. <em>American Painting Before 1865: An Exhibition September 4th to 26th, 1937</em>. Hagerstown, MD: The Museum,", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Park, Lawrence, John Hill Morgan, and Royal Cortissoz. <em>Gilbert Stuart; An Illustrated Descriptive List of His Works</em>. New York: W.E. Rudge, 1926.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Washington County Museum of Fine Arts. <em>American Painting Before 1865: An Exhibition September 4th to 26th, 1937</em>. Hagerstown, MD: The Museum, 1937.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Park, Lawrence. \u201cPortrait of Mrs. John Thomson Mason by Gilbert Stuart,\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>, vol. 8, no. 19 (Dec. 1921): 154-155.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Mason, George C. <em>The Life and Works of Gilbert Stuart</em>. New York: C. Scribner's Sons, 1879.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Mason, George C. <em>The Life and Works of Gilbert Stuart</em>. New York: C. Scribner's Sons, 1879.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Park, Lawrence, John Hill Morgan, and Royal Cortissoz. <em>Gilbert Stuart; An Illustrated Descriptive List of His Works</em>. New York: W.E. Rudge, 1926.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Washington County Museum of Fine Arts. <em>American Painting Before 1865: An Exhibition September 4th to 26th, 1937</em>. Hagerstown, MD: The Museum, 1937.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Park, Lawrence. \u201cPortrait of Mrs. John Thomson Mason by Gilbert Stuart,\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>, vol. 8, no. 19 (Dec. 1921): 154-155", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Park, Lawrence, John Hill Morgan, and Royal Cortissoz. <em>Gilbert Stuart; An Illustrated Descriptive List of His Works</em>. New York: W.E. Rudge, 1926.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Park, Lawrence. \u201cPortrait of Mrs. John Thomson Mason by Gilbert Stuart,\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>, vol. 8, no. 19 (Dec. 1921): 154-15", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Mason, George C. <em>The Life and Works of Gilbert Stuart: With Selections from Stuart's Portraits Reproduced on Steel and by Photogravure</em>. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1894.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 221", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. \"Portrait of Mrs. John Thomson Mason by Gilbert Stuart.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art, </em>no. 10 (December 1921).", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 154-155; Reproduced: p. 163", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. \"Early American Art.\" <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Seventh Annual Report </em>(1923).", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 52", "url": null}, {"citation": "Dorr, Charles Henry. \"The Real Gilbert Stuart.\" <em>The Judd Magazines, Inc. </em>18, no. 1 (November 1922).", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 50; Reproduced: p. 35", "url": null}, {"citation": "Whiting, Frederic Allen. \"The Cleveland Museum of Art.\" <em>Art and Archaeology </em>16, no. 4-5 (1923).", "page_number": "Reproduced: 186", "url": null}, {"citation": "Park, Lawrence, John Hill Morgan, and Royal Cortissoz. <em>Gilbert Stuart: An Illustrated Descriptive List of His Works</em>. New York: W.E. Rudge, 1926.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. \"In Memoriam: Jeptha Homer Wade.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art </em>13, no. 4 (April 1926).", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 91", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cortissoz, Royal. \"The Field of Art.\" <em>Scribners </em>(November 1926).", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 576", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"At the Art Museum.\" <em>Bystander </em>(Cleveland, OH), 1931.", "page_number": "Mentioned; Reproduced", "url": null}, {"citation": "Medford, Richard Carl. \"The Fine Arts Exhibits of the National Antietam Commemoration.\" <em>Bulletin of the Washington County Museum of Fine Arts </em>3, no. 1 (September 1937).", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 4; Reproduced: cover", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Finest Art in US Goes to Illinois Corn Belt for Big Small-Town Show.\" <em>LIFE, </em>March 1939.", "page_number": "Reproduced", "url": null}, {"citation": "Milliken, William. \"Silver Jubilee Exhibition.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art </em>28, no.6 (June 1941): 88-108", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 89", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25140932"}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Handbook.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 528", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1958/page/n97"}, {"citation": "Mount, Charles Merrill. <em>Gilbert Stuart, A Biography</em>. New York: W.W. Norton, 1964.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 371", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 161", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n185"}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 161", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n185"}, {"citation": "Adams, Celeste, Rita Myers, and Adele Z. Silver. <em>An Introduction to American Art in the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1972.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 3; Reproduced", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. \"A Checklist: American Paintings and Water Colors of the Eighteenth, Nineteenth, and Early Twentieth Centuries in the Cleveland Museum of Art.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art </em>(January 1973).", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 34", "url": null}, {"citation": "Mount, Charles Merrill. <em>Gilbert Stuart in Washington: With a Catalogue of His Portraits Painted between December 1803 and July 1805</em>. Washington, D.C.: Columbia Historical Society, 1973.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 96; Reproduced: p. 98", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 199", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n219"}, {"citation": "Evans, Dorinda. <em>The Genius of Gilbert Stuart</em>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 76; Reproduced: p. 76", "url": null}, {"citation": "Barratt, Carrie Rebora, Gilbert Stuart, and Ellen Gross Miles. <em>Gilbert Stuart</em>. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2004.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 260, 264-6; Reproduced: p. 265", "url": null}, {"citation": "Adams, Henry. <em>What's American About American Art?: A Gallery Tour in the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2008.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 9; Reproduced: p. 9", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>|Paintings in the Cleveland Museum of Art: Picture Book No. 4</em> . 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H. Wade", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Leigh and Mary Carter Gallery", "athena_id": 103366, "creators": [{"id": 2556, "description": "Gilbert Stuart (American, 1755\u20131828)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1755", "death_year": "1828", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1921-06-21T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1798, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 1803\u20135", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Mrs. John Thomson Mason"], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:09:07.411000"}, {"id": 119143, "accession_number": "1940.129", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Mourner from the Tomb of John the Fearless and Margaret of Bavaria, 1443\u201345. Jean de la Huerta (Spanish, active Burgundy, 1431\u201362). Salins alabaster; overall: 41 x 20.3 x 12.4 cm (16 1/8 x 8 x 4 7/8 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Purchase from the J. H. Wade Fund, 1940.129", "current_location": "109 Gothic Painting and Sculpture", "title": "Mourner from the Tomb of John the Fearless and Margaret of Bavaria", "creation_date": "1443\u201345", "creation_date_earliest": 1443, "creation_date_latest": 1445, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["Spanish, Burgundy, Dijon, 15th century"], "technique": "salins alabaster", "support_materials": [], "department": "Medieval Art", "collection": "MED - Gothic", "type": "Sculpture", "measurements": "Overall: 41 x 20.3 x 12.4 cm (16 1/8 x 8 x 4 7/8 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"height": 0.41, "width": 0.203, "depth": 0.124}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 312341, "title": "The Silver Jubilee Exhibition", "description": "<i>The Silver Jubilee Exhibition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 23-September 28, 1941).", "opening_date": "1941-06-23T04:00:00"}, {"id": 300926, "title": "Treasures of Medieval France", "description": "<i>Treasures of Medieval France</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (November 16, 1966-January 29, 1967).", "opening_date": "1966-11-16T05:00:00"}, {"id": 301217, "title": "The Scholar in Art", "description": "<i>The Scholar in Art</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (April 19-28, 1968).", "opening_date": "1968-04-19T04:00:00"}, {"id": 186370, "title": "Dukes and Angels: Art from the Court of Burgundy (1364-1419)", "description": "<i>Dukes and Angels: Art from the Court of Burgundy (1364-1419)</i>. Mus\u00e9e des Beaux-Arts, Dijon, Dijon, France (May 27-September 15, 2004); The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 24, 2004-January 9, 2005).", "opening_date": "2004-05-27T00:00:00"}, {"id": 180667, "title": "Sacred Gifts and Worldly Treasures: Medieval Masterworks from the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Sacred Gifts and Worldly Treasures: Medieval Masterworks from the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. National Museum of Bavaria, Munich, Germany (May 10-September 16, 2007); J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, CA (October 30, 2007-January 20, 2008); Frist Art Museum, Nashville, TN (February 13-June 7, 2009).", "opening_date": "2007-05-10T00:00:00"}, {"id": 213456, "title": "The Mourners: Medieval Tomb Sculptures from the Court of Burgundy", "description": "<i>The Mourners: Medieval Tomb Sculptures from the Court of Burgundy</i>. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY (March 1-May 23, 2010); Saint Louis Art Museum, St. Louis, MO (June 20-September 12, 2010); The Dallas Museum of Art, Dallas, TX (organizer) (October 3, 2010-January 2, 2011); Minneapolis Institute of Art, Minneapolis, MN (January 23-April 17, 2011).", "opening_date": "2010-03-01T00:00:00"}, {"id": 453138, "title": "Riemenschneider and Late Medieval Alabaster", "description": "<i>Riemenschneider and Late Medieval Alabaster</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (March 26-July 23, 2023).", "opening_date": "2023-03-26T04:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>Les Pleurant dans la Sculpture du Moyen Age en Europe,</em> Mus\u00e9e de Dijon, Palais des \u00c9tats de Bourgoge, France (July 3-September 12, 1971).", "opening_date": "1971-07-03T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Deux Pleurants de Jaume Cascalle Provenant des Sepultures Royales de Poblet</em>, Mus\u00e9es de France, Paris (May, 1949).", "opening_date": "1949-05-01T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "M. M. Hocquart, Dijon, France", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "Vicomte Edouard de Broissia & son, Georges (d. 1875), Dijon, France", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1825-1875", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "(M. Legay, Nancy, sold to Charles Stein)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1876", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "(Charles Stein, Paris, France)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "Baron Arthur de Schickler, Paris, France", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": 5}, {"description": "Count de Pourtales, Paris, France", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": 6}, {"description": "(Duveen Bros., Paris, France)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1919", "sortorder": 7}, {"description": "Clarence Mackay (d. 1939), New York, NY", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "by 1922-1939", "sortorder": 8}, {"description": "(Jacques Seligmann, New York, NY, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "?-1940", "sortorder": 9}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1940-", "sortorder": 10}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [{"id": 135539, "description": "Mourner from the Tomb of Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy (1364\u20131404), 1404\u201310. Claus de Werve (Netherlandish, 1380\u20131439). Vizille alabaster; overall: 41.1 x 17.6 x 11 cm (16 3/16 x 6 15/16 x 4 5/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Bequest of Leonard C. Hanna Jr., 1958.67", "relationship": null}, {"id": 135538, "description": "Mourner from the Tomb of Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy (1364\u20131404), 1404\u201310. Claus de Werve (Netherlandish, 1380\u20131439). Vizille alabaster; overall: 41 x 12.7 x 15 cm (16 1/8 x 5 x 5 7/8 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Bequest of Leonard C. Hanna Jr., 1958.66", "relationship": null}, {"id": 119132, "description": "Mourner from the Tomb of Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy (1364\u20131404), 1404\u20131410. Claus de Werve (Netherlandish, 1380\u20131439). Vizille alabaster; overall: 41.7 x 16.6 x 11.7 cm (16 7/16 x 6 9/16 x 4 5/8 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Purchase from the J. H. Wade Fund, 1940.128", "relationship": null}], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "A plaster cast of this mourner adorns the Tomb of John the Fearless and Margaret of Bavaria in Dijon, France.", "description": "This monklike figure has a variously textured monochrome surface. Alabaster\u2019s softness made it easy to carve details like the fabric and fur of the mourner\u2019s robe and the codex pages in his hand. This is one of 40 mourners from an elaborate funeral procession beneath an intricately carved alabaster arcade.<br><br>This mourner comes from the monastery of Champmol near Dijon, which became a primary burial place for Burgundian dukes. The sculpture was part of the tomb of John the Fearless (1371\u20131419), commissioned by his son Philip the Good (1396\u20131467), modeled after the earlier monument for Philip the Bold.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60762179"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1940.129-mourner-from-the-tom"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Mus\u00e9e des beaux-arts, Dijon", "page_number": null, "url": "http://mba-collections.dijon.fr/ow4/mba/voir.xsp?id=00101-25104&qid=sdx_q15&n=4&e="}, {"citation": "Michault, Jean-Bernard. <em>Explication des desseins des tombeaux des ducs de Bourgogne qui sont a\u0300 la Chartreuse de Dijon: pre\u0301sent\u00e9e a\u0300 S.A.S. Mgr le Duc, le 1. mai 1736, par le Sr J.P.</em> Gilquin. Nuys: Impr. de A. Migneret, 1736.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Drouot, Henri.<em> Le nombre des \"pleurants\" aux tombeaux des Ducs de Bourgogne</em>. Paris: H. Champion, 1911.", "page_number": "t. LXI, LIV, 135-141", "url": null}, {"citation": "Drouot, Henri \"De quelques dessins du XVIIIe si\u00e8cle repr\u00e9sentant les tombeaux des ducs de Bourgogne,\"<em>Revue de l'Art Chr\u00e9tien</em>, t. 64 LVII ann\u00e9e (1914).", "page_number": "pp. 113-118", "url": null}, {"citation": "Drouot, Henri \"L'atelier de Dijon et l'ex\u00e9cution du tombeau de Philippe le Hardi,\" Revue Belge d'arch\u00e9ologie et d'histoire de l'art II (January 1932).", "page_number": "pp. 11-50", "url": null}, {"citation": "Troescher, Georg. <em>Claus Sluter und die burgundische Plastik um die Wende des XIV</em>. <em>Jahrhunderts</em>. Freiburg im Breisgau: Urban, 1932.", "page_number": "p. 137", "url": null}, {"citation": "Andrieu, E. \"Les tombeaux des ducs de Bourgogne au Mus\u00e9e de Dijon,\" <em>Bulletin Monumental,</em> XC (1933).", "page_number": "pp. 171-193", "url": null}, {"citation": "Andrieu, E. \"La personnalit\u00e9 des pleurants du tombeau de Philippe le Hardi,\" <em>Revue Belge d'arch\u00e9ologie et d'histoire de l'art</em>, V (July-September 1935).", "page_number": "pp. 221-230", "url": null}, {"citation": "Roggen, D. \"De Plorants van Klaas SLuter te Dijon,\"<em> Gentsche bijdragen tot de kunstgeschiedenis en de oudheidkunde</em>, II (1935).", "page_number": "pp. 127-173, afb. 19, 22, 43, 47", "url": null}, {"citation": "Liebreich, Aenne.<em> Claus Sluter.</em> Bruxelles: Dietrich &amp; cie, 1936.", "page_number": "p.193, pl. XXXVII, fig 2", "url": null}, {"citation": "Troescher, Georg. <em>Die burgundische Plastik des ausgehenden Mittelalters und ihre Wirkungen auf die europa\u0308ische Kunst. </em>Frankfurt am Main: Prestel-Verlag, 1940.", "page_number": "pl. LIX", "url": null}, {"citation": "Milliken, William M. \"Two Pleurants from the Tombs of the Dukes of Burgundy.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 27, no. 8 (1940).", "page_number": "pp. 119-21", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25140875"}, {"citation": "Beaulieu, Miche\u0300le. 1949. \"Deux pleurants de Jaume Cascalls provenant des se\u0301pultures royales de Poblet: Muse\u0301e du Louvre\". Muse\u0301es De France. 96-98.", "page_number": "no. Iv", "url": null}, {"citation": "Muse\u0301e des beaux-arts de Dijon. <em>Chefs-d'\u0153uvre de la sculpture Bourguignonne du XIVe au XVIe sie\u0300cle</em>. [Dijon]: Muse\u0301e de Dijon, 1949.", "page_number": "p. 35A, no. 18", "url": null}, {"citation": "David, Henri. <em>Claus Sluter</em>. Paris: P. Tisne\u0301, 1951.", "page_number": "pl. 48", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Handbook.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 181", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1958/page/n43"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 74", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n98"}, {"citation": "Wixom, William D.<em> Treasures from Medieval France.</em> [Cleveland]: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1967.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 304-305; cat.no. VIII-6", "url": "https://archive.org/details/TreasuresMedievalFrance/page/n331"}, {"citation": "Plancher, Urbain. <em>Histoire generale et particuliere de Bourgogne, avec des notes, des dissertations et les preuves justificatives.</em> Dijon: A. de Fay, 1968.", "page_number": "t. II , t. III", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 74", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n98"}, {"citation": "<em>Les pleurants dans l'art du moyen-age en europe:</em> 2e ed. rev.et compl. Dijon: Musee des Beaux-Arts de Dijon, 1971.", "page_number": "pl. 67", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 84", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n104"}, {"citation": "De Winter, Patrick M. \"Art from the Duchy of Burgundy.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 74, no. 10 (1987).", "page_number": "pp. 411-424", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25160010"}, {"citation": "Penny, Nicholas. <em>The Materials of Sculpture.</em> New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993.", "page_number": "p. 65, plate 61", "url": null}, {"citation": "Fliegel, Stephen N., Sophie Jugie, and Virginie Barthe\u0301le\u0301my.<em> Art from the Court of Burgundy: The Patronage of Philip the Bold and John the Fearless 1364-1419</em> : Muse\u0301e Des Beaux-Arts De Dijon, May 28-September 15, 2004, the Cleveland Museum of Art, October 24, 2004-January 9, 2005. [Dijon]: Muse\u0301e des beaux-arts, 2004.", "page_number": "Cat. no. 94, p. 255, no. 67", "url": null}, {"citation": "Eikelmann, Renate, Holger A. Klein, Stephen N. Fliegel, and Virginia Brilliant. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art: Meisterwerke von 300 bis 1550</em>. Mu\u0308nchen: Hirmer, 2007.", "page_number": "p. 192-3, no. 69", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, and Holger A. Klein. <em>Sacred Gifts and Worldly Treasures: Medieval Masterworks from the Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> Cleveland, Ohio: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2007.", "page_number": "pp. 206-7", "url": null}, {"citation": "Baron, Franc\u0327oise, Sophie Jugie, and Benoi\u0302t Lafay. <em>Les tombeaux des ducs de Bourgogne: cre\u0301ation, destruction, restauration</em>. Paris: Somogy, 2009.", "page_number": "pp. 88, 90, Fig. 61. Pg. 137, Cat. 17", "url": null}, {"citation": "Jugie, Sophie. <em>The Mourners: Tomb Sculptures from the Court of Burgundy. </em>Dallas [Tex.]: FRAME/French/Regional/American Museum Exchange, 2010.", "page_number": "no. 67", "url": null}, {"citation": "\u201cA Walking Tour: The entire new museum wing by wing, with curators calling out a few favorite works in the collection.\u201d <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em> 54, no. 1 (January/February 2014): 8-33.", "page_number": "Reproduced and Mentioned: p. 13", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2014-01"}, {"citation": "Rosenwein, Barbara H. Generations of Feeling: A History of Emotions, 600-1700. Cambridge,United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2016.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 188-189; Reproduced: p. 188, plate 6.2", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cuzin, Jean-Pierre, et. al. <em>Le Saint Joseph Charpentier de Georges de la Tour: Un Don au Louvre de Percy Moore Turner. </em>Gent : Snoeck, 2017.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p,. 118 & 459, n. 1256", "url": null}, {"citation": "Salmon, Dimitri. \"A Propos du Saint Joseph Charpentier de Georges de la Tour: Nouveautes et Hypotheses.\" In <em>Le Saint Joseph Charpentier de Georges de la Tour: un don au Louvre de Percy Moore Turner, 40-215. </em>[Gent]: Snoeck, 2017.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 118, note 1256", "url": null}, {"citation": "Reeves, Matthew, Etienne Bobillet, and Paul de Mosselmann. Pleurants: Alabaster Mourners for the Tomb Monument of Jean De Berry (1340-1416). [Veurne] : Hannibal Books, 2022.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 62", "url": ""}, {"citation": "O\u2019Mara, Reed. \u201cMourner from the Tomb of John the Fearless and Margaret of Bavaria.\u201c In <em>Riemenschneider and Late Medieval Alabaster</em>, edited by Aumaine Rose Smith, 120-127. 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Wade Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": "a218ee3563b948278a4d48d4ff31bed7", "sketchfab_url": "https://sketchfab.com/models/a218ee3563b948278a4d48d4ff31bed7", "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 119143, "creators": [{"id": 9766, "description": "Jean de la Huerta (Spanish, active Burgundy, 1431\u201362)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1940-06-07T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1443, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1443\u201345", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Mourner with a Book from the Tomb of John the Fearless and Margaret of Bavaria", "Mourner from the Tomb of Duke John the Fearless"], "is_highlight": true, "updated_at": "2026-04-17 19:31:31.177000"}, {"id": 138885, "accession_number": "1963.256", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Hours of Queen Isabella the Catholic, Queen of Spain, c. 1500. Master of the First Prayerbook of Maximillian (Flemish, c. 1444\u20131519), and Associates. Ink, tempera, and gold on vellum; codex: 23.5 x 17.3 x 4.8 cm (9 1/4 x 6 13/16 x 1 7/8 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund, 1963.256", "current_location": "110B Late Gothic", "title": "Hours of Queen Isabella the Catholic, Queen of Spain", "creation_date": "c. 1500", "creation_date_earliest": 1495, "creation_date_latest": 1505, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["Flanders, Bruges and Ghent"], "technique": "ink, tempera, and gold on vellum", "support_materials": [], "department": "Medieval Art", "collection": "MED - Manuscript Illuminations", "type": "Bound Volume", "measurements": "Codex: 23.5 x 17.3 x 4.8 cm (9 1/4 x 6 13/16 x 1 7/8 in.)", "dimensions": {"codex": {"height": 0.235, "width": 0.173, "depth": 0.048}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 304258, "title": "Year in Review (1963)", "description": "<i>Year in Review (1963)</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (November 27, 1963-January 5, 1964).", "opening_date": "1963-11-27T05:00:00"}, {"id": 304660, "title": "Twelve Masterpieces of Medieval and Renaissance Book Illumination", "description": "<i>Twelve Masterpieces of Medieval and Renaissance Book Illumination</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (March 17-April 19, 1964).", "opening_date": "1964-03-17T05:00:00"}, {"id": 304558, "title": "When Angels Bent Near the Earth to Touch Their Harps of Gold: The Christmas Story", "description": "<i>When Angels Bent Near the Earth to Touch Their Harps of Gold: The Christmas Story</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (December 1, 1981-January 17, 1982).", "opening_date": "1981-12-01T05:00:00"}, {"id": 217056, "title": "Illuminating the Renaissance:  The Triumph of Flemish Manuscript Painting in Europe, 1467-1561", "description": "<i>Illuminating the Renaissance:  The Triumph of Flemish Manuscript Painting in Europe, 1467-1561</i>. J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, CA (organizer) (June 17-September 7, 2003).", "opening_date": "2003-06-17T00:00:00"}, {"id": 180667, "title": "Sacred Gifts and Worldly Treasures: Medieval Masterworks from the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Sacred Gifts and Worldly Treasures: Medieval Masterworks from the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. National Museum of Bavaria, Munich, Germany (May 10-September 16, 2007); J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, CA (October 30, 2007-January 20, 2008); Frist Art Museum, Nashville, TN (February 13-June 7, 2009).", "opening_date": "2007-05-10T00:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>The Medieval Garden</em>, H.F. Spencer Museum of Art, University of Kansas, (March 20-May 1983).", "opening_date": "2020-03-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>The Medieval Garden</em>, Dumbarton Oaks, (May 12, 1983-July 7, 1983).", "opening_date": "1983-05-12T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Circa 1492: Art in the Age of Exploration</em>. The National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC (October 12, 1991-January 12, 1992).", "opening_date": "1991-10-12T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Illuminating the Renaissance</em>, J. Paul Getty Museum, (June 17 - September 7, 2003).", "opening_date": "2003-06-17T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Unidentified first owner? (c. 1500)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "c.1500-", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "Isabella the Catholic, Queen of Castile", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "Baron Edmond de Rothschild (Late 1800s till 1934)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "Baron Maurice de Rothschild", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1934-1954", "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "(Rosenberg & Stiebel, New York, NY), sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1954-1963", "sortorder": 5}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, Oh", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1963-", "sortorder": 6}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Isabella\u2019s book of hours may have in its margins one of the first depictions of a daffodil in manuscript painting.", "description": "The original owner of this exquisite book of hours was Queen Isabella of Spain, who sponsored Christopher Columbus's exploratory voyage to the Americas. Eventually this book found its way to the New World and was acquired by the Cleveland Museum of Art in 1963.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60740043"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1963.256-hours-of-queen-isabe"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Gras, Samuel, and Anne-Marie Legare\u0301. Lumie\u0300res du Nord: les manuscrits enlumine\u0301s franc\u0327ais et flamands de la Bibliothe\u0300que nationale d'Espagne. Villeneuve-d'Ascq, France : Presses universitaires du Septentrion, 2021.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 335; reproduced: p. [350], fig. 12.6", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Lee, Sherman E. \"Year in Review for 1963.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 50, no. 10 (1963): 263-94.", "page_number": "Referenced: p. 267-271", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25151974."}, {"citation": "Wixom, William D. \"Twelve Masterpieces of Medieval and Renaissance Book Illumination. A Catalogue to the Exhibition: March 17-May 17, 1964.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 51, no. 3 (1964)", "page_number": "pp. 60-63", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 69", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n93"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 69", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n93"}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, and Berthold Fricke. The Cleveland Museum of Art. Hannover: Knorr &amp; Hirth, 1970.", "page_number": "pp. 36-7", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Twelve Additions to the Medieval Treasury.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 59, no. 4 (1972)", "page_number": "pp. 109-11", "url": null}, {"citation": "Scillia, Diane Graybowski. Gerard David and Manuscript Illumination in the Low Countries, 1480-1509. 1975.", "page_number": "pp. 228-32", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 78", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n98"}, {"citation": "De Winter, Patrick M. \u201cA Book of Hours of Queen Isabel La Cat\u00f3lica.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 68, no. 10 (December 1981): 342\u2013427.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 342-427", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25159749"}, {"citation": "Dumbarton Oaks Colloquium on the History of Landscape Architecture , and Elisabeth Blair MacDougall. Medieval Gardens. Washington (D.C.): Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1986.", "page_number": "p. 180, Cat. No. 25", "url": null}, {"citation": "Stokstad, Marilyn, and Jerry Stannard. Gardens of the Middle Ages. Lawrence: Spencer Museum of Art, University of Kansas, 1983.", "page_number": "Cat. No. 25", "url": null}, {"citation": "Manion, Margaret M., and Vera F. Vines. Medieval and Renaissance Illuminated Manuscripts in Australian Collections. Melbourne: Thames and Hudson, 1984.", "page_number": "p. 153", "url": null}, {"citation": "Societa\u0300 di storia della miniatura. Miniatura: studi di storia dell'illustrazione e decorazione del libro. Firenze: Alinari, 1988.", "page_number": "pp. 123-124", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Calkins, Robert G. \u201cSacred Image &amp; Illusion in Late Flemish Manuscripts.\u201d </em>Essays in Medieval Studies: Proceedings of the Illinois Medieval Association Vol. 6 (1989)", "page_number": "pp. 1-29", "url": null}, {"citation": "Hollander, Anne. Moving Pictures. New York: Knopf, 1989.", "page_number": "pp. 69-70", "url": null}, {"citation": "Levenson, Jay A. Circa 1492: Art in the Age of Exploration. Washington: National Gallery of Art, 1991.", "page_number": "pp. 155-6, Cat. No. 34", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. Interpretations: Sixty-Five Works from the Cleveland Museum of Art. 1991.", "page_number": "p. 12", "url": null}, {"citation": "Pelikan, Jaroslav, and Jaroslav Pelikan. The Illustrated Jesus Through the Centuries. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997.", "page_number": "pp. 4-5", "url": null}, {"citation": "Nieuwdorp, Hans M. J., and Brigitte Dekeyzer. Breviarium Mayer Van den Bergh: alle miniaturen. Gent: Ludion, 1997.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Gibson, Walter S., and Laurinda S. Dixon. In Detail: New Studies of Northern Renaissance Art in Honor of Walter S. Gibson. [S.l.]: Brepols, 1998.", "page_number": "pp. 57-8", "url": null}, {"citation": "Smeyers, Maurits, and Monique Verboomen. L'Art de la miniature flamande du VIIIe au XVIe sie\u0300cle. Tournai: La renaissance du livre, 1998.", "page_number": "p. 478, no. 91", "url": null}, {"citation": "Smeyers, Maurits. Flemish Miniatures from the 8th to the Mid-16th Century: The Medieval World on Parchment. Turnhout: Brepols, 1999.", "page_number": "p. 478", "url": null}, {"citation": "Crucifixion. London: Phaidon, 2000.", "page_number": "pp. 92-93", "url": null}, {"citation": "Gnann, Achim, Heinz Widauer, Katja Gnann, and Konrad Oberhuber. Festschrift Fu\u0308r Konrad Oberhuber. Milano: Electa, 2000.", "page_number": "pp. 215-233", "url": null}, {"citation": "May, Sally Ruth, Jane Takac, and Barbara J. Bradley. Knockouts: A Pocket Guide. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2001.", "page_number": "p. 30 & 117", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kesel, Lieve de. \u201cAlmost Restored The Hours of Archduchess Isabella Clara Eugenia Berlin, Kupferstichkabinett, 78 B 15.\u201d <em>Jahrbuch der Berliner</em> (2001)", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Kren, Thomas, Scot McKendrick, and Maryan W. Ainsworth. <em>Illuminating the Renaissance: The Triumph of Flemish Manuscript Painting in Europe</em>. 2003.", "page_number": "Referenced: cat. no. 105, p. 359", "url": null}, {"citation": "Wixom, William. \"A Glimpse at the Fountains of the Middle Ages.\" <em>Cleveland Studies in the History of Art </em>8 (2003): 6-23.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 10", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/20079727"}, {"citation": "Dekeyzer, Brigitte. Layers of Illusion: The Mayer Van Den Bergh Breviary. [Ghent]: Ludion, 2004.", "page_number": "pp. 123, 150, 167", "url": null}, {"citation": "Dekeyzer, Brigitte, and Jan van der Stock. Manuscripts in transition: recycling manuscripts, texts, and images : proceedings of the International Congres held in Brussels (5-9 November 2002). Paris: Uitgeverij Peeters, 2005.", "page_number": "p. 218", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, and Holger A. Klein. Sacred Gifts and Worldly Treasures: Medieval Masterworks from the Cleveland Museum of Art. Cleveland, Ohio: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2007.", "page_number": "pp. 224-227", "url": null}, {"citation": "Rudy, Kathryn M., and Barbara Baert. Weaving, veiling, and dressing: textiles and their metaphors in the late Middle Ages. Turnhout: Brepols, 2007.", "page_number": "pp. 147-48", "url": null}, {"citation": "France, James. Medieval Images of Saint Bernard of Clairvaux. Kalamazoo, Mich: Cistercian Publications, 2007.", "page_number": "p. 379", "url": null}, {"citation": "Fliegel, Stephen N. Resplendent Faith: Liturgical Treasuries of the Middle Ages. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 2009.", "page_number": "p. 39, fig. 34", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, David Franklin, and C. Griffith Mann. Treasures from the Cleveland Museum of Art. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2012.", "page_number": "p. 156-7", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lo\u0301pez Montilla, Mari\u0301a Jesu\u0301s. El libro de horas: un libro selecto de devocio\u0301n privada. 2012.", "page_number": "p. 118, fig. 25", "url": null}, {"citation": "Fliegel, Stephen N., and Stephen N. Fliegel. A Higher Contemplation: Sacred Meaning in the Christian Art of the Middle Ages. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 2012.", "page_number": "p. 43, fig 34; p. 44, fig 35", "url": null}, {"citation": "Campbell, Barbara F., and James P. Campbell. Finding God: Our Response to God's Gifts. Chicago: Loyola Press, 2013.", "page_number": "p. 218", "url": null}, {"citation": "Catholic Church, Isabella, and Lieve De Kesel. <em>Libro de horas de Isabel la Cato\u0301lica = Isabella la Catholica Book of Hours</em>. 2013", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Coleman, Joyce, Mark Cruse, and Kathryn A. Smith. The Social Life of Illumination: Manuscripts, Images, and Communities in the Late Middle Ages. 2013.", "page_number": "p. 488, fig. 125", "url": null}, {"citation": "Hindman, Sandra, and James H. Marrow. Books of hours reconsidered. 2013.", "page_number": "p. 50, footnote 12", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.<br>Fol. 197v and Fol. 198r", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 279", "url": ""}, {"citation": "De Hamel, Christopher. <em>Meetings with Remarkable Manuscripts </em>London: Allen Lane with an imprint of Penguin Books. 2016.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 540, 550, 608", "url": null}, {"citation": "Dias, Joa\u0303o Carvalho.<em> European Illuminated Manuscripts in the Calouste Gulbenkian Collection.</em> [Lisbon]: Calouste Gulbenkian Museum, 2020.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 271, fig. 2", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Hindman, Sandra, Simon Bening, Laura Light, and Matthew J. Westerby. Simon Bening and the Enri\u0301quez De Ribera Prayerbook. Paris ; New York : Les Enluminures, 2021.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 60; reproduced: p. 59, fig. 24", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Foster-Campbell, Megan H. \"Pilgrimage Across Borders: Painted Pilgrim's Badges in Flemish Illuminated Manuscripts\" in <em>Illuminating Metalwork: Metal, Object, and Image in Medieval Manuscripts</em>. 2022.", "page_number": "Reproduced and mentioned: pp. 401-402, fig. 5", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1963.256", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1963.256/1963.256_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "610", "filesize": "246795", "filename": "1963.256_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1963.256/1963.256_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2306", "filesize": "2455531", "filename": "1963.256_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1963.256/1963.256_full.tif", "width": "5708", "height": "3872", "filesize": "40753740", "filename": "1963.256_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [], "creditline": "Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 138885, "creators": [{"id": 7682, "description": "Master of the First Prayerbook of Maximillian (Flemish, c. 1444\u20131519)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": "Alexander Bening has been presumed to be the same artist formerly know under the sobriquet, \"Master of the Older Prayerbook of Maximilian I\"", "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1444", "death_year": "1519", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}, {"id": 293477, "description": "Associates", "extent": null, "qualifier": "and", "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 2}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1963-04-11T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1495, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 1500", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "cover", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Hours of Ferdinand V and Isabella of Spain"], "is_highlight": true, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:09:14.053000"}, {"id": 140078, "accession_number": "1963.91", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "La Cervara, the Roman Campagna, c. 1830\u201331. Jean Baptiste Camille Corot (French, 1796\u20131875). Oil on fabric; framed: 130 x 167.5 x 9.5 cm (51 3/16 x 65 15/16 x 3 3/4 in.); unframed: 97.6 x 135.8 cm (38 7/16 x 53 7/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund, 1963.91", "current_location": "219 19th Century European", "title": "La Cervara, the Roman Campagna", "creation_date": "c. 1830\u201331", "creation_date_earliest": 1830, "creation_date_latest": 1831, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["France, 19th century"], "technique": "oil on fabric", "support_materials": [], "department": "Modern European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "Mod Euro - Painting 1800-1960", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 130 x 167.5 x 9.5 cm (51 3/16 x 65 15/16 x 3 3/4 in.); Unframed: 97.6 x 135.8 cm (38 7/16 x 53 7/16 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 1.3, "width": 1.675, "depth": 0.095}, "unframed": {"height": 0.976, "width": 1.358}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 304258, "title": "Year in Review (1963)", "description": "<i>Year in Review (1963)</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (November 27, 1963-January 5, 1964).", "opening_date": "1963-11-27T05:00:00"}, {"id": 515538, "title": "Corot Exhibition", "description": "<i>Corot Exhibition</i>. Gallery of the Royal Scottish Academy, Edinburgh (organizer) (August 14-September 12, 1965); National Gallery, London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (October 1-November 7, 1965).", "opening_date": "1965-08-14T04:00:00"}, {"id": 304561, "title": "Visions of Landscape: East and West", "description": "<i>Visions of Landscape: East and West</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (February 17-March 21, 1982).", "opening_date": "1982-02-17T05:00:00"}, {"id": 380187, "title": "Jean-Baptiste Camille Corot", "description": "<i>Jean-Baptiste Camille Corot</i>. National Gallery of Canada (June 20-September 22, 1996); The Metropolitan Museum of Art (October 21, 1996-January 19, 1997).", "opening_date": "1996-02-27T05:00:00"}, {"id": 228194, "title": "Maest\u00e1 di Roma, da Napoleon all'Unita d'Italia: Capitale delle Arti", "description": "<i>Maest\u00e1 di Roma, da Napoleon all'Unita d'Italia: Capitale delle Arti</i>. Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna, Rome, Itlay (March 5-June 29, 2003).", "opening_date": "2003-03-05T00:00:00"}, {"id": 184132, "title": "Masterworks from The Phillips Collection", "description": "<i>Masterworks from The Phillips Collection</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (February 20-May 29, 2005).", "opening_date": "2005-02-20T00:00:00"}, {"id": 220464, "title": "Corot. Nature, Emotion, Souvenir", "description": "<i>Corot. Nature, Emotion, Souvenir</i>. Museo Nacional Thyssen-Bornemisza, Madrid, Spain (organizer) (June 7-September 11, 2005); Palazzo dei Diamanti, 44110 Ferrara, Italy (October 9, 2005-January 8, 2006).", "opening_date": "2005-06-07T00:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>La Cervara, campagne de Rome</em>. Salon Mus\u00e9e Royal, Paris, France (1831).", "opening_date": null}, {"description": "<em>Corot 1796-1875.</em>Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (1960). (Lent by Paul Rosenberg).", "opening_date": "1960-01-01T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Cl\u00e9ment Jourdan [1836-1908], Paris, France, 1889.", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1889", "sortorder": null}, {"description": "Seganville family, Ch\u00e2teau St. Pierre-de-Groupiac, France", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "(Probably Harry Sperling, New York.)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "Paul Rosenberg & Co., Paris and New York, by 1960.", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1960-1963", "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "Paul Rosenberg & Co., Paris, France and New York, NY, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1963", "sortorder": 5}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1963", "sortorder": 6}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "In 1845, the French poet Charles Baudelaire proclaimed Corot the leading painter of the modern landscape.", "description": "Corot based his large oil painting on drawings and oil sketches made outdoors. Attracted to the beauty of the Italian countryside, he often sketched around Rome, where he lived from 1825 to 1828. This painting's highly structured composition, based on forms moving into the distance along a series of diagonals, is characteristic of Corot's early style and recalls the classical landscapes of 17th-century painter Nicholas Poussin.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41515823"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1963.91-la-cervara-the-roman"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Interpretations: Sixty-Five Works from the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1991.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 28", "url": null}, {"citation": "Robaut, Alfred, and Etienne Moreau-Ne\u0301laton. <em>L'\u0152uvre de Corot</em>. Paris, France: H. Floury, 1905.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 46, vol. I", "url": null}, {"citation": "Moreau-Ne\u0301laton, Etienne. <em>Corot raconte\u0301 par lui-me\u0302me</em>. Paris, France: Henri Laurens, E\u0301diteur, 1924.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 22, vol. I", "url": null}, {"citation": "Jal, A. <em>Salon de 1831: e\u0301bauches critiques</em>. Paris, France: A.J. De\u0301nain, 1831.", "page_number": "Mentioned: no. 399", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Camille Corot, 1796-1875: Kunsthaus Zu\u0308rich : 16. August-7. Oktober 1934</em>. Zu\u0308rich, Switzerland: Das Kunsthaus, 1934.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 15", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bazin, Germain. <em>Corot</em>. Berlin, Germany: Kru\u0308ger Verlag, 1942.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 90", "url": null}, {"citation": "Baud-Bovy, Daniel. <em>Corot</em>. Gene\u0301ve, Switzerland: A. Jullien, 1957.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 81", "url": null}, {"citation": "Fosca, Franc\u0327ois. <em>Corot, Sa Vie Et Son \u0152uvre</em>. Bruxelles, Belgium: Elsevier, 1958.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 19", "url": null}, {"citation": "Art Institute of Chicago. <em>Corot, 1796-1875: An Exhibition of His Paintings and Graphic Works, the Art Institute of Chicago, October 6 Through November 13, 1960</em>. Chicago, IL: Art Institute of Chicago, 1960.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 19", "url": null}, {"citation": "Saisselin, Remy. \"Art is imitation of Nature.\" The Bulletin of The Cleveland Museum of Art LII (1965): 42-43.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 42; Reproduced: p. 43, fig. 1", "url": null}, {"citation": "Arts Council of Great Britain, and Cecil Hilton Monk Gould. <em>Corot</em>. London, United Kingdom: Arts Council, 1965.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 18", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 168", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n192"}, {"citation": "Lurie, Ann T. \"Corot: The Roman Campagna.\" <em>The Bulletin of The Cleveland</em> <em>Museum of Art </em>LIII (1966):51-57.", "page_number": "Reproduced: fig. 1", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 168", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n192"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 207", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n227"}, {"citation": "Talbot, William S. \"Some French Landscapes: 1779-1842.\" <em>The Bulletin of The Cleveland Museum of Art </em>LXV (1978): 84-85.", "page_number": "Reproduced: fig. 12", "url": null}, {"citation": "Morse, John D. <em>Old Master Paintings in North America: Over 3000 Masterpieces by 50 Great Artists</em>. New York, NY: Abbeville Press, 1979.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 66", "url": null}, {"citation": "Wissman, Fronia E. <em>J.-B.-C. Corot: View of Volterra</em>. San Diego, CA: [Timken Art Gallery], 1988.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 9, 15; Reproduced:  fig. 10.", "url": null}, {"citation": "Galassi, Peter. <em>Corot in Italy: Open-Air Painting and the Classical-Landscape Tradition</em>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1991.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Chagneau,Catherine, and Marie-France Cocheteux. <em>Corot, 1796-1875: [expositions] Paris, Galeries nationales du Grand Palais, 28 fe\u0301vrier-27 mai 1996 ; Ottawa, Muse\u0301e des beaux-arts du Canada, 21 juin-22 septembre 1996 ; New York, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, 22 octobre 1996-19 janvier 1997</em>. Paris, France: Re\u0301union des muse\u0301es nationaux, 1996.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 22, 80-85;Reproduced: no. 30", "url": null}, {"citation": "Pomare\u0300de, Vincent. <em>Corot</em>. Paris, France: Flammarion, 1996.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p.74,75; Mentioned p. 98", "url": null}, {"citation": "Rubin, James Henry. <em>Courbet</em>. London, United Kingdom: Phaidon, 1997.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 223; Mentioned: p. 225", "url": null}, {"citation": "Azeglio, Massimo d', and Martina Corgnati. <em>Massimo d'Azeglio: pittore</em>. Milano, Italy: Mazzotta, 1998.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 45", "url": null}, {"citation": "D'Argencourt, Louise and Roger Diederen. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art: Catalogue of Paintings, Part Four; European Paintings of the 19th Century</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1999.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 55", "url": null}, {"citation": "De Rosa, Pier Andrea, and Paolo Emilio Trastulli. <em>La campagna romana: cento dipinti inediti tra fine Settecento e primo Novecento</em>. Roma, Italy: Studio Ottocento, 1999.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 196, no. 93", "url": null}, {"citation": "Rosenberg, Pierre, and Jean-Pierre Caillet. <em>La peinture franc\u0327aise</em>. Paris, France: Menge\u0300s, 2001.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 605; Mentioned: p. 673", "url": null}, {"citation": "Susinno, Stefano, Sandra Pinto, Liliana Barroero, Fernando Mazzocca, Giovanna Capitelli, and Matteo Lafranconi. <em>Maesta\u0300 di Roma: da Napoleone all'unita\u0300 d'Italia</em>. Milano, Italy: Electa, 2003.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 354, vol. 6", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Corot: natura, emozione, ricordo : Madrid, Museo Thyssen-Bornemisza, 7 giugno-11 settembre 2005, Ferrara, Palazzo dei Diamanti, 9 ottobre 2005-8 gennaio 2006</em>. Ferrara, Italy: Ferrara arte, 2005.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 139, fig. 14", "url": null}, {"citation": "Pomare\u0300de, Vincent, and Michael Clarke. <em>Corot: naturaleza, emocio\u0301n, recuerdo</em>. Madrid, Spain: Museo Thyssen-Bornemisza, 2005.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 287", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Mazzocca, Fernando. \"Grand tour: Il fascino delle antiche rovine e lo splendore della natura mediterranea.\" Art e dossier no.392, Suppl.(November 2021): 27-35.", "page_number": "reproduced p.30", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1963.91", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1963.91/1963.91_web.jpg", "width": "1245", "height": "893", "filesize": "777639", "filename": "1963.91_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1963.91/1963.91_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2438", "filesize": "5590565", "filename": "1963.91_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1963.91/1963.91_full.tif", "width": "5951", "height": "4267", "filesize": "76214120", "filename": "1963.91_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [], "creditline": "Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Norma and Alfred Lerner Gallery", "athena_id": 140078, "creators": [{"id": 1588, "description": "Jean Baptiste Camille Corot (French, 1796\u20131875)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": "Camille Corot's earlier biographers presented him as a naive artist separated from commercial concerns who painted whatever pleased him in the French countryside and from his own emotions. For these writers his importance lay in his loosely painted, atmospheric landscapes, for which later modernists called him the precursor to impressionism. This conception of the artist has undergone significant revision with recent scholarship. Corot never seemed to accept the impressionists' more radical work, especially their enthusiasm for contemporary urban and suburban themes. He represented timeless, rural views disconnected from the industrialization and modernization of nineteenth-century France.\r\nFollowing his father in the clothing trade, Corot worked for eight years before the death of his younger sister in 1821 provided him with the additional income (her annual allowance) to enable him to devote himself to painting. In 1822 he began to study with the landscape painter Achille-Etna Michallon (1796-1822), winner of the first Grand Prix de Rome in historicized landscape, and after Michallon's early death that year, with Bertin (q.v.). Both Michallon and Bertin had trained with Pierre-Henri de Valenciennes (1750-1819), whose later eighteenth-century treatise on landscape painting practice urged artists to study nature closely. In addition, Michallon frequented the village of Barbizon and the forest of Fontainebleau, which would become important subjects for Corot and the group of painters known as the Barbizon school.\r\nIn 1825 Corot made his first trip to Italy, following in the tradition of the French academy but also the independent precedent of the seventeenth-century French painter Claude Lorrain. There Corot joined an international circle of artists, including L\u00e9opold Robert (1794-1835) and Aligny (q.v.), who struggled to resolve the contradictory phases of empirical study out of doors and synthetic recreation in the studio. From Rome, he sent his first submissions to the Paris Salon in 1827, among them The View at Narni (National Gallery of Canada, Ottowa). These early Italian views generally feature a bright, warm light with few areas in shadow.\r\nCorot gradually shifted from this early style to one in the 1840s that frequently included larger figures in the middle ground, more complex light effects, and a duller, earthy palette of greens and browns. He continued to use his outdoor works as models for finished canvases but freely adapted the compositions, forms, lighting, and color. The question of finish did not only pertain to the relationship between plein-air studies and studio compositions, which he called paysage compos\u00e9 (invented landscape). Corot sometimes added figures to landscapes that he had painted years earlier and even asked fellow painters such as Diaz de la Pe\u00f1a (q.v.) to paint them. His titles often referred to the geographical location that inspired the image, and some included the word souvenir (broad-ly translated as memory), which suggests recreating or revisiting some experience. \r\nThe critical reception of Corot's work fluctuated. His first Salon submissions passed the jury, but during the 1830s he was first overlooked and then attacked by the critics. By the 1840s his fortunes had improved, and he even sold one Salon picture to the French state. In more radical circles, the critic-poet Charles Baudelaire held Corot up as a leader in contemporary landscape painting. Corot received the Legion of Honor in 1846 as well as a municipal commission to decorate the baptismal fonts in the church of St. Nicolas du Chardonnet in Paris. \r\nIn the early 1850s Corot transformed his style again. He developed silvery tones and diffuse lighting effects applied in a few thin layers, over which he added small touches of brighter color for highlights. The soft glimmer and evocative atmosphere of these later works earned him commercial and critical success. During the last decade, Corot turned toward the single figure as subject. The meditative poses and expressions of these figures reminded some contemporary critics of seventeenth-century painting, especially the realism of Spanish and Dutch pictures. But Corot's landscapes remained his most admired work, and during his lifetime imitations or fakes were sold under his name.", "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1796", "death_year": "1875", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1963-02-09T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1830, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 1830\u201331", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": true, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["The Roman Campagna"], "is_highlight": true, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:01:55.261000"}, {"id": 129799, "accession_number": "1952.233", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Backrest of a Litter, 1185\u20131275 (radiocarbon date, 95.4% probability). Central Andes, North Coast, Chim\u00fa people, late Intermediate period. Mixed media:  wood, gold alloy, pigment, shell inlay; overall: 60.4 x 95 cm (23 3/4 x 37 3/8 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, John L. Severance Fund, 1952.233", "current_location": "232 Andean", "title": "Backrest of a Litter", "creation_date": "1185\u20131275 (radiocarbon date, 95.4% probability)", "creation_date_earliest": 1185, "creation_date_latest": 1275, "artists_tags": [], "culture": ["Central Andes, North Coast, Chim\u00fa people, late Intermediate period"], "technique": "mixed media:  wood, gold alloy, pigment, shell inlay", "support_materials": [], "department": "Art of the Americas", "collection": "AA - Andes", "type": "Sculpture", "measurements": "Overall: 60.4 x 95 cm (23 3/4 x 37 3/8 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"height": 0.604, "width": 0.95}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 300804, "title": "Treasures of Peruvian Gold", "description": "<i>Treasures of Peruvian Gold</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (February 23-April 3, 1966).", "opening_date": "1966-02-23T05:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>Ancient Arts of the Andes</em>, Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY (January 26- March 29, 1954).", "opening_date": "1954-01-26T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Treasures of Peruvian Gold</em>, The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (February 23- April 3, 1996).", "opening_date": "1996-02-23T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "John Wise, New York, NY, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "?-1952", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1952-", "sortorder": 2}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Cinnabar, a toxic mercuric sulfide, was used to color the red background and faces of the figures.", "description": "This rare, dramatic object served as the back support of a litter carried by human porters, a mode of transport reserved for honored members of many societies without draft animals or wheeled vehicles. The simple, bold figures\u2014perhaps a Chim\u00fa lord and four officials\u2014all wear wide collars, tunics, and crescent headdresses that are either brightly painted or covered with golden but now-corroded sheet metal. The holes at the bottom probably served as lashing points for a beam that supported the litter's seat.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60763237"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1952.233-backrest-of-a-litter"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "\"Art and Archaeology at the Cleveland Museum of Art.\" <em>Archaeology</em> 6, no. 4 (1953)", "page_number": "p. 202", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/41663172"}, {"citation": "Bennett, Wendell Clark. <em>Ancient Arts of the Andes. </em>New York: Museum of Modern Art, 1954.", "page_number": "p. 120, fig. 137", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Handbook.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 351", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1958/page/n67"}, {"citation": "Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, and Jay I. Kislak Collection (Library of Congress). <em>Memoirs of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology,</em> Harvard University. Cambridge: The Museum, 1937.", "page_number": "p. 68", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 299", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n323"}, {"citation": "Glubok, Shirley, Shirley Glubok, and Gerard Nook<em>. The Art of Ancient Peru.</em> New York: Harper &amp; Row, 1966.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art<em>. Selected Works: Cleveland Museum of Art. </em>1967.", "page_number": "p. 235", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 299", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n323"}, {"citation": "Howard, Cecil, and J. H. Parry. <em>Pizarro and the Conquest of Peru. </em>London: Cassell, 1970.", "page_number": "p. 76", "url": null}, {"citation": "Masada, Yoshio. <em>Ancient American Art</em> (Japan, Gakken Co. Ltd, 1973)", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 403", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n423"}, {"citation": "Scott, John F. <em>Latin American Art: Ancient to Modern</em>. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1999.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 338", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Bergh, Susan E. \"Fragment of the Chim\u00fa Prisoner Textile\" published on the occasion of <em>Enchanted: Visual Histories of the Ancient Andes</em>, July 30-November 14, 2021, Menil Collection (2021).", "page_number": "fig. 8", "url": "https://www.menil.org/read/online-features/enchanted/weaving-the-world/chimu-prisoner-textile"}, {"citation": "Young, Michelle, Colin Cooke, Richard Burger, Emily Kaplan, Gabriel Prieto Jacob Bongers, et al. \"Mass spectrometry measurements of mercury isotope ratios support geochemical sourcing of archaeological cinnabar in the Andean region.\" PLoS One 20(7): e0326414.", "page_number": "", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0326414"}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1952.233", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1952.233/1952.233_web.jpg", "width": "1263", "height": "797", "filesize": "760261", "filename": "1952.233_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1952.233/1952.233_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2146", "filesize": "4302243", "filename": "1952.233_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1952.233/1952.233_full.tif", "width": "4096", "height": "2585", "filesize": "31775004", "filename": "1952.233_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1952.233/1952.233_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "1263", "height": "797", "filesize": "778096"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1952.233/1952.233_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2146", "filesize": "4584368"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1952.233/1952.233_alt0_full.tif", "width": "", "height": "", "filesize": ""}}, {"date_created": "2011-02-22T14:53:14", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1952.233/1952.233_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "1263", "height": "858", "filesize": "762370"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1952.233/1952.233_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2310", "filesize": "6234339"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1952.233/1952.233_alt1_full.tif", "width": "6358", "height": "4320", "filesize": "82433012"}}, {"date_created": "2011-02-22T15:06:41", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1952.233/1952.233_alt2_web.jpg", "width": "1263", "height": "882", "filesize": "767820"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1952.233/1952.233_alt2_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2374", "filesize": "6832589"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1952.233/1952.233_alt2_full.tif", "width": "6418", "height": "4482", "filesize": "86327512"}}], "creditline": "John L. Severance Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 129799, "creators": [], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1952-06-23T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1185, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1185\u20131275 (radiocarbon date, 95.4% probability)", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Front of a Litter"], "is_highlight": true, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:04:02.933000"}, {"id": 148021, "accession_number": "1975.101", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Eleven-Headed Bodhisattva of Compassion (Avalokiteshvara), around 1000. Western Himalayas. Gilt bronze with silver and copper inlay; overall: 39.4 x 14 x 7.6 cm (15 1/2 x 5 1/2 x 3 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Andrew R. and Martha Holden Jennings Fund, 1975.101", "current_location": "237 Himalayan", "title": "Eleven-Headed Bodhisattva of Compassion (Avalokiteshvara)", "creation_date": "around 1000", "creation_date_earliest": 975, "creation_date_latest": 1025, "artists_tags": [], "culture": ["Western Himalayas"], "technique": "gilt bronze with silver and copper inlay", "support_materials": [], "department": "Indian and Southeast Asian Art", "collection": "Tibetan Art", "type": "Sculpture", "measurements": "Overall: 39.4 x 14 x 7.6 cm (15 1/2 x 5 1/2 x 3 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"height": 0.394, "width": 0.14, "depth": 0.076}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 310042, "title": "Images of the Mind", "description": "<i>Images of the Mind</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (July 7-August 30, 1987).", "opening_date": "1987-07-07T04:00:00"}, {"id": 441896, "title": "Wisdom and Compassion: The Sacred Art of Tibet", "description": "<i>Wisdom and Compassion: The Sacred Art of Tibet</i>. Royal Academy of Arts, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (September 18-December 13, 1992).", "opening_date": "1992-09-18T04:00:00"}, {"id": 218855, "title": "Wisdom and Compassion: The Sacred Art of Tibet", "description": "<i>Wisdom and Compassion: The Sacred Art of Tibet</i>. Kunst- und Ausstellungshalle der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Bonn, Germany (May 1-August 31, 1996); Fundaci\u00f3 \"la Caixa\", Barcelona, Spain (October 1, 1996-January 12, 1997).", "opening_date": "1996-05-01T00:00:00"}, {"id": 218846, "title": "Wisdom and Compassion: The Sacred Art of Tibet", "description": "<i>Wisdom and Compassion: The Sacred Art of Tibet</i>. Dr. Sun-Yat-Sen Memorial Hall, Taipei (January 16-May 1, 1998).", "opening_date": "1998-01-16T00:00:00"}], "legacy": []}, "provenance": [{"description": "(J. E. Eskenazi, Ltd., London, England, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "?\u20131975", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1975\u2013", "sortorder": 2}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "The bottle in his lower-left hand contains the nectar of immortality.", "description": "One of the finest surviving examples of its kind, this rare six-armed form of Avalokiteshvara has the slender athletic figure and penetrating expression associated with the art of Kashmir, the main source for western Tibetan styles. This Bodhisattva combines the qualities of a prince and an ascetic, with his crown and jewels combined with the yogi's antelope skin over his left shoulder and prayer beads in his middle right hand. Representing the range of Avalokiteshvara's forms and aspects, his eleven heads are remarkably articulated with individualized features. They follow textual descriptions that describe his three placid faces, three fierce faces, three terrifying howling faces, and one laughing face, all surmounted by a head of the Buddha Amitabha, with whom he is closely associated. Tongues and lips have been inlaid with copper to extraordinary effect, and a miniature seated figure of Amitabha Buddha has been placed in the center of every crown.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60761204"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1975.101-eleven-headed-bodhis"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 293", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n313"}, {"citation": "Schroeder, Ulrich von. <em>Indo-Tibetan Bronzes</em>. 1st ed. Hong Kong, Glattbrugg, Switzerland: Visual Dharma Publications; Sole distributor, Nanda Distribution, 1981.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 122, no. 18C; Reproduced: p. 123, no. 18C", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Klimburg-Salter, Deborah E., and Maximilian Klimburg. <em>The Silk Route and the Diamond Path: Esoteric Buddhist Art on the Trans-Himalayan Trade Routes</em>. Los Angeles, CA: Published under the sponsorship of the UCLA Art Council, 1982.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 105, pl. 32", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Images of the Mind.</em> Cleveland, Ohio: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1987.", "page_number": "Reproduced: [p. 20]", "url": ""}, {"citation": "\"1992 Annual Report.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 80, no. 6 (1993): 215\u2013295.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 247", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25161418"}, {"citation": "Rhie, Marylin M., Robert A. F. Thurman, and John Bigelow Taylor. <em>Wisdom and Compassion: The Sacred Art of Tibet</em>. New York: Tibet House New York in association with Harry N. Abrams, Inc, 1996.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 127, pp. 322\u2013323", "url": null}, {"citation": "Christian Luczanits in Linrothe, Robert, Christian Luczanits, and Melissa R. Kerin. <em>Collecting paradise: Buddhist art of Kashmir and its legacies: [exhibition, Mary and Leigh Block Museum of Art, Northwestern University, January, 13 - April 19, 2015 ; Rubin Museum of Art, New York, May 22, 2015 - October 19, 2015]</em>. New York: Rubin Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": "pp. 110\u2013111.", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kerin, Melissa R. and Rob Linrothe. \"Recollecting Kashmir: Cleveland's Eleven-headed, Thousand-armed Avalokiteshvara.\" Orientations 46, no 1 (January/February 2015): 68\u201376.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 71, fig. 2", "url": null}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1975.101", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1975.101/1975.101_web.jpg", "width": "607", "height": "893", "filesize": "51260", "filename": "1975.101_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1975.101/1975.101_print.jpg", "width": "2310", "height": "3400", "filesize": "670490", "filename": "1975.101_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1975.101/1975.101_full.tif", "width": "3964", "height": "5833", "filesize": "69445016", "filename": "1975.101_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2012-06-12T17:17:55", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1975.101/1975.101_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "632", "height": "893", "filesize": "47479"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1975.101/1975.101_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "2406", "height": "3400", "filesize": "619906"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1975.101/1975.101_alt0_full.tif", "width": "4283", "height": "6052", "filesize": "77816848"}}, {"date_created": "2012-06-15T12:16:07", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1975.101/1975.101_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "582", "height": "893", "filesize": "52349"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1975.101/1975.101_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "2216", "height": "3400", "filesize": "646891"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1975.101/1975.101_alt1_full.tif", "width": "3595", "height": "5514", "filesize": "59518556"}}, {"date_created": "2012-06-15T13:20:42", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1975.101/1975.101_alt2_web.jpg", "width": "582", "height": "893", "filesize": "39432"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1975.101/1975.101_alt2_print.jpg", "width": "2215", "height": "3400", "filesize": "514649"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1975.101/1975.101_alt2_full.tif", "width": "3465", "height": "5318", "filesize": "55323356"}}, {"date_created": "2012-06-15T13:39:03", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1975.101/1975.101_alt3_web.jpg", "width": "545", "height": "893", "filesize": "37938"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1975.101/1975.101_alt3_print.jpg", "width": "2075", "height": "3400", "filesize": "475845"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1975.101/1975.101_alt3_full.tif", "width": "3424", "height": "5608", "filesize": "57647236"}}, {"date_created": "2012-06-15T14:04:51", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1975.101/1975.101_alt4_web.jpg", "width": "613", "height": "893", "filesize": "61693"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1975.101/1975.101_alt4_print.jpg", "width": "2335", "height": "3400", "filesize": "791184"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1975.101/1975.101_alt4_full.tif", "width": "3693", "height": "5376", "filesize": "59621596"}}], "creditline": "Andrew R. and Martha Holden Jennings Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 148021, "creators": [], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1975-11-29T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 975, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "around 1000", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Eleven-Headed Avalokite\u015bvara"], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:02:57.333000"}, {"id": 126758, "accession_number": "1949.18", "share_license_status": "Copyrighted", "tombstone": "The Dessert, 1921. Pierre Bonnard (French, 1867\u20131947). Oil on fabric; framed: 114.6 x 117.5 x 7.9 cm (45 1/8 x 46 1/4 x 3 1/8 in.); unframed: 76.2 x 80 cm (30 x 31 1/2 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Gift of the Hanna Fund, 1949.18. \u00a9 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / ADAGP, Paris", "current_location": "223 20th Century Avant-Garde", "title": "The Dessert", "creation_date": "1921", "creation_date_earliest": 1921, "creation_date_latest": 1921, "artists_tags": ["Nabis", "male"], "culture": ["France, 20th century"], "technique": "oil on fabric", "support_materials": [], "department": "Modern European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "Mod Euro - Painting 1800-1960", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 114.6 x 117.5 x 7.9 cm (45 1/8 x 46 1/4 x 3 1/8 in.); Unframed: 76.2 x 80 cm (30 x 31 1/2 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 1.146, "width": 1.175, "depth": 0.079}, "unframed": {"height": 0.762, "width": 0.8}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": "\u00a9 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / ADAGP, Paris", "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "Signed dark red at lower left: Bonnard\r\n", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 301477, "title": "In Memoriam: Leonard C. Hanna, Jr.", "description": "<i>In Memoriam: Leonard C. Hanna, Jr.</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (March 4-April 7, 1958).", "opening_date": "1958-03-04T05:00:00"}, {"id": 191797, "title": "Object in Focus: Pierre Bonnard's The Dessert", "description": "<i>Object in Focus: Pierre Bonnard's The Dessert</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (September 1-October 14, 1997).", "opening_date": "1997-09-01T00:00:00"}, {"id": 182153, "title": "Monet to Dal\u00ed: Modern Masters from the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Monet to Dal\u00ed: Modern Masters from the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. Beijing World Art Museum (May 26-August 27, 2006); Mori Art Center (September 16-November 26, 2006); Seoul Art Center, South Korea (December 22, 2006-March 28, 2007); Seoul Olympic Museum of Art, South Korea (April 7-May 20, 2007); Vancouver Art Gallery, Vancouver, Canada (June 9-September 16, 2007); The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 21, 2007-January 13, 2008); Frist Art Museum, Nashville, TN (February 15-June 1, 2008); Utah Museum of Fine Arts, Salt Lake City, UT (June 22-September 21, 2008); The Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit, MI (October 12, 2008-January 18, 2009).", "opening_date": "2006-05-27T00:00:00"}, {"id": 396695, "title": "Impressionism to Modernism: The Keithley Collection", "description": "<i>Impressionism to Modernism: The Keithley Collection</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (September 11, 2022-January 8, 2023).", "opening_date": "2022-09-11T04:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "Possibly Paris. Premi\u00e8re exposition des collections au profit de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 des Amis du Luxembourg (according to damaged label on the back).", "opening_date": null}, {"description": "Antwerp, Kunst van Heden/Art Contemporain. Exposition d'art fran\u00e7ais moderne (1926), no. 3, Au dessert, App. \u00e0 M. A. Kapferer.", "opening_date": "1926-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Possibly Brussels, Palais des Beaux-Arts. Exposition d'Art Fran\u00e7ais Moderne (1929), no. 418, Apr\u00e8s le d\u00e9jeuner; or no. 421, Dessert, both owned by Kapferer.", "opening_date": "1929-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Paris, Galerie O. P\u00e9trid\u00e8s. 18 peintures de Bonnard (1943), no. 15 (repr.), Apr\u00e8s le d\u00e9jeuner.", "opening_date": "1943-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "New York, Paul Rosenberg. Bonnard (1956), no. 6, 10 (repr.).", "opening_date": "1956-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Akron (Ohio) Art Institute. Masterpiece Series (1957), no catalogue.", "opening_date": "1957-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Cleveland, Ohio:  The Cleveland Museum of Art; September 1 - October 14, 1997.  \"Object in Focus:  Pierre Bonnard's The Dessert.\"", "opening_date": "1997-09-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "CMA (organizer). Beijing World Art Museum, China, May 26 - Aug. 27, 2006; Mori Arts Center, Tokyo, Japan: Sept. 9 - Nov. 26, 2006; Seoul Arts Center, Seoul, Korea: Dec. 18, 2006 - March 31, 2007; Seoul Olympic Museum of Art, Seoul, Korea: Apr. 7 - May 20, 2007; Vancouver Art Gallery, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada: June 9 - Sept. 16, 2007; Cleveland Museum of Art, Oct. 21, 2007- January 13, 2008;  Frist Center for the Visual Arts, Nashville, TN, Feb. 21-June 1, 2008; Utah Museum of Fine Arts, Salt Lake City, UT, June 22 - September 21, 2008; and the Detroit Institute of Arts, MI, October 12, 2008 - January 18, 2009:  \"Modern Masters from the Cleveland Museum of Art\"", "opening_date": "2006-05-26T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Henri Kapferer [1870-1956] and Marcel Kapferer [1872-1966], Paris", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->The Kapferer brothers are listed as the lenders/owners of Bonnard\u2019s <em>Le Dessert</em>, no. 108 in the <em>Premi\u00e8re exposition au profit de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 des Amis du Luxembourg.</em>&nbsp; The Bonnard catalogue raisonn\u00e9 incorrectly lists this exhibition as taking place in 1932.</div>"], "date": "By 1924", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "(Galerie O. P\u00e9trid\u00e8s, Paris", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->While there have been some suggestions that the Bonnard was with Galerie P\u00e9trid\u00e8s in 1932, there does not appear to be any confirming documentation; however, the painting does appear in a 1943 Bonnard exhibition at the gallery (no. 15, <em>Apr\u00e8s le d\u00e9jeuner</em>). &nbsp;</div>"], "date": "By 1943", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "(Paul Rosenberg & Co., New York, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "Until 1949", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, Ohio", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1949-", "sortorder": 4}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "In this painting Pierre Bonnard gives us a colorful glimpse of an intimate dinner scene at the beginning of the 2. He places us close to the figures and a little bit higher, as if we were just standing to leave the table, allowing the viewer to imagine being part of the scene.", "description": "This domestic scene depicts a woman at a dining table accompanied by a young man at whose side is a small dog, just visible at the edge of the table. The woman is the artist\u2019s wife, Marthe. The boy has been identified as Ari Redon, the son of artist Odilon Redon; and the dachshund is the Bonnard family pet, Poucette. The painting explores the simple pleasures of daily life\u2014a shared meal, quiet companionship\u2014enriched through the application of glowing, sensual color.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60515635"], "internet_archive": []}, "citations": [{"citation": "Paul Rosenberg &amp; Co., invoice to the Cleveland Museum of Art, Feb. 7, 1949, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Galerie O. Pe\u0301tride\u0300s.  <em>18 peintures de Bonnard.</em> Paris: Galerie O. Pe\u0301tride\u0300s, 1943.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Socie\u0301te\u0301 des amis du Luxembourg. <em>1re exposition de collectionneurs: ouverte du 10 mars au 10 avril 1924 au profit de la Soci\u02b9et\u02b9e des Amis du Luxembourg en l'Hotel de la Curiosit\u02b9e et des Beaux-Arts</em>. Paris: Frazier-Soye, 1924.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Francis, Henry S. \u201cThe Art of Pierre Bonnard.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 37, no. 1 (January 1950): 2, 5\u20138.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 2; Mentioned: p. 5-8", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25141599"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Handbook.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 516", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1958/page/n95"}, {"citation": "Henning, Edward B. \u201cSouth of His House, North of His House: Nyack, a Painting by Fairfield Porter.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 58, no. 3 (March 1971): 85\u201390.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 86-87, fig. 3", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25152366"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 226", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n246"}, {"citation": "Henning, Edward B. \u201cPierre Bonnard: La Terrasse de Caf\u00e9.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 65, no. 2 (February 1978): 58\u201365.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 64, fig. 5", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25159565"}, {"citation": "Argencourt, Louise d', and Roger Diederen. <em>Catalogue of Paintings</em>. <em>Pt. 4. European Paintings of the 19th Century</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1974.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 46-47, Vol. I, no. 17", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Franklin, David. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> London: Scala Arts &amp; Heritage Publishers Ltd., 2012.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 68 - 69", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 299", "url": ""}, {"citation": "<em>Paintings in the Cleveland Museum of Art: Picture Book No. 4 .</em> [Cleveland]: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1952.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 42", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAPaintings1952"}, {"citation": "Serrano, Ve\u0301ronique. <em>Bonnard et la Po\u00e9sie d'un Objet Ordinaire. </em>Cinisello Balsamo, Milano: Silvana Editoriale, 2024.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 10, p. 53; Mentioned: p. 11", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1949.18", "images": {}, "alternate_images": [], "creditline": "Gift of the Hanna Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": "49047a8dc9424533afb31095f3a55c27", "sketchfab_url": "https://sketchfab.com/models/49047a8dc9424533afb31095f3a55c27", "gallery_donor_text": "Michael J. Horvitz Family Gallery", "athena_id": 126758, "creators": [{"id": 1733, "description": "Pierre Bonnard (French, 1867\u20131947)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": "Pierre Bonnard was a law student when he began his artistic training in 1887 at the Acad\u00e9mie Julian in Paris, where he met Paul S\u00e9rusier (1864-1927) and the theorist and painter Maurice Denis (1870-1943). Both would be influential in his artistic career and become Bonnard's lifelong friends. In 1889, the year he obtained his law degree, he saw the exhibition at Caf\u00e9 Volpini (see Gauguin, Woman in the Waves, no. 100) and was particularly impressed with Gauguin's work. S\u00e9rusier, after having returned from studying with Gauguin in Pont-Aven, decided to form his own artistic group called the Nabis (Hebrew: prophets). The founding members of the Nabis included Denis, who wrote the manifesto for the group, \"D\u00e9finition du n\u00e9o-traditionnisme\" (published in May 1890 in Art et critique), Bonnard, Paul Ranson (1864-1909), and Henri-Gabriel Ibels (1867-1936). Their first exhibition occurred in 1891, and they were later joined by Ker-Xavier Roussel (1867-1944) and Vuillard (q.v.). Based loosely on the synthetist goals established by Gauguin and \u00c9mile Bernard, the movement was created from S\u00e9rusier's vision of an artistic brotherhood dedicated to symbolism whereby a universal language could be expressed through symbols. The Nabis were opposed to the naturalism taught at academies by artists such as Bouguereau (q.v.) and wanted to move away from didactic and moral paintings toward a more decorative style characterized by simplified drawing, flat patches of color, and heavy set contours. Bonnard's works of the 1890s were influenced by the innovations of Gauguin as well as Japanese prints, which were easily accessible in nineteenth-century Paris. His paintings took on a decorative quality, mirroring his artistic expressions in other media such as stained glass, furniture, pottery, and painted screens. Bonnard's and Vuillard's domestic interior paintings of the 1890s were often described using the term intimisme. In 1891 Bonnard also experimented with other media, including poster designs and lithographs, which inspired his friend Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec (1864-1901), whom he had met through La revue blanche, a magazine that published the Nabis' work. Around 1900 the members of the Nabis began to drift apart. Between 1905 and 1910 Bonnard and Vuillard traveled to England, Belgium, Holland, Spain, and Italy, visiting many museums. Bonnard's art began to gravitate toward impressionism, but his colors were more expressive and his compositions more overtly structured; elements of the painted interiors such as doors, windows or pieces of furniture often provided a strong compositional framework. He also worked extensively with photographs. His late works were acclaimed by fellow Parisians like Henri Matisse (1869-1954) and Paul Signac (1863-1935). After 1920 Bonnard exhibited extensively and became an internationally renowned artist, receiving much recognition in the United States, where he traveled in 1926.", "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1867", "death_year": "1947", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1949-02-03T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1921, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1921", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": true, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["After Dinner"], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-04-17 19:33:06.782000"}, {"id": 119132, "accession_number": "1940.128", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Mourner from the Tomb of Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy (1364\u20131404), 1404\u20131410. Claus de Werve (Netherlandish, 1380\u20131439). Vizille alabaster; overall: 41.7 x 16.6 x 11.7 cm (16 7/16 x 6 9/16 x 4 5/8 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Purchase from the J. H. Wade Fund, 1940.128", "current_location": "109 Gothic Painting and Sculpture", "title": "Mourner from the Tomb of Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy (1364\u20131404)", "creation_date": "1404\u20131410", "creation_date_earliest": 1404, "creation_date_latest": 1410, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["Netherlands, active Dijon, 15th century"], "technique": "vizille alabaster", "support_materials": [], "department": "Medieval Art", "collection": "MED - Gothic", "type": "Sculpture", "measurements": "Overall: 41.7 x 16.6 x 11.7 cm (16 7/16 x 6 9/16 x 4 5/8 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"height": 0.417, "width": 0.166, "depth": 0.117}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 304213, "title": "Gothic Art 1360-1440", "description": "<i>Gothic Art 1360-1440</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (August 6-September 15, 1963).", "opening_date": "1963-08-06T04:00:00"}, {"id": 300926, "title": "Treasures of Medieval France", "description": "<i>Treasures of Medieval France</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (November 16, 1966-January 29, 1967).", "opening_date": "1966-11-16T05:00:00"}, {"id": 186370, "title": "Dukes and Angels: Art from the Court of Burgundy (1364-1419)", "description": "<i>Dukes and Angels: Art from the Court of Burgundy (1364-1419)</i>. Mus\u00e9e des Beaux-Arts, Dijon, Dijon, France (May 27-September 15, 2004); The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 24, 2004-January 9, 2005).", "opening_date": "2004-05-27T00:00:00"}, {"id": 180667, "title": "Sacred Gifts and Worldly Treasures: Medieval Masterworks from the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Sacred Gifts and Worldly Treasures: Medieval Masterworks from the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. National Museum of Bavaria, Munich, Germany (May 10-September 16, 2007); J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, CA (October 30, 2007-January 20, 2008); Frist Art Museum, Nashville, TN (February 13-June 7, 2009).", "opening_date": "2007-05-10T00:00:00"}, {"id": 207394, "title": "The Mourners: Medieval Tomb Sculptures from the Court of Burgundy", "description": "<i>The Mourners: Medieval Tomb Sculptures from the Court of Burgundy</i>. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY (organizer) (March 1-May 23, 2010).", "opening_date": "2010-03-01T00:00:00"}, {"id": 220338, "title": "The Road to Van Eyck", "description": "<i>The Road to Van Eyck</i>. Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen, Rotterdam, Netherlands (organizer) (October 13, 2012-February 10, 2013).", "opening_date": "2012-10-13T00:00:00"}, {"id": 296969, "title": "Johan Maelwael from Guelders", "description": "<i>Johan Maelwael from Guelders</i>. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, Netherlands (organizer) (October 6, 2017-January 7, 2018).", "opening_date": "2017-10-06T04:00:00"}, {"id": 453138, "title": "Riemenschneider and Late Medieval Alabaster", "description": "<i>Riemenschneider and Late Medieval Alabaster</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (March 26-July 23, 2023).", "opening_date": "2023-03-26T04:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>Deux Pleurants de Jaume Cascalle Provenant des Sepultures Royales de Poblet, </em>Mus\u00e9e du Louvre, Paris, France (May, 1949).", "opening_date": "1949-05-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Treasures in America</em>, Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, (January 13-March 5, 1961).", "opening_date": "1961-01-13T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "M. M. Hocquart, Dijon, France", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "Vicomte Edouard de Broissia & son, Georges (d.  1875), Dijon, France", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1825-1875", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "(M. Legay, Nancy, sold to Charles Stein)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1875-?", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "(Charles Stein, Paris, France)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "Baron Arthur de Schickler, Paris, France", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": 5}, {"description": "Count de Pourtales, Paris, France", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": 6}, {"description": "(Duveen Bros., Paris, France)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1919", "sortorder": 7}, {"description": "(Clarence Mackay (d. 1939), New York, NY)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "By 1922-1939", "sortorder": 8}, {"description": "(Jacques Seligmann, New York, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "?-1940", "sortorder": 9}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1940-", "sortorder": 10}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [{"id": 135539, "description": "Mourner from the Tomb of Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy (1364\u20131404), 1404\u201310. Claus de Werve (Netherlandish, 1380\u20131439). Vizille alabaster; overall: 41.1 x 17.6 x 11 cm (16 3/16 x 6 15/16 x 4 5/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Bequest of Leonard C. Hanna Jr., 1958.67", "relationship": "related series"}, {"id": 135538, "description": "Mourner from the Tomb of Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy (1364\u20131404), 1404\u201310. Claus de Werve (Netherlandish, 1380\u20131439). Vizille alabaster; overall: 41 x 12.7 x 15 cm (16 1/8 x 5 x 5 7/8 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Bequest of Leonard C. Hanna Jr., 1958.66", "relationship": "related series"}, {"id": 119143, "description": "Mourner from the Tomb of John the Fearless and Margaret of Bavaria, 1443\u201345. Jean de la Huerta (Spanish, active Burgundy, 1431\u201362). Salins alabaster; overall: 41 x 20.3 x 12.4 cm (16 1/8 x 8 x 4 7/8 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Purchase from the J. H. Wade Fund, 1940.129", "relationship": null}], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "During his life, Duke Philip founded the monastery of Chartreuse de Champmol to serve as a final resting place for himself and his family.", "description": "This figure comes from the tomb of Duke Philip the Bold from the church of Champmol near Dijon (Burgundy, France). Philip, who founded the monastery and designated it as his burial place, hired the best artists, many of whom came from the Netherlands. While the commission was given in 1381, the work was not completed until 1410, six years after the duke\u2019s death.<br><br>This mourner is unusual for the time because it is not carved as a static low relief on the pedestal of the tomb but interacts with the viewers and their fellow procession members. The lifelike quality of the figure is due in large part to the alabaster. Its softness allowed artists to carve details into the material, and the transparent, milky white stone could also be polished to a high gloss.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60779983"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1940.128-mourner-from-the-tom"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Mus\u00e9e Des Beaux-Arts, Dijon France", "page_number": null, "url": "http://mba-collections.dijon.fr/ow4/mba/voir.xsp?id=00101-25101&qid=sdx_q8&n=1&e="}, {"citation": "Milliken, William M. \"Two Pleurants from the Tombs of the Dukes of Burgundy.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 27, no. 8 (1940).", "page_number": "pp. 119-21", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25140875"}, {"citation": "Beaulieu, Miche\u0300le. 1949. \"Deux pleurants de Jaume Cascalls provenant des se\u0301pultures royales de Poblet: Muse\u0301e du Louvre\". Muse\u0301es De France. 96-98.", "page_number": "In no. Iv", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Handbook.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 182", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1958/page/n43"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 64", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n88"}, {"citation": "Wixom, William D. Treasures from Medieval France. [Cleveland]: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1967.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 256-257; cat.no. VI-21", "url": "https://archive.org/details/TreasuresMedievalFrance/page/n283"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 64", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n88"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 72", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n92"}, {"citation": "Alsop, Joseph. <em>The Rare Art Traditions: The History of Art Collecting and Its Linked Phenomena Wherever These Have Appeared.</em> New York: Harper &amp; Row, 1982.", "page_number": "Reproduced: fig. 4", "url": null}, {"citation": "De Winter, Patrick M. \"Art from the Duchy of Burgundy.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 74, no. 10 (1987).", "page_number": "pp. 414-424", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25160010"}, {"citation": "Fliegel, Stephen N., Sophie Jugie, and Virginie Barthe\u0301le\u0301my. <em>Art from the Court of Burgundy: The Patronage of Philip the Bold and John the Fearless 1364-1419. </em>Dijon, France: Muse\u0301e des beaux-arts, 2004.", "page_number": "Cat. No. 83; Reproduced p.233, no.18", "url": null}, {"citation": "Domine, Heidi, \"Time Machine\", Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Cleveland Art: The Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em>. Vol. 44 no. 01, January 2004", "page_number": "Mentioned & reproduced: p. 8-9", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2004-01/page/n7"}, {"citation": "Klein, Holger A. <em>Sacred Gifts and Worldly Treasures: Medieval Masterworks from the Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2007.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 202-205, no. 73", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kemperdick, Stephan, and Friso Lammertse. <em>The Road to Van Eyck</em>. 2012. Rotterdam: Museum Boijmans van Beuningen, 2012.", "page_number": "Cat. No. 24A; pp. 164-165", "url": null}, {"citation": "Anna Simon, review of The Road to Van Eyck, by Stephan Kemperdick und Friso Lammertse, <em>Journal fu\u0308r Kunstgeschichte</em>, 17 (April 2013).", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 258-268; Reproduced: p. 259", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 272", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cuzin, Jean-Pierre, et. al. <em>Le Saint Joseph Charpentier de Georges de la Tour: Un Don au Louvre de Percy Moore Turner. </em>[Gent] : Snoeck, 2017.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 118  & 459, n. 1256", "url": null}, {"citation": "Mikolic, Amanda.<em> Fashionable Mourners: Bronze Statuettes from the Rijksmuseum.</em> Cleveland: OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2017.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 1; fig. 1", "url": null}, {"citation": "Freundeskreis des Bayerischen Nationalmuseums.<em> Hommage: Renate Eikelmann</em>. Mu\u0308nchen: Sieveking Verlag, 2018.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 60", "url": null}, {"citation": "Truman, Samantha, and Angelica Verduci. \u201cMourners from the Tomb of Philip the Bold.\u201c In <em>Riemenschneider and Late Medieval Alabaster</em>, edited by Aumaine Rose Smith, 106-119. Cleveland, Lewes: The Cleveland Museum of Art; D Giles Limited, 2023.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 106, 114-118; Reproduced: p. 107-113,119, no. 6", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1940.128", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1940.128/1940.128_web.jpg", "width": "687", "height": "900", "filesize": "151350", "filename": "1940.128_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1940.128/1940.128_print.jpg", "width": "2596", "height": "3400", "filesize": "881391", "filename": "1940.128_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1940.128/1940.128_full.tif", "width": "10652", "height": "13949", "filesize": "445781740", "filename": "1940.128_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1940.128/1940.128_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "532", "height": "893", "filesize": "231201"}, "print": {"url": 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Wade Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": "b92f9560e7e44a87abb82401d1bb8578", "sketchfab_url": "https://sketchfab.com/models/b92f9560e7e44a87abb82401d1bb8578", "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 119132, "creators": [{"id": 9759, "description": "Claus de Werve (Netherlandish, 1380\u20131439)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": "active in Burgundy (mostly Dijon) from 1396 until his death.", "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1380", "death_year": "1439", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1940-06-07T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1404, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1404\u20131410", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-04-17 19:31:30.721000"}, {"id": 98627, "accession_number": "1918.328", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "The Age of Bronze, 1875\u201376. Auguste Rodin (French, 1840\u20131917). Bronze; with base: 182.2 x 66.4 x 47 cm (71 3/4 x 26 1/8 x 18 1/2 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Gift of Mr. and Mrs. Ralph King, 1918.328", "current_location": "218 European Sculpture", "title": "The Age of Bronze", "creation_date": "1875\u201376", "creation_date_earliest": 1875, "creation_date_latest": 1876, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["France, 19th century"], "technique": "bronze", "support_materials": [], "department": "Modern European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "Mod Euro - Sculpture 1800-1960", "type": "Sculpture", "measurements": "with base: 182.2 x 66.4 x 47 cm (71 3/4 x 26 1/8 x 18 1/2 in.)", "dimensions": {"with base": {"height": 1.822, "width": 0.664, "depth": 0.47}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "inscribed top of base to right:  Rodin; inscribed back of base:  A. RUDIER Fondeur Paris.", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 312341, "title": "The Silver Jubilee Exhibition", "description": "<i>The Silver Jubilee Exhibition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 23-September 28, 1941).", "opening_date": "1941-06-23T04:00:00"}, {"id": 311952, "title": "Art, A Means to World Understanding", "description": "<i>Art, A Means to World Understanding</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (March 16-April 10, 1949).", "opening_date": "1949-03-16T05:00:00"}, {"id": 300857, "title": "Art: The International Language", "description": "<i>Art: The International Language</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art (October 2-November 4, 1956).", "opening_date": "1956-10-02T04:00:00"}, {"id": 310025, "title": "Creativity in Art and Science, 1860-1960", "description": "<i>Creativity in Art and Science, 1860-1960</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (September 16-November 8, 1987).", "opening_date": "1987-09-16T04:00:00"}, {"id": 311444, "title": "Object Lessons: Cleveland Creates an Art Museum", "description": "<i>Object Lessons: Cleveland Creates an Art Museum</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 7-September 8, 1991).", "opening_date": "1991-06-07T04:00:00"}, {"id": 228074, "title": "Rodin:  A Magnificent Obsession - Selections from the Iris and B. Gerald Cantor Foundation", "description": "<i>Rodin:  A Magnificent Obsession - Selections from the Iris and B. Gerald Cantor Foundation</i>. Akron Art Museum, Akron, OH (organizer) (January 25-May 18, 2003).", "opening_date": "2003-01-25T00:00:00"}, {"id": 182153, "title": "Monet to Dal\u00ed: Modern Masters from the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Monet to Dal\u00ed: Modern Masters from the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. Beijing World Art Museum (May 26-August 27, 2006); Mori Art Center (September 16-November 26, 2006); Seoul Art Center, South Korea (December 22, 2006-March 28, 2007); Seoul Olympic Museum of Art, South Korea (April 7-May 20, 2007); Vancouver Art Gallery, Vancouver, Canada (June 9-September 16, 2007); The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 21, 2007-January 13, 2008); Frist Art Museum, Nashville, TN (February 15-June 1, 2008); Utah Museum of Fine Arts, Salt Lake City, UT (June 22-September 21, 2008); The Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit, MI (October 12, 2008-January 18, 2009).", "opening_date": "2006-05-27T00:00:00"}, {"id": 300186, "title": "Rodin-100 Years", "description": "<i>Rodin-100 Years</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (September 1, 2017-May 13, 2018).", "opening_date": "2017-09-01T04:00:00"}, {"id": 543896, "title": "Rodin\u2014100 Years", "description": "<i>Rodin\u2014100 Years</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (September 1, 2017-May 13, 2018).", "opening_date": "2017-09-01T04:00:00"}], "legacy": []}, "provenance": [{"description": "Mr. and Mrs. Ralph King, Cleveland, Ohio, given to the Cleveland Museum of Art", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1918", "sortorder": null}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1918-", "sortorder": 2}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "The sculpture suggests the heroism and suffering of his countrymen during the Franco-Prussian War of 1870\u201371. This life-sized male figure was modeled after a Belgium soldier named August Neyt.", "description": "Rodin\u2019s earliest surviving life-size sculpture,<em> The Age of Bronze</em> is an enigmatic and provocative image of a man awakening to new consciousness. The figure originally held a spear in one hand; by removing the weapon, Rodin stripped the sculpture of narrative symbols and focused on the sensuality and psychological power of the male nude. Contemporaries found the figure so realistic they falsely accused Rodin of making a cast from a living person. Museum trustee Ralph King commissioned this cast from the artist in 1916 with the intention of donating it to the museum. Rodin personally supervised the exceptionally fine casting and finished it with his favorite patina, a deep reddish tone he called \u201ccrushed grape.\u201d", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60742598"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1918.328-the-age-of-bronze"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Smiley, Charles Newton. \"Rodin in the Metropolitan Museum. \" <em>Art and Archaeology </em>3, no. 3 (March 1916): 164-171.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 170-171", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Modern Sculpture at the Museum.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 4, no. 6 (1917): 108-09.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 108-109", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25136110"}, {"citation": "\"Rodin Memorial Exhibition.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 4, no. 9 (1917): 162-63.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 162", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25136150"}, {"citation": "Seaton-Schmidt, Anna. \"August Rodin: Man and Sculptor: An Appreciation.\" <em>The American Magazine of Art</em> 9, no. 4 (February 1918): 129-40.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 135", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"The Man of the Age of Bronze.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 5, no. 6/7 (1918): 63.", "page_number": "Reproduced: Front Matter; Mentioned: pp. 63, 70", "url": "www.jstor.org/stable/25136204"}, {"citation": "\"Front Matter.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 6, no. 6 (1919).", "page_number": "Reproduced: Front Matter", "url": "www.jstor.org/stable/25136296"}, {"citation": "Milliken, William. \"Sculpture.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art </em>34, no. 2 (February 1947): 25-26.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 25", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25141340"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Handbook.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 333", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1958/page/n65"}, {"citation": "Milliken William Mathewson. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> New York: H.N. Abrams, 1958.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 9", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 175", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n199"}, {"citation": "Tacha, Athena. <em>Rodin Sculpture in the Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> Cleveland: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1967.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 94-95, cat. no. VII; Reproduced: p. [38], Plate 56", "url": "https://archive.org/details/RodinSculpture/page/n108"}, {"citation": "Tacha, Athena. <em>Rodin Sculpture in the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. [Cleveland]: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1967.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pl. 56, cat. no. VII", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Selected Works: Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. [Cleveland]: The Museum, 1967.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 214", "url": null}, {"citation": "Jianu, Ionel, and Ce\u0301cile Goldscheider. <em>Rodin</em>. Paris: Arted, 1967.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 85", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 175", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n199"}, {"citation": "Hamilton, George Heard. <em>19th and 20th Century Art: Painting, Sculpture, Architecture</em>. New York: H.N. Abrams, 1970.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 140, fig. 126", "url": null}, {"citation": "Hamilton, George Heard. <em>19th and 20th Century Art: Painting, Sculpture, Architecture</em>. New York: H.N. Abrams, 1970.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 140, pl. 126", "url": null}, {"citation": "Tacha, Athena. <em>A Supplement to Rodin Sculpture in the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1974.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 126S-128S, cat. no. VII", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 217", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n237"}, {"citation": "Henning, Edward B. <em>Creativity in Art and Science, 1860-1960</em>. [Cleveland, Ohio]: Published by the Cleveland Museum of Art in cooperation with Indiana University Press, 1987.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 102-103, no. 10", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Goldscheider, Ce\u0301cile. <em>Auguste Rodin: catalogue raisonne\u0301 de l'\u0153uvre sculpte\u0301.</em> Paris, FR: Wildenstein Institute, 1989.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 161, fig. 95b", "url": null}, {"citation": "Jiminez, Jill Berk, and Joanna Banham. <em>Dictionary of Artists' Models</em>. London: Fitzroy Dearborn, MI, 2001.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 401", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Treasures of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. London, UK. Scala Books, 2012.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 268-269", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 290", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Museum Masters: 2016-17 Companion Guide.</em> [Cleveland, Ohio]: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2016.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 21", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1918.328", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1918.328/1918.328_web.jpg", "width": "507", "height": "893", "filesize": "189298", "filename": "1918.328_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1918.328/1918.328_print.jpg", "width": "1930", "height": "3400", "filesize": "2492279", "filename": "1918.328_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1918.328/1918.328_full.tif", "width": "3352", "height": "5904", "filesize": "59399540", "filename": "1918.328_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2005-11-07T19:32:01", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1918.328/1918.328_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "500", "height": "893", "filesize": "188203"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1918.328/1918.328_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "1905", "height": "3400", "filesize": "2507940"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1918.328/1918.328_alt0_full.tif", "width": "3393", "height": "6057", "filesize": "61683108"}}, {"date_created": "2005-11-07T20:15:45", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1918.328/1918.328_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "503", "height": "893", "filesize": "187652"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1918.328/1918.328_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "1916", "height": "3400", "filesize": "2504321"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1918.328/1918.328_alt1_full.tif", "width": "3300", "height": "5857", "filesize": "58013220"}}], "creditline": "Gift of Mr. and Mrs. Ralph King", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": "88c184078caa45da98c21cfe5f1d6845", "sketchfab_url": "https://sketchfab.com/models/88c184078caa45da98c21cfe5f1d6845", "gallery_donor_text": "Betty T. and David M. Schneider Gallery", "athena_id": 98627, "creators": [{"id": 5925, "description": "Auguste Rodin (French, 1840\u20131917)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1840", "death_year": "1917", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1918-06-24T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1875, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1875\u201376", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": true, "updated_at": "2026-04-17 19:31:18.607000"}, {"id": 145450, "accession_number": "1971.1", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Interior of a Church, c. 1680. Emanuel de Witte (Dutch, c. 1617\u20131692). Oil on canvas; framed: 89.5 x 80.5 x 6.5 cm (35 1/4 x 31 11/16 x 2 9/16 in.); unframed: 62 x 54 cm (24 7/16 x 21 1/4 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Mr. and Mrs. William H. Marlatt Fund, 1971.1", "current_location": "213 Dutch Painting", "title": "Interior of a Church", "creation_date": "c. 1680", "creation_date_earliest": 1675, "creation_date_latest": 1685, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["Netherlands"], "technique": "oil on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "P - Netherlandish-Dutch", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 89.5 x 80.5 x 6.5 cm (35 1/4 x 31 11/16 x 2 9/16 in.); Unframed: 62 x 54 cm (24 7/16 x 21 1/4 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 0.895, "width": 0.805, "depth": 0.065}, "unframed": {"height": 0.62, "width": 0.54}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 301427, "title": "Year in Review: 1971", "description": "<i>Year in Review: 1971</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (December 28, 1971-February 6, 1972).", "opening_date": "1971-12-28T05:00:00"}, {"id": 301805, "title": "Dutch Art and Life in the Seventeenth Century", "description": "<i>Dutch Art and Life in the Seventeenth Century</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (July 10-September 2, 1973).", "opening_date": "1973-07-10T04:00:00"}, {"id": 196195, "title": "Treasures of Heaven: Saints, Relics, and Devotion in Medieval Europe", "description": "<i>Treasures of Heaven: Saints, Relics, and Devotion in Medieval Europe</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 17, 2010-January 17, 2011).", "opening_date": "2010-10-17T00:00:00"}], "legacy": []}, "provenance": [{"description": "Theodor Stroefer [1843-1927], N\u00fcrnberg", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "Until 1927", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "Family of Theodor Stroefer, N\u00fcrnberg", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1927-1937", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "(Julius B\u00f6hler, Munich, Stroefer sale, Oct. 28, 1937, no. 122 [13,000 Reichsmarks, sold to Curt Bohnewand)1", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->The price list, annotated with buyers' names, of the Bayerisches Wirtschaftsarchiv's copy of the Stroefer sale catalogue shows that the de Witte was sold to \"Bohnewald\" [sic].</div>"], "date": "1937", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "Curt Bohnewand [1888-1966], Berlin and Rottach-Egern, Germany1", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->1Bohnewand, a successful tobacconist and art collector, purchased the de Witte at the Stroefer sale according to the price list in the B\u00f6hler archives.&nbsp; Ilse Manke\u2019s 1963 monograph on de Witte situates the painting in 1953 with \u201cKunsthandel Steinmeyer, Munich,\u201d a gallery founded by Julius Wilhelm B\u00f6hler and Fritz Steinmeyer in Lucerne (not Munich).&nbsp; This reference is most likely erroneous, as the painting remained with Bohnewand until his death and was sold in the posthumous sale of his collection in 1969. &nbsp; Prior to Steinmeyer, Manke gives the following provenance, in reverse chronological order: Bohnewand; a Berlin private collection; and Stroefer.&nbsp; The Berlin private collector is likely Bohnewand, given what we know about his dates of ownership of the painting. Volume XXXVI of Thieme-Becker, published in 1947, also situates the painting in a Berlin private collection, which, again, must refer to Bohnewand. The provenance given by Thieme-Becker for the CMA painting lists the Stroefer sale and then notes, \u201czuletzt bei Ed. Plietzsch,\u201d which indicates that the most recent owner had been Eduard Plietzsch. Plietzsch was specialist in Dutch and Flemish painting who played a large role in the development of Goering\u2019s collection as the chief assistant to Kajetan M\u00fchlmann, a major figure in the Nazi art confiscations.&nbsp; The reference to Plietzsch in connection with the CMA painting appears incorrect: First, we know that the painting was with Bohnewand from 1937 until his posthumous sale in 1969.&nbsp; Second, there is no documentary evidence confirming Plietzsch\u2019s ownership of this painting, and in fact, it\u2019s possible that at some point the provenance of the CMA painting was confused with that of other paintings of church interiors by de Witte that were connected to Plietzsch, whether before or after the Stroefer sale:&nbsp; <em>Interior of a Church </em>was confiscated from the Jaffe collection (Munich Central Collecting Point no. 4061) by the Dienststelle M\u00fchlmann, and two de Witte church interior scenes appear in the liquidation sales of the Berlin branch of Plietzsch\u2019s gallery, Galerie van Diemen (Paul Graupe, Jan. 25th and April 26th, 1935). &nbsp;</div>"], "date": "1937 - 1969", "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "(Kunsthaus Lempertz, Cologne, Bohnewand sale, March 28, 1969, no. 25, probably sold to Schaeffer Galleries)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1969", "sortorder": 5}, {"description": "(Schaeffer Galleries, New York, NY, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "Probably 1969-1970", "sortorder": 6}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, Ohio", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1971-", "sortorder": 7}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "In the 1600s, Dutch churches functioned as public gathering places\u2014even dogs were allowed!", "description": "Although this spacious church interior is largely imaginary, Emanuel de Witte\u2019s precise description of architectural forms convinces us that he depicted an actual place. To create a sense of familiarity, he included some specific architectural features from the Oude Kerk (Old Church) in Amsterdam. In the late 1500s, militant Protestant sects occupied Catholic churches in the Netherlands and stripped them of rich decorations and \u201cidolatrous\u201d images. The resulting spare, whitewashed interiors became a favorite subject of Dutch artists, who were intrigued by the interplay of light and shadow over the unadorned walls, and by the challenge of depicting perspectival space.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60471212"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1971.1-interior-of-a-church"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Julius B\u00f6hler.  <em>Sammlung Theodor Stroefer, N\u00fcrnberg: [freiwillige Versteigerung der alten Gem\u00e4lde und Plastiken der Sammlung Theodor Stroefer, N\u00fcrnberg durch Julius B\u00f6hler\u202628 Oktober 1937].  </em>Munich: Julius B\u00f6hler, 1937.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Schmidt, Robert, Friedrich Winkler, and Otto von Falke. <em>Aus der Sammlung Curt Bohnewand</em>. Munich: F. Bruckmann, n.d. [c. 1944?]", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 13, 50; Reproduced: p.29", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bohnewand, Curt. <em>Aus der Sammlung Curt Bohnewand</em>. [Berlin?]: C. Bohnewand, 1944.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Trautschold, Eduard, in Ulrich Thieme, Felix Becker, Fred. C. Willis, and Hans Vollmer.<em> Allgemeines Lexikon der bildenden Ku\u0308nstler von der Antike bis zur Gegenwart.</em> Leipzig: W. Engelmann, 1907.", "page_number": "Mentioned: vol. 36 (1947) p. 125", "url": null}, {"citation": "Manke, Ilse. <em>Emanuel de Witte, 1617-1692</em>. Amsterdam, Netherlands: M. Hertzberger, 1963.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 105, no. 114", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kunsthaus Lempertz. <em>Sammlung Curt Bohnewand</em>. 1969.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Lee, Sherman E. \"The Year in Review for 1971.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 59, no. 1 (January 1972): 3-46.", "page_number": "Mentioned: cat. no. 57", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25152412"}, {"citation": "Stechow, Wolfgang. \"A church Interior by Emanuel de Witte.\" <em>The Bulletin of The Cleveland Museum of Art 59,</em> no.10 (October, 1972): 228-235.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 228, fig. 1", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 157", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n177"}, {"citation": "<em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Catalogue of Paintings, Part 3: European Paintings of the 16th, 17th, and 18th Centuries</em>. Entry by Jean Kubota Cassill. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1982.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 290; Reproduced: p. 291", "url": null}, {"citation": "Ford, Terence, ed. <em>RIdIM/RCMI Inventory of Music Iconography, </em>no 8: <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art</em>, compiled by Ross Duffin. New York: Research Center for Musical Iconography, 1986.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 9, no. 186.", "url": null}, {"citation": "Maillet, Bernard G. <em>Inte\u0301rieurs d'e\u0301glises: la peinture architecturale des e\u0301coles du nord: 1580-1720</em>. Wijnegem, Belgium: Pandora Publishers, 2012.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 482", "url": null}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1971.1", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1971.1/1971.1_web.jpg", "width": "772", "height": "893", "filesize": "438361", "filename": "1971.1_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1971.1/1971.1_print.jpg", "width": "2938", "height": "3400", "filesize": "6291879", "filename": "1971.1_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1971.1/1971.1_full.tif", "width": "4320", "height": "5000", "filesize": "64832372", "filename": "1971.1_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2010-09-20T12:45:25", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1971.1/1971.1_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "791", "height": "893", "filesize": "382319"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1971.1/1971.1_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "3012", "height": "3400", "filesize": "6250397"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1971.1/1971.1_alt0_full.tif", "width": "4567", "height": "5154", "filesize": "70642652"}}, {"date_created": "2010-09-20T12:42:09", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1971.1/1971.1_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "792", "height": "893", "filesize": "409678"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1971.1/1971.1_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "3015", "height": "3400", "filesize": "5502151"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1971.1/1971.1_alt1_full.tif", "width": "4771", "height": "5379", "filesize": "77024068"}}], "creditline": "Mr. and Mrs. William H. Marlatt Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "The Harold C. Schott Foundation Gallery", "athena_id": 145450, "creators": [{"id": 2832, "description": "Emanuel de Witte (Dutch, c. 1617\u20131692)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1617", "death_year": "1692", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1971-02-23T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1675, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 1680", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": true, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Protestant Gothic church with Motifs of the Oude Kerk in Amsterdam"], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:10:18.867000"}, {"id": 142560, "accession_number": "1966.30", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Standing Buddha, c. 900. India, Kashmir. Brass with silver and copper inlay; overall: 98.1 cm (38 5/8 in.); base: 28.2 cm (11 1/8 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, John L. Severance Fund, 1966.30", "current_location": "237 Himalayan", "title": "Standing Buddha", "creation_date": "c. 900", "creation_date_earliest": 895, "creation_date_latest": 905, "artists_tags": [], "culture": ["India, Kashmir"], "technique": "brass with silver and copper inlay", "support_materials": [], "department": "Indian and Southeast Asian Art", "collection": "Indian Art", "type": "Sculpture", "measurements": "Overall: 98.1 cm (38 5/8 in.); Base: 28.2 cm (11 1/8 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"height": 0.981}, "base": {"width": 0.282}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "inscribed with the name of the monk who owned it:  Lhatsun Nagaraja (active from c. 998 to 1026)", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": 1}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 518125, "title": "The Art of Tibet", "description": "<i>The Art of Tibet</i>. The Asia Society Museum, New York, NY (organizer) (April 10-June 8, 1969); Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, DC (July 1-August 30, 1969); Seattle Art Museum, Seattle, WA (October 1-November 15, 1969).", "opening_date": "1969-04-10T05:00:00"}, {"id": 185521, "title": "Object in Focus:  Toward a Definition of an Early \"Western Tibetan\" Style", "description": "<i>Object in Focus:  Toward a Definition of an Early \"Western Tibetan\" Style</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (April 24-June 24, 2001).", "opening_date": "2001-04-24T00:00:00"}, {"id": 213987, "title": "Arts of Kashmir", "description": "<i>Arts of Kashmir</i>. The Asia Society Museum, New York, NY (organizer) (October 3, 2007-January 6, 2008).", "opening_date": "2007-10-21T00:00:00"}, {"id": 196054, "title": "Streams and Mountains Without End: Asian Art and the Legacy of Sherman E. Lee at the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Streams and Mountains Without End: Asian Art and the Legacy of Sherman E. Lee at the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 27-August 23, 2009).", "opening_date": "2009-06-27T04:00:00"}, {"id": 674347, "title": "Himalayan Gallery 237 Rotation", "description": "<i>Himalayan Gallery 237 Rotation</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (September 14, 2024-March 20, 2025).", "opening_date": "2024-09-14T04:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>Dieux et de\u0301mons de l'Hima\u0302laya : art du bouddhisme lamai\u0308que</em>. Grand-Palais, Paris, France (March 25\u2013June 27, 1977); Haus der Kunst, Munich, Germany (August 5\u2013October 16, 1977).", "opening_date": "1977-06-27T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Light of Asia: Buddha Sakyamuni in Asian art. </em>Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles, CA (March 4-May 20, 1984); Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL (June 30\u2013August 26, 1984); The Brooklyn Museum of Art, Brooklyn, NY (November 1, 1984\u2013February 10, 1985).", "opening_date": "1984-03-04T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Wisdom and compassion : the sacred art of Tibet.</em> Asian Art Museum of San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (April 17\u2013August 18, 1991); IBM Gallery of Science and Art, New York, NY (October 15\u2013December 28, 91); Royal Academy of Arts, London, UK (September 18\u2013December 13, 1992).", "opening_date": "1991-08-18T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "(J.J. Klejman [1906\u20131995], New York, NY, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "?\u20131966", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1966\u2013", "sortorder": 2}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "The Buddha grasps the end of his robe in his left hand.", "description": "The slender athletic Buddha extends one foot slightly off the lotus pedestal, suggesting his humanity enters our world from his transcendent state. With his right hand he signals that we should have no fear. The smooth signs of wear on the sculpture indicate that it was worshiped in Kashmir, where water and other ablutions were poured over sacred images during rituals. The Tibetan inscription on the pedestal states that it belonged to a royal monk named Nagaraja (Tibetan, active about 998\u20131026). Sculptures like this contributed to the transmission of Buddhism from India to Tibet and served as artistic models.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60778279"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1966.30-standing-buddha"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 232", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n256"}, {"citation": "Stechow, Wolfgang. \"Cleveland's Golden Anniversary Acquisitions.\" <em>Artnews</em> 65, no. 5 (September 1966): 30-64.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 35; Mentioned: p. 63-64", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lee, Sherman E. \u201cGolden Anniversary Acquisitions: September 10 through October 16.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>, vol. 53, no. 7, 1966, pp. 181\u2013284.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 156, p. 251; Mentioned: no. 156, p. 284", "url": "www.jstor.org/stable/25152110"}, {"citation": "\u201cArt \u2013 The Cleveland Museum of Art\u2019s Golden Show.\u201d <em>Newsweek</em> (September 12, 1966).", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 102", "url": ""}, {"citation": "\"Cleveland museum of art golden anniversary.\" <em>Archaeology</em>, October 1966, vol. 19, pp. 277-283.", "page_number": "p. 279", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Burton, Richard. \u201cFifty Years of the Cleveland Museum of Art: Some Golden Anniversary Acquisitions.\u201d <em>The Connoisseur</em>, vol 163:656 (October 1966) pp. 128-135.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 134", "url": ""}, {"citation": "\u201c'Golden Anniversary' Acquisitions by the Cleveland Museum of Art.\u201d <em>The Burlington Magazine</em>, vol. 108, no. 764, 1966, pp. 574\u2013579.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: fig. 48, p. 576", "url": "www.jstor.org/stable/875138"}, {"citation": "<em>Selected Works: Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1967.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pl. 34", "url": ""}, {"citation": "\u201cArt of Asia Recently Acquired by American Museums, 1966.\u201d <em>Archives of Asian Art</em>, vol. 21, 1967, pp. 75\u2013103.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 79, fig. 15", "url": "www.jstor.org/stable/20110997"}, {"citation": "Lee, Sherman E. \u201cClothed in the Sun: A Buddha and a Surya from Kashmir.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>, vol. 54, no. 2, 1967, pp. 42\u201363.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pp. 42, 45, fig. 3", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25152142"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 232", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n256"}, {"citation": "Fricke, Berthold. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Hannover: Knorr &amp; Hirth, 1970.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 90", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Pal, Pratapaditya. <em>Bronzes of Kashmir</em>. Graz: Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt, 1975.", "page_number": "no. 26, pp. 39, 100", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Galeries nationales du Grand Palais (France), Re\u0301union des muse\u0301es nationaux (France), and Haus der Kunst Mu\u0308nchen. <em>Dieux et de\u0301mons de l'Hima\u0302laya: art du bouddhisme lamai\u0308que : [exposition], Grand-Palais, 25 mars-27 juin 1977</em>. Paris: Secre\u0301tariat d'E\u0301tat a\u0300 la culture, E\u0301ditions des muse\u0301es nationaux, 1977.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 36, p. 90", "url": ""}, {"citation": "<em>Archeologie</em>, no. 107 (June 1977), p. 40", "page_number": "", "url": ""}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 294", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n314"}, {"citation": "Schroeder, Ulrich von. <em>Indo-Tibetan Bronzes</em>. 1st ed. Hong Kong, Glattbrugg, Switzerland: Visual Dharma Publications; Sole distributor, Nanda Distribution, 1981.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 122, no. 18E; Reproduced: p. 123, no. 18E", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Klimburg-Salter, Deborah E., and Maximilian Klimburg. <em>The Silk Route and the Diamond Path: Esoteric Buddhist Art on the Trans-Himalayan Trade Routes</em>. Los Angeles, CA: Published under the sponsorship of the UCLA Art Council, 1982.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 103, pl. 27", "url": null}, {"citation": "Pal, Pratapaditya, and Robert L. Brown. <em>Light of Asia: Buddha Sakyamuni in Asian Art</em>. Los Angeles, CA: Los Angeles County Museum of Art, 1984.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 114, pp. 230-231", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Harle, J. C. <em>The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent</em>. Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England: Penguin Books, 1987.", "page_number": "Reproduced: fig. 196, p. 194", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Pal, Pratapaditya. <em>A Pot-Pourri of Indian Art</em>. Bombay: Marg Publications, 1988.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 87, fig. 10", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Czuma, Stanislaw. \"A Unique Addition to the School of Kashmiri Ivories.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 75, no. 8 (1988): 298-319.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 310, fig. 19", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25160044"}, {"citation": "Rhie, Marylin M., and Robert A. F. Thurman. <em>Wisdom and Compassion: The Sacred Art of Tibet</em>. London: Thames and Hudson, 1991.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: fig. 4, p. 42", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Czuma, Stanislaw J. \u201cSome Tibetan and Tibet-Related Acquisitions of the Cleveland Museum of Art\u201d, <em>Oriental Art</em> (Winter 1992/93) vol 38:4.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 240", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Fussman, G\u00e9rard. \u201cChilas, Hatun et les Bronzes Buddhiques du Cachemere.\u201d pp. 1\u201360. In <em>Antiquities of Northern Pakistan</em>, vol. 2. Mainz: Verlag von Zabern, 1993.", "page_number": "pp. 50\u201351", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Harle, J. C.<em> The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent</em>. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pl. 146, p. 194", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Lee, Sherman E., and Naomi Noble Richard.<em> A History of Far Eastern Art</em>. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1994.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: fig. 161, p. 130", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Rhie, Marylin M., Robert A. F. Thurman, and John Bigelow Taylor. <em>Weisheit und Liebe: 1000 Jahre Kunst des tibetischen Buddhismus</em>. Bonn: Kunst- und Ausstellungshalle der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, 1996.", "page_number": "Represent: fig. 4, p. 42", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Reedy, Chandra L. <em>Himalayan Bronzes: Technology, Style, and Choices</em>. Newark, DE: University of Delaware Press; London; Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Presses, 1997.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 166, fig. K76", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cunningham, Michael R., Stanislaw J. Czuma, Anne E. Wardwell, and J. Keith Wilson. <em>Masterworks of Asian Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1998.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: pp. 154-155", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Sugimura, To\u0304 \u6749\u6751\u68df. <em>Isura\u0304mu </em>\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0. To\u0304kyo\u0304: Sho\u0304gakukan, 1999.", "page_number": "no. 35, p. 59", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Chuvin, Pierre, and Gilles Be\u0301guin. <em>Les arts de l'Asie Centrale</em>. Paris: Citadelles &amp; Mazenod, 1999.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 246, no. 295", "url": ""}, {"citation": "May, Sally Ruth, Jane Takac, and Barbara J. Bradley. <em>Knockouts: A Pocket Guide</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 2001.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 100, p. 90; Mentioned: no. 100, p. 119", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Pal, Pratapaditya, Amy Heller, Oskar von Hinu\u0308ber, and Gautamavajra Vajra\u0304ca\u0304rya. <em>Himalayas: An Aesthetic Adventur</em>e. Chicago, IL: Art Institute of Chicago in association with University of California Press and Mapin Pub, 2003.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 93, fig. 3 and entry 75, p. 122", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Czuma, Stanislaw, \"Great Acquisitions and Southeast Asian Art at the Cleveland Museum of Art,\" <em>Orientations, An Issue in Honour of Sherman E. Lee</em> (Jan/Feb 2005), vol. 36, no. 1.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 86", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Phillips, Kristy. \"An American Engagement with Kashmiri Art,\" Orientations 38, no. 7 (October 2007): pp. 63-68.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: fig. 5", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Stoddard, Heather. <em>Early Sino-Tibetan Art</em>. Bangkok: Orchid Press, 2008.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: pp. 30-31, fig. 16a-16b.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Be\u0301guin, Gilles.<em> Buddhist Art: An Historical and Cultural Journe</em>y. Bangkok: River Books, 2009.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 98, fig. 86", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Weldon, David. \"Two Bronzes from the Western Himalayas Revisited\". <em>Orientations</em> 42, No. 5 (June 2011): pp. 65-69.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 67, fig. 1", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Franklin, David and C. Griffith Mann. <em>Treasures from the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 2012.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: pp. 82-83", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Siudmak, John. <em>The Hindu-Buddhist Sculpture of Ancient Kashmir and Its Influences</em>. Boston: Brill, 2013.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 476, pl. 226", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Quintanilla, Sonya Rhie. \"Indic Art Returns.\" <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em> 53, no. 5 (September/October 2013): 16\u201317.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 16", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2013-05/page/16"}, {"citation": "Wang, Michelle C. <em>Man\u0323d\u0323alas in the Making: The Visual Culture of Esoteric Buddhism at Dunhuang</em>. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2018.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 77, fig. 24", "url": null}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1966.30", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1966.30/1966.30_web.jpg", "width": "685", "height": "900", "filesize": "106806", "filename": "1966.30_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1966.30/1966.30_print.jpg", "width": "2589", "height": "3400", "filesize": "1056938", "filename": "1966.30_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1966.30/1966.30_full.tif", "width": "10652", "height": "13987", "filesize": "446997328", "filename": "1966.30_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2009-04-08T12:58:42", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1966.30/1966.30_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "560", "height": "893", "filesize": "251991"}, "print": {"url": 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The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (November 23, 1994-January 8, 1995).", "opening_date": "1994-11-23T05:00:00"}, {"id": 196054, "title": "Streams and Mountains Without End: Asian Art and the Legacy of Sherman E. Lee at the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Streams and Mountains Without End: Asian Art and the Legacy of Sherman E. Lee at the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 27-August 23, 2009).", "opening_date": "2009-06-27T04:00:00"}, {"id": 312307, "title": "Power and Possession: Chinese Calligraphy and Inscribed Objects \u2013 Chinese Gallery Rotation 240a, 241c", "description": "<i>Power and Possession: Chinese Calligraphy and Inscribed Objects \u2013 Chinese Gallery Rotation 240a, 241c</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art (organizer) (August 13, 2018-February 3, 2019).", "opening_date": "2018-08-13T04:00:00"}, {"id": 395234, "title": "China\u2019s Southern Paradise: Treasures from the Lower Yangzi Delta", "description": "<i>China\u2019s Southern Paradise: Treasures from the Lower Yangzi Delta</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (September 10, 2023-January 7, 2024).", "opening_date": "2023-09-10T04:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>Exhibition of Chinese Art</em>. Burlington Fine Arts Club, London, UK (1915).", "opening_date": "1915-01-01T05:00:00Z"}, {"description": "<em>International Exhibition of Chinese Art</em>. Burlington House, Royal Academy of Arts, London, England (November 28, 1935-March 7, 1936).", "opening_date": "1935-11-28T05:00:00Z"}, {"description": "<em>La Decouverte de l'Asie: Hommage a Ren\u00e9 Grousset</em>. Mus\u00e9e Cernuschi, Paris, France (1954).", "opening_date": "1954-01-01T05:00:00Z"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Palace Collection of the Qianlong Emperor, Beijing, China", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "General Sir Robert Biddulph [1835\u20131918]", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1860 or 1861\u2013at least 1915", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "Sir Percival David [1892\u20131964], London, England, by descent to his wife Lady David", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "by 1935\u20131964", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "Lady Sheila Jane Yorke Hardy David [1914\u2013?], London, England", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1964\u20131976?", "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "(Sotheby's, London, England, 14 December, 1976, lot 224, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "December 14, 1976", "sortorder": 5}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1977\u2013", "sortorder": 6}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "The traditional understanding of the silver vessel 's function is that it was supposed to hold wine.", "description": "The figure watching the stars is believed to be the messenger Zhang Qian (died 114 BCE). Legend says he lost his way in the Milky Way, where he met the Weaving Maid who gave him a stone from her loom. Zhang, in fact, holds a slab inscribed <em>loom stone</em>. The vessel is dated, inscribed, and has a seal of the silversmith Zhu Bishan, from Zhejiang province, who ran a workshop in the Lake Tai area near Suzhou. Zhu is one of the few Chinese silversmiths known by name, producing silverware so desirable that his name was used like a trademark by his competitors and followers. Made of pure silver, and shaped like a hollow log, the cup was assembled from several silver pieces that were then soldered together.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60780889"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1977.7-raft-cup"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Hobson, R. L. \u201cA Silver Cup of the Y\u00fcan Dynasty.\u201d <em>The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs</em>, vol. 22, no. 117 (December 1912), pp. 153\u2013158.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 153\u2013158; Reproduced: plate B", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/859184"}, {"citation": "Koop, Albert J. and Burlington Fine Arts Club. <em>Catalogue of a Collection of Objects of Chinese Art</em>. London: Priv. Print. for the Burlington fine arts club, 1915.", "page_number": "Reproduced: cat. no. 55, plate IX", "url": null}, {"citation": "Spendlove, F. St. George, ed. C<em>atalogue of the International Exhibition of Chinese Art, 1935-6</em>. London: Royal Academy of Arts, 1935.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 1034, pp. 81 and 100", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em> La de\u0301couverte de l'Asie. [Exposition] hommage a\u0300 Rene\u0301 Grousset</em>. Paris: Muse\u0301e Cernuschi, 1954.", "page_number": "Reproduced: cat. no. 447, plate 28", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cheng Chen-to. \"Chu Pi-shang lung-ch'o chi,\" (The Dragon Rafts by Chu Pi-shang). <em>Gu gong bo wu yuan yuan kan</em> \u6545\u5bae\u535a\u7269\u9662\u9662\u520a (Beijing 1960), II, pp.165\u2013169.", "page_number": "II, pp. 165\u2013169", "url": null}, {"citation": "Jenyns, Soame, and William Watson. <em>Chinese Art: The Minor Arts</em>. New York: Universe Books, 1963.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 35, p. 78", "url": null}, {"citation": "Beurdeley, Michel.<em> The Chinese Collector Through the Centuries, from the Han to the 20th Century</em>. Rutland, Vt: C.E. Tuttle Co, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 109, fig. 51", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lee, Sherman E., and Wai-kam Ho. <em>Chinese Art Under the Mongols: The Yu\u0308an Dynasty, 1279-1368</em>. [Cleveland]: Cleveland Museum of Art; [distributed by the Press of Case Western Reserve University], 1968.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 37", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities</em>, 43, 1971, pl. 3", "page_number": "pl. 3", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cao, Zhao, and Percival David. <em>Chinese Connoisseurship: The Ko Ku Yao Lun, the Essential Criteria of Antiquities</em>. London: Faber, 1971.", "page_number": "Reproduced: fig. 19c", "url": null}, {"citation": "Sotheby's London.<em> Early Chinese Ceramics; Sung, Ming and Ch'ing Wares; Lacquer; Works of Art</em>. December 14, 1976. Lot 224.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Lee, Sherman E. \"The Year in Review for 1977.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 65, no. 1 (1978): 2\u201342.", "page_number": "Mentioned: cat. no. 128, p. 33", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25159560."}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 344", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n364"}, {"citation": "Little, Stephen. <em>Realm of the Immortals: Daoism in the Arts of China : the Cleveland Museum of Art, February 10-April 10, 1988</em>. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art in cooperation with Indiana University Press, 1988.", "page_number": "Mentioned: cat. no. 19", "url": null}, {"citation": "Wilson, J. Keith. \"The Fine Art of Drinking: The Chinese Silversmith Zhu Bishan and His Sculptural Cups.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 81, no. 10 (1994): 380-401.", "page_number": "Reproduced: cover, pp. 380\u2013381; Mentioned: pp. 380\u2013401", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25161475"}, {"citation": "Christman, Bruce. \u201cTechnical Note on the Raft Cup.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 81, no. 10 (December 1994): 402\u2013407.", "page_number": "", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25161476"}, {"citation": "Cunningham, Michael R., Stanislaw J. Czuma, Anne E. Wardwell, and J. Keith Wilson. <em>Masterworks of Asian Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1998.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pp. 74\u201375", "url": null}, {"citation": "Chapman, Jan. <em>The Art of Rhinoceros Horn Carving in China</em> [\u4e2d\u56ef\u7684\u7280\u725b\u89d2\u96d5\u523b\u517f\u8853 = Chung-Kuo Ti Hsi Niu Chiao Tiao K\u02bbo I Shu]. London: Christie's Books, 1999.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 263, no. 382 (above)", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: pp. 104\u2013105", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Griswold, William, Xiaofei Tian, Richard Von Glahn, Feng Zhao, S. J. Vainker, Masaaki Itakura, Jiang Wu, et al. <em>China\u2019s Southern Paradise: Treasures from the Lower Yangzi Delta</em>. Edited by Clarissa von Spee. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 2023", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: pp. 300\u2013301, no. 142", "url": ""}, {"citation": "\"Exhibitions through February 2024.\u201d <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine </em>63, no. 4 (2023): 16-17.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 17; Mentioned: P. 16", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2023-04/page/16/mode/2up"}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1977.7", "images": {"annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1977.7/1977.7_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "871", "filesize": "194523", "filename": "1977.7_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1977.7/1977.7_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "3289", "filesize": "1392802", "filename": "1977.7_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1977.7/1977.7_full.tif", "width": "10712", "height": "10362", "filesize": "333019684", "filename": "1977.7_full.tif"}}, 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Severance Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": "a254ffe2ee5f4512a034e666b5eee4bd", "sketchfab_url": "https://sketchfab.com/models/a254ffe2ee5f4512a034e666b5eee4bd", "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 149146, "creators": [{"id": 22729, "description": "Zhu Bishan (Chinese, c. 1300\u2013after 1362)", "extent": null, "qualifier": "attributed to", "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": "\u6731\u78a7\u5c71", "birth_year": "1300", "death_year": "1367", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1977-02-23T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1300, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1300s\u20131400s", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": "This intricately worked cup is largely formed from small pieces of sheet silver, hammered into shape and joined with solder. The surfaces were then chased to create much of the decoration and to disguise the seams. The sash at the figure's waist and the lock of hair were noted in an examination from 1994 to be separately cast pieces attached with small tangs inserted through openings in the silver. X-ray fluorescence analysis of the silver in 1999 showed the composition to be 98.4% silver, 1.1% copper, 0.2% gold, and .04% lead by weight. The silver is protected by a surface coating of cellulose nitrate lacquer to reduce the formation of silver oxidation products.", "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Raft-Cup with Taoist Immortal"], "is_highlight": true, "updated_at": "2026-04-17 19:31:25.173000"}, {"id": 142792, "accession_number": "1966.49", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Wrestlers in a Circus, 1909. Ernst Ludwig Kirchner (German, 1880\u20131938). Oil on canvas; framed: 107.5 x 121 x 7 cm (42 5/16 x 47 5/8 x 2 3/4 in.); unframed: 80.5 x 94 cm (31 11/16 x 37 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Contemporary Collection of The Cleveland Museum of Art and Bequest of William R. Valentiner, 1966.49", "current_location": "225 German Expressionism & Surrealism", "title": "Wrestlers in a Circus", "creation_date": "1909", "creation_date_earliest": 1909, "creation_date_latest": 1909, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["Germany, 20th century"], "technique": "oil on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "Modern European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "Mod Euro - Painting 1800-1960", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 107.5 x 121 x 7 cm (42 5/16 x 47 5/8 x 2 3/4 in.); Unframed: 80.5 x 94 cm (31 11/16 x 37 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 1.075, "width": 1.21, "depth": 0.07}, "unframed": {"height": 0.805, "width": 0.94}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "signed lower left:  E. L. Kirchner.", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 445095, "title": "Brucke Artists 1905 - 1910", "description": "<i>Brucke Artists 1905 - 1910</i>. Br\u00fccke-Museum Berlin, Berlin (Dahlem), Germany (organizer) (September 8-October 28, 1973).", "opening_date": "1973-09-08T04:00:00"}], "legacy": []}, "provenance": [{"description": "Artist\u2019s estate, sold to Grosshennig Gallery", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->After Kirchner\u2019s death in 1938, his estate passed into the hands of his wife, Erna.&nbsp; The contents of the estate remained in the Kirchner home in Davos until 1946, when they were transferred to the Kunstmuseum Basel. In 1948 the collection was inventoried, and it remained at the Kunstmuseum Basel until 1954 under the supervision of the museum\u2019s director, Georg Schmidt.&nbsp; From 1954, Kirchner\u2019s works were in the care of the estate administrator, Roman Norbert Ketterer, appointed by Kirchner\u2019s heirs, who sold the CMA picture to Galerie Grosshennig on February 14, 1957.&nbsp;</div>"], "date": "1938-1957", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "(Galerie Grosshennig, D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany, sold to Otto Gerson Gallery)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1957", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "(Otto Gerson Gallery, New York, lent to Grosshennig Gallery on commission)", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->Although the mode of transfer of the Kirchner painting from Galerie Grosshennig to Otto Gerson Gallery is unclear, it occurred quickly, as the painting appears in a 1957 exhibition mounted by Gerson.&nbsp; The Kirchner is also recorded in the Otto Gerson stock books by June 1958 (stock no. P47), and in the gallery inventory by October 31 of that year.&nbsp; Neither the stock book nor the inventory clarify the circumstances of the transfer of the painting from Grosshennig to Gerson.&nbsp; Because Wilhelm Grosshennig and the Gerson Gallery worked very closely together throughout the 1950s and 1960s, it is quite possible the painting was under joint ownership.&nbsp;</div>"], "date": "1957 - by 1960", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "(Galerie Grosshennig, D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany, returned unsold to Marlborough-Gerson Gallery)", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->The Kirchner was once again with Galerie Grosshennig, having been lent on commission by Gerson.&nbsp; It appeared in Grosshennig exhibitions in 1960 and 1962. &nbsp;</div>"], "date": "By 1960-1963", "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "(Marlborough-Gerson Gallery, New York, sold to Allan Frumkin)", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->After failing to sell at Grosshennig, the painting was returned to the Marlborough-Gerson Gallery, which had absorbed Gerson\u2019s stock after his death in 1960.&nbsp; After Gerson died, his widow, Ilse, Ralph Colin, executor of Gerson\u2019s estate, and Frank Lloyd and Harry Fischer, who had founded Marlborough Fine Art in London, created the Marlborough-Gerson Gallery in New York in 1963.&nbsp;</div>"], "date": "1963-1964", "sortorder": 5}, {"description": "(Allan Frumkin Gallery, New York, NY, sold to E.V. Thaw)", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->Several pieces of correspondence indicate that Frumkin purchased the painting in Germany, which could mean that he saw it at Grosshennig but purchased it through Marlborough-Gerson shortly thereafter, or that Grosshennig was involved in the sale in some capacity, as the two dealers were still closely associated. In any case, the Kirchner was certainly back with Marlborough-Gerson by 1963, and therefore Frumkin could not have purchased it directly from Grosshennig.&nbsp;</div>"], "date": "1964-1966", "sortorder": 6}, {"description": "(E. V. Thaw, New York, NY, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1966", "sortorder": 7}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1966-", "sortorder": 8}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "During the 1930s, 639 works by Kirchner were removed from German museums and either destroyed or sold to foreign collectors and museums. The year after the Nazis organized the Degenerate Art exhibition in Munich, Kirchner committed suicide.", "description": "Locked in a dangerous embrace, beefy wrestlers writhe on a brightly colored mat. Famous for his scenes of urban life, Kirchner uses loose brushstrokes to capture the blur of bodies in motion. Imagine watching this intense match, surrounded by screaming spectators.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60469727"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1966.49-wrestlers-in-a-circu"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Schmalenbach, Werner, and Rene\u0301 Wehrli. <em>Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, 1880-1938.  </em>Zu\u0308rich: Kunsthaus Zu\u0308rich, 1952.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Gordon, Donald E. <em>Ernst Ludwig Kirchner</em>. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1968.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "<br>Wolfgang Henze, email to Victoria Sears Goldman, Jan. 7, 2015, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Wolfgang Henze, email to Victoria Sears Goldman, Dec. 11, 2014, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Wolfgang Henze, email to Victoria Sears Goldman, Jan. 7, 2015, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Wolfgang Henze, email to Victoria Sears Goldman, Dec. 11, 2014, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Otto and Ilse Gerson Papers, Business Records, reel 4051, Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Myers, Bernard Samuel.  <em>Ernst Ludwig Kirchner: New York, Fine Arts Associates Otto M. Gerson, November 12 - December 7, 1957</em>. New York: Fine Arts Associates, 1957.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Eugene Victor Thaw, letter to Edward B. Henning, Nov. 17, 1967, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Otto and Ilse Gerson Papers, Business Records, reel 4051, Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Galerie Wilhelm Grosshennig. <em>Einladung zum Besuch meiner Ausstellung auserlesener Meisterwerke des 19. und 20. Jahrhunderts: Juni-August 1962</em>. 1962.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Gordon, Donald E. <em>Ernst Ludwig Kirchner</em>. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1968.<em><br></em>", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Margaret Heuser-Mantell, letter to Margaret Burgess, Aug. 11, 2004, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Tuchman, Maurice. <em>Van Gogh and Expressionism: [Commentary]</em>. New York: Guggenheim Museum. 1964. New York: Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, 1964.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Margaret Heuser-Mantell, letter to Margaret Burgess, Aug. 11, 2004, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Eugene Victor Thaw, letter to Edward B. Henning, Nov. 17, 1967, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Eugene Victor Thaw, letter to Edward B. Henning, Nov. 17, 1967, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "<br>Margaret Burgess, fax to Alice Adam (handwritten notation on fax), July 20, 2004, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Eugene Victor Thaw, letter to Edward B. Henning, Nov. 17, 1967, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "", "page_number": "", "url": ""}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 196", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n220"}, {"citation": "Lee, Sherman E. \u201cGolden Anniversary Acquisitions: September 10 through October 16.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 53, no. 7 (September 1966): 181\u2013284.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 240; Mentioned: p. 283, no. 117", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25152110"}, {"citation": "Henning, Edward B. \u201cTwo German Expressionist Paintings.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 55, no. 4 (April 1968): 95\u2013102.", "page_number": "mentioned and reproduced: p. 95-96, fig. 1", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25152208"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 196", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n220"}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Art of the Twentieth Century in the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: Dept. of Art History &amp; Education, CMA, 1969.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 1", "url": "https://archive.org/details/20thCenturyArtCMA/page/n1"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 245", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n265"}, {"citation": "Lovleva, L. I.\" <em>Natalia Goncharova: Between East and West\"</em>. Moscow, Soviet Union; State Tretyakov Gallery, (2013): 40-51.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 46", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kunsthaus Zu\u0308rich, Kunsthaus. <em>Expressionismus in Deutschland und Frankreich Von Matisse zum Blauen Reiter</em>. Mu\u0308nchen. Germany: Prestel, 2014.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 59", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 296", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Moeller, Magdalena M. <em>Die Bru\u0308cke 1905-14</em>. Baden-Baden: Museum Frieder Burda; M\u00fcnchen: Hirmer, 2018.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 118-119", "url": null}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1966.49", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1966.49/1966.49_web.jpg", "width": "1046", "height": "893", "filesize": "800337", "filename": "1966.49_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1966.49/1966.49_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2902", "filesize": "8456180", "filename": "1966.49_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1966.49/1966.49_full.tif", "width": "5500", "height": "4694", "filesize": "77487384", "filename": "1966.49_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [], "creditline": "Contemporary Collection of The Cleveland Museum of Art and Bequest of William R. Valentiner", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 142792, "creators": [{"id": 3155, "description": "Ernst Ludwig Kirchner (German, 1880\u20131938)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1880", "death_year": "1938", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1966-05-25T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1909, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1909", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": true, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": true, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:10:28.455000"}, {"id": 127239, "accession_number": "1949.555", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Seated Male Carrying Maize, 1325\u20131521. Central Mexico, Aztec style, 13th-16th century. Stone, pigment; overall: 31.1 x 24.1 x 30.5 cm (12 1/4 x 9 1/2 x 12 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, The Norweb Collection, 1949.555", "current_location": "233 Mesoamerican and Intermediate Region", "title": "Seated Male Carrying Maize", "creation_date": "1325\u20131521", "creation_date_earliest": 1325, "creation_date_latest": 1521, "artists_tags": [], "culture": ["Central Mexico, Aztec style, 13th-16th century"], "technique": "stone, pigment", "support_materials": [], "department": "Art of the Americas", "collection": "AA - Mesoamerica", "type": "Sculpture", "measurements": "Overall: 31.1 x 24.1 x 30.5 cm (12 1/4 x 9 1/2 x 12 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"height": 0.311, "width": 0.241, "depth": 0.305}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 355758, "title": "Exhibition of the Month: Herbs in Art", "description": "<i>Exhibition of the Month: Herbs in Art</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (May 8-August 1, 1953).", "opening_date": "1953-05-08T04:00:00"}, {"id": 519209, "title": "The Imagination of Primitive Man", "description": "<i>The Imagination of Primitive Man</i>. The Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City, MO (organizer) (January 18-February 25, 1962).", "opening_date": "1962-01-18T05:00:00"}, {"id": 515721, "title": "Man and His World", "description": "<i>Man and His World</i>. Expo 67, Montreal, Canada (organizer) (April 27-October 28, 1967).", "opening_date": "1967-04-27T05:00:00"}, {"id": 216520, "title": "The Road to Aztlan: Art from a Mythic Homeland", "description": "<i>The Road to Aztlan: Art from a Mythic Homeland</i>. Los Angeles County Museum of Art (organizer) (May 13-August 26, 2001); Austin Museum of Art (Texas Fine Arts Association) (October 19-December 30, 2001); The Albuquerque Museum (February 10-April 28, 2002).", "opening_date": "2001-05-13T00:00:00"}, {"id": 222472, "title": "The Aztecs", "description": "<i>The Aztecs</i>. Royal Academy of Arts, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (organizer) (November 16, 2002-April 11, 2003).", "opening_date": "2002-11-12T00:00:00"}, {"id": 222159, "title": "The Aztec Empire", "description": "<i>The Aztec Empire</i>. Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York, NY (organizer) (October 14, 2004-February 15, 2005).", "opening_date": "2004-10-14T00:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>The Imagination of Primitive Man</em>, Kansas City, MO: William Rockhill Nelson Gallery of Art (January 18- February 25, 1962).", "opening_date": "1962-01-18T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Man and His World, International Fine Arts Exhibition, </em>Montreal, Canada (April 28- October 27, 1967).", "opening_date": "1967-04-28T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Azteca-Mexica</em>, Madrid, Spain (1992).", "opening_date": "1992-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Palm Beach, Florida: Society of the Four Arts; January 9-31, 1953. \"Ancient American Art.\"", "opening_date": "1953-01-09T05:00:00Z"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Raymond Henry Norweb [1894-1983] and Emery May Holden Norweb [1895-1984], Cleveland OH, gift to the Cleveland Museum of Art", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "?-1949", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1949-", "sortorder": 2}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Macuilxochitl is one of five gods of excess pleasure, and the punishment that follows.", "description": "This figure probably represents an Aztec deity-either Macuilxochitl or Xochipilli-whose domain was beauty, the arts, and such pleasures as gameplaying, dancing, and sex. Both names include the Aztec word for \"flower,\" and in one hand the figure holds a cone of flowers, perhaps the blossoming crown of a cactus. For the Aztecs, flowers signified beauty, refinement, and fertility in general and sexuality in particular. The burden of maize cobs on his back also may allude to his creative energies.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60760114"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1949.555-seated-male-carrying"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Handbook.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 361", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1958/page/n69"}, {"citation": "William Rockhill Nelson Gallery of Art and Mary Atkins Museum of Fine Arts, and Ralph T. Coe. <em>The Imagination of Primitive Man: A Survey of the Arts of the Non-Literate Peoples of the World.</em> Kansas City, Mo: The Museum, 1962.", "page_number": "cat. no. 247, p. 152", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 292", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n316"}, {"citation": "National Gallery of Canada, and Expo (International Exhibitions Bureau). <em>Terre Des Hommes</em>: Exposition Internationale Des Beaux-Arts, 28 Avril-27 Octobre 1967 = Man and His World, International Fine Arts Exhibition, Expo 67, Montreal, Canada, 28 April-27 October 1967. [Montre\u0301al]: [Expo 67], 1967.", "page_number": "cat. no. 77, pp. 162", "url": null}, {"citation": "Grieder, Terence. Austin: University of Texas, vol. 67 (Fall 1968).", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 292", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n316"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 395", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n415"}, {"citation": "Pasztory, Esther. <em>Aztec Art. </em>New York: H.N. Abrams, 1983.", "page_number": "pl. 204, p. 229", "url": null}, {"citation": "Alcina Franch, Jose\u0301, Miguel Leo\u0301n Portilla, and Eduardo Matos Moctezuma. <em>Azteca Mexica</em>. Barcelona: Lunwerg Editores, 1992.", "page_number": "color plate 32, p. 157", "url": null}, {"citation": "Sabau Garci\u0301a, Mari\u0301a Luisa. <em>Me\u0301xico en el mundo de las colecciones de arte. </em>Me\u0301xico: D.R. Primera, 1994.", "page_number": "Vol 1: pt. 2., pp. 179-243", "url": null}, {"citation": "Fields, Virginia M., and Victor Zamudio-Taylor. <em>The Road to Aztlan: Art from a Mythic Homeland.</em> Los Angeles: Los Angeles County Museum of Art, 2001.", "page_number": "cat. no. 161, fig. 71, p. 103; p. 413", "url": null}, {"citation": "Matos Moctezuma, Eduardo, and Felipe R. Soli\u0301s Olgui\u0301n. <em>Aztecs</em>. London: Royal Academy of Arts, 2002.", "page_number": "cat.no. 107, p.185", "url": null}, {"citation": "Avehanosa, Teresa, <em>Arqueologi\u0301a mexicana</em>. (March 2003).", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Soli\u0301s Olgui\u0301n, Felipe R. <em>The Aztec Empire</em>. New York, N.Y.: Guggenheim Museum Publications, 2004.", "page_number": "Cat. No. 254, p. 255", "url": null}, {"citation": "Katzew, Ilona, William B. Taylor, and Luisa Elena Alcala\u0301. <em>Contested Visions in the Spanish Colonial World</em>. 2011.", "page_number": null, "url": null}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1949.555", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1949.555/1949.555_web.jpg", "width": "915", "height": "893", "filesize": "456314", "filename": "1949.555_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1949.555/1949.555_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "3319", "filesize": "7431375", "filename": "1949.555_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1949.555/1949.555_full.tif", "width": "4864", "height": "4749", "filesize": "69324896", "filename": "1949.555_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2010-07-23T12:35:09", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1949.555/1949.555_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "983", "height": "893", "filesize": "504307"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1949.555/1949.555_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "3090", "filesize": "7119864"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1949.555/1949.555_alt0_full.tif", "width": "5345", "height": "4859", "filesize": "77941208"}}, {"date_created": "2010-07-23T12:58:05", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1949.555/1949.555_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "916", "height": "893", "filesize": "489647"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1949.555/1949.555_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "3313", "filesize": "8233498"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1949.555/1949.555_alt1_full.tif", "width": "5012", "height": "4885", "filesize": "73478728"}}, {"date_created": "2010-07-23T13:21:39", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1949.555/1949.555_alt2_web.jpg", "width": "829", "height": "893", "filesize": "432695"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1949.555/1949.555_alt2_print.jpg", "width": "3157", "height": "3400", "filesize": "6800228"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1949.555/1949.555_alt2_full.tif", "width": "4219", "height": "4543", "filesize": "57528648"}}, {"date_created": "2010-07-23T13:31:22", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1949.555/1949.555_alt3_web.jpg", "width": "1162", "height": "893", "filesize": "628726"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1949.555/1949.555_alt3_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2614", "filesize": "5828468"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1949.555/1949.555_alt3_full.tif", "width": "5178", "height": "3981", "filesize": "61868228"}}, {"date_created": "2010-07-23T13:42:06", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1949.555/1949.555_alt4_web.jpg", "width": "1116", "height": "893", "filesize": "651275"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1949.555/1949.555_alt4_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2720", "filesize": "6995481"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1949.555/1949.555_alt4_full.tif", "width": "4513", "height": "3611", "filesize": "48916568"}}], "creditline": "The Norweb Collection", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 127239, "creators": [], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1949-12-23T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1325, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1325\u20131521", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Xochipilli. God of Flowers, Dances and Games"], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:00:40.363000"}, {"id": 149388, "accession_number": "1978.45", "share_license_status": "Copyrighted", "tombstone": "Still Life with Biscuits, 1924. Pablo Picasso (Spanish, 1881\u20131973). Oil, sand, other materials on canvas; framed: 119.4 x 138.8 x 10.2 cm (47 x 54 5/8 x 4 in.); unframed: 80.8 x 100.4 cm (31 13/16 x 39 1/2 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund, 1978.45. \u00a9 Estate of  Pablo Picasso / Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York", "current_location": "223 20th Century Avant-Garde", "title": "Still Life with Biscuits", "creation_date": "1924", "creation_date_earliest": 1924, "creation_date_latest": 1924, "artists_tags": ["male", "Latine and Hispanic Artists"], "culture": ["Spain, 20th century"], "technique": "oil, sand, other materials on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "Modern European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "Mod Euro - Painting 1800-1960", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 119.4 x 138.8 x 10.2 cm (47 x 54 5/8 x 4 in.); Unframed: 80.8 x 100.4 cm (31 13/16 x 39 1/2 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 1.194, "width": 1.388, "depth": 0.102}, "unframed": {"height": 0.808, "width": 1.004}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": "\u00a9 Estate of  Pablo Picasso / Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York", "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "Signed lower left: \"Picasso / 24 [probably added later]\"", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 304286, "title": "Year in Review: 1978", "description": "<i>Year in Review: 1978</i>. 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The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (December 12, 2012-March 5, 2017).", "opening_date": "2012-12-12T05:00:00"}], "legacy": []}, "provenance": [{"description": "Paul Rosenberg [1881-1959], Paris, France", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": null}, {"description": "(E. V. Thaw, New York, NY, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "-1978", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1978-", "sortorder": 3}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Picasso created a wide variety of textures and patterns in this still life. The off-white paint used to represent the biscuits was applied like cake frosting in smooth, thick strokes, probably with a palette knife.", "description": "The white geometric shape in the center of this painting represents a compote (a bowl with a base and stem) upon which three green fruits are arranged. To the right is a plate of long, wafer-thin biscuits that could be <em>langues-de-chat </em>(French for \u201ccats\u2019 tongues\u201d), named for their shape. This painting is among the last of the artist\u2019s forays into the style of Synthetic Cubism in which lively colors and large, geometric shapes were used to depict recognizable objects.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60473489"], "internet_archive": []}, "citations": [{"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, \u201cThe Cleveland Museum of Art Acquires 1924 Picasso Still Life,\u201d October 2, 1978, Cleveland Museum of Art Archives.", "page_number": null, "url": "https://archive.org/details/cmapr2589"}, {"citation": "Lee, Sherman E. \u201cThe Year in Review for 1978.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 66, no. 1 (January 1979): 3\u201348.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 26; Mentioned: p. 46, no. 126", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25159613"}, {"citation": "Henning, Edward B. \u201cTwo New Cubist Paintings by Juan Gris and Pablo Picasso.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 68, no. 2 (February 1981): 39\u201350.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 46-47, fig. 15, Back Cover", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25159711"}, {"citation": "Henning, Edward B. <em>Creativity in Art and Science, 1860-1960.</em> [Cleveland, Ohio]: Published by the Cleveland Museum of Art in cooperation with Indiana University Press, 1987.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 117, no. 25", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Boggs, Jean Sutherland, Brigitte Le\u0301al, and Marie-Laure Bernadac. <em>Picasso and Things: The Still Lifes of Picasso. </em>Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1992.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 210-211, no. 82", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1978.45", "images": {}, "alternate_images": [], "creditline": "Leonard C. 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After passing through a succession of stylistic periods, most notably the Blue (1901-1904) and Rose (1904-1906) Periods, he collaborated with Georges Braque (1882-1963) in 1908 to invent Cubism, a revolutionary method of restructuring pictorial space. Picasso remained active until his death in 1973. Although his art still appears radical, many of his works are over one hundred years old. Cubism, perhaps the most important development in 20th-century art, was invented around 1908 by Pablo Picasso (1881-1973) and Georges Braque (1882-1963). The most revolutionary aspect of the style was not its obvious emphasis on geometric form; rather, it was the introduction of a radically new approach to configuring pictorial space. Since the Renaissance, artists had used various methods to create the illusion of distant space receding behind the canvas surface. The Cubists rejected that idea and collapsed space by compressing foreground, middle ground, and background into a continuous web of overlapping, intersecting planes. During the 1910s, other painters and sculptors embraced or adapted Cubism to their own ends. This revolutionary approach inspired a host of related movements and continues to influence the visual language of artists, architects, and designers throughout the world.", "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1881", "death_year": "1973", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1978-08-10T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1924, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1924", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-04-03 13:35:09.232000"}, {"id": 146148, "accession_number": "1971.47", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Basket of Plums, 1769. Anne Vallayer-Coster (French, 1744\u20131818). Oil on canvas; unframed: 38 x 46.2 cm (14 15/16 x 18 3/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Mr. and Mrs. William H. Marlatt Fund, 1971.47", "current_location": "216B French and German", "title": "Basket of Plums", "creation_date": "1769", "creation_date_earliest": 1769, "creation_date_latest": 1769, "artists_tags": ["female"], "culture": ["France, 18th century"], "technique": "oil on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "P - French 18th Century", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Unframed: 38 x 46.2 cm (14 15/16 x 18 3/16 in.)", "dimensions": {"unframed": {"height": 0.38, "width": 0.462}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "Signed lower right: \"M.elle Vallayer / 1769\"", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 301427, "title": "Year in Review: 1971", "description": "<i>Year in Review: 1971</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (December 28, 1971-February 6, 1972).", "opening_date": "1971-12-28T05:00:00"}, {"id": 304393, "title": "Chardin and the Still Life Tradition in France", "description": "<i>Chardin and the Still Life Tradition in France</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (June 6-August 12, 1979).", "opening_date": "1979-06-06T04:00:00"}, {"id": 311503, "title": "Intimate Images: Portrait Miniatures from Europe and America", "description": "<i>Intimate Images: Portrait Miniatures from Europe and America</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (March 26-October 17, 1993).", "opening_date": "1993-03-26T04:00:00"}, {"id": 213405, "title": "Anne Vallayer-Coster: Still-Life Painting in the Age of Marie Antoinette", "description": "<i>Anne Vallayer-Coster: Still-Life Painting in the Age of Marie Antoinette</i>. National Gallery of Art, Landover, MD (June 30-September 22, 2002); The Dallas Museum of Art, Dallas, TX (organizer) (October 13, 2002-January 5, 2003); Frick Collection, New York, NY (January 21-March 23, 2003); Centre de la Vieille Charit\u00e9, Marseille, France (April 9-June 23, 2003).", "opening_date": "2002-06-30T00:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>Salon, </em>Paris, France (1771).", "opening_date": null}, {"description": "<em>English, French, Italian, Netherlandish, Spanish, and German Art</em>, National museum, Stockholm, Sweden (1918).", "opening_date": "1918-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Three Centuries of Still Life</em>, G\u00f6teborg Art Museum, Sweden, (April 28-May 17, 1938).", "opening_date": "1938-04-28T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Five Centuries of French Art</em>, National Museum, Stockholm, Sweden (15 August-9 November).", "opening_date": null}, {"description": "<em>Luis Melendez: Bodegones</em>, Museo Nacional del Prado. Madrid, Spain (Feb. 17 - May 16, 2004).", "opening_date": "2004-02-17T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Baron Herzog, Budapest, Hungary", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "Axel Ryden, Stockholm, Sweden", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1918", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "Osborn Kling, Stockholm, Sweden", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1934", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "(Sale: H. Bukowski, Stockholm, Sweden, September 25-26, 1934, no. 323)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "September 25-26, 1934", "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "Thorsten Laurin, Stockholm, Sweden, and his daughter Mrs. B. Stjernsward, Sakanor, Sweden", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1938", "sortorder": 5}, {"description": "(Sale: Sotheby's, London, June 24, 1970, no. 4)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "June 24, 1970", "sortorder": 6}, {"description": "[Old Masters Gallery, London, England]", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": 7}, {"description": "[H. Shickman Gallery, New York, NY, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "-1971", "sortorder": 8}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1971-", "sortorder": 9}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "The artist painted a companion to this work\u2014a plate of peaches and branch of cherries.", "description": "During the later part of the 1700s, fruit still lifes were extremely popular, and a basket of plums was a common motif. In Vallayer's painting the details, especially the plums and the basket, emerge from deep shadows. The colors are vivid reds and violets and a sense of immediacy is invoked by the growing moss, the cakes in their crisp papers, and the glass of water with its sparkling highlights and reflections.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60471904"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1971.47-basket-of-plums"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Paris, Salon, 1771.", "page_number": "cat. no. 147", "url": ""}, {"citation": "<em>Collection des livrets des anciennes expositions depuis 1673 jusqu'en 1800.</em> Paris: Liepmannssohn et Dufour, 1869. .", "page_number": "p. 29, no. 147;", "url": ""}, {"citation": "<em>Engelska, franska, italienska, nederla\u0308ndska, spanka och tyska konstverk: Utst. Nationalmuseum 1918.</em> 1918.", "page_number": "cat. no. 40", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Bukowskis (Firm). <em>Mo\u0308bler, bronser, skulptur. mattor ... silver, keramik, oljema\u030alningar. </em>1934.", "page_number": "no. 323, illus. pl. 37", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Laurin, Thorsten, and Ragnar Hoppe. <em>Katalog o\u0308ver Thorsten Laurins samling av ma\u0308leri och skulptur.</em> Stockholm: [P.A. Norstedt], 1936.", "page_number": "no. 399, pl. 218", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Matthiesen konsthandel A.-B. <em>Stilleben fran tre a\u030arhundraden</em>. [Go\u0308teborg]: [Isacsons], 1938.", "page_number": "cat. no. 52.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Nationalmuseum (Stockholm). <em>Fem sekler Fransk konst: bilder fra\u030an utsta\u0308llningen i Nationalmuseum</em> [Stockholm. 15 augusti-9 november 1958]. Stockholm: Nationalmuseum, 1958.", "page_number": "cat. no. 102", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Sotheby's (Firm). <em>Important Old Master Paintings</em>. 1970.", "page_number": "no. 4", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Roland Michel, Marianne. <em>Anne Vallayer-Coster, 1744-1818</em>. Paris (5e): C.I.L. [Comptoir international du livre, 24, rue des Carmes], 1970.", "page_number": "no. 183, p. 155", "url": ""}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Catalogue of Paintings, Part 3: European Paintings of the 16th, 17th, and 18th Centuries</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1982.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 152; Mentioned: p. 151", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lee, Sherman E. \u201cThe Year in Review for 1971.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 59, no. 1 (1972).", "page_number": "cat. no. 56", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25152412"}, {"citation": "Michel, Marianne Roland, and Ursula Korneitchouk. \u201cA Basket of Plums.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 60, no. 2 (1973).", "page_number": "pp. 52-59, figs. 4, 5, 6, 10", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25152471"}, {"citation": "Clark, Carol C. \u201cJean-Baptiste Sim\u00e9on Chardin: Still Life with Herring.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 61, no. 9 (1974).", "page_number": "309, 314, n. 2, fig. 2", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25152549"}, {"citation": "Fare\u0301, Michel, and Fabrice Fare\u0301. <em>La vie silencieuse en France: la nature morte au XVIIIe sie\u0300cle.</em> Fribourg: Office du Livre, 1976.", "page_number": "p. 217, fig. 332", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Weisberg, Gabriel P., and William S. Talbot. <em>Chardin and the Still-Life Tradition in France</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1979.", "page_number": "cat. no. 7", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Kahng, Eik, Anne Vallayer-Coster, Marianne Roland Michel, and Colin B. Bailey. <em>Anne Vallayer-Coster, Painter to the Court of Marie-Antoinette</em>. [Dallas, TX]: Dallas Museum of Art, 2002.", "page_number": "cat. 2, fig. 7, p. 197;", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cherry, Peter, Juan J. Luna, Natacha Sesen\u0303a, and Luis Mele\u0301ndez. <em>Luis Mele\u0301ndez: bodegones.</em> [Madrid]: Museo Nacional del Prado, 2004.", "page_number": "cat., fig. 42, p. 95", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Luna, Juan J. \"Mele\u0301ndez and the Development of Spanish and European Still Life Painting in the Eighteenth Century.\" In <em>Mele\u0301ndez: Still Lifes. </em>Peter Cherry, and Juan J. Luna, 44-79. [Dublin]: National Gallery of Ireland, 2004.", "page_number": "Reproduction: P. 65-66, fig. 46", "url": null}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1971.47", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1971.47/1971.47_web.jpg", "width": "1076", "height": "893", "filesize": "613361", "filename": "1971.47_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1971.47/1971.47_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2823", "filesize": "6026441", "filename": "1971.47_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1971.47/1971.47_full.tif", "width": "5500", "height": "4566", "filesize": "75369940", "filename": "1971.47_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [], "creditline": "Mr. and Mrs. William H. 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Filippino Lippi (Italian, c. 1457\u20131504). Tempera and oil on wood; framed: 184 x 186 x 9.5 cm (72 7/16 x 73 1/4 x 3 3/4 in.); diameter: 153 cm (60 1/4 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, The Delia E. Holden Fund and a fund donated as a memorial to Mrs. Holden by her children: Guerdon S. Holden, Delia Holden White, Roberta Holden Bole, Emery Holden Greenough, Gertrude Holden McGinley, 1932.227", "current_location": "117A Italian Renaissance", "title": "The Holy Family with Saint John the Baptist and Saint Margaret", "creation_date": "c. 1488\u201393", "creation_date_earliest": 1488, "creation_date_latest": 1493, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["Italy"], "technique": "tempera and oil on wood", "support_materials": [], "department": "Medieval Art", "collection": "MED - Renaissance", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 184 x 186 x 9.5 cm (72 7/16 x 73 1/4 x 3 3/4 in.); Diameter: 153 cm (60 1/4 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 1.84, "width": 1.86, "depth": 0.095}, "diameter": {"width": 1.53}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 312517, "title": "The Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition", "description": "<i>The Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 26-October 4, 1936).", "opening_date": "1936-06-26T04:00:00"}, {"id": 311953, "title": "Classic to Baroque: A Style Change in the Arts", "description": "<i>Classic to Baroque: A Style Change in the Arts</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (September 30-November 13, 1949).", "opening_date": "1949-09-30T04:00:00"}, {"id": 302205, "title": "Art and Humanism in the Renaissance", "description": "<i>Art and Humanism in the Renaissance</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (January 23-February 25, 1962).", "opening_date": "1962-01-23T05:00:00"}, {"id": 301412, "title": "Florence and the Arts: Five Centuries of Patronage", "description": "<i>Florence and the Arts: Five Centuries of Patronage</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (July 13-September 19, 1971).", "opening_date": "1971-07-13T04:00:00"}, {"id": 675363, "title": "Filippino Lippi and Rome", "description": "<i>Filippino Lippi and Rome</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (November 26, 2025-February 22, 2026).", "opening_date": "2025-11-26T05:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>Special Exhibition of Paintings from the Collection of the Late Mrs. S.D. Warren</em>, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA (April 1902).", "opening_date": "1902-04-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Exhibition of Old Masters,</em> Royal Academy, Burlington House, London (January 4\u2013March 12, 1904).", "opening_date": "1904-01-04T05:00:00Z"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Presumably commissioned by Cardinal Oliviero Carafa(1430\u20131511), Rome", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "c. 1488-93\u20131511", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "Presumably in Carafa collections by descent, Rome and Naples", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1511\u2013", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "Palazzo Santangelo (formerly Palazzo Diomede Carafa until 1814), Naples", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "by 1815", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "Acquired at Palazzo Diomded Carafa or at Villa Santangelo, Pollena, from the Santangelo family and Ignazio Virz\u00ec by Bernardo Berenson and Edward Perry Warren for Susan Cornelia Clarke (Mrs. Samuel Dennis Warren Sr.) (1825\u20131901), Boston", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1898\u20131901", "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "By descent to Cornelia, Edward, Fiske, and Samuel Warren in Boston and Lewes House, East Sussex, United Kingdom", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1901\u20131928", "sortorder": 5}, {"description": "Bequeathed to H. Asa Thomas by Edward Warren (1860\u20131928)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1928\u20131929", "sortorder": 6}, {"description": "Sold by H. Asa Thomas through Harold Woodbury Parsons to the Cleveland Museum of Art", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1929", "sortorder": 7}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1932", "sortorder": 8}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Ultramarine, the blue pigment used lavishly across this tondo (circular painting), was many times more expensive than gold in the Renaissance.", "description": "This monumental tondo, among Filippino\u2019s most significant works, was commissioned by Neapolitan cardinal Oliviero Carafa, a leading political and ecclesiastical figure. The painter\u2019s ingenious composition harmoniously overlaps five brilliantly colored divine figures within the challenging circular format. Behind a low wall adorned with sacred and domestic objects, Joseph observes the intertwined group of Mary holding Christ, who embraces his cousin John the Baptist, supported by Saint Margaret. Created during Filippino\u2019s Roman years (1488\u201393), the painting reflects the inspiration he drew from ancient art. The preparatory drawing reveals how he reimagined Greco-Roman figures\u2014his sketch of an antique Venus statue was refashioned into Saint Margaret\u2014while the weathered pier references remnants of ancient architectural and decorative motifs, illustrating Filippino\u2019s deep engagement with the fragments of antique murals, sculpture, and architecture throughout the city.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60513856"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1932.227-the-holy-family-with"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Celano, Carlo. <em>Notizie del bello dell'antico e del curioso della citta\u0300 di Napoli: divise dall'autore in 10 giornate per guida e comodo de'viaggiatori ; con aggiunzioni de'piu' notabili miglioramenti posteriori fino al presente estratti dalla storia de' monumenti e dalle memorie di eruditi scrittori Napolitani.</em> 3 3. Napoli: Chiurazzi, 1858.", "page_number": "p. 691", "url": null}, {"citation": "Crowe, J. A., and G. B. Cavalcaselle<em>. A New History of Painting in Italy, From the Second to the Sixteenth Century. </em>London: J. Murray, 1864.", "page_number": "p. 450", "url": null}, {"citation": "John Murray (Firm). <em>A Handbook for Travellers in Southern Italy: Being a Guide for the Provinces Formerly Constituting the Continental Portion of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</em>. London: J. Murray, 1868.", "page_number": "p. 183", "url": null}, {"citation": "Berenson, Bernard \"U chef-d'oeuvre In\u00e9dit de Filippino Lippi,\" Revue Arch\u00e9ologique, vol. XXXVII (1900).", "page_number": "pp. 238-243, pl. XI", "url": null}, {"citation": "Museum of Fine Arts, Boston<em>. Special Exhibition of Paintings from the Collection of the Late Mrs. S.D. Warren. </em>Boston: Mudge, 1902.", "page_number": "cat. no. 87", "url": null}, {"citation": "Berenson, Bernard. <em>The Study and Criticism of Italian Art. </em>Second Series. London: Bell, 1910.", "page_number": "pp. 92-96", "url": null}, {"citation": "Colasanti, Arduino \"Miscellanea: Nuovi Dipinti di Filippo e di Filippino Lippi,\" <em>l'Arte</em>, vol 9 (1903)", "page_number": "pp. 299-304", "url": null}, {"citation": "Colasanti, Arduino \"Two Unpublished Pictures by Fra Filippo and filippino Lippi,\" <em>The Connoisseur</em>, vol. VII (1903)", "page_number": "p. 233, p. 304", "url": null}, {"citation": "Royal Academy of Arts (London). <em>Exhibition of Works by the Old Masters and by Deceased Masters of the British School, Including a Special Selection of Works by Sir Thomas Lawrence, P.R.A. and Also a Collection of Sculpture and Bronzes.</em> London: Royal Academy of Arts, 1904.", "page_number": "cat. no. 13", "url": null}, {"citation": "Frizoni, Gustavo \"La pinacoteca Strossmayer nel'Accademia di Scienze ed Arti in Agram.\" <em>L'Arte</em> vol. VII (1904).", "page_number": "pp. 427-429, fig. 3", "url": null}, {"citation": "Richter, Louise M. \"Correspondence d'Anglaterre: Les Maitres Anciens \u00e0 Burlington House,\" <em>Gazette des Beaux-Arts</em>, vol. XXXI (1904).", "page_number": "pp. 424, 426", "url": null}, {"citation": "Konody, Paul G. <em>Filippino Lippi</em>. London: G. Newnes, limited, 1905.", "page_number": "pp. xii, xv-xvi, xxiii", "url": null}, {"citation": "Berenson, Bernard.<em> The Florentine Painters of the Renaissance. </em>New York: Putnam's Sons, 1909.", "page_number": "pp. 121, 144", "url": null}, {"citation": "Venturi, A. <em>Storia dell'Arte italiana. La pittura del Quattrocento</em> 7, 1-4 7, 1-4. 1911.", "page_number": "p. 658", "url": null}, {"citation": "Crowe, J. A., G. B. Cavalcaselle, Langton Douglas, and G. De Nicola. <em>A History of Painting in Italy: Umbria, Florence and Siena from the Second to the Sixteenth Century</em> : in Six Volumes Illustrated. Vol. 4, Vol. 4. London: J. Murray, 1911.", "page_number": "pp. 290-91", "url": null}, {"citation": "Graves, Algernon. <em>Century of Loan Exhibitions 1813-1912. </em>London: Graves, 1913.", "page_number": "p. 709", "url": null}, {"citation": "H. S. F. \"A Tondo by Filippino Lippi.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 19, no. 9 (1932).", "page_number": "pp. 146-159", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25137502"}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Catalogue of the Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition of the Cleveland Museum of Art: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition : June Twenty-Sixth to October Fourth 1936. [</em>Cleveland, Ohio]: [Cleveland Museum of Art], 1936.", "page_number": "Reproduced, preface; Cat. no. 17", "url": null}, {"citation": "Hauptmann, Moritz. Der Tondo; <em>Ursprung, Bedeutung und Geschichte des italienischen Rundbildes in Relief und Malerei.</em> Frankfurt am Main: V. Klostermann, 1936.", "page_number": "pp. 222-23", "url": null}, {"citation": "Neilson, Katharine B., and Filippino Lippi. <em>Filippino Lippi, a Critical Study</em>. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1938.", "page_number": "pp. 116, 121-125, 133- 134, 195, fig. 54", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>The Drawings of the Florentine Painters</em> 1, 1. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Pr, 1938.", "page_number": "p. 105", "url": null}, {"citation": "Jugoslavenska akademija znanosti i umjetnosti.<em> Katalog Strossmayerove galerije</em>. Zagreb: Jugoslavenska Akademija Znanosti i Umjetnosti, 1939.", "page_number": "no. 24, p. 54", "url": null}, {"citation": "Tietze, Hans.<em> Masterpieces of European Painting in America. </em>New York: Oxford University Press, 1939.", "page_number": "p. 61", "url": null}, {"citation": "Burdett, Osbert, and E. H. Goddard. Edward Perry Warren; <em>The Biography of a Connoisseur.</em> London: Christophers, 1941.", "page_number": "pp. 72, 80, 130, 209, 228, 411", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Cleveland Offers the Evidence for the First 25 Years,\" <em>Art News</em>, (September, 1941).", "page_number": "p. 25", "url": null}, {"citation": "Milliken, William. \"Silver Jubilee Exhibition.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art </em>28, no.6 (June 1941): 88-108", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 92; Reproduced: p. 93", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25140932"}, {"citation": "<em>Paintings in the Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> [Cleveland]: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1945.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 50", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAPaintings1945/page/n58"}, {"citation": "Scharf, Alfred.<em> Filippino Lippi</em>. Wien: Schroll, 1950.", "page_number": "pp. 34, 55, pls. 81-85", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Art News</em> (February, 1951).", "page_number": "p. 30", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Republic Reports</em> (Republic Steel Corp publication) (December 1953).", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Handbook.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 401", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1958/page/n74"}, {"citation": "Gamba, Fiammetta, and Filippino Lippi.<em> Filippino Lippi nella storia della critica</em>. Firenze: Edizioni Arnaud, 1958.", "page_number": "pp. 55, 103, n. 36", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, and William Mathewson Milliken. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art. </em>New York: H.N. Abrams, 1958.", "page_number": "p. 31", "url": null}, {"citation": "Davis, Douglas \" Between Two Worlds,\" <em>Newsweek</em> vol. LXXVII (August 2, 1971).", "page_number": "p. 58", "url": null}, {"citation": "Canaday, John.<em> Metropolitan Seminars in Art. </em>[New York]: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1959.", "page_number": "p. 7, pl. E2", "url": "https://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p15324coll10/id/160572"}, {"citation": "Berenson, Bernard.<em> I disegni dei pittori fiorentini. </em>Milano: Electa editrice, 1961.", "page_number": "pp. 252-268", "url": null}, {"citation": "Pontificia Universita\u0300 lateranense. <em>Bibliotheca sanctorum</em>. Roma: Istituto Giovanni XXIII nella Pontificia Universita\u0300 lateranense, 1961.", "page_number": "p. 1090", "url": null}, {"citation": "Moskowitz, Ira, and Victoria Thorson. <em>Great Drawings of All Time. </em>New York: Shorewood Publishers, 1962.", "page_number": "no. 126", "url": null}, {"citation": "Berenson, Bernard.<em> Italian Pictures of the Renaissance: A List of the Principal Artists and Their Works, with an Index of Places : Florentine School.</em> London: Phaidon Press, 1963.", "page_number": "p. 108, vol. II, pl. 1150", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 91", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n115"}, {"citation": "Joseph Alsop, \"Treasures of the Clevleand Museum of Art,\" <em>Art in America </em>(May-June 1966).", "page_number": "p. 23 & 27", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art.<em> Selected Works: Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. 1967.", "page_number": "p. 121", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>The Motor </em>(December, 1968).", "page_number": "p. 4", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 91", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n115"}, {"citation": "Schug, Albert \"Zur Ikonographie von Leonardos Londoner Karton, II. Teil,\" <em>Pantheon</em> XXVII (1969).", "page_number": "p. 31, no. 29", "url": null}, {"citation": "Pillsbury, Edmund P. Florence and the Arts; <em>Five Centuries of Patronage.</em> 1971.", "page_number": "Cat. No. 10", "url": null}, {"citation": "Sherrill, Sarah B. \"Current and Coming,\"<em> The Magazine Antiques</em> vol. 100 (July 1971).", "page_number": "p. 30", "url": null}, {"citation": "Wasserman, Jack. \"The Dating and Patronage of Leonardo's Burlington House Cartoon.\" <em>The Art Bulletin</em> 53, no. 3 (1971),", "page_number": "p. 314, fig. 3", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/3048867"}, {"citation": "Cooper, Barbara, and Maureen Matheson. <em>The World Museums Guide</em>, Edited by Barbara Cooper &amp; Maureen Matheson. London: Threshold Books Ltd, 1973.", "page_number": "p. 78", "url": null}, {"citation": "Berenson, Bernard, and Hanna Kiel.<em> Looking at Pictures with Bernard Berenson. </em>New York: Abrams, 1974.", "page_number": "pp. 198-9", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Catalogue of Paintings. Pt. 1. European Paintings before 1500. </em>Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1974.", "page_number": "Reproduced: fig. 29, p. 76 - 79, colorplate XV", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 93", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n113"}, {"citation": "Hodder, Michael J., and Q. David Bowers. <em>The Norweb Collection: An American Legacy.</em> Wolfeboro, N.H.: Bowers and Merena Galleries, 1987.", "page_number": "p. 28", "url": null}, {"citation": "Berti, Luciano, <em>Filippino Lippi, and Umberto Baldini</em>. Filippino Lippi. Firenze: Edizioni d'arte Il Fiorino, 1991.", "page_number": "pp. 46, 88-89, 206, no. 63", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art.<em> Interpretations: Sixty-Five Works from the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. 1991.", "page_number": "no. 13", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lippi, Filippino, George R. Goldner, Carmen Bambach, and Alessandro Cecchi. <em>The Drawings of Filippino Lippi and His Circle</em>. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1997.", "page_number": "p. 77, pl 34, p. 12 & 264", "url": null}, {"citation": "Olson, Roberta J. M.<em> The Florentine Tondo</em>. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.", "page_number": "fig. 7.25", "url": null}, {"citation": "May, Sally Ruth, Jane Takac, and Barbara J. Bradley. <em>Knockouts: A Pocket Guide</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2001.", "page_number": "p. 117", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lippi, Filippino, Perugino, Franca Falletti, and Jonathan Katz Nelson.<em> Filippino Lippi e Pietro Perugino: la Deposizione della Santissima Annunziata e il suo restauro.</em> Livorno: Sillabe, 2004.", "page_number": "fig. 4, p. 123", "url": null}, {"citation": "Humfrey, Peter. <em>Glasgow Museums - the Italian Paintings. </em>London: Unicorn Press, 2012.", "page_number": "p. 51, fig. 1", "url": null}, {"citation": "Ainsworth, Maryan W. and Ana Sanchez-Lassa. \"La Sagrada Familia de Jan Gossart.\" <em>Buletina Boletin</em> 6. Bilbao: Bilbao Fine Arts Museum, (2012).", "page_number": "p. 78, fig. 3", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 173", "url": ""}, {"citation": "\u201cA Walking Tour: The entire new museum wing by wing, with curators calling out a few favorite works in the collection.\u201d <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em> 54, no. 1 (January/February 2014): 8-33.", "page_number": "Reproduced and Mentioned: p. 14", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2014-01"}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art.<em> Sketchbook: Michelangelo: Mind of the Master.</em> Cleveland Museum of Art; Cleveland, Ohio, 2019.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 4", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Eliot W Rowlands, \u2018An indefatigable intermediary\u2019: Harold Woodbury Parsons (1882\u20131967) and the formation of the European collections at the Cleveland Museum of Art: part 1, <em>Journal of the History of Collections.</em>", "page_number": "p. 5", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/jhc/advance-article/doi/10.1093/jhc/fhz042/5802835"}, {"citation": "Derosa, Luisa, and Andrea Leonardi. Il museo che non c'e\u0300: arte, collezionismo, gusto antiquario nel Palazzo degli Studi di Bari : (1875-1928). Firenze: Edifir - Edizioni Firenze, 2020, 186.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: pp. 185-186, fig. 16.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Rowlands, Eliot W. \"An indefatigable intermediary: Harold Woodbury Parsons (1882-1967) and the formation of the European collections at the Cleveland Museum of Art: part 2.\" <em>Journal of the History of Collections </em>33, no.1 (2021): 93-109.", "page_number": "Reproduced p.97; mentioned p. 96-103", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Noelle, Alexander J., and Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Filippino Lippi and Rome</em>. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2025.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 110-111, no. 9", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Nelson, Jonathan K. \u201cSearching for Hybridity: Filippino Lippi\u2019s \u201cDistant Views and Other Fantasies.\u201d\u201d In <em>Filippino Lippi and Rome, </em>Alexander J. Noelle, 14-23. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2025.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 14-15, fig.1", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Noelle, Alexander J. \u201cFilippino Lippi, Cardinal Carafa, and the Cleveland <em>Holy Family</em> Tondo.\u201d In <em>Filippino Lippi and Rome, </em>Alexander J. Noelle, 27-49. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2025.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 36-49, fig. 28, no. 9", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Ly, Juliana, Kathryn Dooley, John Delaney, and Dean Yoder. \u201cIteration and Execution: Visualizing Filippino Lippi\u2019s Technique.\u201d In <em>Filippino Lippi and Rome, </em>Alexander J. Noelle, 76-87. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2025.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: Throughout, figs. 54-70, no. 9", "url": ""}, {"citation": "\"Supporter Story: Henry Ott-Hansen.\u201d <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine </em>65, no. 1 (2025): 28-29.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 29", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM-2025-01"}, {"citation": "Noelle, Alexander J. \"Filippino Lippi and Rome: A Renaissance Painter Reimagines Antiquity.\u201d <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine </em>65, no. 3 (2025): 8-9.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 8; Mentioned: p. 9", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM-2025-03"}, {"citation": "La Malfa, Claudia. \u201cFilippino Lippi and Rome.\u201d <em>The Burlington Magazine</em> 168, n. 1475 (February 2026): 156-158.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 156-158; Reproduced: p. 157", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1932.227", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1932.227/1932.227_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "900", "filesize": "355762", "filename": "1932.227_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1932.227/1932.227_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "3400", "filesize": "3920474", "filename": "1932.227_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1932.227/1932.227_full.tif", "width": "10346", "height": "10347", "filesize": "321183364", "filename": "1932.227_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2025-10-15T10:42:55", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1932.227/1932.227_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "897", "filesize": "379507"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1932.227/1932.227_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "3388", "filesize": "3951608"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1932.227/1932.227_alt0_full.tif", "width": "10917", "height": "10879", "filesize": "356348796"}}, {"date_created": "2025-10-15T11:40:10", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1932.227/1932.227_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "900", "filesize": "294903"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1932.227/1932.227_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "3400", "filesize": "3193657"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1932.227/1932.227_alt1_full.tif", "width": "7853", "height": "7852", "filesize": "185029944"}}, {"date_created": "2013-10-21T15:43:58", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1932.227/1932.227_alt2_web.jpg", "width": "860", "height": "900", "filesize": "323097"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1932.227/1932.227_alt2_print.jpg", "width": "3248", "height": "3400", "filesize": "2649271"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1932.227/1932.227_alt2_full.tif", "width": "3515", "height": "3680", "filesize": "38852564"}}], "creditline": "The Delia E. Holden Fund and a fund donated as a memorial to Mrs. Holden by her children: Guerdon S. Holden, Delia Holden White, Roberta Holden Bole, Emery Holden Greenough, Gertrude Holden McGinley", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 113202, "creators": [{"id": 2200, "description": "Filippino Lippi (Italian, c. 1457\u20131504)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1457", "death_year": "1504", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1929-06-04T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1488, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 1488\u201393", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": "The painting is in remarkable condition for its age. A comprehensive conservation treatment was completed in October of 2025 to address discolored varnish residues and disfiguring remnants of prior overpainting in the sky. X-radiography revealed that the panel is comprised of four large, vertically flat-sawn boards which are joined and reinforced with two original horizontal battens that fit within a mortise and tenon joint. The X-ray also revealed an inlay design with a repeating pattern of alternating diamonds and elongated lozenges within the battens. An in-depth technical imaging study of the painting was conducted in collaboration with the National Gallery of Art. This study is published in the exhibition catalogue for <em>Filippino Lippi and Rome</em>. An elaborate underdrawing visible with infrared reflectography (IRR) reveals Lippi\u2019s use of a variety of materials to freely draft, refine, and revise elements within the underdrawing and underpainting stages. Notable changes visible within the IRR include his exploration of additional composition options including placing a bundle of drapery where Joseph now appears, as well as his use of a rough grid possibly used to plan the composition. Fiber optic reflectance spectroscopy (FORS), X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), cross-section samples, and scanning electron microscopy\u2014energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS)\u2014confirmed Lippi\u2019s use of the following pigments: ultramarine, copper-based greens, lead-tin yellow, vermilion, insect-based red-lakes (kermes or lac source), lead white, earth pigments, and gilding. Ultramarine, the most expensive pigment at the time, is liberally used throughout the painting, even for the small rooftops lining the horizon.", "has_conservation_images": true, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["The Holy Family with the Infant St. John and St. Margaret"], "is_highlight": true, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:00:21.770000"}, {"id": 143165, "accession_number": "1967.144", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Icon of the Virgin and Child, 500s CE. Egypt, Byzantine period. Wool and dye; overall: 178.7 x 110.5 cm (70 3/8 x 43 1/2 in.); mounted: 197.4 x 128.2 x 6.4 cm (77 11/16 x 50 1/2 x 2 1/2 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund, 1967.144", "current_location": "106A Migration Period & Coptic", "title": "Icon of the Virgin and Child", "creation_date": "500s CE", "creation_date_earliest": 500, "creation_date_latest": 599, "artists_tags": [], "culture": ["Egypt, Byzantine period"], "technique": "wool and dye", "support_materials": [], "department": "Textiles", "collection": "T - Coptic", "type": "Textile", "measurements": "Overall: 178.7 x 110.5 cm (70 3/8 x 43 1/2 in.); Mounted: 197.4 x 128.2 x 6.4 cm (77 11/16 x 50 1/2 x 2 1/2 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"height": 1.787, "width": 1.105}, "mounted": {"height": 1.974, "width": 1.282, "depth": 0.064}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "on the lintel of the architectural setting, the Greek inscription translates as: The Holy Michael, The Holy Mary, The Holy Gabriel.  The wide foliate border is decorated with fruits and flowers and, in the lower part, with medallions containing the busts of apostles whose names are inscribed nearby in Greek and are translated as: Andrew, Matthew, Paul the Apostle, Luke, James, Phillip, Mark, Thomas, John, Matthias, Peter, and Bartholomew.", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 301285, "title": "Year in Review for 1968", "description": "<i>Year in Review for 1968</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (January 29-March 9, 1969).", "opening_date": "1969-01-29T05:00:00"}, {"id": 180667, "title": "Sacred Gifts and Worldly Treasures: Medieval Masterworks from the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Sacred Gifts and Worldly Treasures: Medieval Masterworks from the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. National Museum of Bavaria, Munich, Germany (May 10-September 16, 2007); J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, CA (October 30, 2007-January 20, 2008).", "opening_date": "2007-05-10T00:00:00"}, {"id": 297011, "title": "Woven Interiors: Early Medieval Textiles of the Eastern Mediterranean", "description": "<i>Woven Interiors: Early Medieval Textiles of the Eastern Mediterranean</i>. The George Washington University Museum and The Textile Museum, Washington, DC (organizer) (August 31, 2019-January 5, 2020).", "opening_date": "2019-08-31T04:00:00"}, {"id": 521317, "title": "Africa & Byzantium", "description": "<i>Africa & Byzantium</i>. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY (organizer) (November 14, 2023-March 3, 2024); The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (co-organizer) (April 14-July 21, 2024).", "opening_date": "2023-11-13T05:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>The Age of Spirituality</em>. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY (November 19, 1977- February, 12, 1978).", "opening_date": "1977-11-19T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Gallery 210 textile rotation</em>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (January 6, 2000-July 12, 2000); (September 5, 2000-February 12, 2001); (August 8, 2001-February 4, 2002); (August 5, 2002-February 3, 2003); (August 4, 2003-February 3, 2004); (August 5, 2004-July 18, 2005).", "opening_date": "2000-01-06T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Gallery 106 textile rotation</em>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (March 31-September 13, 2010); (April 1-September 14, 2011); (March 26, 2012-March 18, 2013); (September 23, 2013-March 17, 2014); (September 22, 2014-March 2, 2015); (September 8, 2015-May 1, 2016); (October 30, 2017-April 30, 2018); (October 29, 2018-April 29, 2019).", "opening_date": "2010-03-31T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "(Mrs. Paul Mallon, New York, NY, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art).", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "?\u20131967", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1967\u2013", "sortorder": 2}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Created in Egypt's hot and dry desert climate, this tapestry features a border of lush greenery and fruits, while flowers peek out from around the throne of the Virgin. Imagine encountering this artistic oasis in a Coptic church during the dry heat of the day.", "description": "Woven from more than 20 colors of woolen thread, this rare tapestry was more expensive than a painting when it was made. The historical price reflected contemporary viewers\u2019 appreciation for the skilled color blending by the weavers. Hung on a wall, this tapestry allowed viewers to venerate (honor) the Virgin Mary and the Christ Child in the Christian Orthodox church. Angels and apostles surround them, their names written in Greek. To be spiritually effective, an icon (devotional image) should follow its subject\u2019s established visual tradition as closely as possible.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60745622"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1967.144-icon-of-the-virgin-a"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Schiller, Gertrud.<em> Ikonographie der Christlichen Kunst.</em> [Gu\u0308tersloh]: Gu\u0308tersloher Verlagshaus G. Mohn, 1966.", "page_number": "Mentioned: Vol. 4, Pt. 2, P. 21, abb. 413: Reproduced: Vol. 4, Pt. 2, P. 267, abb. 413", "url": ""}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 37", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n59"}, {"citation": "Shepherd, Dorothy G. \"An Icon of the Virgin.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 56, no. 1 (1969)", "page_number": "p. 2, cover", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25152249"}, {"citation": "Shepherd, Dorothy G. \u201cAn Icon of the Virgin: A Sixth-Century Tapestry Panel from Egypt.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 56, no. 3 (March 1969): 91\u2013120.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 90\u2013120; Reproduced: covers", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25152263"}, {"citation": "Frazer, Margaret English. \"The Djumati Enamels: A Twelfth-Century Litany of Saints.\" <em>The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin</em> 28, no. 6 (1970).", "page_number": "Reproduced: fig. 4", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/3258501"}, {"citation": "Rademacher, Franz. <em>Die Regina Angelorum in der Kunst des fru\u0308hen Mittelalters. </em>Du\u0308sseldorf: Schwann, 1972.", "page_number": "p. 29, nr. 15", "url": null}, {"citation": "Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, and Anna G. Bennett. <em>Acts of the Tapestry Symposium, November, 1976</em>. [San Francisco]: The Museums, 1979.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 7, fig. 7", "url": null}, {"citation": "Shepherd, Dorothy G. \u201cA Late Classical Tapestry.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 63, no. 10 (December 1976): 307\u2013313.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 311, fig. 10", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25152664"}, {"citation": "Weitzmann, Kurt, and Margaret English Frazer. <em>Age of Spirituality: Late Antique and Early Christian Art Third to Seventh Century</em> ; Based on the Catalogue to the Exhibition \"Age of Spirituality\", Metropolitan Museum New York, 1977. [New York, NY]: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1977.", "page_number": "p. 532-33, no. 477", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?id=efLuB7QPDm8C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false"}, {"citation": "Sampaolesi, Piero, \"Zibaldone delle Arti, Mostri: 'Age of Spirituality,' New York Metropolitan Museum of Art, Antichita Viva, XVI, 5 (1977).", "page_number": "p. 64", "url": null}, {"citation": "Weitzmann, Kurt. \"Late Antique and Early Christian Art.\" <em>Archaeology</em> 30, no. 6 (1977)", "page_number": "p. 417", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/41726769"}, {"citation": "Weitzmann, Kurt. \"The Late Roman World.\" <em>The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin</em> 35, no. 2 (1977) pp. 2\u201396.", "page_number": "Mentioned: no, 69, p. 81, Reproduced: p. 80", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/3259887"}, {"citation": "Frazer, Margaret English and Kurt Weitzmann. <em>Age of Spirituality: Late Antique and Early Christian Art Third to Seventh Century.</em> New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1977.", "page_number": "p. 80, no. 69", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 36", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n56"}, {"citation": "Weitzmann, Kurt. <em>The Icon: Holy Images--Sixth to Fourteenth Century</em>. New York: G. Braziller, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pl. 4", "url": null}, {"citation": "Ball, Victoria Kloss. <em>Architecture and Interior Design</em>. New York: Wiley, 1980.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pl. 9", "url": null}, {"citation": "Schiller, Gertrud, and Rupert Schreiner.<em> Ikonographie der christlichen Kunst</em>. Gu\u0308tersloh: G. Mohn, 1980.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 21, fig. 413", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kajitani, Nobuko, \"Koputo gire\" (English title: \"Coptic fabrics\"), <em>Semshoku</em> no bi, no. 13 (Kyoto, 1981).", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 34, pl. 44", "url": null}, {"citation": "Galavaris, George. <em>The Icon in the Life of the Church: Doctrine, Liturgy, Devotion.</em> Leiden: Brill, 1981.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 13, 26; Reproduced: pl. VIIb", "url": ""}, {"citation": "McGinn, Bernard, John Meyendorff, and Jean Leclercq.<em> Christian Spirituality: Origins to the Twelfth Century</em>. New York: Crossroad, 2000.", "page_number": "Reproduced: fig. 31, p. 437", "url": null}, {"citation": "Thomas, Michel, Christine Mainguy, and Sophie Pommier. <em>Textile Art</em>. Geneva, Switzerland: Skira, 1985.", "page_number": "p. 35", "url": null}, {"citation": "Friedman, Florence D. <em>Beyond the Pharaohs: Egypt and the Copts in the 2nd to 7th Centuries A.D</em>. Providence, R.I.: Museum of Art, Rhode Island School of Design, 1989.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 69, fig. 2", "url": null}, {"citation": "Woolley, Linda. \"Pagan Classical Christian: Egyptian Hangings of the 4th to 7th Centuries,\" <em>Hali</em>, No. 48 (Dec. 1989), pp. 27\u201337.", "page_number": "", "url": null}, {"citation": "Pelikan, Jaroslav. <em>Imago Dei</em>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1990.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 18, fig. 8, cover", "url": null}, {"citation": "Rutschowscaya, Marie-He\u0301le\u0300ne. <em>Coptic Fabrics</em>. Paris, France: Adam Biro, 1990.", "page_number": "p. 135", "url": null}, {"citation": "Reader's Digest, \"The Bible Through the Ages,\" <em>Reader's Digest </em>(Pleasantville, NY, 199?).", "page_number": "p. 237", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Masterpieces from East and West. </em>New York, NY: Rizzoli International, 1992.", "page_number": "p. 23", "url": null}, {"citation": "Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, N.Y.), and Adolph S. Cavallo. <em>Medieval Tapestries in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. </em>New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1993.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 62, fig. 77", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lucidi, Maria Teresa. <em>La seta e la sua via</em>. Roma: Edizioni De Luca, 1994.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 125, fig. 1", "url": null}, {"citation": "Joubert, Fabienne, Amaury Lefe\u0301bure, and Pascal-Franc\u0327ois Bertrand. <em>Histoire de la tapisserie: en Europe, du Moyen Age a\u0300 nos jours. </em>Paris: Flammarion, 1995.", "page_number": "p. 28", "url": null}, {"citation": "Pelikan, Jaroslav. <em>Mary Through the Centuries: Her Place in the History of Culture.</em> New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996.", "page_number": "p. 98", "url": null}, {"citation": "Winner, Matthias, Victoria von Flemming, Sebastian Schu\u0308tze, and Hans Werner Henze. <em>Ars naturam adiuvans: Festschrift fu\u0308r Matthias Winner zum 11. Marz 1996. </em>Mainz am Rhein: P. von Zabern, 1996.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: pp. 79\u201380, abb. 5", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Vasilake\u0304, Maria. <em>Mother of God: Representations of the Virgin in Byzantine Art</em>. Milano: Skira, 2000.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 224, fig. 170", "url": null}, {"citation": "Orsini, Jacqueline.<em> Mary: Images of the Holy Mother. </em>San Francisco: Chronicle Books, 2000.", "page_number": "pp. 80\u201381, no. 60", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lee, A. D.<em> Pagans and Christians in Late Antiquity: A Sourcebook. </em>London: Routledge, 2000.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 259, fig. 14.12.a", "url": null}, {"citation": "May, Sally Ruth, Jane Takac, and Barbara J. Bradley. <em>Knockouts: A Pocket Guide</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2001.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 116", "url": null}, {"citation": "Rosenwein, Barbara H.<em> A Short History of the Middle Ages. </em>Peterborough, Ont: Broadview Press, 2002.", "page_number": "pp. 7, 102", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bolman, Elizabeth S., and Patrick Godeau. <em>Monastic Visions: Wall Paintings in the Monastery of St. Antony at the Red Sea.</em> New Haven, CT: American Research Center in Egypt/Yale University Press, 2002.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 33, fig. 3.5", "url": null}, {"citation": "Rosenwein, Barbara H. <em>A Short History of the Middle Ages. </em>Peterborough, Ont: Broadview Press, 2004.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 53, pl. 1.10", "url": null}, {"citation": "Mathews, Thomas F. and Norman Muller. Isis and Mary in Early Icons.\" In <em>Images of the Mother of God: Perceptions of the Theotokos in Byzantium.</em> Maria Vasilake\u0304, 1-9. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2005.", "page_number": "Mention: p. 8, note # 24", "url": null}, {"citation": "Jensen, Robin Margaret.<em> Face to Face: Portraits of the Divine in Early Christianity</em>. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2005.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 195, fig. 102", "url": null}, {"citation": "Queen, Sally, and Vicki L. Berger.<em> Clothing and Textile Collections in the United States: A CSA Guide</em>. Lubbock: Texas Tech University Press, 2006.", "page_number": "p. 259", "url": null}, {"citation": "Eikelmann, Renate, Holger A. Klein, Stephen N. Fliegel, and Virginia Brilliant. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art: Meisterwerke von 300 bis 1550</em>. Mu\u0308nchen: Hirmer, 2007.", "page_number": "pp. 42\u201345, no. 6", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>30,000 Years of Art: The Story of Human Creativity Across Time and Space</em>. London: Phaidon, 2007.", "page_number": "p. 397", "url": null}, {"citation": "Klein, Holger A. <em>Sacred Gifts and Worldly Treasures: Medieval Masterworks from the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2007.", "page_number": "p. 70, cat. no. 18", "url": null}, {"citation": "Moor, A. de, and Ca\u0308cilia Fluck. <em>Clothing the House: Furnishing Textiles of the 1st Millennium AD from Egypt and Neighbouring Countries : Proceedings of the 5th Conference of the Research Group \"Textiles from the Nile Valley\" Antwerp, 6-7 October 2007.</em> Tielt, Belgium: Lannoo Publishers, 2009.", "page_number": "pp. 148\u2013149, fig. 2", "url": null}, {"citation": "Pelikan, Jaroslav. <em>Imago Dei: The Byzantine Apologia for Icons</em>. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2011.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. viii-ix, 4-5; Reproduced: Cover, verso title page", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Noll, Mark A. <em>Turning Points: Decisive Moments in the History of Christianity.</em> Grand Rapids: Baker Pub. Group, 2012.", "page_number": "p. 68", "url": null}, {"citation": "Franklin, David and C. Griffith Mann. <em>Treasures from the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 2012.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: pp. 54\u201355", "url": null}, {"citation": "Elsner, Ja\u015b. \"Iconoclasm as Discourse: From Antiquity to Byzantium.\" <em>The Art Bulletin</em> 94, no. 3 (September 2012), pp. 368-394.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 384, no. 20", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/23268277"}, {"citation": "<em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: pp. 362\u2013363", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Thomas, Thelma K. \"Material Meaning in Late Antiquity.\" In <em>Designing Identity: The Power of Textiles in Late Antiquity. </em>Thelma K. Thomas, ed. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2016.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 29, fig. 1-1.9", "url": null}, {"citation": "Asutay-Effenberger, Neslihan, and Arne Effenberger. <em>Byzanz: Weltreich der Kunst.</em> Mu\u0308nchen: Verlag C.H. Beck, 2017.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p.122", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bergmeier, Armin F. <em>Visionserwartung: Visualisierung und Pra\u0308senzerfahrung des Go\u0308ttlichen in der Spa\u0308tantike.</em> Wiesbaden; Reichert Verlag 2017.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 147, notr #658; Reproduced: Tafel 23: p. 147", "url": null}, {"citation": "Ramisch, Hans. <em>Altar-Bilder im ersten christlichen Jahrtausend: der christliche Altar und seine heilsgeschichtlichen Bildsysteme</em>. M\u00fcnchen: Scaneg, 2018.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 144, 152; Reproduced: p. 151, abb. 51, cat. 19", "url": null}, {"citation": "Ball, Jennifer. \"Textiles: The Emergence of a Christian Identity in Cloth.\" In I <em>The Routledge Handbook of Early Christian Art.</em>Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen and Mark D. Ellison, editors. Abingdon Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2018.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 232, fig. 14.8", "url": null}, {"citation": "Mazzei, Barbara. \"Clipeus, clipei. Istanze simboliche e intenti decorativi nelle arti della Tarda Antichita e dell'Alto Medioevo.\" In <em>Arti Minori e Arti Maggiori: Relazioni e Iterazioni tra Tarda Antichita\u0300 e alto Medioevo</em>. Fabrizio Bisconti, Matteo Braconi, and Mariarita Sgarlata. Todi (PG): Tau editrice, 2019.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 213, fig. 9", "url": null}, {"citation": "Williams, Elizabeth Dospe\u030cl, Sumru Belger Krody, and Gudrun Bu\u0308hl. <em>Woven Interiors: Furnishing Early Medieval Egypt. </em>Washington: The George Washington University Museum and The Textile Museum, 2019.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 30, pp. 78\u201379", "url": null}, {"citation": "Dosp\u011bl, Elizabeth. 2019. \u201cColour, Texture, Pattern\u201d HALI; the international journal of Oriental carpets and textiles. [London]: [Oguz Press], Number:202.", "page_number": "pp. 56\u201365; Reproduced: p. 63", "url": null}, {"citation": "de Moor, A., Ca\u0308cilia Fluck, and Petra Linscheid, eds. <em>Egypt As a Textile Hub: Textile Interrelationships in the 1st Millennium AD : Proceedings of the 10th Conference of the Research Group 'Textiles from the Nile Valley'</em>. Tielt, Belgium: Lannoo, 2019.", "page_number": "Reproduced and Mentioned: pp. 46\u201348, fig. 6", "url": ""}, {"citation": "So\u0308rries, Reiner. <em>Der fru\u0308hchristliche Kirchenraum: Ikonographie - Ausstattung - Liturgie</em>. Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag, 2020.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 128; reproduced: Tafel 54, Abb. 80c", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Jensen, Robin Margaret. F<em>rom Idols to Icons: The Rise of the Devotional Image in Early Christianity</em>. Oakland, CA: University of California Press, 2022.", "page_number": "Reproduced: cover illustration", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Blessing, Patricia, Elizabeth Dospe\u030cl Williams, and Eiren L. Shea. <em>Medieval Textiles Across Eurasia, C. 300-1400.</em> Cambridge, United Kingdom; New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2023.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 64; Reproduced: p. 35, fig. 57", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Achi, Andrea Myers, et al. <em>Africa and Byzantium</em>. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2023.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: pp. 44\u201345, no. 5", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Balestrieri, James D. \"Ancient Splendor.\" <em>Art &amp; Antiques</em> 47, no. 1 (January/February 2024): 52\u201357.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 54", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Teteriatnikov, Natalia. \"The Virgin's Bejeweled Throne: A Manifestation of Divine and Earthly Authority Between Late Antiquity and Early Byzantium.\" <em>Arte Medievale</em> 4, a. 14 (2024): 129-146.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 132, 135, 137; Reproduced: p. 135, fig. 8", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Hanson, Robin and Holly Witchey. \"Dorothy Shepherd and the Cleveland Museum of Art's Ancient Near Eastern and Islamic Art Collection.\" <em>Collections: A Journal for Museum and Archives Professionals</em> 20, n. 3 (September 2024): 461\u2013473.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 462, 467; Reproduced: p. 463, fig. 1", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Dell'acqua, Francesca. \"The Virgin With the Book at Breedon on the Hill (Leicestershire).\" In <em>Early Medieval Sculpture in Stone</em>, Sarah Semple and Jane Hawkes, eds., 283-297. 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Hanna Jr. Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 143165, "creators": [], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1967-10-27T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 500, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "500s CE", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Icon of the Virgin "], "is_highlight": true, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:09:36.939000"}, {"id": 124739, "accession_number": "1946.226", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Mantle, c. 300 BCE\u2013200 CE. Peru, South Coast, Paracas (Cavernas) style. Camelid fiber: plain weave with embroidery; overall: 154.9 x 292.1 cm (61 x 115 in.); mounted: 162.6 x 299.7 cm (64 x 118 in.). 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The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (November 9, 1945-January 6, 1946).", "opening_date": "1945-11-09T05:00:00"}, {"id": 348348, "title": "Gallery 232- Andean Textile Rotation", "description": "<i>Gallery 232- Andean Textile Rotation</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (March 20, 2013-August 25, 2014).", "opening_date": "2013-03-20T04:00:00"}, {"id": 343661, "title": "Gallery 232-Andean Textile Rotation", "description": "<i>Gallery 232-Andean Textile Rotation</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (August 28, 2019-November 9, 2020).", "opening_date": "2019-08-28T04:00:00"}, {"id": 694693, "title": "Ancient Andean Textiles", "description": "<i>Ancient Andean Textiles</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (December 19, 2025-December 13, 2026).", "opening_date": "2025-12-19T05:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>The John Wise Collection of Ancient Peruvian Art</em>. 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The dry environment of the Paracas Peninsula helped preserve many of these textiles, including richly ornamented garments buried with important individuals. This mantle, probably worn like a cloak, relates closely to the tunic (CMA 1946.227) and long headband (CMA 1946.228) due to their shared imagery. Its double-headed bird motifs\u2014 embroidered in vivid red, blue, yellow, and green yarns\u2014likely had symbolic significance, although the specific meaning remains unknown.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79902745"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1946.226-mantle"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Wise, John, and Wendell Clark Bennett. Ancient Peruvian Art, Lent by John Wise, Esq., New York; an Exhibition of the Wadsworth Atheneum, Opening March 3, 1937, Hartford, Connecticut. 1937.", "page_number": "Cat. No. 127", "url": null}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1946.226", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1946.226/1946.226_web.jpg", "width": "1263", "height": "682", "filesize": "824345", "filename": "1946.226_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1946.226/1946.226_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "1835", "filesize": "5939405", "filename": "1946.226_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1946.226/1946.226_full.tif", "width": "5000", "height": "2698", "filesize": "40498692", "filename": "1946.226_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1946.226/1946.226_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "803", "height": "893", "filesize": "703812"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1946.226/1946.226_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "3056", "height": "3400", "filesize": "9763154"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1946.226/1946.226_alt0_full.tif", "width": "4013", "height": "4464", "filesize": "53777036"}}, {"annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1946.226/1946.226_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "792", "height": "893", "filesize": "699436"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1946.226/1946.226_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "3014", "height": "3400", "filesize": "10105582"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1946.226/1946.226_alt1_full.tif", "width": "4042", "height": "4560", "filesize": "55329928"}}, {"annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1946.226/1946.226_alt2_web.jpg", "width": "760", "height": "893", "filesize": "677631"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1946.226/1946.226_alt2_print.jpg", "width": "2895", "height": "3400", "filesize": "9841255"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1946.226/1946.226_alt2_full.tif", "width": "3965", "height": "4656", "filesize": "55418028"}}, {"annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1946.226/1946.226_alt3_web.jpg", "width": "1263", "height": "842", "filesize": "1035089"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1946.226/1946.226_alt3_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2266", "filesize": "7849474"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1946.226/1946.226_alt3_full.tif", "width": "5000", "height": "3333", "filesize": "50025188"}}, {"annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1946.226/1946.226_alt4_web.jpg", "width": "1263", "height": "592", "filesize": "764556"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1946.226/1946.226_alt4_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "1594", "filesize": "5444103"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1946.226/1946.226_alt4_full.tif", "width": "5000", "height": "2344", "filesize": "35187608"}}, {"annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1946.226/1946.226_alt5_web.jpg", "width": "1263", "height": "837", "filesize": "1089136"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1946.226/1946.226_alt5_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2254", "filesize": "7937841"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1946.226/1946.226_alt5_full.tif", "width": "5000", "height": "3314", "filesize": "49742084"}}], "creditline": "The Norweb Collection", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Jon A. Lindseth and Virginia M. Lindseth, PhD, Galleries of the Ancient Americas", "athena_id": 124739, "creators": [], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1946-07-25T00:00:00", "sortable_date": -300, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 300 BCE\u2013200 CE", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:06:07.314000"}, {"id": 131819, "accession_number": "1954.392", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "A Genoese Lady with Her Child, c. 1623\u201325. Anthony van Dyck (Flemish, 1599\u20131641). Oil on canvas; framed: 266.5 x 184 x 12 cm (104 15/16 x 72 7/16 x 4 3/4 in.); unframed: 217.8 x 146 cm (85 3/4 x 57 1/2 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Gift of the Hanna Fund, 1954.392", "current_location": null, "title": "A Genoese Lady with Her Child", "creation_date": "c. 1623\u201325", "creation_date_earliest": 1623, "creation_date_latest": 1625, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["Flanders"], "technique": "oil on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "P - Netherlandish-Flemish", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 266.5 x 184 x 12 cm (104 15/16 x 72 7/16 x 4 3/4 in.); Unframed: 217.8 x 146 cm (85 3/4 x 57 1/2 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 2.665, "width": 1.84, "depth": 0.12}, "unframed": {"height": 2.178, "width": 1.46}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 300859, "title": "The Venetian Tradition", "description": "<i>The Venetian Tradition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (November 8, 1956-January 1, 1957).", "opening_date": "1956-11-08T05:00:00"}, {"id": 301477, "title": "In Memoriam: Leonard C. Hanna, Jr.", "description": "<i>In Memoriam: Leonard C. Hanna, Jr.</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (March 4-April 7, 1958).", "opening_date": "1958-03-04T05:00:00"}, {"id": 304248, "title": "Style, Truth and the Portrait", "description": "<i>Style, Truth and the Portrait</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (October 1-November 19, 1963).", "opening_date": "1963-10-01T04:00:00"}, {"id": 300779, "title": "Juxtapositions", "description": "<i>Juxtapositions</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (September 11-October 10, 1965).", "opening_date": "1965-09-11T04:00:00"}, {"id": 177899, "title": "Van Dyck.  Grande pittura e Collezionismo a Genova", "description": "<i>Van Dyck.  Grande pittura e Collezionismo a Genova</i>. Palazzo Ducale, Venice (March 22-July 13, 1997).", "opening_date": "1997-03-22T00:00:00"}, {"id": 229735, "title": "Anton van Dyck, Riflessi italiani", "description": "<i>Anton van Dyck, Riflessi italiani</i>. Palazzo Reale, Milano, Italy (organizer) (February 19-July 4, 2004).", "opening_date": "2004-02-19T00:00:00"}, {"id": 675826, "title": "Renaissance to Runway: The Enduring Italian Houses", "description": "<i>Renaissance to Runway: The Enduring Italian Houses</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (November 9, 2025-February 1, 2026).", "opening_date": "2025-11-09T05:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "London, British Institution, 1832, cat. no. 46.", "opening_date": null}, {"description": "London, British Institution, 1854, cat. no. 62", "opening_date": null}, {"description": "London, Royal Academy of Arts, 1902: \"Exhibition of Works by the Old Masters,\" cat. no. 102.", "opening_date": "1902-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Brussels, Nouveau Palais, 1910: \"Tresor de l'art belge au XVIIe siecle,\" no. LXIX, p. 154, plate 60 (catalogue published in 1912: see also literature)", "opening_date": "1910-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "New York, NY, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1913: \"A Loan Exhibition of Mr. Morgan's Paintings,\" Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin VIII (January, 1913), p. 6, reproduced p. 4.", "opening_date": "1913-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Washington, D.C., The National Gallery of Art, 1990: \"Anthony Van Dyck: Paintings in the Grand Manner,\" cat. no. 37, reproduced in color p. 179.", "opening_date": "1990-01-01T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Du Pre Alexander, Second Earl of Caledon, purchased through George Augustus Wallis in Florence, March 1829;", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": null}, {"description": "J. Pierpont Morgan (1837-1913), London and New York, by 1902;", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": null}, {"description": "[M. Knoedler & Co., New York], sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art, 1954.", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": null}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "This portrait was a departure from the painting style popular at this time, focusing less on a demonstrative display of wealth and status and more on capturing the essence of the sitter. Although the clothing denotes affluence, this intimate interaction between mother and child transcends class boundaries.", "description": "Prior to the 1600s, large, full-length portraits of wealthy clients usually emphasized the trappings of status above any other qualities. The accuracy of the likeness and vivacity of the person remained subordinate to an easily readable sense of the sitter\u2019s power and position in society. Artists such as Van Dyck transformed this tradition, which sent shockwaves through Genoa, instantly changing the direction of elite portraiture in the city. While the elaborate garb of this unidentified sitter and the scale of the image certainly mark her status, the warmth Van Dyck imparted to her face, the drama of the background, and the touching detail of the child spontaneously reaching upward add life, energy, and theatricality to the work.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60516477"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1954.392-a-genoese-lady-with"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Arendsee, M., and M. Steinman-Arendsee. \"Take the CAN disability aesthetics tour, at the Cleveland Museum of art.\" <em>CAN Journal</em> (Winter 2019/20): 76-87.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 77", "url": null}, {"citation": "Francis, Henry S. \u201cA Genoese Portrait by Van Dyck.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 42, no. 6 (June 1955): 115\u2013117.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 115-117; Reproduced: p. 117", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25142045"}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Venetian Tradition: Catalogue of the Exhibition</em>. Cleveland, OH, Cleveland Museum of Art: 1956.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 22; Reproduced: pl. XVI", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Handbook.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 443", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1958/page/n81"}, {"citation": "Saisselin, Re\u0301my G. <em>Style, Truth, and the Portrait</em>. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1963.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 24", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 120", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n144"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 120", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n144"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 154", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n174"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Catalogue of Paintings, Part 3: European Paintings of the 16th, 17th, and 18th Centuries</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1982 .", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 11-13; Reproduced: p. 12", "url": null}, {"citation": "Sanguineti, Daniele. Giovanni Bernardo Carbone: 1616-1683. Genova : Sagep editori, 2020, 129.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 129, fig. 150; Mentioned: p. 123.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Motherhood across Time</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2021.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 5", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Lisby, Darnell-Jamal, William Griswold, Matteo Augello, Alessandra Arezzi Boza, Massimiliano Capella, Luke Meagher, Stefania Ricci, and Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Renaissance to Runway: The Enduring Italian Houses</em>. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2025.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 8, fig. 7", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Eaker, Adam. \u201cVan the Man.\u201d <em>Apollo </em>203, n. 750 (March 2026): 130-137.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 137", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1954.392", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1954.392/1954.392_web.jpg", "width": "595", "height": "893", "filesize": "365511", "filename": "1954.392_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1954.392/1954.392_print.jpg", "width": "2265", "height": "3400", "filesize": "5477506", "filename": "1954.392_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1954.392/1954.392_full.tif", "width": "3787", "height": "5684", "filesize": "64614100", "filename": "1954.392_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2008-06-11T16:10:29", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1954.392/1954.392_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "580", "height": "893", "filesize": "380076"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1954.392/1954.392_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "2208", "height": "3400", "filesize": "5240279"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1954.392/1954.392_alt0_full.tif", "width": "3299", "height": "5079", "filesize": "50306432"}}, {"date_created": "2008-01-14T17:12:15", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1954.392/1954.392_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "598", "height": "893", "filesize": "465963"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1954.392/1954.392_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "2276", "height": "3400", "filesize": "7408963"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1954.392/1954.392_alt1_full.tif", "width": "3347", "height": "5000", "filesize": "50248388"}}], "creditline": "Gift of the Hanna Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 131819, "creators": [{"id": 2443, "description": "Anthony van Dyck (Flemish, 1599\u20131641)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1599", "death_year": "1641", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1954-06-04T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1623, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 1623\u201325", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-04-03 13:35:08.788000"}, {"id": 172815, "accession_number": "1922.684", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Mount Starr King, Yosemite, 1866. Albert Bierstadt (American, born Prussia [now Germany], 1830\u20131902). Oil on canvas on panel-back stretcher; framed: 135.3 x 181 x 15.6 cm (53 1/4 x 71 1/4 x 6 1/8 in.); unframed: 97 x 142.3 cm (38 3/16 x 56 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Hinman B. Hurlbut Collection, 1922.684", "current_location": "206 American Landscape", "title": "Mount Starr King, Yosemite", "creation_date": "1866", "creation_date_earliest": 1866, "creation_date_latest": 1866, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["America"], "technique": "oil on canvas on panel-back stretcher", "support_materials": [], "department": "American Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "American - Painting", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 135.3 x 181 x 15.6 cm (53 1/4 x 71 1/4 x 6 1/8 in.); Unframed: 97 x 142.3 cm (38 3/16 x 56 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 1.353, "width": 1.81, "depth": 0.156}, "unframed": {"height": 0.97, "width": 1.423}, "former": {"height": 1.353, "width": 1.803, "depth": 0.159}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "signed lower right:  ABierstadt. / 66 [AB in monogram]", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 317359, "title": "The Artist in the American West, 1800-1900", "description": "<i>The Artist in the American West, 1800-1900</i>. Santa Fe Musuem of Art (co-organizer).", "opening_date": null}, {"id": 317001, "title": "Inaugural Exhibition", "description": "<i>Inaugural Exhibition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (co-organizer) (June 6-September 20, 1916).", "opening_date": "1916-06-06T05:00:00"}, {"id": 317349, "title": "The World of the Romantic Artist: A Survey of American Culture from 1800-1875", "description": "<i>The World of the Romantic Artist: A Survey of American Culture from 1800-1875</i>. The Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit, MI (organizer) (co-organizer) (December 28, 1944-January 28, 1945).", "opening_date": "1944-12-28T04:00:00"}, {"id": 316674, "title": "The Hudson River School and the Early American Landscape Tradition", "description": "<i>The Hudson River School and the Early American Landscape Tradition</i>. The Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL (organizer) (co-organizer) (February 15-March 25, 1945); Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, NY (April 17-May 18, 1945).", "opening_date": "1945-02-15T04:00:00"}, {"id": 317355, "title": "American Artists Discover America", "description": "<i>American Artists Discover America</i>. Allen Memorial Art Museum, Oberlin, OH (organizer) (co-organizer) (February 2-25, 1946).", "opening_date": "1946-02-02T05:00:00"}, {"id": 317789, "title": "A Retrospective Exhibition: Albert Bierstadt 1830-1902", "description": "<i>A Retrospective Exhibition: Albert Bierstadt 1830-1902</i>. Santa Barbara Museum of Art (organizer) (August 5-September 13, 1964).", "opening_date": "1964-08-05T04:00:00"}, {"id": 228270, "title": "The Mythology of the American West", "description": "<i>The Mythology of the American West</i>. Mus\u00e9e des Beaux-Arts de Rouen, Rouen, France (organizer) (September 28, 2007-January 7, 2008); Mus\u00e9e des Beaux-Arts de Rennes, Rennes, France (February 18-May 18, 2008).", "opening_date": "2007-09-28T00:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "Cleveland, The Cleveland Museum of Art, Catalogue of The Inaugural Exhibition (6 June-20 September 1916), cat. no. 2 as Starr King Mountain, California.", "opening_date": "1916-06-06T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Detroit, The Detroit Institute of Arts, The World of the Romantic Artist: A Survey of American Culture from 1800-1875 (28 December 1944-28 January 1945), cat. no. 45, p. 29 as Starr King Mountain, California.", "opening_date": "1944-12-28T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Chicago, The Art Institute of Chicago, The Hudson River School and the Early American Landscape Tradition (15 February-25 March 1945); traveled to New York, Whitney Museum of American Art (17 April-18 May 1945); cat. no. 13 as Starr King Mountain, California, illus. p. 108.", "opening_date": "1945-02-15T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Oberlin, Ohio, Allen Memorial Art Museum, Oberlin College, American Artists Discover America (2-25 February 1946), cat. no. 4, illus. p. 12 as Starr King Mountain, California, catalogue appears in Bulletin of the Allen Memorial Art Museum (February 1946), vol. 3, no. 1.", "opening_date": "1946-02-02T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Santa Fe, Fine Arts Museum of New Mexico, The Artist in the American West, 1800-1900 cat. no. 2, illus. as Starr King Mountain, California.", "opening_date": "1900-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara Museum of Art, A Retrospective Exhibition: Albert Bierstadt 1830-1902 (5 August-13 September 1964), cat. no. 27, illus. as Starr King Mountain, California.", "opening_date": "1964-08-05T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Mus\u00e9e des Beaux-Arts, Rouen (9/.28/2007 - 1/7/2008) and Mus\u00e9e des Beaux-Arts, Rennes (2/18/2008 - 5/18/2008): \"The Mythology of the American West\"", "opening_date": "2008-01-07T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Chester Guild Cutter (1852\u20131917), Nyack, NY, purchased from the artist", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "Frank E. Marshall (1857\u20131915), Philadelphia, PA", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "[Vose Gallery, Boston, MA]", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1922", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH, purchased in 1922", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1922-", "sortorder": 4}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": ["50.1922", "916.16", "221.1922"], "did_you_know": "Highly successful, Bierstadt built a mansion and named it Malkasten, a German word meaning \u201cpaintbox.\u201d", "description": "During the summer of 1863, Bierstadt visited Yosemite Valley in California and made numerous sketches. Back in his New York studio, he used them to produce many majestic paintings, including this view of the distant granite peak Mount Starr King. Such scenes thrilled East Coast audiences and helped encourage early movements to safeguard natural wonders. In 1864, President Lincoln signed a bill preserving Yosemite as public property; it became a national park in 1890. <br><br>Bierstadt included two Native Americans with a packhorse in his composition, and their presence references the fact that Indigenous peoples had inhabited or seasonally visited the region for millennia. Over time, various government and military agencies dispossessed them of these ancestral lands. Although no longer residents in the national park, descendants of the seven Indigenous nations with ties to Yosemite persevered to live in neighboring areas.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117230185", "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20538814"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1922.684-mount-starr-king-yos"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Salome, Laurent, and Joan Carpenter Troccoli.<em> La Mythologie de l\u2019Ouest Dans L\u2019art Americain, 1830-1940.</em> Cinisello Balsamo, Milan: Silvana, 2007.", "page_number": "Mentioned, p. 138; reproduced, p. 137.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Richardson, Edgar P. <em>American Romantic Painting.</em> Edited by Robert Freund. New York: E. Weyhe, 1944.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 25, cat. 203", "url": null}, {"citation": "Hendricks, Gordon. \"The First Three Western Journeys of Albert Bierstadt.\" <em>The Art Bulletin.</em> 46:3 (September, 1964). pp. 333-365.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 346; Reproduced: fig. 16", "url": null}, {"citation": "Talbot, William S. \"American Visions of Wilderness.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 56, no. 4 (1969): 151-66.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 162, fig. 12; Mentioned: p. 163", "url": "www.jstor.org/stable/25152270"}, {"citation": "Talbot, William S. \"American Visions of Wilderness.\" <em>The Living Wilderness</em>. 33:108 (Winter, 1969). pp. 14-25.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 22, fig. 6", "url": null}, {"citation": "Adams, Celeste, Rita Myers, and Adele Z. Silver. <em>An Introduction to American Art in the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1972.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 8; Reproduced: p. 9", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"A Check List. American Paintings and Water Colors of the Eighteenth, Nineteenth, and Early Twentieth Centuries in the Cleveland Museum of Art.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 60, no. 1 (1973): 21-35", "page_number": "Reproduced: Front cover (detail); Mentioned: p. 22, no. 16", "url": "www.jstor.org/stable/25152465"}, {"citation": "Talbot, William S. \"American Landscape Paintings in the Cleveland Museum of Art.\" <em>Antiques</em>. 104:5. pp. 906-917.", "page_number": "Reproduced:", "url": null}, {"citation": "Hendricks, Gordon. <em>Albert Bierstadt: Painter of the American West</em>. New York: H.N. Abrams, 1973.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pp. 111-175, 321-324, illus. CL-186", "url": null}, {"citation": "Startz, Jane. <em>American Adventures: A Filmstrip History of the United States</em>. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Scholastic Magazines, 1973.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Johnson, Mark M. \"American Landscapes. . .Scenes as Divergent as the Land Itself.\" <em>Arts and Activities</em>. 82:4 (December, 1977). pp. 28-32.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 29, fig. 2", "url": null}, {"citation": "Talbot, William. \"Indian Summer by Jasper F. Cropsey.\" <em>Bulletin of the Detroit Institute of Arts</em> 58, no. 3 (1980): 150-61.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 158; Reproduced: p. 159, fig. 11", "url": "www.jstor.org/stable/41504663"}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1991.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 132", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1991/page/n147/"}, {"citation": "Robertson, Bruce. \"Frederic A. Whiting: Founding the Museum with Art and Craft.\" In <em>Object Lessons: Cleveland Creates an Art Museum</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1991.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 47", "url": null}, {"citation": "Chong, Alan. <em>European &amp; American Painting in the Cleveland Museum of Art: A Summary Catalogue</em>. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1993.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 12", "url": null}, {"citation": "Turner, Evan H. Foreward to <em>Catalogue of Photography</em>, by Tom E. Hinson, (ix-xii). Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1996.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. xi", "url": null}, {"citation": "Coudert, Marie-Claude. <em>La Mythologie de l'Ouest Dans l'Art Ame\u0301ricain, 1830-1940</em>. Edited by Laurent Salome\u0301 and Joan Carpenter Troccoli. Cinisello Balsamo, Milan: Silvana Editoriale, 2007.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 137, fig. 24.; Mentioned: p. 138", "url": null}, {"citation": "Adams, Henry. <em>What's American About American Art?: A Gallery Tour in the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2008.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 76 - 77", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cole, Mark, \"Picture Perfect\", Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Cleveland Art: The Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em>. Vol. 48 no. 8, October 2008", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced (detail), p. 9", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2008-08/page/8/"}, {"citation": "Green, Tyler. <em>Emerson's Nature and the Artists: Idea As Landscape, Landscape As Idea</em>. Munich: Prestel, 2021.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 23, fig. 8", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Buehrens, John A. \"Thomas Starr King: the Brief Life and Broad Legacy of a Civilian Hero of the Civil War.\" <em>The Argonaut : Journal of the San Francisco Historical Society </em>36, n.1 (Summer 2025): 52-75.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p.73", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1922.684", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1922.684/1922.684_web.jpg", "width": "1263", "height": "855", "filesize": "719317", "filename": "1922.684_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1922.684/1922.684_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2303", "filesize": "5333432", "filename": "1922.684_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1922.684/1922.684_full.tif", "width": "6000", "height": "4064", "filesize": "73183636", "filename": "1922.684_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2008-06-23T17:59:05", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1922.684/1922.684_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "1200", "height": "893", "filesize": "858689"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1922.684/1922.684_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2530", "filesize": "6385897"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1922.684/1922.684_alt0_full.tif", "width": "4295", "height": "3196", "filesize": "41223096"}}, {"date_created": "2007-02-16T00:00:00", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1922.684/1922.684_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "1224", "height": "893", "filesize": "776871"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1922.684/1922.684_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "3296", "height": "2405", "filesize": "5111099"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1922.684/1922.684_alt1_full.tif", "width": "3296", "height": "2405", "filesize": "23822972"}}, {"date_created": "2007-02-16T00:00:00", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1922.684/1922.684_alt2_web.jpg", "width": "1263", "height": "859", "filesize": "706917"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1922.684/1922.684_alt2_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2313", "filesize": "4498124"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1922.684/1922.684_alt2_full.tif", "width": "3816", "height": "2596", "filesize": "29755672"}}, {"date_created": "2007-02-16T00:00:00", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1922.684/1922.684_alt3_web.jpg", "width": "1263", "height": "874", "filesize": "549601"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1922.684/1922.684_alt3_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2354", "filesize": "3493244"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1922.684/1922.684_alt3_full.tif", "width": "3834", "height": "2654", "filesize": "30563568"}}], "creditline": "Hinman B. Hurlbut Collection", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Baker & Hostetler LLP Gallery", "athena_id": 172815, "creators": [{"id": 3011, "description": "Albert Bierstadt (American, born Prussia [now Germany], 1830\u20131902)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1830", "death_year": "1902", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1922-01-31T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1866, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1866", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Half Dome, Yosemite Valley", "Starr King Mountain, California"], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:05:11.198000"}, {"id": 145407, "accession_number": "1970.62", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Ganesha, c. 1070. South India, Medieval period, Chola dynasty(10th-13th century). Bronze; overall: 50.8 x 25.4 x 17.8 cm (20 x 10 x 7 in.); base: 23 x 18.3 cm (9 1/16 x 7 3/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Gift of Katharine Holden Thayer, 1970.62", "current_location": "244 Indian and Southeast Asian", "title": "Ganesha", "creation_date": "c. 1070", "creation_date_earliest": 1060, "creation_date_latest": 1080, "artists_tags": [], "culture": ["South India, Medieval period, Chola dynasty(10th-13th century)"], "technique": "bronze", "support_materials": [], "department": "Indian and Southeast Asian Art", "collection": "Indian Art", "type": "Sculpture", "measurements": "Overall: 50.8 x 25.4 x 17.8 cm (20 x 10 x 7 in.); Base: 23 x 18.3 cm (9 1/16 x 7 3/16 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"height": 0.508, "width": 0.254, "depth": 0.178}, "base": {"width": 0.23, "depth": 0.183}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 301391, "title": "Year in Review: 1970", "description": "<i>Year in Review: 1970</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (February 10-March 7, 1971).", "opening_date": "1971-02-10T05:00:00"}, {"id": 309568, "title": "The Age of Bronze", "description": "<i>The Age of Bronze</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (July 13-October 17, 1982).", "opening_date": "1982-07-13T04:00:00"}, {"id": 310042, "title": "Images of the Mind", "description": "<i>Images of the Mind</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (July 7-August 30, 1987).", "opening_date": "1987-07-07T04:00:00"}, {"id": 311878, "title": "Dance of the Gods: Indian Art Inspired by Music", "description": "<i>Dance of the Gods: Indian Art Inspired by Music</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (September 24-December 8, 1996).", "opening_date": "1996-09-24T04:00:00"}, {"id": 213005, "title": "The Sensuous and the Sacred: Chola Bronzes from South India", "description": "<i>The Sensuous and the Sacred: Chola Bronzes from South India</i>. National Museum of Asian Art, Washington, DC (November 10, 2002-March 9, 2003); The Dallas Museum of Art, Dallas, TX (April 4-June 15, 2003); The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (July 6-September 14, 2003).", "opening_date": "2002-11-10T00:00:00"}, {"id": 222425, "title": "Chola: Sacred Bronzes of Southern India", "description": "<i>Chola: Sacred Bronzes of Southern India</i>. Royal Academy of Arts, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (organizer) (November 11, 2006-February 25, 2007).", "opening_date": "2006-11-11T00:00:00"}, {"id": 196054, "title": "Streams and Mountains Without End: Asian Art and the Legacy of Sherman E. Lee at the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Streams and Mountains Without End: Asian Art and the Legacy of Sherman E. Lee at the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 27-August 23, 2009).", "opening_date": "2009-06-27T04:00:00"}, {"id": 441481, "title": "Gallery One 2012", "description": "<i>Gallery One 2012</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (December 12, 2012-March 5, 2017).", "opening_date": "2012-12-12T05:00:00"}, {"id": 293147, "title": "Indian Gallery 242 Rotation \u2013 April-November 2017", "description": "<i>Indian Gallery 242 Rotation \u2013 April-November 2017</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art (organizer) (April 10-November 6, 2017).", "opening_date": "2017-04-10T04:00:00"}], "legacy": []}, "provenance": [{"description": "(J. J. Klejman,  New York, NY)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "Katharine Holden Thayer [1898\u20131985], Cleveland, OH given to the Cleveland Museum of Art", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "?\u20131970", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1970\u2013", "sortorder": 3}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Ganesha pulls his own broken tusk in one hand, which he used as a pen to write the epic <em>Mahabharata</em>.", "description": "Ganesha, the god of wealth and abundance, is an auspicious and revered Hindu deity. He removes obstacles and protects his worshipers. Numerous myths explain how Ganesha became an elephant-man composite, but the most popular version relates the story of how he was decapitated by his enraged father, Shiva, and restored to life through the intervention of his mother, Parvati. Shiva agreed to revive him with the head of the first creature encountered: an elephant. Ganesha's strength\u2014his profound spiritual wisdom\u2014contrasts with his weakness for sweets, as indicated by his pudginess and the sweet <em>modaka</em> he carries. In Ganesha, opposing forces exist in perfect harmony.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60758372"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1970.62-ganesha"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "\"Art of Asia Recently Acquired by American Museums, 1970.\" <em>Archives of Asian Art</em> 25 (1971): 91\u2013120.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 110; Reproduced: p. 95, fig. 11", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/20111035"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 299", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n319"}, {"citation": "Wallbank, T. Walter, A.M. Taylor, and N.M. Bailkey. <em>Civilization Past &amp; Present</em>. Glenview, IL: Scott, Foreseman, 1981.", "page_number": "Reproduced: vol. 1, p. 200", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cunningham, Michael R., Stanislaw J. Czuma, Anne E. Wardwell, and J. Keith Wilson. <em>Masterworks of Asian Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1998.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: pp. 150\u2013151", "url": null}, {"citation": "Davis, Richard H. \u201cWooden Flowers in the Museum: Reflections on a Decorated Nataraja.\u201d <em>Orientations</em> 33, no. 9 (November 2002): 54\u201361.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 56, fig. 5", "url": null}, {"citation": "Dehejia, Vidya, Richard H. Davis, Ira\u0304 Na\u0304kaca\u0304mi, and Karen Pechilis. <em>The Sensuous and the Sacred: Chola Bronzes from South India</em>. New York: American Federation of Arts, 2002.", "page_number": "Reproduced: cat. no. 22, pp. 140\u2013142", "url": null}, {"citation": "Domine, Heidi. \"Exhibitions for a New Year.\" <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em> 43, no. 1 (January 2003): 8\u20139.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 8", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2003-01/page/n7/mode/2up"}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Cleveland Art: The Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em>. Vol. 43 no. 06, Summer 2003.", "page_number": "Reproduced: cover", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2003-06"}, {"citation": "Czuma, Stanislaw J. \u201cGreat Acquisitions of Indian and Southeast Asian Art at The Cleveland Museum of Art.\u201d <em>Orientations</em> 36, no. 1 (January 2005): 82\u201387.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: pp. 85\u201386", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Sacred Bronzes of Southern India.\" <em>The Asian Art Newspaper: Monthly for Collectors, Dealers, Museums and Galleries Vol. </em>9, iss. 10 (October 2006): 12.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 12", "url": null}, {"citation": "Branfoot, Crispin. \"Processions and Presence: Bronze Sculptures from the Temples of Southern India.\" <em>Arts of Asia</em> Vol. 36, No. 6 (November/December 2006): 61\u201371.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 68, fig. 7", "url": null}, {"citation": "Dehejia, Vidya. <em>Chola: Sacred Bronzes of Southern India</em>. London: Royal Academy of Arts, 2006.", "page_number": "Reproduced: cat. no. 7, pp. 90\u201393", "url": null}, {"citation": "Locke, Adrian K. \"Divine Beauty: Sacred Medieval Bronzes from Southern India.\" <em>Minerva </em>Vol. 18, No. 1 ( January-February 2007): 22\u201324.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 24, fig. 9", "url": null}, {"citation": "Filler, Martin. \"The Global Eye of Sherman Lee\": <em>The Magazine Antiques, </em>(October 2008), pp. 122\u2013129.", "page_number": "Reproduced: fig. 7, p. 127", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1970.62", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1970.62/1970.62_web.jpg", "width": "541", "height": "893", "filesize": "285965", "filename": "1970.62_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1970.62/1970.62_print.jpg", "width": "2058", "height": "3400", "filesize": "4036886", "filename": "1970.62_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1970.62/1970.62_full.tif", "width": "3026", "height": "5000", "filesize": "45423712", "filename": "1970.62_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2007-03-28T13:24:42", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1970.62/1970.62_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "604", "height": "893", "filesize": "298796"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1970.62/1970.62_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "2298", "height": "3400", "filesize": "4187620"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1970.62/1970.62_alt0_full.tif", "width": "4056", "height": "6000", "filesize": "73039516"}}, {"date_created": "2007-03-09T14:17:16", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1970.62/1970.62_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "653", "height": "893", "filesize": "311591"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1970.62/1970.62_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "2488", "height": "3400", "filesize": "4283505"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1970.62/1970.62_alt1_full.tif", "width": "4024", "height": "5500", "filesize": "66427708"}}, {"date_created": "2007-03-09T15:06:42", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1970.62/1970.62_alt2_web.jpg", "width": "587", "height": "893", "filesize": "250234"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1970.62/1970.62_alt2_print.jpg", "width": "2234", "height": "3400", "filesize": "3460202"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1970.62/1970.62_alt2_full.tif", "width": "3614", "height": "5500", "filesize": "59661704"}}, {"date_created": "2007-03-09T15:25:54", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1970.62/1970.62_alt3_web.jpg", "width": "552", "height": "893", "filesize": "236462"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1970.62/1970.62_alt3_print.jpg", "width": "2103", "height": "3400", "filesize": "3130047"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1970.62/1970.62_alt3_full.tif", "width": "3402", "height": "5500", "filesize": "56163696"}}], "creditline": "Gift of Katharine Holden Thayer", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": "83f15d05e6c4463d875bd7bf2717fd9e", "sketchfab_url": "https://sketchfab.com/models/83f15d05e6c4463d875bd7bf2717fd9e", "gallery_donor_text": "Nancy F. & Joseph P. Keithley Gallery", "athena_id": 145407, "creators": [], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1970-09-10T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1060, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 1070", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Ganesha: Elephant-Headed God, Remover of Obstacles"], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-04-17 19:32:51.015000"}, {"id": 137198, "accession_number": "1962.154", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Jar with Lion-Head Handles (\u9752\u82b1\u96d9\u7345\u982d\u7f50), 1300s. China, Jiangxi Province, Jingdezhen, Yuan dynasty (1271\u20131368). Porcelain with underglaze painted decoration; diameter of mouth: 15.6 cm (6 1/8 in.); overall: 39.4 x 37.5 cm (15 1/2 x 14 3/4 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, John L. Severance Fund, 1962.154", "current_location": "238 Chinese Ceramics", "title": "Jar with Lion-Head Handles", "title_in_original_language": "\u9752\u82b1\u96d9\u7345\u982d\u7f50", "creation_date": "1300s", "creation_date_earliest": 1300, "creation_date_latest": 1368, "artists_tags": [], "culture": ["China, Jiangxi Province, Jingdezhen, Yuan dynasty (1271\u20131368)"], "technique": "porcelain with underglaze painted decoration", "support_materials": [], "department": "Chinese Art", "collection": "China - Yuan Dynasty", "type": "Ceramic", "measurements": "Diameter of mouth: 15.6 cm (6 1/8 in.); Overall: 39.4 x 37.5 cm (15 1/2 x 14 3/4 in.)", "dimensions": {"diameter of mouth": {"width": 0.156}, "overall": {"height": 0.394, "width": 0.375}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "\u5357", "inscription_translation": "South", "inscription_remark": "This character is scratched into the white glaze on one of the vessel's shoulders.", "sortorder": null}, {"inscription": "\u5bae", "inscription_translation": "Palace", "inscription_remark": "This character is scratched into the white glaze on one of the vessel's shoulders.", "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 302276, "title": "Year in Review - 1962", "description": "<i>Year in Review - 1962</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 24-November 25, 1962).", "opening_date": "1962-10-24T04:00:00"}, {"id": 301272, "title": "Chinese Art Under the Mongols: The Yuan Dynasty (1279\u20131368)", "description": "<i>Chinese Art Under the Mongols: The Yuan Dynasty (1279\u20131368)</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 2-November 24, 1968).", "opening_date": "1968-10-02T04:00:00"}, {"id": 309564, "title": "The World of Ceramics: Masterpieces from the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>The World of Ceramics: Masterpieces from the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 20-August 22, 1982).", "opening_date": "1982-06-20T04:00:00"}, {"id": 309886, "title": "Printing in Color", "description": "<i>Printing in Color</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (September 10-November 17, 1985).", "opening_date": "1985-09-10T04:00:00"}, {"id": 309887, "title": "The Twain Shall Meet", "description": "<i>The Twain Shall Meet</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 30, 1985-January 5, 1986).", "opening_date": "1985-10-30T05:00:00"}, {"id": 311446, "title": "Asian Autumn: Masterpieces from the Collection", "description": "<i>Asian Autumn: Masterpieces from the Collection</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (September 17, 1991-January 5, 1992).", "opening_date": "1991-09-17T04:00:00"}, {"id": 206288, "title": "The Legacy of Genghis Khan:  Courtly Art and Culture in Western Asia 1256-1353", "description": "<i>The Legacy of Genghis Khan:  Courtly Art and Culture in Western Asia 1256-1353</i>. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY (organizer) (October 28, 2002-February 16, 2003); Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles, CA (April 13-July 27, 2003).", "opening_date": "2002-10-28T00:00:00"}, {"id": 196054, "title": "Streams and Mountains Without End: Asian Art and the Legacy of Sherman E. Lee at the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Streams and Mountains Without End: Asian Art and the Legacy of Sherman E. Lee at the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 27-August 23, 2009).", "opening_date": "2009-06-27T04:00:00"}], "legacy": []}, "provenance": [{"description": "(J.T. Tai and Co., Inc., New York, NY, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "?\u20131962", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1962\u2013", "sortorder": 2}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "The characters for \"palace\" and \"south\" are scratched into the white glaze on the vessel's shoulder, suggesting that it was once kept in a specific location in a palace.", "description": "Appreciated for its strong profile, brilliant blue color, and firm delineation of the decorative patterns, this jar is a classic example of Yuan dynasty blue-and-white ware. This type of ware was produced no later than the 1330s for both domestic use (the court and common people alike) and overseas trade. This example testifies to the transmission of artistic ideas and techniques between China and the rest of the great Mongol Empire as a result of trade. The cobalt that was used for the blue underglaze decoration was imported from Iran, likely from Kashan. The band of cloud-collar motifs with phoenixes set against floral grounds, as shown here, is an artistic vocabulary that can also be found in Iranian decorative arts of the Ilkhanid period (1256\u20131353).", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60761594"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1962.154-jar-with-lion-head-h"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Lee, Sherman E. \u201cJanus in Limbo.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>, vol. 50, no. 1, 1963, pp. 3\u20136.", "page_number": "Reproduced: fig. 4", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25151927"}, {"citation": "\u201cOriental Art Recently Acquired by American Museums.\u201d <em>Archives of the Chinese Art Society of America</em>, vol. 17, 1963, pp. 43\u201365.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 46, fig. 10", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/20067062"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 260", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n284"}, {"citation": "Lee, Sherman E., and Wai-kam Ho. <em>Chinese Art Under the Mongols: The Yu\u0308an Dynasty, 1279-1368</em>. [Cleveland]: Cleveland Museum of Art; [distributed by the Press of Case Western Reserve University], 1968.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pl. 156", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 260", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n284"}, {"citation": "Medley, Margaret. <em>Yu\u0308an Porcelain and Stoneware</em>. London: Faber, 1974.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 58, fig. 45b", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Medley, Margaret. <em>The Chinese Potter: A Practical History of Chinese Ceramics</em>. Oxford: Phaidon,1976.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 183, fig 134", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 344", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n364"}, {"citation": "Neils, Jenifer and Sherman E. Lee. <em>The World of Ceramics: Masterpieces from the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: The Museum in cooperation with Indiana University Press, 1982.", "page_number": "cat. no. 119", "url": null}, {"citation": "Gowing, Lawrence, ed. <em>A History of Art</em>. London: Macmillan, 1983.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 317", "url": null}, {"citation": "Neils, Jenifer. \u201cThe Twain Shall Meet.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>, vol. 72, no. 6, 1985, pp. 326\u2013359.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 351, fig. 48", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25159914"}, {"citation": "Komaroff, Linda, and Stefano Carboni. <em>The Legacy of Genghis Khan: Courtly Art and Culture in Western Asia, 1256-1353</em>. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art; New Haven: Yale University Press [distributor], 2002.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat no. 193, p. 285; fig. 17, p. 21", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Cleveland Art: The Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em>. Vol. 53 no. 05, September/October 2013", "page_number": "Mentioned & reproduced: p. 15", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2013-05/page/14"}, {"citation": "\"Reopening of the Asian Galleries at The Cleveland Museum of Art: An Interview with David Franklin.\" <em>Orientations: The Magazine for Collectors and Connoisseurs of Asian Art</em>, vol. 44, no. 8 (November/December 2013): pp. 60-63", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 63", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 100", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Mackie, Louise W. <em>Symbols of Power: Luxury Textiles from Islamic Lands, 7th-21st Century</em>. Cleveland; New Haven: Cleveland Museum of Art; Yale University Press, 2015.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 221, fig. 6.7; Mentioned: P. 221, 226, 228", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Gaskin, Steven P. \"The David Vases: Considering Serpentine Waves on Yuan Blue-and-White.\" <em>Orientations</em> 46, no. 4 (May 2015): 81-89.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 86, figs. 9, 9a.", "url": null}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1962.154", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1962.154/1962.154_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "861", "filesize": "260427", "filename": "1962.154_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1962.154/1962.154_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "3251", "filesize": "1735188", "filename": "1962.154_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1962.154/1962.154_full.tif", "width": "10875", "height": "10400", "filesize": "339330892", "filename": 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Severance Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": "9a0710f44a464e36b3e2da485320f1dd", "sketchfab_url": "https://sketchfab.com/models/9a0710f44a464e36b3e2da485320f1dd", "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 137198, "creators": [], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1962-06-02T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1300, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1300s", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": true, "updated_at": "2026-04-17 19:32:18.969000"}, {"id": 159234, "accession_number": "1995.5", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Crucifix with Scenes of the Passion, c. 1230\u201340. Italy, Pisa. Tempera with gold on panel; framed: 186.6 x 160.7 x 12.7 cm (73 7/16 x 63 1/4 x 5 in.); unframed: 185 x 160 x 10.2 cm (72 13/16 x 63 x 4 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund, 1995.5", "current_location": "100 1916 Lobby", "title": "Crucifix with Scenes of the Passion", "creation_date": "c. 1230\u201340", "creation_date_earliest": 1225, "creation_date_latest": 1245, "artists_tags": [], "culture": ["Italy, Pisa"], "technique": "tempera with gold on panel", "support_materials": [], "department": "Medieval Art", "collection": "MED - Medieval Art", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 186.6 x 160.7 x 12.7 cm (73 7/16 x 63 1/4 x 5 in.); Unframed: 185 x 160 x 10.2 cm (72 13/16 x 63 x 4 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 1.866, "width": 1.607, "depth": 0.127}, "unframed": {"height": 1.85, "width": 1.6, "depth": 0.102}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "signed below:  [GH]AEL q./...VINI/IT (i.e. Ghael quondam ... vini)", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 229872, "title": "Cimabue a Pisa", "description": "<i>Cimabue a Pisa</i>. Museo Nazionale di San Matteo, Pisa, Pisa, Italy (organizer) (March 25-June 25, 2005).", "opening_date": "2005-03-25T00:00:00"}], "legacy": []}, "provenance": [{"description": "Galerie Sanct Lucas, Wein, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "?-1995", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1995-", "sortorder": 2}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Although the artist did sign this panel at the bottom, the signature is illegible, his first name perhaps being Michael.", "description": "Large painted crucifixes dating from the 1100s and 1200s are among the earliest surviving Italian panel paintings. Large crosses, like this beautiful example, were typically suspended high above an altar in the main apse of Italian churches. Smaller crosses were placed on or just above altars in small side chapels. Such crosses served as the visual focus for devotion and symbolized the Eucharistic sacrament performed by the priest on the altar below. This crucifix shows Christ alive on the cross as the triumphant savior of mankind. Smaller images on the \"apron\" represent images of Christ's Passion (to the left) and his death and Resurrection (to the right). On the far left terminal appear the mourning Virgin and Saint John the Evangelist, while on the right the viewer is shown Saint James Major and Saint Bona, patroness of the city of Pisa. The concluding event, the Ascension of Christ, once appeared on the upper terminal, just above the Virgin and Apostles. The figure of Christ is painted in a severe and hieratic style suggestive of medieval Pisa's artistic and commercial links with the Byzantine East. The appearance of Saint Bona on this cross may suggest that it was made for the Church of S. Martino in Pisa, where Franciscan nuns tended the holy woman's relics.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60477227"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1995.5-crucifix-with-scenes"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Kimball, Fiske. \"Two Purchases.\" <em>The Philadelphia Museum Bulletin</em> 48, no. 236 (1953).", "page_number": "pp. 19-29", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/3794980"}, {"citation": "Stubblebine, James H. \"A Crucifix for Saint Bona\" <em>Apollo </em>vol. 125 (March 1987).", "page_number": "p. 160-165", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, \u201cThe Cleveland Museum of Art Adds Rare Medieval Work to Paintings Collection,\u201d March 7, 1995, Cleveland Museum of Art Archives.", "page_number": null, "url": "https://archive.org/details/cmapr3947"}, {"citation": "Chong, Alan, \u201cTriumphant Christ\u201d, Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Cleveland Art: The Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em>. Vol. 36 no. 04, April 1996", "page_number": "Mentioned & reproduced: p. 4", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM1996-04/page/n3"}, {"citation": "\"Acquisition of the Year\" 142 <em>Apollo</em> (Dec. 1997).", "page_number": "p. 9", "url": null}, {"citation": "Evans, Helen C., and William D. Wixom. <em>The Glory of Byzantium: Art and Culture of the Middle Byzantine Era, A.D. 843-1261.</em> New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1997.", "page_number": "p. 448", "url": null}, {"citation": "May, Sally Ruth, Jane Takac, and Barbara J. Bradley.<em> Knockouts: A Pocket Guide</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2001.", "page_number": "no. 20, p. 25 & 116", "url": null}, {"citation": "Burresi, Mariagiulia, and Antonino Caleca. <em>Cimabue a Pisa: la pittura pisana del Duecento da Giunta a Giotto.</em> Ospedaletto (Pisa): Pacini, 2005.", "page_number": "cat. no. 40, p. 174-177", "url": null}, {"citation": "Flora, Holly, Rachel Billinge, and Elaine Koss.<em> Cimabue and Early Italian Devotional Painting</em>. New York, N.Y.: Frick Collection, 2006.", "page_number": "p. 26, fig 15", "url": null}, {"citation": "Boskovits, Miklos, Ada Labriola, Valentino Pace and Angelo Tartufferi. \"Officina Pisana: il XIII secolo,\" <em>Arte Christiana</em> 834, XCIV (2006).", "page_number": "p. 169, fig. 10", "url": null}, {"citation": "Eikelmann, Renate, Holger A. Klein, Stephen N. Fliegel, and Virginia Brilliant<em>. The Cleveland Museum of Art: Meisterwerke von 300 bis 1550. </em>Mu\u0308nchen: Hirmer, 2007.", "page_number": "p. 20, fig. 10", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bacci, Michele. \"Shaping the Sacred: Painted Crosses and Shrines in Thirteenth-Century Pisa,\" <em>R\u00f6misches Jahrbuch der Bibliotheca Hertziana</em>, Band 38 (2007/2008).", "page_number": "115-129; fig. 1 and pp. 115-17", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, and Holger A. Klein. <em>Sacred Gifts and Worldly Treasures: Medieval Masterworks from the Cleveland Museum of Art. </em>Cleveland, Ohio: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2007.", "page_number": "p. 26", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bozzoli, Chiara. \" 'Baciami con I baci della tua bocca' Riflessioni sulle moldalit\u00e0 di espressione del trasporto emotivo nell'arte medievale. \" <em>Critica D'Arte</em> N. 37-38, Gennaio- Giugno (2009).", "page_number": "p. 66, fig. 12", "url": null}, {"citation": "Fliegel, Stephen N., and Stephen N. Fliegel.<em> A Higher Contemplation: Sacred Meaning in the Christian Art of the Middle Ages.</em> Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 2012.", "page_number": "p. 36, fig. 27", "url": null}, {"citation": "Carr, Annemarie Weyl, Lynn Jones, and Kathleen Maxwell. <em>Byzantine Images and Their Afterlives: Essays in Honor of Annemarie Weyl Carr.</em> 2014.", "page_number": "p. 248, fig. 12.8-12.9", "url": null}, {"citation": "Flora, Holly. <em>Cimabue and the Franciscan</em>s. Turnhout: Harvey Miller Publishers, 2018.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 209; Reproduced: p. 210, fig. 6.8", "url": null}, {"citation": "Fileti, M.<em> Cimabue.</em> Pisa-Ospedaletto: Pacini Editore, 2024.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 30-31", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1995.5", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1995.5/1995.5_web.jpg", "width": "668", "height": "893", "filesize": "298133", "filename": "1995.5_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1995.5/1995.5_print.jpg", "width": "2545", "height": "3400", "filesize": "4011531", "filename": "1995.5_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1995.5/1995.5_full.tif", "width": "4992", "height": "6668", "filesize": "99904020", "filename": "1995.5_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1995.5/1995.5_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "745", "height": "893", "filesize": "446910"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1995.5/1995.5_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "1536", "height": "1842", "filesize": "2057351"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1995.5/1995.5_alt0_full.tif", "width": "1536", "height": "1842", "filesize": "8491068"}}, {"date_created": "2009-07-27T15:45:31", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1995.5/1995.5_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "748", "height": "893", "filesize": "409361"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1995.5/1995.5_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "2849", "height": "3400", "filesize": "6395701"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1995.5/1995.5_alt1_full.tif", "width": "4992", "height": "5958", "filesize": "89257444"}}], "creditline": "Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "The Plain Dealer Lobby", "athena_id": 159234, "creators": [], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1995-03-06T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1225, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 1230\u201340", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": true, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:05:53.246000"}, {"id": 106088, "accession_number": "1924.195", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Early Morning After a Storm at Sea, 1900\u20131903. Winslow Homer (American, 1836\u20131910). Oil on canvas; framed: 111 x 160 x 12 cm (43 11/16 x 63 x 4 3/4 in.); unframed: 76.8 x 127 cm (30 1/4 x 50 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Gift of J. H. Wade, 1924.195", "current_location": "208 American Gilded Age and Realism", "title": "Early Morning After a Storm at Sea", "creation_date": "1900\u20131903", "creation_date_earliest": 1900, "creation_date_latest": 1903, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["America, late 19th-early 20th Century"], "technique": "oil on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "American Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "American - Painting", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 111 x 160 x 12 cm (43 11/16 x 63 x 4 3/4 in.); Unframed: 76.8 x 127 cm (30 1/4 x 50 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 1.11, "width": 1.6, "depth": 0.12}, "unframed": {"height": 0.768, "width": 1.27}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "Signed lower left: \"HOMER / 1902\"", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 312517, "title": "The Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition", "description": "<i>The Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 26-October 4, 1936).", "opening_date": "1936-06-26T04:00:00"}, {"id": 312462, "title": "Exhibition of American Painting from 1860 Until Today", "description": "<i>Exhibition of American Painting from 1860 Until Today</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 23-October 4, 1937).", "opening_date": "1937-06-23T04:00:00"}, {"id": 312341, "title": "The Silver Jubilee Exhibition", "description": "<i>The Silver Jubilee Exhibition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 23-September 28, 1941).", "opening_date": "1941-06-23T04:00:00"}, {"id": 311945, "title": "The Sea", "description": "<i>The Sea</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (September 23-October 25, 1950).", "opening_date": "1950-09-23T04:00:00"}, {"id": 520330, "title": "Yankee Painter: A Retrospective Exhibition of Oils, Watercolors and Graphics by Winslow Homer", "description": "<i>Yankee Painter: A Retrospective Exhibition of Oils, Watercolors and Graphics by Winslow Homer</i>. University of Arizona Museum of Art, Tucson, AZ (organizer) (October 12-December 1, 1963).", "opening_date": "1963-10-12T04:00:00"}, {"id": 302330, "title": "Heritage and Horizon: American Painting 1776 - 1976", "description": "<i>Heritage and Horizon: American Painting 1776 - 1976</i>. Buffalo AKG Art Museum, Buffalo, NY (organizer) (March 7-April 11, 1976); The Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit, MI (May 2-June 13, 1976); The Toledo Museum of Art, Toledo, OH (July 4-August 15, 1976); The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (September 8-October 10, 1976).", "opening_date": "1976-03-07T05:00:00"}, {"id": 304561, "title": "Visions of Landscape: East and West", "description": "<i>Visions of Landscape: East and West</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (February 17-March 21, 1982).", "opening_date": "1982-02-17T05:00:00"}, {"id": 310299, "title": "Reckoning with Winslow Homer: His Late Works and Their Influence", "description": "<i>Reckoning with Winslow Homer: His Late Works and Their Influence</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (September 19-November 25, 1990); Columbus Museum of Art, Columbus, OH (December 16, 1990-February 10, 1991); Corcoran Gallery of Art, Washington, DC (March 16-May 12, 1991).", "opening_date": "1990-09-19T04:00:00"}, {"id": 361410, "title": "Winslow Homer", "description": "<i>Winslow Homer</i>. National Gallery of Art, Landover, MD (organizer) (October 15, 1995-January 28, 1996); Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Boston, MA (February 21-May 26, 1996); The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY (June 20-September 22, 1996).", "opening_date": "1995-10-15T04:00:00"}, {"id": 184052, "title": "Cleveland Collects American Art of the Gilded Age", "description": "<i>Cleveland Collects American Art of the Gilded Age</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (February 23-May 18, 2003).", "opening_date": "2003-02-23T00:00:00"}, {"id": 224220, "title": "Weatherbeaten: The Late Paintings of Winslow Homer", "description": "<i>Weatherbeaten: The Late Paintings of Winslow Homer</i>. Portland Museum of Art, Portland, ME (organizer) (September 20-December 30, 2012).", "opening_date": "2012-09-20T00:00:00"}, {"id": 290556, "title": "Coming Away: Winslow Homer and England", "description": "<i>Coming Away: Winslow Homer and England</i>. Worcester Art Museum, Worcester, MA (November 17, 2017-February 4, 2018); Milwaukee Art Museum, Milwaukee, WI (organizer) (March 2-May 20, 2018).", "opening_date": "2017-11-11T05:00:00"}, {"id": 394678, "title": "Art Along the Rivers: A Bicentennial Celebration", "description": "<i>Art Along the Rivers: A Bicentennial Celebration</i>. Saint Louis Art Museum, St. Louis, MO (organizer) (October 3, 2021-January 9, 2022) https://www.slam.org/exhibitions/art-along-the-rivers/.", "opening_date": "2021-10-03T04:00:00"}, {"id": 437859, "title": "Winslow Homer: Crosscurrents", "description": "<i>Winslow Homer: Crosscurrents</i>. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY (organizer) (April 4-July 31, 2022) https://www.metmuseum.org/exhibitions/listings/2022/winslow-homer.", "opening_date": "2022-04-04T04:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "New York, Union League Club, Paintings by Contemporary Americans (8-10 January 1903).", "opening_date": "1903-01-08T00:00:00"}, {"description": "New York, Society of American Artists, Twenty-Fifth Annual Exhibition (28 March-3 May 1903).", "opening_date": "1903-03-28T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Pittsburgh, The Carnegie Institute, The Eighth Annual Exhibition at The Carnegie Institute (5 November 1903-1 January 1904), no. 75.", "opening_date": "1903-11-05T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, Seventy-Third Annual Exhibition (25 January-5 March 1904)", "opening_date": "1904-01-25T00:00:00"}, {"description": "St. Louis, Louisiana Purchase Universal Exposition (May-December, 1904)", "opening_date": "1904-05-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Buffalo, Albright Art Gallery, Fifth Annual Exhibition of Selected Paintings by American Artists (11 May-1 September 1910); cat. no. 117, listed p. 38.", "opening_date": "1910-05-11T00:00:00"}, {"description": "St. Louis, City Art Museum of St. Louis, Fifth Annual Exhibition of Selected Paintings by American Artists (September 15 - November 15, 1910); cat. 120.", "opening_date": "1910-09-15T00:00:00"}, {"description": "New York City, The Museum of Modern Art, The Museum of Modern Art Sixth Loan Exhibition: Winslow Homer, Albert P. Ryder, Thomas Eakins (May, 1930), fig. 17.", "opening_date": "1930-05-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Philadelphia, The Pennsylvania Museum of Art, Winslow Homer 1836-1910 (2 May-8 June 1936), fig. 29.", "opening_date": "1936-05-02T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Detroit, Detroit Institute of Arts, Annual Exhibition of American Art (2 April-3 May 1937); cat. no. 32.", "opening_date": "1937-04-02T00:00:00"}, {"description": "New York City, Whitney Museum of American Art, Winslow Homer: Centenary Exhibition (15 December 1936-15 January 1937), fig. 33, illus.", "opening_date": "1936-12-15T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Pittsburgh, Carnegie Institute, Centenary Exhibition of Works of Winslow Homer (28 January-7 March 1937); traveled to Detroit, The Detroit Institute of Arts, (March 1937-May 1937) pp. 7-13 fig. 29.", "opening_date": "1937-01-28T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Worcester, Worcester Art Museum, Winslow Homer (16 November-17 December 1944), no. 82, p. 7.", "opening_date": "1944-11-16T00:00:00"}, {"description": "New York, Wildenstein for the Benefit of The New York Botanical Garden, Winslow Homer (19 February-22 March 1947), no. 37.", "opening_date": "1947-02-19T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Brooklyn, The Brooklyn Museum, The Coast and the Sea: A Survey of American Marine Painting (19 November 1948-16 January 1949); cat. no. 61.", "opening_date": "1948-11-19T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Brooklyn, The Brooklyn Museum, Chief Movements in Modern American Painting 1900-1950 (14 November 1951-6 January 1952)", "opening_date": "1951-11-14T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Frankfurt, Stadelsches Kunstitut, Hundert Jahre Amerikanische Malerei 1800-1900 (14 March-3 May 1953); traveled to Munich, Bayerische Staatsgem\u00e4ldesammlungen (15 May-28 June 1953); Hanburg, Kunsthalle (18 July-30 August 1953); (in addition shows were added in Berlin and D\u00fcsseldorf-see Whitney Museum catalogue for further information); cat. no. 45, illus. fig. 32.", "opening_date": "1953-03-14T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Rome, Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna, Mostra Di Pittura Americana Del XIX Secolo (19 January-7 February 1954), no. 82; seems to also have traveled to Milan (see Whitney Museum catalogue for further information).", "opening_date": "1954-01-19T00:00:00"}, {"description": "New York, The Whitney Museum of American Art, American Painting in the Nineteenth Century, (22 April-23 May 1954), cat. no. 86.", "opening_date": "1954-04-22T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Oguinquit, ME, Museum of Art, Summer Exhibition (1 July-12 September 1954), cat. no. 8; illus.", "opening_date": "1954-07-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Pittsburgh, The Carnegie Institute, American Classics of the Nineteenth Century (1957); traveled to Utica, The Munson-Williams-Proctor Institute; Richmond, The Virginia Museum of Fine Arts; Baltimore, The Baltimore Museum of Art; Manchester, The Currier Gallery of Art, cat. no. 62.", "opening_date": "1957-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Washington, D. C., The National Gallery of Art, Winslow Homer: A Retrospective Exhibition (23 November 1958-4 January 1959); traveled to New York, The Metropolitan Museum of Art (29 January-8 March 1959), fig. 74.", "opening_date": "1959-01-29T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Tucson, University of Arizona Art Gallery, Yankee Painter: A Retrospective Exhibition of Oils, Water Colors and Graphics by Winslow Homer (11 October-1 December 1963), cat. no. 31, illus. p. 45.", "opening_date": "1963-10-11T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Akron, Akron Institute of Art, Retrospective on Winslow Homer (25 March-11 May 1969).", "opening_date": "1969-03-25T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Buffalo, Albright-Knox Art Gallery, Heritage and Horizon: American Painting 1776-1976 (6 March-11 April 1976); traveled to Detroit, The Detroit Institute of Arts, (5 May-13 June 1976); Toledo, The Toledo Museum of Art (4 July-15 August 1976); Cleveland, The Cleveland Museum of Art (8 Sept", "opening_date": "1976-03-06T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, Ohio", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1924-", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "(Frank Rehn, Inc., New York, NY, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1924", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "Cornelius Vanderbilt Barton, New York, NY, consigned to Frank Rehn, Inc.", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1918-1924", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "(M. Knoedler & Co., New York, NY, sold to Cornelius Vanderbilt Barton)1", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->1Bixby returned the painting to Knoedler in December 1917 (stock no. C 4847), and in March 1918 the gallery sold it to Barton.</div>"], "date": "1917-1918", "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "William K. Bixby [1857-1931], St. Louis, MO, returned to Knoedler & Co.", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1904-1917", "sortorder": 5}, {"description": "(M. Knoedler & Co., New York, NY, sold to William K. Bixby)1", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->1Knoedler represented the painting on Homer's instruction.&nbsp; Some versions of this provenance begin with Chicago dealer William O'Brien.&nbsp; However, he represented the work only briefly and failed to sell it.&nbsp; In 1900 O'Brien approached Homer, proposing to act as an agent to solicit a new painting.&nbsp; Homer accepted O'Brien's proposition in July 1900, and on November 14, 1902, Homer informed O'Brien that the so-called \"O'Brien picture,\" as he referred to the painting, had been sent.&nbsp; He did not consider O'Brien as having a claim on the work, but offered him the first opportunity to show and sell it as a courtesy.&nbsp; However, the painting had to be returned to New&nbsp; York by January 8, 1903 in time for an exhibition at the Union League Club.&nbsp; Thus, O'Brien's association with the painting lasted just six weeks.</div>"], "date": "1903-1904", "sortorder": 6}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Winslow Homer's studio in Prouts Neck, Maine, is a National Historic Landmark.", "description": "The powerful Atlantic surf pounding against the desolate coast of Prouts Neck, Maine, provided primary subject matter for the dramatic paintings that Homer created during his final decades. This example, which the artist proclaimed as \"the best picture of the sea that I have painted,\" was initially conceived as a watercolor. Undertaking the composition in oil after a lapse of nearly two decades, Homer patiently waited for the appropriate atmospheric conditions, executing the work in four different sessions spread over two years.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60503457"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1924.195-early-morning-after"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Denenberg, Thomas Andrew, and Winslow Homer. <em>Weatherbeaten: Winslow Homer and Maine</em>. 2012.", "page_number": "fig. 10, p. 100", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. Catalogue of an Exhibition of American Painting from 1860 Until Today at the Cleveland Museum of Art. [Cleveland]: [Printed by the Artcraft Printing Co.], 1937.", "page_number": "no. 85, p. 26", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. Catalogue of the Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition of the Cleveland Museum of Art: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition : June Twenty-Sixth to October Fourth 1936. [Cleveland, Ohio]: [Cleveland Museum of Art], 1936.", "page_number": "no. 359, listed pp. 133-134", "url": null}, {"citation": null, "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Frank K.M. Rehn Galleries records, Miscellaneous Records: Lists of Paintings, 1920-1968, Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution. [Reel 5872 (87-725)].", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "W.M.M., \u201cEarly Morning After a Storm at Sea by Winslow Homer,\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 11.3 (March 1924): 51-53", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Winslow Homer, Series IV. Inventory cards, 1859-1971, M. Knoedler &amp; Co. Records, box 135, Getty Research Institute", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "W.M.M., \u201cEarly Morning After a Storm at Sea by Winslow Homer,\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art </em>11.3 (March 1924): 51-53.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "W.M.M., \u201cEarly Morning After a Storm at Sea by Winslow Homer,\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art </em>11.3 (March 1924): 51-53.<em><br></em>", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Tatham, David. <em>Winslow Homer in London : A New York Artist Abroad. </em>Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 2010.", "page_number": "Mentioned pp. 7, 88, 93-94; reproduced p. 41.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Novak, Barbara.<em> Voyages of the Self : Pairs, Parallels, and Patterns in American Art and Literature.</em> Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.", "page_number": "Mentioned, pp. 96-97; reproduced, color plate 10.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Simpson, Marc. <em>Winslow Homer: The Clark Collection.</em> Williamstown, Massachusetts: Sterling and Francine Clark Art Institute, 2013.", "page_number": "Mentioned, p. 35.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Jennings, Kate F. <em>Winslow Homer. </em>New York, N.Y.: Crescent Books : Distributed by Crown Publishers, 1990.", "page_number": "Reproduced, p. 109.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "\"Coming Away: Winslow Homer and England,\" <em>American Art Review </em>30 (May-June 2018).", "page_number": "Reproduced, p. 56.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Michael Brenson, \"Art View: Homer's Epic: Seascapes Grand and Gentle,\" <em>New York Times, </em>March 31, 1991.", "page_number": "Mentioned, p. 7.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "City Art Museum of St. Louis.<em> Fifth Annual Exhibition of Selected Paintings by American Artists</em>. St. Louis, Mo: The Museum, 1900.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 49, #120", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1925.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 34", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook_80839/page/n36"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1928.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 42", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1928/page/n46"}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Catalogue of an Exhibition of American Painting from 1860 until Today at the Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> [Cleveland]: [Printed by the Artcraft Printing Co.], 1937.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 26, no. 85", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Milliken, William. \"Silver Jubilee Exhibition.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art </em>28, no.6 (June 1941): 88-108", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 89", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25140932"}, {"citation": "<em>Paintings in the Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> [Cleveland]: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1945.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 14", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAPaintings1945/page/n22"}, {"citation": "Francis, Henry. \"Recent Additions to the Collection of Homer.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art </em>42, no. 3 (March 1955): 51-54.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 54", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25142026"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Handbook.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 549", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1958/page/n102"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 187", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n211"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 187", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n211"}, {"citation": "Hamilton, George Heard. <em>19th and 20th Century Art: Painting, Sculpture, Architecture</em>. New York: H.N. Abrams, 1970.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 110, fig. 95", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 232", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n252"}, {"citation": "Adams, Henry. <em>What's American about American art?: a gallery tour in the Cleveland Museum of Art. </em>Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2008.", "page_number": "Reproduced: fig. 3, p. 10; p. 98 - 99", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 52", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Ross, Clifford, Jay A. Clarke, Phong Bui, and Orville Schell. <em>Hurricane Waves</em>. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2015.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 11, fig. 3", "url": null}, {"citation": "Athens, Elizabeth, Brandon Ruud and Martha Tedeschi. <em>Coming Away: Winslow Homer &amp; England</em>. Worcester, MA : Worcester Art Museum ; Milwaukee, WI : Milwaukee Art Museum ; New Haven, CT : in association with Yale University Press, 2017.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 149, cat. # 67; p. 81, fig. 10 (detail): Mention: p. 56, 166", "url": null}, {"citation": "American Art Review. \"Coming Away: Winslow Homer and England.\" American Art Review 30, no. 3 (May/June 2018): 54-57.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 56, top", "url": null}, {"citation": "Herdrich, Stephanie L., Sylvia Yount, Daniel Immerwahr, Christopher Riopelle, Gwendolyn DuBois Shaw, and Winslow Homer. Winslow Homer: Crosscurrents. New York : The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2022.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 173", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1924.195", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1924.195/1924.195_web.jpg", "width": "1263", "height": "762", "filesize": "642840", "filename": "1924.195_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1924.195/1924.195_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2050", "filesize": "4653289", "filename": "1924.195_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1924.195/1924.195_full.tif", "width": "6000", "height": "3618", "filesize": "65155832", "filename": "1924.195_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2004-08-23T20:14:10", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1924.195/1924.195_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "1263", "height": "764", "filesize": "622065"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1924.195/1924.195_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2056", "filesize": "4008956"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1924.195/1924.195_alt0_full.tif", "width": "5000", "height": "3023", "filesize": "45365748"}}, {"date_created": "2008-08-13T14:28:22", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1924.195/1924.195_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "1263", "height": "887", "filesize": "883641"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1924.195/1924.195_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2387", "filesize": "6257811"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1924.195/1924.195_alt1_full.tif", "width": "4564", "height": "3204", "filesize": "43912888"}}], "creditline": "Gift of J. H. Wade", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "The Cleveland Foundation Gallery", "athena_id": 106088, "creators": [{"id": 3143, "description": "Winslow Homer (American, 1836\u20131910)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1836", "death_year": "1910", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1924-01-15T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1900, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1900\u20131903", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:06:31.674000"}, {"id": 145463, "accession_number": "1971.101", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Dana\u00eb, c. 1623. Orazio Gentileschi (Italian, 1563\u20131639). Oil on canvas; framed: 202.5 x 270 x 9 cm (79 3/4 x 106 5/16 x 3 9/16 in.); unframed: 162 x 228.5 cm (63 3/4 x 89 15/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund, 1971.101", "current_location": "217 Italian Baroque", "title": "Dana\u00eb", "creation_date": "c. 1623", "creation_date_earliest": 1618, "creation_date_latest": 1628, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["Italy, 17th century"], "technique": "oil on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "P - Italian 16th & 17th Century", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 202.5 x 270 x 9 cm (79 3/4 x 106 5/16 x 3 9/16 in.); Unframed: 162 x 228.5 cm (63 3/4 x 89 15/16 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 2.025, "width": 2.7, "depth": 0.09}, "unframed": {"height": 1.62, "width": 2.285}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 301427, "title": "Year in Review: 1971", "description": "<i>Year in Review: 1971</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (December 28, 1971-February 6, 1972).", "opening_date": "1971-12-28T05:00:00"}, {"id": 177899, "title": "Van Dyck.  Grande pittura e Collezionismo a Genova", "description": "<i>Van Dyck.  Grande pittura e Collezionismo a Genova</i>. Palazzo Ducale, Venice (March 22-July 13, 1997).", "opening_date": "1997-03-22T00:00:00"}, {"id": 207259, "title": "Orazio and Artemesia Gentileschi", "description": "<i>Orazio and Artemesia Gentileschi</i>. Museo di Capodimonte, Naples, Italy (October 15, 2001-January 20, 2002); The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY (organizer) (February 11-May 12, 2002); Saint Louis Art Museum, St. Louis, MO (June 15-September 15, 2002).", "opening_date": "2001-10-15T00:00:00"}, {"id": 218946, "title": "Caravage et le Caravagisme europ\u00e9en", "description": "<i>Caravage et le Caravagisme europ\u00e9en</i>. Mus\u00e9e Fabre, Montpellier, France (organizer) (June 22-October 14, 2012).", "opening_date": "2012-06-22T00:00:00"}, {"id": 216565, "title": "Bodies and Shadows: Caravaggio and His Legacy", "description": "<i>Bodies and Shadows: Caravaggio and His Legacy</i>. Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles, CA (organizer) (November 11, 2012-February 10, 2013); Wadsworth Atheneum Museum of Art, Hartford, CT (March 4-June 16, 2013).", "opening_date": "2012-11-11T00:00:00"}, {"id": 369836, "title": "Variations: The Reuse of Models in Paintings by Orazio and Artemisia Gentileschi", "description": "<i>Variations: The Reuse of Models in Paintings by Orazio and Artemisia Gentileschi</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (April 11-August 28, 2021).", "opening_date": "2021-04-11T04:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "CMA, 1971/72: \"Caravggio and His Followers,\" cat. no. 32, pp. 103-105, colorplate 32 (catalogue by Richard E Spear). (Revised edition, cat. no. 32, p. 103, repr. p. 105 (black &amp; white)).", "opening_date": "1972-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Rome, Museo del Palazzo di Venezia (October 15, 2001-January 6, 2002); The Metropolitan Museum of Art (February 11-May 12, 2002); Saint Louis Museum of Art (June 15-September 15, 2002). \"Orazio and Artemesia Gentileschi.\", exh. cat. no. 41, pp. 193-195.", "opening_date": "2002-02-11T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Possibly Charles Spencer, Fifth Earl of Sunderland (1706-1758)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": null}, {"description": "Private collection, England", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": null}, {"description": "Hazlitt Gallery (London, England], sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1971", "sortorder": null}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1971", "sortorder": 4}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "The gauzy scarf draped over Dana\u00eb was a studio prop present in many of Orazio's paintings.", "description": "Dana\u00eb\u2019s father feared a prophecy that his grandson would kill him, so he imprisoned his daughter to protect her from suitors. Yet Jupiter, king of the gods, fell in love with Dana\u00eb, and he came to her in the form of gold streaming from the sky. Gentileschi adopted Caravaggio\u2019s method of painting directly from models, pulled to the front of the picture plane, which gives the painting a startling, tangible quality. However, the graceful way he handled paint and human gestures lends the work a poetic quality unique to the artist.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29053312"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1971.101-danae"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Lee, Sherman E. \"The Year in Review for 1971.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 59, no. 1 (1972): 3-46.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p.12", "url": "www.jstor.org/stable/25152412"}, {"citation": "Trafalgar Galleries. <em>In the Light of Caravaggio.</em> London: Trafalgar Galleries, 1976.", "page_number": "Reproduced: cat. 4", "url": ""}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 135", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n155"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Catalogue of Paintings, Part 3: European Paintings of the 16th, 17th, and 18th Centuries</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1982.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 346-348; Reproduced: p. 347", "url": null}, {"citation": "Ferrara, Lidia Guibert. <em>Reclining Nude</em>. London: Thames &amp; Hudson, 2002.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pl. 8", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Patrice Marandel, J., ed. <em>Caravaggio and His Legacy</em>. Los Angeles, CA: Prestel, 2012.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 58; Reproduced: p. 59", "url": null}, {"citation": "Mus\u00e9e Fabre. <em>Caravage et le Caravagisme europ\u00e9e. </em>Montpellier, France.", "page_number": "ex. cat. no. 17, p. 124-125.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Masterworks on Loan: Celebrating the 100th Anniversary of the Cleveland Museum of Art: October 2016 through February 2017</em>. [Cleveland]: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2016", "page_number": "p. 8-9", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bissell, R. Ward, Laura Muti and Daniele De Sarno Prignano. <em>Orazio Gentileschi: Cristo Deriso</em>. Faenza: Edit Faenza, 2018.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 20", "url": null}, {"citation": "Korkow, Cory, and Marcia Steele. <em>Variations: The Reuse of Models in Paintings by Orazio &amp; Artemisia Gentileschi.</em> Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2021.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced throughout", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Korkow, Cory. \u201cThe Gentileschi Variations.\u201d <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine </em>61, no. 2 (Spring 2021): 12-15.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 12; Mentioned: P. 12, 15.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Steele, Marcia. \u201cUnlocking an Old Master: Conservation of Orazio Gentileschi's 'Dana\u00eb' reveals the artist's genius once again.\u201d <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine </em>61, no. 1 (Winter 2021): 44-45.", "page_number": "Reproduced and Mentioned: P. 44-45.", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1971.101", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1971.101/1971.101_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "645", "filesize": "261215", "filename": "1971.101_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1971.101/1971.101_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2436", "filesize": "2429496", "filename": "1971.101_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1971.101/1971.101_full.tif", "width": "13739", "height": "9843", "filesize": "405726768", "filename": "1971.101_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2007-04-05T15:14:26", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1971.101/1971.101_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "1249", "height": "893", "filesize": "688181"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1971.101/1971.101_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2430", "filesize": "5043886"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1971.101/1971.101_alt0_full.tif", "width": "6000", "height": "4288", "filesize": "77216652"}}, {"date_created": "2020-07-09T09:31:24", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1971.101/1971.101_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "642", "filesize": "265901"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1971.101/1971.101_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2424", "filesize": "2466990"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1971.101/1971.101_alt1_full.tif", "width": "13735", "height": "9791", "filesize": "403466084"}}, {"date_created": "2021-01-20T12:49:00", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1971.101/1971.101_alt2_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "645", "filesize": "261215"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1971.101/1971.101_alt2_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2436", "filesize": "2429496"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1971.101/1971.101_alt2_full.tif", "width": "13739", "height": "9843", "filesize": "405726768"}}, {"date_created": "2020-07-09T08:33:33", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1971.101/1971.101_alt3_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "643", "filesize": "272260"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1971.101/1971.101_alt3_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2429", "filesize": "2992637"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1971.101/1971.101_alt3_full.tif", "width": "13596", "height": "9714", "filesize": "396242192"}}, {"date_created": "2020-07-09T10:07:31", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1971.101/1971.101_alt4_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "644", "filesize": "225824"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1971.101/1971.101_alt4_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2434", "filesize": "2336574"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1971.101/1971.101_alt4_full.tif", "width": "13986", "height": "10013", "filesize": "420151152"}}, {"date_created": "2021-02-11T15:11:42", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1971.101/1971.101_alt5_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "687", "filesize": ""}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1971.101/1971.101_alt5_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2594", "filesize": ""}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1971.101/1971.101_alt5_full.tif", "width": "12096", "height": "9230", "filesize": ""}}], "creditline": "Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Donna and James Reid Gallery", "athena_id": 145463, "creators": [{"id": 2175, "description": "Orazio Gentileschi (Italian, 1563\u20131639)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1563", "death_year": "1639", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1971-09-08T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1618, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 1623", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": true, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": true, "updated_at": "2026-04-17 12:00:42.440000"}, {"id": 115405, "accession_number": "1936.19", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "The Pigeon Tower at Bellevue, 1890. Paul Cezanne (French, 1839\u20131906). Oil on fabric; framed: 95.5 x 113 x 7 cm (37 5/8 x 44 1/2 x 2 3/4 in.); unframed: 65.6 x 81.5 cm (25 13/16 x 32 1/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, The James W. Corrigan Memorial, 1936.19", "current_location": "222 Impressionism & Post-Impressionism", "title": "The Pigeon Tower at Bellevue", "creation_date": "1890", "creation_date_earliest": 1890, "creation_date_latest": 1890, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["France, 19th century"], "technique": "oil on fabric", "support_materials": [], "department": "Modern European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "Mod Euro - Painting 1800-1960", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 95.5 x 113 x 7 cm (37 5/8 x 44 1/2 x 2 3/4 in.); Unframed: 65.6 x 81.5 cm (25 13/16 x 32 1/16 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 0.955, "width": 1.13, "depth": 0.07}, "unframed": {"height": 0.656, "width": 0.815}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 616624, "title": "Fifty Years of French Art", "description": "<i>Fifty Years of French Art</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 29-November 29, 1926).", "opening_date": "1926-10-29T05:00:00"}, {"id": 312517, "title": "The Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition", "description": "<i>The Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 26-October 4, 1936).", "opening_date": "1936-06-26T04:00:00"}, {"id": 338201, "title": "C\u00e9zanne and Gauguin", "description": "<i>C\u00e9zanne and Gauguin</i>. The Toledo Museum of Art, Toledo, OH (organizer) (November 1-December 13, 1936).", "opening_date": "1936-11-01T05:00:00"}, {"id": 338226, "title": "Paul C\u00e9zanne", "description": "<i>Paul C\u00e9zanne</i>. San Francisco Museum of Modern Art (organizer) (September 1-October 4, 1937).", "opening_date": "1937-09-01T04:00:00"}, {"id": 338205, "title": "Paul C\u00e9zanne", "description": "<i>Paul C\u00e9zanne</i>. Portland Art Museum, Portland, OR (organizer) (October 8-29, 1937).", "opening_date": "1937-10-08T05:00:00"}, {"id": 338244, "title": "French Impressionists from Manet to Cezanne", "description": "<i>French Impressionists from Manet to Cezanne</i>. The Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit, MI (organizer) (May 3-June 2, 1940).", "opening_date": "1940-03-03T05:00:00"}, {"id": 312341, "title": "The Silver Jubilee Exhibition", "description": "<i>The Silver Jubilee Exhibition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 23-September 28, 1941).", "opening_date": "1941-06-23T04:00:00"}, {"id": 338292, "title": "Masterpieces of Painting", "description": "<i>Masterpieces of Painting</i>. Montr\u00e9al Museum of Fine Arts (organizer) (February 5-March 8, 1942).", "opening_date": "1942-02-05T05:00:00"}, {"id": 312176, "title": "19th and 20th Century French Art and Leonard C. Hanna, Jr. Loans", "description": "<i>19th and 20th Century French Art and Leonard C. Hanna, Jr. Loans</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 22-September 1, 1943).", "opening_date": "1943-06-22T04:00:00"}, {"id": 338295, "title": "A Thousand Years of Landscape: East and West", "description": "<i>A Thousand Years of Landscape: East and West</i>. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston (organizer) (October 24-December 9, 1945).", "opening_date": "1945-10-24T05:00:00"}, {"id": 338298, "title": "French Paintings of the 19th Century", "description": "<i>French Paintings of the 19th Century</i>. Colorado Springs Fine Arts Center (organizer) (November 5-December 9, 1946).", "opening_date": "1946-11-05T05:00:00"}, {"id": 338301, "title": "C\u00e9zanne", "description": "<i>C\u00e9zanne</i>. Wildenstein & Co. (organizer) (March 26-April 26, 1947).", "opening_date": "1947-03-26T05:00:00"}, {"id": 338304, "title": "Springtime of Impressionism", "description": "<i>Springtime of Impressionism</i>. Columbus Museum of Art, Columbus, OH (organizer) (April 3-May 2, 1948).", "opening_date": "1948-04-03T05:00:00"}, {"id": 338316, "title": "French Impressionists", "description": "<i>French Impressionists</i>. Vancouver Art Gallery, Vancouver, Canada (organizer) (May 23-April 19, 1953).", "opening_date": "1953-03-23T05:00:00"}, {"id": 338336, "title": "Exposition pour comm\u00e9morer le cinquantenaire de la mort de C\u00e9zanne", "description": "<i>Exposition pour comm\u00e9morer le cinquantenaire de la mort de C\u00e9zanne</i>. Pavillon de Vend\u00f4me, Aix-en-Provence, France (July 20-August 15, 1956).", "opening_date": "1956-07-20T04:00:00"}, {"id": 337140, "title": "Masterpieces of World Art from American Museums", "description": "<i>Masterpieces of World Art from American Museums</i>. National Museum of Western Art, Tokyo (organizer) (September 11-October 17, 1976); Kyoto National Museum (November 2-December 5, 1976).", "opening_date": "1976-09-11T04:00:00"}, {"id": 310025, "title": "Creativity in Art and Science, 1860-1960", "description": "<i>Creativity in Art and Science, 1860-1960</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (September 16-November 8, 1987).", "opening_date": "1987-09-16T04:00:00"}, {"id": 338323, "title": "C\u00e9zanne and Poussin: The Classical Vision of Landscape", "description": "<i>C\u00e9zanne and Poussin: The Classical Vision of Landscape</i>. National Galleries of Scotland, Edinburgh, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (organizer) (August 9-October 21, 1990).", "opening_date": "1990-08-09T04:00:00"}, {"id": 338341, "title": "C\u00e9zanne", "description": "<i>C\u00e9zanne</i>. Galeries Nationales du Grand Palais, Paris, France (September 26, 1995-January 1, 1996); Tate Britain, London (February 7-April 28, 1996); Philadelphia Museum of Art, Philadelphia, PA (May 26-September 1, 1996).", "opening_date": "1995-09-26T04:00:00"}, {"id": 223479, "title": "Right Under the Sun: Painting in Provence from Classicism to Modernism (1750-1920)", "description": "<i>Right Under the Sun: Painting in Provence from Classicism to Modernism (1750-1920)</i>. Montr\u00e9al Museum of Fine Arts, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (organizer) (September 22, 2005-January 8, 2006).", "opening_date": "2005-05-14T00:00:00"}, {"id": 177189, "title": "C\u00e9zanne in Provence", "description": "<i>C\u00e9zanne in Provence</i>. National Gallery of Art, Landover, MD (organizer) (January 29-May 7, 2006).", "opening_date": "2006-01-29T00:00:00"}, {"id": 182153, "title": "Monet to Dal\u00ed: Modern Masters from the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Monet to Dal\u00ed: Modern Masters from the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. Seoul Art Center, South Korea (December 22, 2006-March 28, 2007); Seoul Olympic Museum of Art, South Korea (April 7-May 20, 2007); Vancouver Art Gallery, Vancouver, Canada (June 9-September 16, 2007); The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 21, 2007-January 13, 2008); Frist Art Museum, Nashville, TN (February 15-June 1, 2008); Utah Museum of Fine Arts, Salt Lake City, UT (June 22-September 21, 2008); The Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit, MI (October 12, 2008-January 18, 2009).", "opening_date": "2006-05-27T00:00:00"}, {"id": 222303, "title": "Lend-Back:  Painting the Modern Garden", "description": "<i>Lend-Back:  Painting the Modern Garden</i>. Dayton Art Institute, Dayton, OH (organizer) (October 1, 2015-April 30, 2016).", "opening_date": "2015-10-01T00:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>Fifty Years of French Art</em>. Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (1926).", "opening_date": "1926-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Inaugural Exhibition</em>. Art Gallery of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario (1926).", "opening_date": "1926-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Paintings by Paul C\u00e9zanne 1839-1906</em>. Wildenstein Gallery, New York, NY (1928).", "opening_date": "1928-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>The Museum of Modern Art First Loan Exhibition: C\u00e9zanne, Gauguin, Seurat, Van Gogh</em>.", "opening_date": null}, {"description": "Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY (1929).", "opening_date": "1929-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>A Century of Progress Exhibition of Paintings and Sculpture.</em> Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL (1934).", "opening_date": "1934-01-01T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Maxime Conil [1822- ?] Aix en Provence, France, brother-in-law of the artist, sold to Ambroise Vollard, December 18, 1899", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1899", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "(Ambroise Vollard, Paris, France, January 25, 1922, sold to Ralph M. Coe)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1899-1922", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "Ralph M. Coe [1882-1959], Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1922", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "Mrs. Ralph M. Coe [1891-1966], Cleveland, OH, November 7, 1935, to Knoedler & Co.for sale", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1922-1935", "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "(Knoedler & Co., New York, NY, January 6, 1936, work returned to Mr. Ralph M. Coe)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1935-1936", "sortorder": 5}, {"description": "Mr. Ralph M. Coe, Cleveland, OH, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1936", "sortorder": 6}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1936-", "sortorder": 7}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": ["517.26", "1971.23", "2654.31"], "did_you_know": "C\u00e9zanne\u2019s method of compressing space and simplifying forms into flattened, geometric shapes provided the foundation for both Fauvism and Cubism.", "description": "Paul Cezanne painted this composition in three horizontal planes: the azure blue of the sky; the luminous white of the tower and the farmyard buildings; and the burnt-orange shade of the foreground earth, whose color is indicative of the iron-rich soil of Provence. The shimmering greens of Cezanne\u2019s favorite cypress and olive trees are interspersed across the middle ground. The composition is pared down to its essentials, devoid of extraneous detail; it exemplifies his ambition \u201cto make something solid and enduring, like the art in museums.\u201d", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60513959"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1936.19-the-pigeon-tower-at"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Rivie\u0300re, Georges. <em>Le Mai\u0302tre Paul Ce\u0301zanne</em>. Paris: H. Floury, 1923.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 214", "url": null}, {"citation": "Milliken, William. \"Fifty Years of French Art.\" <em>The Arts </em>10 (December 1926): 336-338.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 336; mentioned: 337", "url": null}, {"citation": "Watson, Forbes. \"New York Exhibitions.\" <em>The Arts </em>13 (February 1928): 106-115.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 112; mentioned: p. 107", "url": null}, {"citation": "Johnson, Erle Loran. \"Cezanne's Country.\" <em>The Arts </em>16 (April 1930): 521-552.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 533", "url": null}, {"citation": "Wilenski, R. H. <em>French Painting</em>. Boston: Hale, Cushman &amp; Flint, 1931.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 309", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"List of Paintings.\" <em>Art Digest </em>8, no. 17 (June 1,1934): 12-22.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 17", "url": null}, {"citation": "Venturi, Lionello. <em>Ce\u0301zanne, Son Art, Son Oeuvre; 1,600 Illustrations.</em> Paris: P. Rosenberg, 1936.", "page_number": "Mentioned: vol. 1, p. 205, no. 650; reproduced: pl. 208, fig. 650", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Catalogue of the Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition of the Cleveland Museum of Art: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition : June Twenty-Sixth to October Fourth 1936</em>. [Cleveland, Ohio]: [Cleveland Museum of Art], 1936.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 100, no. 255; reproduced: pl. LXVII, no. 255", "url": null}, {"citation": "Francis, Henry S. \"The Pigeon Tower at Montbriand by Paul Cezanne.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art </em>23, no. 3 (March, 1936): 30, 33-36.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 33-36; reproduced: p. 30", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Cleveland: A Cezanne for the Museum.\" <em>ARTnews </em>34 (March 28, 1936): 11.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 11", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Cezanne's Pigeon Tower at Montbriand.\" <em>The American Magazine of Art </em>29 (April 1936): 247-248.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 247-248", "url": null}, {"citation": "Milliken, William. \"The Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition of the Cleveland Museum of Art.\" <em>ARTnews </em>34 (June 13, 1936): 7-14.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 14", "url": null}, {"citation": "Ce\u0301zanne, Paul. <em>Paul Ce\u0301zanne: Exhibition of Paintings, Water-Colors, Drawings and Prints : September 1 Through October 4, 1937</em>. San Francisco: San Francisco Museum of Art, 1937.", "page_number": "Mentioned: cat. no. 26", "url": null}, {"citation": "Novotny, Fritz. <em>Ce\u0301zanne und das Ende der wissenschaftlichen Perspektive.</em> Wien: A. Schroll, 1938.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 202, no. 75", "url": null}, {"citation": "Wilenski, R. H. <em>Modern French Painters.</em> New York: Reynal &amp; Hitchcock, 1940.", "page_number": "Reproduced: opp. p. 173", "url": null}, {"citation": "Milliken, William. \"Silver Jubilee Exhibition.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art </em>28, no.6 (June 1941): 88-108", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 106", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25140932"}, {"citation": "Montreal Museum of Fine Arts. <em>Loan Exhibition of Masterpieces of Painting = Exposition De Chefs-D'oeuvre De La Peinture</em>. Montreal: Museum of Fine Arts, Arts Association of Montreal, 1942.", "page_number": "Mentioned: cat. no. 68", "url": null}, {"citation": "Loran, Erle. <em>Cezanne's Composition; Analysis of His Form, with Diagrams and Photographs of His Motifs</em>. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1943.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 78-79", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Paintings in the Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> [Cleveland]: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1945.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 38", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAPaintings1945/page/n46"}, {"citation": "Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. <em>A Thousand Years of Landscape East and West : (paintings, Drawings, Prints) : Special Exhibition, October 24 through December 9, 1945, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston</em>. Boston: Museum of Fine Arts, 1945.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Colorado Springs Fine Arts Center. <em>French Paintings of the 19th Century : [exhibition] November 5-December 9, 1946</em>. Colorado Springs: Publisher Not Identified, 1946.", "page_number": "Mentioned: cat. no. 3", "url": null}, {"citation": "Visson, Vladimir. <em>A Loan Exhibition of Cezanne: For the Benefit of the New York Infirmary. March 27- April 26, 1947, at Wildenstein ... New York</em>. [New York]: Wildenstein and Company, Inc, 1947.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 44", "url": null}, {"citation": "Rewald, John. <em>Paul Ce\u0301zanne, A Biography.</em> New York: Simon and Schuster, 1948.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 139, 164; reproduced: fig. 88", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"The Springtime of Impressionsim.\" Columbus Gallery of Fine Arts. <em>Bulletin</em>. 18, no 7 (1948)", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 5", "url": null}, {"citation": "Rewald, John. <em>The Ordeal of Paul Ce\u0301zanne.</em> London: Phoenix House, 1950.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 132; reproduced: fig. 68", "url": null}, {"citation": "Vancouver Art Gallery. <em>The French Impressionists: Including Works by Some Earlier Artists Who Influenced the Movement : March 24 to April 19, 1953, Vancouver Art Gallery</em>. Vancouver: Vancouver Art Gallery, 1953.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 47", "url": null}, {"citation": "Raynal, Maurice. <em>Ce\u0301zanne; Biographical and Critical Studies</em>. [Geneva]: Skira, 1954.", "page_number": "Mentioned & reproduced: p. 83", "url": null}, {"citation": "Coe, Nancy. <em>The History of the Collecting of European Paintings and Drawings in the City of Cleveland.</em> Thesis M.A. Oberlin College, 1956.", "page_number": "Reproduced: vol. 2, p. 20", "url": null}, {"citation": "Ce\u0301zanne, Paul. <em>Exposition pour comme\u0301morer le cinquantenaire de la mort de Ce\u0301zanne: Pavillon de Vendo\u0302me du 21 juillet au 15 aou\u0302t, 1956, Aix-en-Provence</em>. [Place of publication not identified]: [publisher not identified], 1956.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 41, pl. xx", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Handbook.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 508", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1958/page/n94"}, {"citation": "Milliken, William Mathewson. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Collections. </em>1960.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 99-101", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Pigeon Tower at Monbriand.\" <em>Apollo: A Journal of the Arts </em>68 (December 1963): 485-486.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 486", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 177", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n201"}, {"citation": "Moore, Janet Gaylord.<em> The Many Ways of Seeing: An Introduction to the Pleasures of Art.</em> Cleveland: World Pub. Co, 1968.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 38", "url": null}, {"citation": "Murphy, Richard W. <em>The World of Ce\u0301zanne, 1839-1906</em>. New York: Time-Life Books, 1968.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 150", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 177", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n201"}, {"citation": "Orienti, Sandra. <em>The Complete Paintings of Ce\u0301zanne</em>. New York: H.N. Abrams, 1972.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 117, cat. 674", "url": null}, {"citation": "D'Argencourt, Louise and Roger Diederen. <em>Catalogue of Paintings. Pt. 4. European paintings of the 19th Century.</em> Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1974.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: Vol. 1, no. 46", "url": null}, {"citation": "Elgar, Frank. <em>Cezanne</em>. New York: Praeger Publishers, 1975.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 63", "url": null}, {"citation": "Nakayama, Kimio. <em>Po\u0304ru Sezannu</em>. To\u0304kyo\u0304: Kenshu\u0304 Shuppan, 1975.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pl. 60", "url": null}, {"citation": "Milliken, William Mathewson. <em>A Time Remembered: A Cleveland Memoir. </em>Cleveland: Western Reserve Historical Society, 1975.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 108-110", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kokuritsu Seiyo\u0304 Bijutsukan. <em>Masterpieces of World Art from American Museums from Ancient Egyptian to Contemporary Art</em>. Tokyo: National Museum of Western Art, 1976.", "page_number": "Mentioned: cat. no. 46, p 77, Reproduced: p. 130", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 219", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n239"}, {"citation": "Bourges, M. R. <em>Itine\u0301raires de Ce\u0301zanne.</em> [Aix-en-Provence]: Ville d'Aix-en-Provence, 1982.", "page_number": "Reproduced: Valcros, fig. 2", "url": null}, {"citation": "Arrouye, Jean. <em>La Provence de Ce\u0301zanne.</em> La Calade, Aix-en-Provence: Edisud, 1982.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 86-87", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Das Cleveland Museum of Art.\" <em>Die Kunst und das Schone Heim</em> 95 (August 1983): 531-538.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 535", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Paul Ce\u0301zanne: [exposicio\u0301n] Madrid, marzo-abril 1984, Museo Espan\u0303ol de Arte Contempora\u0301neo.</em> Madrid: El Museo, 1984.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 235", "url": null}, {"citation": "Rewald, John. <em>Ce\u0301zanne: A Biography.</em> New York: H.N. Abrams, 1986.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 186-187", "url": null}, {"citation": "Henning, Edward B. <em>Creativity in Art and Science</em>, 1860-1960. [Cleveland, Ohio]: Published by the Cleveland Museum of Art in cooperation with Indiana University Press, 1987.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 35, 104. cat. no. 12", "url": null}, {"citation": "Verdi, Richard, Paul Ce\u0301zanne, and Nicolas Poussin. <em>Ce\u0301zanne and Poussin: The Classical Vision of Landscape</em>. London: National Galleries of Scotland, in association with Lund Humphries Publishers, 1990.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 154-155", "url": null}, {"citation": "Turner, Evan H. <em>Object Lessons: Cleveland Creates an Art Museum</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1991.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 155", "url": null}, {"citation": "Verdi, Richard.<em> Ce\u0301zanne.</em> London: Thames and Hudson, 1992.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 147-148, no. 127", "url": null}, {"citation": "Chong, Alan. <em>European &amp; American Painting in the Cleveland Museum of Art: A Summary Catalogue.</em> Cleveland, Ohio: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1993.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 33", "url": null}, {"citation": "Benedetti, Maria Teresa. <em>Paul Ce\u0301zanne: La Vita e l'Opera</em>. Milano: A. Mondadori, 1995.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 182", "url": null}, {"citation": "Orienti, Sandra. <em>Tout l'Oeuvre Peint de Ce\u0301zanne. </em>Paris: Flammarion, 1995.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 116-117, no. 674", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lartigue, Charles de. <em>Les Paysages de Paul Ce\u0301zann</em>e. Lyon: Cre\u0301ations du Pe\u0301lican, 1995.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 103", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Ce\u0301zanne: Paris, Galeries nationales du Grand Palais, 25 septembre 1995-7 janvier 1996, Londres, Tate Gallery, 8 fe\u0301vrier-28 avril 1996, Philadelphie, Philadelphia Museum of Art, 26 mai-18 aou\u0302t 1996.</em> Paris: Re\u0301union des Muse\u0301es Nationaux, 1995.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 310-311, no. 121", "url": null}, {"citation": "Blin, Sylvie. \u201cUn G\u00e9nie Ind\u00e9finissable.\u201d <em>Connaissance Des Arts</em>, no. 521 (October 1995): 46\u201355.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 54", "url": null}, {"citation": "Machotka, Pavel. <em>Ce\u0301zanne: Landscape into Ar</em>t. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 77", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Les Sites Ce\u0301zanniens du Pays d'Aix: Hommage a\u0300 John Rewald.</em> Paris: Re\u0301union des Muse\u0301es Nationaux, 1996.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 96", "url": null}, {"citation": "Rewald, John.<em> The Paintings of Paul Ce\u0301zanne: A Catalogue Raisonne\u0301. </em>New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1996.", "page_number": "Mentioned: vol. 1, no. 692; reproduced: vol. 2, fig. 692", "url": null}, {"citation": "Toshio, Yamanashi. Sezannu: Zettai no Tankyu\u0304sha = Paul Ce\u0301zanne, a\u0300 la Recherche de laAbsolu. To\u0304kyo\u0304: Nigensha, 1997.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 94", "url": null}, {"citation": "Callen, Anthea. <em>The Art of Impressionism: Painting Technique &amp; the Making of Modernity</em>. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 170, no. 234", "url": null}, {"citation": "Donahue, Suzanne M. \"Modern Men: Inventing/Resisting the Modern in Nineteenth-Century French Visual Culture.\" <em>Nineteenth-Century Studies </em>18 (2004): 197-205.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 202, fig. 3", "url": null}, {"citation": "Coutagne, Denis. \"Cezanne's Sun.\" In <em>Right Under the Sun: Landscape in Provence from Classicism to Modernism (1750-1920). </em>Guy Cogeval, and Marie-Paule Vial, ed., 156-181. Montre\u0301al: Montreal Museum of Fine Arts, 2005.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 177, no. 36, and cover.", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"La Provence Sous e Regard des Peintres.\" <em>L'Estampille, l'Objet d'Art</em>. 404 (July/August 2005): 4-5.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 5", "url": null}, {"citation": "Conisbee, Philip, and Denis Coutagne. <em>Ce\u0301zanne in Provence</em>. Washington: National Gallery of Art, 2006.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 169, no. 60", "url": null}, {"citation": "Goetz, Adrien. <em>L'Atelier de Ce\u0301zanne. </em>Paris: Hazan, 2006.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 90", "url": null}, {"citation": "Donley, Gregory M., \"World Travelers\", Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Cleveland Art: The Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em>. Vol. 46 no. 01, January 2006", "page_number": "Mentioned & reproduced: p. 7", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2006-01/page/6"}, {"citation": "Adler, Kathleen. <em>Renoir: la maturita\u0300 tra classico e moderno.</em> Milano: Skira, 2008.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 104, fig. 8", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lucy, Martha and John House. <em>Renoir in the Barnes Foundation.</em> New Haven: Yale University Press, 2012.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 123, fig. 1", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cousinie\u0301, Fre\u0301de\u0301ric. L'Impressionnisme: Du Plein Air au Territoire. Mont-Saint-Aignan: Presses Universitaires de Rouen et du Havre, 2013.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 208, fig. 27", "url": null}, {"citation": "Smith, Paul. \u201cC\u00e9zanne\u2019s \u2018Primitive\u2019 Perspective, or the \u2018View from Everywhere.\u2019\u201d <em>Art Bulletin</em> 95, no. 1 (March 2013): 102\u2013119.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 104, fig. 1", "url": null}, {"citation": "Girardeau, Ce\u0301cile. \"Pierre-Auguste Renoir au Debut du XX Siecle: Paul Guillanme et la Collection Walter-Guillaume au Musee de l'Orangerie.\" In <em>Ce\u0301zanne - Renoir, Regards Croise\u0301s: Chefs-d\u2019\u0152uvre Des Collections Des Muse\u0301Es de l\u2019Orangerie et d\u2019Orsay, </em>Fondation Pierre Gianadda, 11-16. Martigny, Suisse: Fondation Pierre Gianadda, 2024.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 14, fig. 4", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Locke, Nancy. <em>Ce\u0301zanne\u2019s Shadows: Poussin, Chardin, Rubens. </em>University Park, Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 2025.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 127-129, fig. 4", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1936.19", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1936.19/1936.19_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "723", "filesize": "263547", "filename": "1936.19_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1936.19/1936.19_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2733", "filesize": "4151430", "filename": "1936.19_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1936.19/1936.19_full.tif", "width": "14104", "height": "11338", "filesize": "479765284", "filename": "1936.19_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2007-10-15T19:06:10", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1936.19/1936.19_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "1109", "height": "893", "filesize": "724391"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1936.19/1936.19_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2737", "filesize": "6821032"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1936.19/1936.19_alt0_full.tif", "width": "5470", "height": "4403", "filesize": "72287496"}}], "creditline": "The James W. Corrigan Memorial", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Nancy F. and Joseph P. Keithley Gallery", "athena_id": 115405, "creators": [{"id": 1754, "description": "Paul Cezanne (French, 1839\u20131906)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": "The son of a wealthy banker, C\u00e9zanne began his studies in Aix-en-Provence at the \u00c9cole Saint-Joseph in 1849, then attended the Coll\u00e8ge Bourbon from 1852 until 1858. \u00c9mile Zola, the future author, was to become one of his closest friends. C\u00e9zanne enrolled at the \u00c9cole Gratuite de Dessin in 1857, entering the studio of Joseph Gibert (1806-1884). Two years later, complying with his father's wishes, he began studying law at the Universit\u00e9 d'Aix while still at the \u00c9cole Gratuite de Dessin. In 1861 C\u00e9zanne finally left law school and followed Zola to Paris where he met Pissarro (q.v.) at the Acad\u00e9mie Suisse. Probably after his failure to enter the \u00c9cole des Beaux-Arts, he returned to Aix and began working at his father's bank. In 1862, however, C\u00e9zanne returned to Paris, where he studied at the Acad\u00e9mie Suisse and copied the works of the Old Masters in the Louvre. The works he produced during this period reflect the influence of Spanish painters such as Ribera (1591-1562) and Zurbar\u00e1n (1598-1664), and other predecessors such as Delacroix (q.v.). His submissions to the Salons of 1865 through 1870 (and even through 1881) did not receive the jury's approval; the reinstatement of the Salon des Refus\u00e9s was repeatedly but unsuccessfully demanded. C\u00e9zanne traveled often between Aix and Paris until 1870. To escape the Franco-Prussian War (1870-71) he stayed in the south in L'Estaque, along with his mistress, Hortense Fiquet, whom he had met in 1869. C\u00e9zanne moved back north to Pontoise with Hortense and his son, Paul, in 1872 and worked with Pissarro and met Dr. Paul Gachet. The following year he moved again to nearby Auvers-sur-Oise with his family, continuing his work with Pissarro. In 1874 and 1877 C\u00e9zanne participated in the first and third impressionist exhibitions, but the severe criticism of his works led him to abstain from using this venue again. In 1878 his father learned of the existence of Hortense and Paul, who at that point were living in Marseille, and threatened to discontinue his allowance. While in the Midi, C\u00e9zanne often worked with Monticelli (q.v.). His art increasingly matured, and he began concentrating on the order and internal structure within his compositions, limiting his palette. During these years he also met Gauguin (q.v.) and Renoir (q.v.), and always trav-eled, chiefly between Aix and L'Estaque. In 1886 C\u00e9zanne married Hortense, his father died, and the inheritance provided him with the financial means to live without constraints. He bought a house in Marlotte near Fontainebleau in 1892. In 1895 he had his first solo show at the gallery of Ambroise Vollard, who two years later bought all the artist's works from his studio near Corbeil. The dealer Paul Durand-Ruel became another important client. C\u00e9zanne participated in the Salon des Ind\u00e9pendants in 1899, 1901, and 1902 and exhibited at La Libre Esth\u00e9tique in Brussels in 1901 and 1904, the Secession in Vienna in 1903, and the Salon d'Automne in 1904-6. He continued to study the underlying structure of nature, at times approaching abstraction by denying traditional perspective and using multiple viewpoints. He also began leaving portions of the canvas bare, giving some works an unfinished appearance. C\u00e9zanne's work had a tremendous influence on the artists of his time as well as those of subsequent generations, and he is considered one of the most influential figures in the development of modern art.", "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1839", "death_year": "1906", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1936-01-03T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1890, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1890", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:09:05.084000"}, {"id": 135310, "accession_number": "1958.32", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Two Poplars in the Alpilles near Saint-R\u00e9my, 1889. Vincent van Gogh (Dutch, 1853\u20131890). Oil on fabric; framed: 81 x 66.7 x 7.3 cm (31 7/8 x 26 1/4 x 2 7/8 in.); unframed: 61.6 x 45.7 cm (24 1/4 x 18 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Bequest of Leonard C. Hanna Jr., 1958.32", "current_location": "222 Impressionism & Post-Impressionism", "title": "Two Poplars in the Alpilles near Saint-R\u00e9my", "creation_date": "1889", "creation_date_earliest": 1889, "creation_date_latest": 1889, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["Netherlands"], "technique": "oil on fabric", "support_materials": [], "department": "Modern European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "Mod Euro - Painting 1800-1960", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 81 x 66.7 x 7.3 cm (31 7/8 x 26 1/4 x 2 7/8 in.); Unframed: 61.6 x 45.7 cm (24 1/4 x 18 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 0.81, "width": 0.667, "depth": 0.073}, "unframed": {"height": 0.616, "width": 0.457}, "No Extent Specified": {}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 703013, "title": "Highlights of the 19th Century", "description": "<i>Highlights of the 19th Century</i>. Akron Art Museum, Akron, OH (organizer) (March 3-31, 1959).", "opening_date": "1959-03-03T05:00:00"}, {"id": 302007, "title": "Paths of Abstract Art", "description": "<i>Paths of Abstract Art</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (October 5-November 13, 1960).", "opening_date": "1960-10-05T04:00:00"}, {"id": 300779, "title": "Juxtapositions", "description": "<i>Juxtapositions</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (September 11-October 10, 1965).", "opening_date": "1965-09-11T04:00:00"}, {"id": 304561, "title": "Visions of Landscape: East and West", "description": "<i>Visions of Landscape: East and West</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (February 17-March 21, 1982).", "opening_date": "1982-02-17T05:00:00"}, {"id": 442147, "title": "Gauguin and Van Gogh in Copenhagen in 1893", "description": "<i>Gauguin and Van Gogh in Copenhagen in 1893</i>. Ordrupgaard, Charlottenlund, Copenhagen, Denmark (organizer) (December 11, 1984-February 24, 1985).", "opening_date": "1984-12-11T05:00:00"}, {"id": 221052, "title": "Masters of Impressionism", "description": "<i>Masters of Impressionism</i>. Museo del Palacio de Bellas Artes, Mexico (November 17, 1998-February 28, 1999).", "opening_date": "1998-11-17T00:00:00"}, {"id": 227195, "title": "Vincent and Theo van Gogh", "description": "<i>Vincent and Theo van Gogh</i>. Hokkaido Museum of Modern Art, Hokkaido, Japan (organizer) (July 5-August 25, 2002).", "opening_date": "2002-07-05T00:00:00"}, {"id": 220540, "title": "Impressionism, Post-Impressionism and the Nordic Countries", "description": "<i>Impressionism, Post-Impressionism and the Nordic Countries</i>. Nationalmuseum, Stockholm, Sweden (organizer) (September 27, 2002-January 19, 2003); Statens Museum for Kunst, 1307 K\u00f8benhaven K, Denmark (February 21-May 25, 2003).", "opening_date": "2002-09-27T00:00:00"}, {"id": 182153, "title": "Monet to Dal\u00ed: Modern Masters from the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Monet to Dal\u00ed: Modern Masters from the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. Beijing World Art Museum (May 26-August 27, 2006); Mori Art Center (September 16-November 26, 2006); Seoul Art Center, South Korea (December 22, 2006-March 28, 2007); Seoul Olympic Museum of Art, South Korea (April 7-May 20, 2007); Vancouver Art Gallery, Vancouver, Canada (June 9-September 16, 2007); The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 21, 2007-January 13, 2008); Frist Art Museum, Nashville, TN (February 15-June 1, 2008); Utah Museum of Fine Arts, Salt Lake City, UT (June 22-September 21, 2008); The Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit, MI (October 12, 2008-January 18, 2009).", "opening_date": "2006-05-27T00:00:00"}, {"id": 222532, "title": "The Real Van Gogh: The Artist and His Letters", "description": "<i>The Real Van Gogh: The Artist and His Letters</i>. Royal Academy of Arts, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (organizer) (January 23-April 18, 2010).", "opening_date": "2010-01-23T00:00:00"}, {"id": 227478, "title": "Becoming Van Gogh: His Years in Paris, 1886-1888", "description": "<i>Becoming Van Gogh: His Years in Paris, 1886-1888</i>. Denver Art Museum, Denver, CO (organizer) (October 20, 2012-January 20, 2013).", "opening_date": "2012-10-20T00:00:00"}, {"id": 213656, "title": "Van Gogh Repetitions", "description": "<i>Van Gogh Repetitions</i>. The Phillips Collection, Washington, DC (organizer) (October 12, 2013-February 2, 2014); The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (March 2-May 26, 2014).", "opening_date": "2013-10-12T00:00:00"}, {"id": 216529, "title": "Expressionism in Germany and France: From Van Gogh to Kandinsky", "description": "<i>Expressionism in Germany and France: From Van Gogh to Kandinsky</i>. Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles, CA (organizer) (June 8-September 14, 2014).", "opening_date": "2014-06-08T00:00:00"}, {"id": 224149, "title": "Reciprocal Loan: Painting the Modern Garden", "description": "<i>Reciprocal Loan: Painting the Modern Garden</i>. Norton Museum of Art, West Palm Beach, FL (organizer) (October 1, 2015-April 30, 2016).", "opening_date": "2015-10-01T00:00:00"}, {"id": 294300, "title": "Making Van Gogh", "description": "<i>Making Van Gogh</i>. St\u00e4del Museum, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (organizer) (October 23, 2019-February 16, 2020).", "opening_date": "2019-10-23T04:00:00"}, {"id": 448164, "title": "There\u2019s Nothing like the Real Thing: Van Gogh at the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>There\u2019s Nothing like the Real Thing: Van Gogh at the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art (organizer) (September 17-December 5, 2021).", "opening_date": "2021-09-17T04:00:00"}, {"id": 399470, "title": "Van Gogh's Cypresses", "description": "<i>Van Gogh's Cypresses</i>. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY (organizer) (May 15-August 27, 2023) https://www.metmuseum.org/exhibitions/van-gogh-cypresses.", "opening_date": "2023-05-15T04:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>Den frie Udstilling</em>. Copenhagen, Denmark (1893).", "opening_date": null}, {"description": "Paul Cassirer, Berlin, Germany (1901).", "opening_date": "1901-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Tentoonstelling Vincent van Gogh</em>. Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam, Netherlands (1905).", "opening_date": "1905-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Internationale Ausstellung des Sonderbundes Westdeutscher Kunstfreunde und K\u00fcnstler</em>. St\u00e4dtische Ausstellungshalle am Aachener Tor, Cologne, Germany (1912).", "opening_date": "1912-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Vincent van Gogh, Zehnte Ausstellung</em>. Paul Cassirer, Berlin, Germany (1914).", "opening_date": "1914-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Erste Sonderausstellung in Berlin</em>.Galerie Thannhauser, Berlin, Germany (1927).", "opening_date": "1927-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Vincent van Gogh en zijn Tijdgenooten</em>. Stedelijk Museum. Amsterdam, Netherlands (1930).", "opening_date": "1930-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Art Museum. Paintings by Van Gogh</em>. Baltimore Museum of Art, Baltimore, MD; Worcester Museum, Worcester, MA (1942).", "opening_date": "1942-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Works by Vincent van Gog</em>h.Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (1948).", "opening_date": "1948-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Summer Loan: fourteen paintings from the Hanna collection</em>. Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York, NY (June-September 1949).", "opening_date": "1949-06-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Loan Exhibition Van Gogh</em>. Wildenstein, New York, NY (1955).", "opening_date": "1955-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Masterpiece of the Month</em>. Art Institute, Akron, OH (March 3-31, 1959).", "opening_date": "1931-03-03T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Theo van Gogh [1857-1891] Paris, France, by descent to the artist's brother from the artist's estate.", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1889\u20131891", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "Johanna van Gogh-Bonger [1862-1915] his wife, Amsterdam, Netherlands, by gift to Willem Steenhoff.", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1891\u20131905", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "Willem Steenhoff [1863-1932] Amsterdam, Netherlands, sold to Alfred Flechtheim", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1905\u20131910", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "Alfred Flechtheim, D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1910", "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "Max Siller, Barmen, Germany", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1914", "sortorder": 5}, {"description": "Paul Cassirer, Berlin", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1914", "sortorder": 6}, {"description": "Justin Thannhauser, Munich, Berlin, Lucerne", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1927", "sortorder": 7}, {"description": "Harry Sperling [1925-1971] New York, NY", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "July 1940", "sortorder": 9}, {"description": "M. Knoedler and Co., New York, NY", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "March 1946", "sortorder": 10}, {"description": "Sam Salz, New York, NY", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "March 1946", "sortorder": 11}, {"description": "Leonard C. Hanna, Jr, Cleveland, OH, purchased March 12, 1946", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1946\u20131958", "sortorder": 12}, {"description": "Leonard C. Hanna, Jr. [1889-1957] Cleveland, OH, by bequest to the Cleveland Museum of Art", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1946\u20131958", "sortorder": 13}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1958\u2013", "sortorder": 14}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": ["427.46"], "did_you_know": "During his Saint-R\u00e9my period, Van Gogh painted 150 canvases and some 100 drawings. He painted nature as he saw it without enhancement and felt that painting would help cure him of his illness.", "description": "Vincent van Gogh painted this autumnal landscape while interned at a psychiatric hospital near Saint-R\u00e9my in southern France. Although initially restricted to painting in his room, he soon resumed working outdoors. This painting reveals the full power of his mature style. Trees twist and lean against a darkening sky, while the intense colors applied with charged brushstrokes convey his emotional reaction to the subject.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26221176"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1958.32-two-poplars-in-the-a"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Flechtheim, Alfred. \"Kunsthaler und Sammler: Dusseldorf.\" In <em>Im Kampf um die Kunst: die Antwort auf den \"Protest deutscher Ku\u0308nstler\": mit Beitra\u0308gen deutscher Ku\u0308nstler, Galerieleiter, Sammler und Schriftsteller.</em> Mu\u0308nchen: R. Piper, 1911.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 168", "url": null}, {"citation": "Pfister, Kurt. <em>Vincent van Gogh</em>. Potsdam: G. Kiepenheuer, 1922.", "page_number": "Reproduced: Pl. 46", "url": null}, {"citation": "Waldemar, George. <em>Van Gogh: 24 Phototypies.</em> Paris: Librairie de France F. Sant'Andrea, 1927.", "page_number": "Reproduced: vol. 3, pl. 6", "url": null}, {"citation": "de LaFaille, J. B. <em>L'oeuvre de Vincent van Gogh, catalogue raisonne\u0301.</em> Paris et Bruxelles: Les E\u0301ditions G. van Oest, 1928.", "page_number": "Mentioned: vol.1, no. 638; reproduced: vol. 2, no. 638", "url": null}, {"citation": "Gogh, Vincent van. <em>Further Letters of Vincent Van Gogh to His Brother, 1886-1889.</em> London: Constable &amp; Co, 1929.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 399, no. 609, p. 416, no. 617, p. 444-445, no. 630", "url": null}, {"citation": "Scherjon, W. and W. Jos. de Gruyter. <em>Vincent Van Gogh's Great Period, Arles, St. Re\u0301my and Auvers Sur Oise (Complete Catalogue)</em>. Amsterdam NL: \"De Spieghel\", Ltd, 1937.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 253, no. 57", "url": null}, {"citation": "De La Faille, J. Bernard, Charles Terrasse, Prudence Montagu-Pollock, and Andre\u0301 Gloeckner. <em>Vincent Van Gogh</em>. New York, N.Y.: French and European Publications [etc.], 1939.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 643", "url": null}, {"citation": "Coe, Nancy. <em>The History of the Collecting of European Paintings and Drawings in the City of Cleveland. </em>Thesis M.A. Oberlin College, 1955.", "page_number": "Reproduced: vol. 2, p. 73-74", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"More Than 100 Van Goghs in New York's Major Spring Show.\" <em>ARTnews </em>54 (April 1955): 22.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 22", "url": null}, {"citation": "Elgar, Frank. <em>Van Gogh, A Study of His Life and Work</em>. New York, NY: Praeger, 1958.", "page_number": "Reproduced: Fig. 185", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>In Memoriam: Leonard C. Hanna, Jr</em>. Cleveland: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 15", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Acessions of American and Canadian Museums: October--December 1957.\" <em>The Art Quarterly </em>21, no. 1 (Spring 1958): 82-113.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 104", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>The Bulletin of The Cleveland Museum of Art X, no. XLVI, </em>no, 6 (June, 1959): 122.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 122", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, and Edward B. Henning. <em>Paths of Abstract Art</em>. [Cleveland]: Distributed by H.N. Abrams [New York], 1960.", "page_number": "Referenced: cat. no. 11, p. 9, Reproduced: p. 9", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, Edward B. Henning<em>. Paths of Abstract Art</em>. Cleveland, Ohio: H.N. Abrams, 1960.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 11, p. 11; mentioned: pp.11, 21", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 179", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n203"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 179", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n203"}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Art of the Twentieth Century in the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: Dept. of Art History &amp; Education, CMA, 1969.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 1", "url": "https://archive.org/details/20thCenturyArtCMA/page/n1"}, {"citation": "De La Faille, J.-B. <em>The Works of Vincent Van Gogh; His Paintings and Drawings</em>. Amsterdam, NL: Meulenhoff International, 1970.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 638", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lecaldano, Paolo. <em>L'opera pittorica completa di Van Gogh e i suoi nessi grafici</em>. Milan, IT: Rizzoli,1971.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 707, vol. 2", "url": null}, {"citation": "Gogh, Vincent van, Jean Leymarie, and V. W. van Gogh. <em>Letters of Vincent van Gogh, 1886-1890: a facsimile edition.</em> London: Scolar Press, 1977.", "page_number": "Mentioned: vol. 2, no. 609 3/4, no. 630 2/4", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 221", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n241"}, {"citation": "Hulsker, Jan. <em>The Complete Van Gogh: Paintings, Drawings, Sketches</em>. New York, NY: H.N. Abrams, 1980.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 1797", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bodelsen, Merete, Paul Gauguin, Vincent van Gogh, and Kirsten Olesen. <em>Gauguin og van Gogh i K\u00f8benhavn i 1893 = Gauguin and van Gogh in Copenhagen in 1893</em>. K\u00f8benhavn, Denmark: Ordrupgaard, 1984.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 126-127; Reproduced: no. 40, 73", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bernard, Bruce. <em>Vincent by Himself: A Selection of His Paintings and Drawings Together with Extracts from His Letters</em>. London, UK: Orbis, 1985.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 286", "url": null}, {"citation": "Pickvance, Ronald. <em>Van Gogh in Saint-Re\u0301my and Auvers</em>. New York, NY: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1986.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 302; Mentioned: p. 301", "url": null}, {"citation": "Sackerlotsky, Rotraud. \"Giovanni Segantini: Stone Pine and Roses.\" <em>The Bulletin of The Cleveland Museum of Art LXXIII</em>, no. 1 (January, 1986): 3-13.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 9, fig. 9", "url": null}, {"citation": "Stein, Susan Alyson. <em>Van Gogh: A Retrospective</em>. New York, NY: H.L. Levin Associates, 1986.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Kunstmuseum Du\u0308sseldorf, and Westfa\u0308lisches Landesmuseum fu\u0308r Kunst und Kulturgeschichte Mu\u0308nster. <em>Alfred Flechtheim: Sammler, Kunstha\u0308ndler, Verleger</em>. Du\u0308sseldorf: Kunstmuseum Du\u0308sseldorf, 1987.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 39", "url": null}, {"citation": "Manheim, Ron.<em> 'Im Kampf um die Kunst: de discussie van 1911 over contemporaine Kunst in Duitsland = Die Diskussion von 1911 u\u0308ber zeitgeno\u0308ssische Kunst in Deutschland.</em> Hamburg: Sautter + Lackmann, 1987.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 141", "url": null}, {"citation": "Feilchenfeldt, Walter, Han Veenebos, and Paul Cassirer. <em>Vincent van Gogh &amp; Paul Cassirer, Berlin: the reception of van Gogh in Germany from 1901 to 1914</em>. Zwolle, NL: Waanders, 1988.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 109, no. f638", "url": null}, {"citation": "Feilchenfeldt, Walter. \"Van Gogh Fakes: The Wacker Affair, with an Illustrated Catalogue of the Forgeries.\" <em>Simiolus: Netherlands Quarterly for the History of Art</em> 19, no. 4 (1989): 289-316.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 305", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bronkhorst, Hans. <em>Vincent Van Gogh</em>. New York, NY: Portland House, 1990.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 143", "url": null}, {"citation": "Heijbroek, J. F. \"Het Rijksmuseum Voor Moderne Kunst Van Willem Steenhoff. Werkelijkheid of Utopie?\" <em>Bulletin Van Het Rijksmuseum</em> 39, no. 2 (1991): 163-231.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 182", "url": null}, {"citation": "Hulsker, Jan. <em>The New Complete Van Gogh: Paintings, Drawings, Sketches : Revised and Enlarged Edition of the Catalogue Raisonne\u0301 of the Works of Vincent Van Gogh</em>. Amsterdam NL: J.M. Meulenhoff, 1996.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Museo del Palacio de Bellas Artes (Mexico). <em>Maestros del impresionismo</em>. Me\u0301xico, D.F.: Istituto Nacional de Bellas Artes, 1998.", "page_number": "Referenced: p. 186-187", "url": null}, {"citation": "Argencourt, Louise d', and Roger Diederen. <em>Catalogue of Paintings</em>. <em>Pt. 4. European Paintings of the 19th Century</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1974.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 302-305, Vol. I, no. 108", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Gunnarsson, Torsten, and Hans Henrik Brummer. <em>Impressionism and the North: Late 19th Century French Avant-Garde Art and the Art in the Nordic Countries 1870-1920</em>. Stockholm, SE: Nationalmuseum, 2002.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 154-155, no. 99", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Theo and Vincent van Gogh</em>. <em>Gohho ten = Vincent &amp; Theo van Gogh</em>. Hokkaido\u0304 Shinbunsha, JP: 2002.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 134-135, fig. 39", "url": null}, {"citation": "Toccoli, Vincent Paul and Nicoline Lopez. <em>Vincent van Gogh: le soleil foudroye\u0301</em>. Ampang Point, Selangor, MY: NGM Publishers, 2004.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 109, fig. 91", "url": null}, {"citation": "Dumas, Ann. <em>The Real Van Gogh: The Artist and His Letters</em>. London, UK: Royal Academy of Arts, 2010.", "page_number": "Reproduced & Mentioned: no. 141, p. 258-259", "url": null}, {"citation": "Standring, Timothy J., and Louis van Tilborgh. <em>Becoming Van Gogh</em>. Denver, CO: Denver Art Museum, 2012.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 228, p. 273; cat. 88", "url": null}, {"citation": "Van Tilborgh, Louis, Teio Meedendorp, Ella Hendriks, Don H. Johnson, C. Richard Johnson, and Robert G. Erdmann. \"Weave Matching and Dating of Van Gogh's Paintings: An Interdisciplinary Approach.\" <em>The Burlington Magazine</em> 154, no. 1307 (2012): 112-22.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 121; reproduced: p. 120, fig. 36", "url": null}, {"citation": "Skea, Ralph. <em>Vincent's Trees: Paintings and Drawings by Van Gogh</em>. London, UK: Thames &amp; Hudson, 2013.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p.7-8, fig. 2; Mentioned: p. 111", "url": null}, {"citation": "Rathbone, Eliza E., William H. Robinson, William H. Robinson, and Marcia Steele. <em>Van Gogh Repetitions</em>. New Haven, CT : Yale University Press, 2013.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Wiekop, Christian. \"Crossing Borders: Expressionist Encounters with the French Avant-Garde.\" Art History: Journal of the Association of Art Historians 38, no. 5 (November 2015): 976-981.", "page_number": "Reproduced: fig. 1, p. 977", "url": null}, {"citation": "Blanc, Jan. <em>Van Gogh: ni Dieu ni mai\u0302tre.</em> Paris: Citadelles &amp; Mazenod, 2017.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 300-301", "url": null}, {"citation": "Koldehoff, Stefan and Chris Stolwijk, eds. <em>The Thannhauser Gallery: Marketing Van Gogh.</em> Brussels: Mercatorfonds; Amsterdam: Van Gogh Museum, 2017.", "page_number": "Reproduction: p. 137, cat. 19", "url": null}, {"citation": "Dempsey, Amy. <em>Modern Art.</em> London: Thames &amp; Hudson, 2018.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 22", "url": null}, {"citation": "Eiling, Alexander B., Felix Kra\u0308mer, and Elena Schroll. <em>Making Van Gogh: A German Love Story</em>. M\u00fcnchen: Hirmer Verlag GmbH, 2019.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 103", "url": null}, {"citation": "Koldehoff, Nora, and Stefan Koldehoff. <em>Der van Gogh-Coup: Otto Wackers Aufstieg und Fall.</em> Wa\u0308denswil am Zu\u0308richsee: Nimbus, Kunst und Bu\u0308cher, 2019.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 204, f. 638", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Michael, Cora. \"Gauguin in the the Buckeye and Hoosier States: Portrait of Teuraheimata and its Midwestern Collectors.\" In <em>Paul Gauguin: Teuraheimata a Potoru, a Rediscovery, </em>11-19. New York: Jill Newhouse Gallery; [Akron, Ohio]: Thomas French Fine Art, 2019.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 14", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Wach, Alexandra. \"Making van Gogh.\" <em>Restauro, 8 (2019): 44-51</em>.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 50", "url": null}, {"citation": "Stein, Susan Alyson. \"Signing Off in Style.\" In<em> Van Gogh's Cypresses</em>. Susan Alyson Stein, ed., 110-141. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2023.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 118-119, fig. 93", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Van Heteren, Marjan. \"Van Gogh, Ce\u0301zanne, Le Fauconnier &amp; De Bergense School.\" In <em>Van Gogh, Ce\u0301zanne, Le Fauconnier &amp; De Bergense School, </em>edited by Chris Stolwijk, and Marjan van Heteren, 92-151. 2023.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 140, no. 158", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Bonafoux, Pascal. <em>Vincent van Gogh</em>. Roma: Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Fondato da Giovanni Treccani, 2023.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 328", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Sefrioui, Anne. <em>Van Gogh: The Bigger Picture. </em>New York, NY: Prestel Publishing, 2023.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 84; Reproduced: p. 89", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1958.32", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1958.32/1958.32_web.jpg", "width": "673", "height": "900", "filesize": "338119", "filename": "1958.32_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1958.32/1958.32_print.jpg", "width": "2543", "height": "3400", "filesize": "3870658", "filename": "1958.32_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1958.32/1958.32_full.tif", "width": "10950", "height": "14640", "filesize": "480958152", "filename": "1958.32_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2005-09-15T17:09:54", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1958.32/1958.32_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "662", "height": "893", "filesize": "606480"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1958.32/1958.32_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "2521", "height": "3400", "filesize": "7299504"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1958.32/1958.32_alt0_full.tif", "width": "4182", "height": "5640", "filesize": "70795048"}}, {"date_created": "2015-09-11T15:41:49", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1958.32/1958.32_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "664", "height": "900", "filesize": "232522"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1958.32/1958.32_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "2510", "height": "3400", "filesize": "3095970"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1958.32/1958.32_alt1_full.tif", "width": "5682", "height": "7697", "filesize": "131233080"}}, {"date_created": "2017-08-03T14:32:58", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1958.32/1958.32_alt2_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "711", "filesize": "487008"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1958.32/1958.32_alt2_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2686", "filesize": "5832375"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1958.32/1958.32_alt2_full.tif", "width": "15095", "height": "11923", "filesize": "539967596"}}], "creditline": "Bequest of Leonard C. Hanna Jr.", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": "e89d1437be394b238a85adba5cd8067a", "sketchfab_url": "https://sketchfab.com/models/e89d1437be394b238a85adba5cd8067a", "gallery_donor_text": "Nancy F. and Joseph P. Keithley Gallery", "athena_id": 135310, "creators": [{"id": 1779, "description": "Vincent van Gogh (Dutch, 1853\u20131890)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": "The son of a clergyman, Vincent van Gogh was sent to The Hague at the age of sixteen to become an apprentice at Goupil &amp; Co., an art dealer with whom his uncle was affiliated. In August 1872 van Gogh began his extensive correspondence with his younger brother Theo, who would join the Brussels branch of the firm the following year. Vincent was transferred to the London offices in 1873 and two years later to the Paris office, but he despised the art trade and was dismissed in 1876. He then taught briefly at a boarding school in Ramsgate and Isleworth, and, back in the Netherlands, worked in a bookshop in Dordrecht before moving to Amsterdam to study theology. In little more than a year he had left the university and entered missionary school, failing again. Still intent on entering the ministry, he moved to the Borinage in Belgium and became a lay evangelist to the miners. Van Gogh finally decided to become an artist in August 1880 and started copying works by Millet (q.v.), the painter of peasant life. With his brother's financial help, he briefly joined the Academy in Brussels. The following year he returned to The Hague, where he received some artistic training from his cousin by marriage, Anton Mauve (1838-1888). There van Gogh met Sien Hoornik, a pregnant prostitute with a five-year-old daughter, with whom he lived briefly. Unable to marry her because of his family's disapproval, he moved in November 1883 from The Hague to the province of Drenthe, a popular place for artists, where he painted and drew laborers and peasants. Feeling terribly lonely, he visited his parents in December 1884 in Nuenen, and it was there that he finally decided to become a painter of peasant life. Van Gogh completed The Potato Eaters (Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam) in April 1885 and sent it to his brother in Paris. On 25 November he moved to Antwerp, where he reveled in the work of Rubens and first came to know Japanese prints. Van Gogh traveled to Paris in March 1886 and lived with Theo. Under the influence of the impressionists, and works by Monticelli (q.v.), his palette changed to more intense and vibrant colors. He began to associate with \u00c9mile Bernard (1868-1941), Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec (1864-1901), Degas (q.v.), Gauguin (q.v.), Pissarro (q.v.), and Seurat (q.v.) and started collecting some of their paintings as well as Japanese prints. He moved to Arles in February 1888. Apart from paintings, he also made some drawings because it was a cheaper medium. Theo encouraged him to submit to the Salon des Ind\u00e9pendants. In May Vincent rented a room in the Yellow House, even though he could hardly afford to do so, and continued to send his work to his brother. In June he became intrigued with the subject of the wheat harvest and painted The Sower (Kr\u00f6ller-M\u00fcller Museum, Otterlo). On 23 October 1888, Gauguin arrived in Arles, at a time when van Gogh was having trouble with his eyesight. Gauguin encouraged him to paint from memory, which resulted in Memory of the Garden in Etten (Hermitage, St. Petersburg). The artists, however, had many disagreements, and during a dramatic quarrel on 23 December van Gogh mutilated his ear. He was taken into a hospital in Arles, and Gauguin left for Paris. Van Gogh recovered rapidly and was dismissed on 7 January 1889. In February his neighbors objected to his presence in the Yellow House, and he had to return to the hospital. In April Theo married Johanna Gesina Bonger, who would eventually safeguard most of Vincent's oeuvre. Aware of his mental problems, at the end of April van Gogh checked himself into the asylum of Saint-Paul-de-Mausole in Saint-R\u00e9my, where he was treated by Dr. Peyron. His condition was stable, and he was allowed to work in a makeshift studio. He worked in the garden (Irises, J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles) and painted the fields he could see from his window. Under supervision he painted in the countryside, rendering cypresses and olive trees. Starry Night (Museum of Modern Art, New York) also stems from this period. From July through September he suffered from a severe depression that prevented him from working. He resumed his work from October through December, painting well-known Proven\u00e7al works and adapting prints after Delacroix (q.v.), Millet, and Rembrandt (1606-1669). In January 1890 he exhibited five works with Les XX in Brussels, selling one of them. After a visit to Arles at the end of February, he became ill again but continued to work. He finally left the asylum, and visited Theo in Paris on his way to Auvers, where he arrived on 20 May. He became close friends with Dr. Gachet and rented a room at the inn of the Ravoux family. He painted the village, portraits, and the surrounding wheat fields. On 27 July 1890, during an episode of depression, van Gogh shot himself in the chest and died two days later.", "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1853", "death_year": "1890", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1958-11-29T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1889, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1889", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": true, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Poplars on a Hill"], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-04-17 19:33:17.001000"}, {"id": 152834, "accession_number": "1985.72", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Sideboard, c. 1855. Attributed to Joseph Alexis Bailly (American, 1825\u20131883). Walnut; overall: 290.4 x 211.4 x 69.4 cm (114 5/16 x 83 1/4 x 27 5/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Purchase from the J. H. Wade Fund, 1985.72", "current_location": "207 American Realism", "title": "Sideboard", "creation_date": "c. 1855", "creation_date_earliest": 1850, "creation_date_latest": 1860, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["America, Pennsylvania, Philadelphia?, 19th century"], "technique": "walnut", "support_materials": [], "department": "Decorative Art and Design", "collection": "Furniture", "type": "Furniture and woodwork", "measurements": "Overall: 290.4 x 211.4 x 69.4 cm (114 5/16 x 83 1/4 x 27 5/16 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"height": 2.904, "width": 2.114, "depth": 0.694}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 309910, "title": "The Year in Review for 1985", "description": "<i>The Year in Review for 1985</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (February 12-April 20, 1986).", "opening_date": "1986-02-12T05:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "No legacy exhibitions.", "opening_date": null}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Mr. and Mrs. Franklin Corn Montross of Troy, Ohio. Said to have been acquired about 1900 on the east coast of the United States, probably Philadelphia or Baltimore.", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "By descent to their daughter, Mrs. Leon E. Brown of Troy who sold the piece at auction in Cincinnati, c. 1984 (Peter Hill Inc., East Lempster, New Hampshire).", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": 3}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Luscious fruit, wild animals, and Native American figures are masterfully carved into this walnut sideboard. These decorative adornments were created for a distinctively American taste and would have symbolized abundance and wealth to visitors who encountered it within a grand dining room.", "description": "Newly acquired wealth from railroad production, manufacturing, and an expanded economy produced a new elite class of Americans who looked abroad for sources of decoration to adorn their lives. Grand, baronial furniture, reminiscent of German hunting lodges or French castles, became popular during the mid 1800s among America\u2019s wealthy. Elaborate displays of abundance were reflected in the carvings of flora, fauna, and freshly hunted game. The depictions of Native American hunters on this example, most likely made in Philadelphia, may have meant that this piece was displayed at one of the many international expositions that occurred during this period.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60779166"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1985.72-sideboard"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Turner, Evan H. \u201cThe Year in Review for 1985.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 73, no. 2 (February 1986): 26\u201371.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 52; Mentioned: p. 64, no. 46", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25159930"}, {"citation": "Hawley, Henry. \u201cAmerican Furniture of the Mid-Nineteenth Century.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 74, no. 5 (May 1987): 186\u2013215.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 202-206, figs. 20, 22-23", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25159990"}, {"citation": "Peirce, Donald C.<em> Art &amp; Enterprise: American Decorative Art, 1825-1917 : The Virginia Carroll Crawford Collection</em>. Atlanta: High Museum of Art, 1999.", "page_number": "Mentioned & reproduced: p. 98, fig. 3", "url": "http://library.clevelandart.org/opac/?func=find-b&find_code=OCL&submit=Search&request=40990180"}, {"citation": "Adams, Henry.<em> What's American About American Art?: A Gallery Tour in the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2008.", "page_number": "Mentioned & reproduced: pp. 72-73", "url": "http://library.clevelandart.org/opac/?func=find-b&find_code=OCL&submit=Search&request=294879034"}, {"citation": "Pin\u0303a, Leslie <em>A. Furniture in History, 3000 B.C.-2000 A.D</em>. Boston: Prentice Hall, 2010.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 17", "url": "http://library.clevelandart.org/opac/?func=find-b&find_code=OCL&submit=Search&request=268788668"}, {"citation": "Franklin, David, and C. Griffith Mann. <em>Treasures from the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art in association with, New York, NY: Scala Publishers, 2012.", "page_number": "Mentioned & reproduced: pp. 250-251", "url": "http://library.clevelandart.org/opac/?func=find-b&find_code=OCL&submit=Search&request=813973055"}, {"citation": "Bidwell, Frederick E., and Leslie Cade. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art in association with New York, NY: Scala Arts Publishers, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned & reproduced: pp. 140-141", "url": "http://library.clevelandart.org/opac/?func=find-b&find_code=OCL&submit=Search&request=857403600"}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1985.72", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1985.72/1985.72_web.jpg", "width": "728", "height": "893", "filesize": "437746", "filename": "1985.72_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1985.72/1985.72_print.jpg", "width": "2772", "height": "3400", "filesize": "5087765", "filename": "1985.72_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1985.72/1985.72_full.tif", "width": "3656", "height": "4485", "filesize": "49234264", "filename": "1985.72_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2008-02-27T17:00:48", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1985.72/1985.72_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "663", "height": "893", "filesize": "472609"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1985.72/1985.72_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "2523", "height": "3400", "filesize": "6586227"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1985.72/1985.72_alt0_full.tif", "width": "3710", "height": "5000", "filesize": "55716084"}}], "creditline": "Purchase from the J. H. Wade Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "The Payne Fund Gallery", "athena_id": 152834, "creators": [{"id": 5816, "description": "Joseph Alexis Bailly (American, 1825\u20131883)", "extent": null, "qualifier": "attributed to", "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1825", "death_year": "1883", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1985-05-29T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1850, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 1855", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": true, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:04:37.882000"}, {"id": 155637, "accession_number": "1990.8", "share_license_status": "Copyrighted", "tombstone": "Lot's Wife, 1989. Anselm Kiefer (German, 1945-). Oil paint, ash, stucco, chalk, linseed oil, polymer emulsion, salt, and applied elements (copper heating coil), on canvas, attached to lead foil, on plywood panels; framed: 350 x 410 cm (137 13/16 x 161 7/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund, 1990.8. \u00a9 Anselm Kiefer", "current_location": "229B Contemporary", "title": "Lot's Wife", "creation_date": "1989", "creation_date_earliest": 1989, "creation_date_latest": 1989, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["Germany, 20th century"], "technique": "oil paint, ash, stucco, chalk, linseed oil, polymer emulsion, salt, and applied elements (copper heating coil), on canvas, attached to lead foil, on plywood panels", "support_materials": [], "department": "Contemporary Art", "collection": "CONTEMP - Painting", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 350 x 410 cm (137 13/16 x 161 7/16 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 3.5, "width": 4.1}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": "\u00a9 Anselm Kiefer", "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "Titled in chalk on recto of lower panel: Lots Frau", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 311440, "title": "Notable Acquisitions", "description": "<i>Notable Acquisitions</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 7-September 15, 1991).", "opening_date": "1991-06-07T04:00:00"}, {"id": 393229, "title": "Contemporary Installation", "description": "<i>Contemporary Installation</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art (organizer).", "opening_date": "2021-04-12T04:00:00"}], "legacy": []}, "provenance": [{"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH, purchased from the artist", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1990 -", "sortorder": 1}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "The subject of railroad tracks was inspired by the artist\u2019s photograph of the Bordeaux rail facility.", "description": "Born in the final year of World War II, Anselm Kiefer addresses the history and legacy of the Third Reich in his native Germany. \"We see railway tracks anywhere and think about Auschwitz,\" the artist said soon after painting <em>Lot's Wife.</em> \"It will remain that way in the long run.\" The drama of the railway tracks dissecting a barren landscape is heightened by the work's surface, dense with gesture and a range of materials, including salt. Referring to the fate of Lot's wife in the Book of Genesis\u2014who was turned to a pillar of salt when she looked back at the destruction of Sodom\u2014Kiefer frames a historical narrative within a biblical one.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60476539"], "internet_archive": []}, "citations": [{"citation": "Hinson, Tom E. \"Notable Acquisitions.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 78, no. 3 (1991): 63-147.", "page_number": "Reproduced and Mentioned: p. 109", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25161319"}, {"citation": "Hinson, Tom E. \"Anselm Kiefer: \"Lot's Wife\".\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 80, no. 4 (1993): 180-85.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 180, 183; Mentioned: p. 180-85", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25161410"}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, \u201cThe Cleveland Museum of Art Acquires Major Works,\u201d December 20, 1995, Cleveland Museum of Art Archives.", "page_number": null, "url": "https://archive.org/details/cmapr4002"}, {"citation": "Arasse, Daniel. <em>Anselm Kiefer</em>. London: Thames &amp; Hudson, 2014.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 84", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 121", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Moore, John L., Esther Jun, Clodagh Keogh, William H. Robinson, Danni Shen, Enid Shomer, and Reto Thu\u0308ring. Demise: Rina Banerjee, Esperanza Corte\u0301s, Jae Rhim Lee, Brian Maguire, Paolo Pelosini, Levent Tuncer. 2018, 8.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 5; reproduced: p. 8.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Gallagher, Lowell. <em>Sodomscapes: Hospitality in the Flesh</em>. New York: Fordham University Press, 2017.", "page_number": "1, 2", "url": null}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1990.8", "images": {}, "alternate_images": [], "creditline": "Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Paula and Eugene Stevens Gallery", "athena_id": 155637, "creators": [{"id": 533, "description": "Anselm Kiefer (German, 1945-)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": "Anselm Kiefer German, 1945-\r\n\r\nOne of the most significant and reclusive artists of the past 20 years, Anselm Kiefer was born in Donaueschingen, Bavaria, two months before the end of World War II. His enormous mixed-media canvases, as well as his smaller bookworks, are laden with cultural, political, mythic, and religious symbolism. These works are made in direct response to his Teutonic heritage and, in particular, Germany's war experience. Kiefer addresses questions regarding German identity in the postwar world, a highly sensitive subject that has brought him both critical acclaim and adamant opposition.\r\n\tKiefer studied law and French at the University of Freiburg in 1965 before turning to painting. He graduated in 1970 and began informal study at the Staatliche Kunstakademie in D\u00fcsseldorf with Joseph Beuys, who encouraged him to paint despite dominance of conceptual art at the time and the declaration that painting was dead. Kiefer often spends years on a piece, working intermittently, and retains rigid control of the placement of his paintings after they leave his studio.\r\n\tAlthough Kiefer's work has changed little throughout his career, his earlier imagery relied on figurative elements and his later paintings have become more abstract, often incorporating architectural elements. He frequently begins with an enlarged photographic image, which he distorts by such techniques as scorching, staining, and burning. His materials include molten lead, tar, straw, and clay, metaphorical substances associated with the German land and its mythologies. The transformative process also recalls alchemy, a subject that interested Beuys, who believed art had the power to evoke a change of state from physical to spiritual.\r\n\tKiefer has had numerous international exhibitions and published monographs, and is represented in major American and European collections. In addition to one-person exhibitions in Germany, the Netherlands, Italy, France, Israel, and England, the Philadelphia Museum of Art organized a retrospective of his work that toured the United States in 1987-88. In recent years, Kiefer has begun to make films that, rooted in the medium of photography, extend the physical and narrative qualities characteristic of all his work into the realms of motion and time. He lives in Barjac, France. A.W.", "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1945", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1990-01-29T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1989, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1989", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "cover", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-04-09 11:25:41.856000"}, {"id": 122351, "accession_number": "1942.647", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "The Burning of the Houses of Lords and Commons, 16 October 1834, 1835. Joseph Mallord William Turner (British, 1775\u20131851). Oil on canvas; framed: 123.5 x 153.5 x 12 cm (48 5/8 x 60 7/16 x 4 3/4 in.); unframed: 92 x 123.2 cm (36 1/4 x 48 1/2 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Bequest of John L. Severance, 1942.647", "current_location": null, "title": "The Burning of the Houses of Lords and Commons, 16 October 1834", "creation_date": "1835", "creation_date_earliest": 1835, "creation_date_latest": 1835, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["England, 19th century"], "technique": "oil on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "Modern European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "Mod Euro - Painting 1800-1960", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 123.5 x 153.5 x 12 cm (48 5/8 x 60 7/16 x 4 3/4 in.); Unframed: 92 x 123.2 cm (36 1/4 x 48 1/2 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 1.235, "width": 1.535, "depth": 0.12}, "unframed": {"height": 0.92, "width": 1.232}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 335856, "title": "Exhibition of the John L. Severance Collection", "description": "<i>Exhibition of the John L. Severance Collection</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (November 12, 1942-March 14, 1943).", "opening_date": "1942-11-12T04:00:00"}, {"id": 361411, "title": "Turner in America: Oils, Water Colors, Drawings, and Some Engraved Works of Joseph Mallord William Turner", "description": "<i>Turner in America: Oils, Water Colors, Drawings, and Some Engraved Works of Joseph Mallord William Turner</i>. Indianapolis Museum of Art, Indianapolis, IN (organizer) (November 12, 1955-December 25, 1995); Dayton Art Institute, Dayton, OH (January 1-31, 1956).", "opening_date": "1955-11-12T05:00:00"}, {"id": 300857, "title": "Art: The International Language", "description": "<i>Art: The International Language</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art (October 2-November 4, 1956).", "opening_date": "1956-10-02T04:00:00"}, {"id": 703001, "title": "The Romantic Movement", "description": "<i>The Romantic Movement</i>. The Board of Trustees of the Tate Gallery, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (organizer) (July 10-September 27, 1959).", "opening_date": "1959-07-10T04:00:00"}, {"id": 515827, "title": "Turner: Imagination and Reality", "description": "<i>Turner: Imagination and Reality</i>. The Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY (organizer) (March 23-June 19, 1966).", "opening_date": "1966-03-23T05:00:00"}, {"id": 302662, "title": "Turner Watercolors from The British Museum", "description": "<i>Turner Watercolors from The British Museum</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (September 27-November 27, 1977).", "opening_date": "1977-09-27T04:00:00"}, {"id": 304561, "title": "Visions of Landscape: East and West", "description": "<i>Visions of Landscape: East and West</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (February 17-March 21, 1982).", "opening_date": "1982-02-17T05:00:00"}, {"id": 311444, "title": "Object Lessons: Cleveland Creates an Art Museum", "description": "<i>Object Lessons: Cleveland Creates an Art Museum</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 7-September 8, 1991).", "opening_date": "1991-06-07T04:00:00"}, {"id": 380209, "title": "Turner", "description": "<i>Turner</i>. National Gallery of Australia (organizer) (March 16-June 10, 1996).", "opening_date": "1996-03-16T05:00:00"}, {"id": 223416, "title": "J. M. Turner", "description": "<i>J. M. Turner</i>. Museum Folkwang, 45128 Essen, Germany (organizer) (September 14, 2001-January 6, 2002).", "opening_date": "2001-09-14T00:00:00"}, {"id": 179631, "title": "CMA Highlights", "description": "<i>CMA Highlights</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art (organizer) (June 21-September 11, 2005).", "opening_date": "2005-06-21T00:00:00"}, {"id": 222394, "title": "Masterpieces of European Painting from The Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Masterpieces of European Painting from The Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. Frick Collection, New York, NY (organizer) (November 8, 2006-January 28, 2007).", "opening_date": "2006-11-08T00:00:00"}, {"id": 179662, "title": "Masterpieces of European Painting from the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Masterpieces of European Painting from the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. Maltz Museum of Jewish Heritage, Beachwood, OH (March 29-July 8, 2007).", "opening_date": "2007-03-29T00:00:00"}, {"id": 177207, "title": "J.M.W. Turner", "description": "<i>J.M.W. Turner</i>. National Gallery of Art, Landover, MD (organizer) (October 1, 2007-January 6, 2008); The Dallas Museum of Art, Dallas, TX (February 10-May 25, 2008).", "opening_date": "2007-10-01T00:00:00"}, {"id": 306699, "title": "British Gallery Reinstallation  (June 2020)", "description": "<i>British Gallery Reinstallation  (June 2020)</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art (organizer).", "opening_date": "2020-06-30T04:00:00"}, {"id": 406868, "title": "Turner's Modern World", "description": "<i>Turner's Modern World</i>. Kimbell Art Museum, Fort Worth, TX (organizer) (October 17, 2021-February 6, 2022) https://kimbellart.org/exhibition/turners-modern-world; Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Boston, MA (March 27-July 10, 2022) https://www.mfa.org/exhibition/turners-modern-world.", "opening_date": "2021-10-17T04:00:00"}, {"id": 683135, "title": "Turner and Constable", "description": "<i>Turner and Constable</i>. Tate Britain, London (organizer) (November 27-April 12, 2025) https://www.tate.org.uk/whats-on/tate-britain/turner-and-constable.", "opening_date": "2025-11-27T05:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>The Burning of the Houses of Lords and Commons</em>. Royal Academy, London, United Kingdom (1835).", "opening_date": null}, {"description": "<em>Works of British Artists</em>. British Institution, London, United Kingdom (1836).", "opening_date": null}, {"description": "<em>National Exhibition of Works of Art</em>. Leeds, United Kingdom, lent by J. G. Marshall, Esg. (1868)", "opening_date": null}, {"description": "<em>Exhibition of works by the old master and deceased masters of the British school</em>. Royal Academy, London, United Kingdom, lent by Victor Marshall, Esg. (1883),", "opening_date": null}, {"description": "<em>Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition of the Cleveland Museum of Art. </em>Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH, lent by the Estate of John L. Severance (June 26-October 4, 1936).", "opening_date": "1936-06-26T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Bought from the artist by John Garth Marshall [1765-1845], Headingly House, Leeds, United Kingdom, and by descent.", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": null}, {"description": "(Christie's, London, United Kingdom, April 28, 1888, under the name of Ponsford.", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1888", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "Descended in the Marshall family through Victor Marshall of Mark Coniston to James Marshall.", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "(Leicester Gallery, London, United Kingdom, 1920, sale; but returned to owner)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1920", "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "(Knoedler, London, United Kingdom, 1922, sold to  John L. Severance)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1922", "sortorder": 5}, {"description": "John L. Severance [1863-1936], Cleveland, OH, by bequest in 1936 to the Cleveland Museum of Art", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1922-1936", "sortorder": 6}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1942-", "sortorder": 7}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Turner painted two versions of this event. Cleveland's painting views the fire downriver, from the southeast bank of the Thames, while the second version at the Philadelphia Museum of Art views the fire from directly across Westminster Bridge.", "description": "Fire consumed London\u2019s famous Houses of Parliament on the night of October 16, 1834, and people gathered along the banks of the river Thames to gaze in awe at the horrifying spectacle. Initially, a low tide made it difficult to pump water to land and hampered steamers towing firefighting equipment along the river. The blaze burned uncontrollably for hours.<br><br>J. M. W. Turner records the struggle as the boats in the lower-right corner head toward the flames. Although Turner based the painting on an actual event, he magnified the height of the flames, using the disaster as the starting point to express man\u2019s helplessness when confronted with the destructive powers of nature. Brilliant swathes of color and variable atmospheric effects border on abstraction.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60514853"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1942.647-the-burning-of-the-h"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Morse, John D. <em>Old Master Paintings in North America: Over 3000 Masterpieces by 50 Great Artists</em>. New York, NY: Abbeville Press, 1979.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 280", "url": null}, {"citation": "Waagen, Gustav Friedrich. <em>Works of Art and Artists in England</em>. London, United Kingdom: J. Murray, 1838.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 152, vol. II", "url": null}, {"citation": "Royal Academy of Arts. <em>Exhibition of the Works of the Old Masters.</em> London, United Kingdom: Printed by Wm. Clowes and Sons, 1870.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 215", "url": null}, {"citation": "Thornbury, Walter. <em>Life of J.M.W. Turner, R.A., Founded on Letters and Papers Furnished by His Friends and Fellow-Academicians</em>. New York, NY: Holt, 1877.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 327, vol. I, p. 217, vol. II", "url": null}, {"citation": "Monkhouse, W. Cosmo. <em>The Turner Gallery; A Series of One Hundred and Twenty Engravings from the Works of the Late J.M.W. Turner, R.A</em>. New York, NY: D. Appleton and Company, 1879.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 118", "url": null}, {"citation": "Armstrong, Walter.<em>Turner</em>. London, United Kingdom: Agnew, 1902.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 117,120,146-147,236", "url": null}, {"citation": "Chignell, Robert. <em>J.M.W. Turner, R.A</em>. London, United Kingdom: Walter Scott Pub. Co, 1902.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 197", "url": null}, {"citation": "Ruskin, John, Edward Tyas Cook, and Alexander D. O. Wedderburn. <em>The Works of John Ruskin</em>. London, United Kingdom: George Allen, 1903.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 423-424, vol. 3; Reproduced: p. 389, vol. 12", "url": null}, {"citation": "Graves, Algernon. <em>The Royal Academy of Arts; A Complete Dictionary of Contributors and Their Work from Its Foundation in 1769 to 1904</em>. London, United Kingdom: H. Graves and Co, 1905.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 39", "url": null}, {"citation": "Graves, Algernon. <em>Century of Loan Exhibitions 1813-1912</em>. London, United Kingdom: Graves, 1913.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 1334. vol. 3, Reproduced: p. 1336", "url": null}, {"citation": "Hind, C. Lewis. <em>Turner's Golden Visions</em>. London, United Kingdom: T.C. &amp; E.C. Jack, 1925.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 183", "url": null}, {"citation": "Whitley, William T. <em>Art in England, 1821-1837</em>. Cambridge, United Kingdom: University Press, 1930.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 298", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Catalogue of the Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition of the Cleveland Museum of Art: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition : June Twenty-Sixth to October Fourth 1936</em>. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1936.", "page_number": "no. 249", "url": null}, {"citation": "John Long Severance Art Collection Photographs: Furniture, Cleveland Museum of Art Archives.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 301", "url": "https://archive.org/details/SeveranceFurniture/page/n299/mode/1up"}, {"citation": "Finberg, A. J. <em>The Life of J.M.W. Turner, R.A</em>. Oxford, United Kingdom: Clarendon Press, 1939.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 500, no. 463, pl. 18", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Catalogue of the John L. Severance Collection: Bequest of John L. Severance, 1936.</em> [Cleveland, Ohio]: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1942.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. [23], Plate IX, cat. no. 16; Mention: p. 25, cat. no. 16", "url": "https://archive.org/details/SeveranceBequest/page/n29"}, {"citation": "Francis, Henry. \"Department of Paintings.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art </em>29, no. 9 (November 1942): 132-136", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 134; Mentioned: p. 136", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25141016"}, {"citation": "<em>Paintings in the Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> [Cleveland]: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1945.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 20", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAPaintings1945/page/n28"}, {"citation": "Constable, W. G., and Henry Preston Rossiter. <em>An Exhibition of Paintings, Drawings and Prints by J.M.W. Turner, John Constable [and] R.P. Bonington. March 21 to April 28, 1946</em>. Bsoton, MA: Museum of Fine Arts, 1946.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 11", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>An Exhibition of Paintings by J.M.W. Turner (1775-1851) to Commemorate the Centennial of His Death</em>. Toronto, Ontario: Art Gallery of Toronto, National Gallery of Canada, 1951.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 9", "url": null}, {"citation": "Berenson, Bernard. <em>Seeing and Knowing</em>. New York, NY: Macmillan, 1953.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 33; Reproduced: p. 48, no. 86", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Turner in America: Oils, Water Colors, Drawings, and Some Engraved Works of Joseph Mallord William Turner, English, 1775-1851</em>. Indianapolis, IN: Art Association of Indianapolis, 1955.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 38", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Handbook.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 476", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1958/page/n87"}, {"citation": "Arts Council of Great Britain. <em>The Romantic Movement: Fifth Exhibition to Celebrate the Tenth Anniversary of the Council of Europe, 10 July to 27 September 1959 [at] the Tate Gallery and the Arts Council Gallery, London</em>. London, United Kingdom: Arts Council of Great Britain, 1959.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 353, pl. 48", "url": null}, {"citation": "Rothenstein, John, and Martin Butlin. <em>Turner</em>. New York, NY: G. Braziller, 1964.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 48-50, 54; Reproduced: p, 64, opl. xvii", "url": null}, {"citation": "Birren, Faber. <em>History of Color in Painting, With New Principles of Color Expression</em>. New York, NY: Reinhold Pub. Corp, 1965.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 261, pl. xi; Mentioned: p. 185, 260", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 183", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n207"}, {"citation": "Lindsay, Jack. <em>J.M.W. Turner: His Life and Work; A Critical Biography</em>. Greenwich, CT: New York Graphic Society, 1966.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 178-182, 187, 204", "url": null}, {"citation": "Gowing, Lawrence. <em>Turner: Imagination and Reality</em>. New York, NY. Museum of Modern Art,1966.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 45,59; Reproduced: no, 10", "url": null}, {"citation": "Arnason, H. H. <em>History of Modern Art: Painting, Sculpture, Architecture</em>. New York, NY: H.N. Abrams, 1968.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 16, pl. 2", "url": null}, {"citation": "Gatt, Giuseppe. <em>Turner: The Life and Work of the Artist Illustrated with 80 Colour Plates</em>. London, United Kingdom: Thames &amp; Hudson, 1968.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 33; Reproduced: pl. 49-50", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 183", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n207"}, {"citation": "Graves, Algernon. <em>The British Institution, 1806-1867; A Complete Dictionary of Contributors and Their Work from the Foundation of the Institution</em>. Bath, United Kingdom: Kingsmead Reprints, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 545", "url": null}, {"citation": "Gage, John. <em>Color in Turner; Poetry and Truth</em>. New York. NY: Praeger, 1969.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 117, 252; Reproduced on dust jacket", "url": null}, {"citation": "Reynolds, Graham. <em>Turner</em>. London, United Kingdom: Thames &amp; Hudson, 1969.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 81, 165; Reproduced: p. 214, pl. 142", "url": null}, {"citation": "Hirsh, Diana. <em>The World of Turner, 1775-1851</em>. New York, NY: Time-Life Books, 1969.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 154-155", "url": null}, {"citation": "Blunden, Maria, Godfrey Blunden, and James Emmons. <em>Impressionists and Impressionism</em>. Geneva, Switzerland : Skira; New York, NY : Distributed in the United States by World Pub. Co., 1970.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 98", "url": null}, {"citation": "Munro, Thomas. <em>Form and Style in the Arts: An Introduction to Aesthetic Morphology</em>. Cleveland, OH: Press of Case Western Reserve University, 1970.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pl. II", "url": null}, {"citation": "Turner, J. M. W. <em>Ta\u0304na\u0304 = Turner</em>. Tokyo, Japan: Bijutsu shuppan-sha, 1970.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 5", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>L'impressionnisme</em>. Paris, France: Re\u0301alite\u0301s, 1971.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 38", "url": null}, {"citation": "Valsecchi, Marco. <em>Landscape Painting of the 19th Century</em>. Greenwich, CT: New York Graphic Society, 1971.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 371, pl. 9", "url": null}, {"citation": "Clark, Kenneth. <em>The Romantic Rebellion: Romantic Versus Classic Art</em>. London, United Kingdom: Sotheby Parke Bernet Publications Ltd., 1973.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 256", "url": null}, {"citation": "Philadelphia Museum of Art, and George H. Marcus. <em>Treasures of the Philadelphia Museum of Art and the John G. Johnson Collection</em>. Philadelphia, PA: The Museum, 1973.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 73", "url": null}, {"citation": "Centraal Museum (Utrecht, Netherlands). <em>Landschap in Utrecht: Centraal Museum Utrecht, 18 september-3 november 1974</em>. [Utrecht]: [Centraal Museum], 1974.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 18", "url": null}, {"citation": "Tate Gallery. <em>Turner, 1775-1851</em>. London, United Kingdom: Tate Gallery Publications, 1974.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 142", "url": null}, {"citation": "Talbot, William S. \u201cJohn Constable: Branch Hill Pond, Hampstead Heath.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 61, no. 3 (March 1974): 97\u2013115.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 104-105, fig. 5", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25152518"}, {"citation": "Herrmann, Luke. <em>Turner: Paintings, Watercolors, Prints &amp; Drawings</em>. Boston, MA: New York Graphic Society, 1975.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 42, pl. 133", "url": null}, {"citation": "Selz, Jean. <em>Turner</em>. New York, NY: Crown Publishers, 1975.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 59", "url": null}, {"citation": "Butlin, Martin, and Evelyn Joll. <em>The Paintings of J.M.W. Turner</em>. New Haven, CT: Published for the Paul Mellon Centre for Studies in British Art and the Tate Gallery by Yale University Press, 1977.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 364, vol. I and pl, 339, vol. 2", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 208", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n228"}, {"citation": "Honour, Hugh. <em>Romanticism</em>. New York, NY: Harper &amp; Row, 1979.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 97; Reproduced: p. 383, fig. 51", "url": null}, {"citation": "Thomas, David. <em>J.M.W. Turner</em>. London, United Kingdom: Medici Society, 1979.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 18", "url": null}, {"citation": "Wilton, Andrew. <em>J.M.W. Turner: His Art and Life</em>. New York, NY: Rizzoli, 1979.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 218, 364", "url": null}, {"citation": "Wilton, Andrew. <em>Turner and the Sublime</em>. London, United Kingdom: Published by British Museum Publications for the Art Gallery of Ontario, the Yale Center for British Art, the Trustees of the British Museum, 1980.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 97", "url": null}, {"citation": "Joll, Evelyn, Martin Butlin, and Gemma Verchi. <em>L'opera completa di Turner</em>. Milano, Italy: Rizzoli, 1982.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 377", "url": null}, {"citation": "Paulson, Ronald. <em>Book and Painting: Shakespeare, Milton, and the Bible : Literary Texts and the Emergence of English Painting</em>. Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press, 1982.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 147; Reproduced: p. 149 p.", "url": null}, {"citation": "Gealt, Adelheid M. <em>Looking at Art: A Visitor's Guide to Museum Collections</em>. New York, NY: R.R. Bowker, 1983.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 367-368; Reproduced: pl. 10", "url": null}, {"citation": "Butlin, Martin, and Evelyn Joll. <em>The Paintings of J.M.W. Turner</em>. New Haven, CT: Published for the Paul Mellon Centre for Studies in British Art and the Tate Gallery by Yale University Press, 1984.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 208, vol. 1; Reproduced: p, 210, no. 364", "url": null}, {"citation": "Solender, Katherine. <em>Dreadful Fire!: Burning of the Houses of Parliament</em>. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1984.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 12", "url": null}, {"citation": "Heffernan, James A. W. <em>The Re-Creation of Landscape: A Study of Wordsworth, Coleridge, Constable, and Turner</em>. Hanover, CT: Published for Dartmouth College by University Press of New England, 1984.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 24; Reproduced: p. 223, fig. 43", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleaver, Dale G. <em>Art: An Introduction</em>. San Diego, CA: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1985.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 281, fig. 17-5", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lindsay, Jack. <em>Turner: The Man and His Art</em>. London, United Kingdom: Granada, 1985.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 123-125; Reproduced: pl. 15", "url": null}, {"citation": "Dorment, Richard. <em>British Painting in the Philadelphia Museum of Art: From the Seventeenth Through the Nineteenth Century</em>. Philadelphia, PA: Philadelphia Museum of Art, 1986.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 396,398, 401; Reproduced: fig. 111-1", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kroeber, Karl. <em>British Romantic Art</em>. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1986.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 168, 169; Reproduced: fig. 10", "url": null}, {"citation": "Larson, Dean M. <em>Studying with the Masters: Lessons from Rubens, Vela\u0301zquez, Turner, Degas, Monet, Sargent, Matisse</em>. New York, NY: Watson-Guptill Publications, 1986.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 48", "url": null}, {"citation": "Eitner, Lorenz. <em>An Outline of 19th Century European Painting: From David Through Ce\u0301zanne</em>. New York, NY: Harper &amp; Row, 1987.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 149, vol. 1; Reproduced: fig. 133", "url": null}, {"citation": "Gage, John. <em>J.M.W. Turner: A Wonderful Range of Mind</em>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1987.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 226; Reproduced: p. 233, no. 89, fig. 320", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kurtz, Bruce D. <em>Visual Imagination: An Introduction to Art</em>. Englewood Cliffs, NJ.: Prentice-Hall, 1987.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 178, fig. 7-19", "url": null}, {"citation": "Wilton, Andrew. <em>Turner in His Time</em>. New York, NY: H.N. Abrams, 1987.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 183-184; Reproduced: p. 206", "url": null}, {"citation": "Adams, Steven. <em>The Art of the Pre-Raphaelites</em>. Secaucus, NJ.: Chartwell Books, 1988.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 46", "url": null}, {"citation": "Robinson, Jeremy. <em>The Light Eternal: A Study of J.M.W. Turner</em>. London, United Kingdom: Crescent Moon, 1989.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 64", "url": null}, {"citation": "Ginzburg Carignani, Silvia. <em>Turner</em>. New York, NY: Arch Cape Press, 1990.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 17, fig. 43", "url": null}, {"citation": "Klien, Wolfgang. <em>Der Siegeszug der Landschaftsmalerei: eine Entwicklungsgeschichte der Landschaftsmalerei in Europa</em>. Hamburg, Germany: Jahn &amp; Ernst, 1990.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 71", "url": null}, {"citation": "Ferrier, Jean-Louis, and Sophie Monneret. <em>L'aventure de l'art au XIXe sie\u0300cle</em>. Paris. France: Hachette 1991.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 378", "url": null}, {"citation": "Mathes, Charles. <em>Treasures of American Museums</em>. New York, NY: Mallard Press, 1991.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 121, fig. 6", "url": null}, {"citation": "Meyer, Laure. <em>Les mai\u0302tres du paysage anglais: de la Renaissance a\u0300 nos jours</em>. Paris, France: Terrail, 1992.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 110; Reproduced: p. 112-113", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lyles, Anne. <em>Turner: the Fifth Decade: Watercolours 1830-1840</em>. London, United Kingdom: Tate Gallery, 1992.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 71-73", "url": null}, {"citation": "Nagata, Yoshio. <em>Ta\u0304na\u0304 = William Turner</em>. To\u0304kyo\u0304, Japan: Asahi Shinbunsha, 1992.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pl. 50", "url": null}, {"citation": "Breuille, Jean-Philippe. <em>L'Art du XIXe sie\u0300cle: dictionnaire de peinture et de sculpture</em>. Paris, France: Larousse, 1993.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 719", "url": null}, {"citation": "Daniels, Stephen. <em>Fields of Vision: Landscape Imagery and National Identity in England and the United States</em>. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Polity, 1993.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 130, 132, 134; Reproduced: p. 136, fig. 8", "url": null}, {"citation": "Robinson, Michelle, and J. M. W. Turner. <em>J.M.W. Turner's The Burning of the Houses of Parliament, 16th October, 1834, an Allegory of Misrule</em>. [Place of publication not identified]: [publisher not identified], 1994.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 48", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kenner, Robert. <em>J.M.W. Turner</em>. New York, NY: H.N. Abrams, 1995.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 76", "url": null}, {"citation": "Egerton, Judy. <em>Turner, the Fighting Temeraire</em>. London, United Kingdom: National Gallery Publications, 1995.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 79", "url": null}, {"citation": "Liversidge, M. J. H., and Catharine Edwards. <em>Imagining Rome: British Artists and Rome in the Nineteenth Century</em>. London, United Kingdom: Merrell Holberton, 1996.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 51", "url": null}, {"citation": "Rosenthal, Michael. \"Turner in Australia.\" <em>Apollo: The International Magazine for Collectors</em> 144 (October 1996): 51.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 51", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lloyd, Michael. <em>Turner</em>. Canberra, Australia, ACT: National Gallery of Australia, 1996.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 87-99; Reproduced: p. 89, 231", "url": null}, {"citation": "Strasser, Rene\u0301. <em>Die Stadt als Landschaft</em>. Rorschach, Switzerland: E. Lo\u0308pfe-Benz AG, 1997.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 61", "url": null}, {"citation": "Suzuki, Haruo, and Chieko Hasegawa. <em>100 chefs-d'\u0153uvres du monde</em>. Tokyo, Japan: Kyuryudo, 1997.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 97, no. 45", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bailey, Anthony. <em>Standing in the Sun: A Life of J.M.W. Turner</em>. New York, NY: Harper Collins Publishers, 1998.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 288-299, 301, 333-335; Reproduced: 358-359", "url": null}, {"citation": "Rottmann, Carl, Christoph H. Heilmann, and Erika Ro\u0308diger-Diruf. <em>Landschaft als Geschichte: Carl Rottmann, 1797-1850, Hofmaler Ko\u0308nig Ludwigs I</em>. Mu\u0308nchen, Germany: Hirmer, 1998.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 43, pl. 9", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lammerhuber, Lois, and Alexander Smoltczyk. <em>Das Dach der Welt seine Geschichte, seine Magie, sein Gesicht und seine Sprache</em>. Baden, Germany: Ed. Lammerhuber, 1998.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Marceau, Jo. <em>Art: A World History</em>. London, United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley, 1997.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 462", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lambourne, Lionel. <em>Victorian Painting</em>. London, United Kingdom: Phaidon Press, 1999.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 22-23; Reproduced: no. 18", "url": null}, {"citation": "D'Argencourt, Louise and Roger Diederen. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Catalogue of Paintings: Part Four;European Paintings of the 19th Century.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1999.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 213", "url": null}, {"citation": "Butlin, Martin, Luke Herrmann, and Evelyn Joll. <em>The Oxford Companion to J.M.W. Turner</em>. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press, 2001.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pl. 21", "url": null}, {"citation": "Wilton, Andrew and Georg-W. Ko\u0308ltzsch. <em>William Turner: Licht und Farbe : eine Ausstellung in Zusammenarbeit mit Tate</em>. Ko\u0308ln, Germany: DuMont, 2001.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 248; Mentioned: p. 362", "url": null}, {"citation": "May, Sally Ruth, Jane Takac, and Barbara J. Bradley. <em>Knockouts: A Pocket Guide</em>. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2001.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 47-48; Reproduced: p. 47", "url": null}, {"citation": "Meslay, Olivier. <em> l'incendie de la peinture</em>. Paris, France: Gallimard, 2004.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 98-99", "url": null}, {"citation": "Adams, Laurie. <em>A History of Western Art</em>. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill, 2004.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 407, fig. 22.14", "url": null}, {"citation": "Owen, Susan Margaret. <em>Rivers and the British Landscape</em>. Lancaste, United Kingdomr: Carnegie, 2005.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 163", "url": null}, {"citation": "Meslay, Olivier. <em>Turner: Life and Landscape</em>. New York, NY: Harry N. Abrams, 2005.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 98-99", "url": null}, {"citation": "Iacono, Margaret. <em>Masterpieces of European Painting from the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. New York, NY: The Frick Collection, 2006", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 70-73; Reproduced: no. 14", "url": null}, {"citation": "Gage, John. <em>Colour in Art</em>. London, United Kingdom: Thames &amp; Hudson, 2006.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 74, fig. 64", "url": null}, {"citation": "Channing, Laurence, \"Personal and Professional\", Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Cleveland Art: The Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em>. Vol. 46 no. 10, December 2006", "page_number": "Mentioned & reproduced: p. 4", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2006-10/page/4"}, {"citation": "Warrell, Ian and Franklin Kelly. <em>J.M.W. Turner</em>. London, United Kingdom: Tate Publishing, 2007.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 184, fig. 130", "url": null}, {"citation": "Gage, John, He\u0301le\u0300ne Tronc, and Odile Me\u0301ne\u0301gaux. <em>Turner</em>. Paris, France: Citadelles &amp; Mazenod, 2010", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 356-357; Reproduced: fig. 282, front dust jacket", "url": null}, {"citation": "Oge\u0301e, Fre\u0301de\u0301ric. <em>Turner les paysages absolus</em>. Paris, France: Hazan, 2010.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 186-187", "url": null}, {"citation": "Arnason, H. Harvard, and Elizabeth Mansfield. <em>History of Modern Art: Painting, Sculpture, Architecture, Photography</em>. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2010.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 13, no. 1.15", "url": null}, {"citation": "Adams, Laurie. <em>A History of Western Art</em>. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2011.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 411, fig. 22.15", "url": null}, {"citation": "Richter-Musso, Ines, Ortrud Westheider, James Hamilton, and Michael Philipp. <em>Turner and the Elements</em>. Munich, Germany: Hirmer, 2011.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 184, no. 7", "url": null}, {"citation": ".Buren, Daniel. <em>Revealed: Turner Contemporary Opens</em>. Margate, United Kingdom: Turner Contemporary, 2011.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 22", "url": null}, {"citation": "Costello, Leo. <em>J.M.W. Turner and the Subject of History</em>. Farnham, Surrey, United Kingdom: Ashgate, 2012.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 95, fig. 2.17", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Treasures of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. London, United Kingdom: Scala Books, 2012.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 228-229", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 288", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Moyle, Franny, and J. M. W. Turner. <em>Turner: The Extraordinary Life and Momentous Times of J.M.W. Turner</em>. London : Viking, 2016.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 381; Reproduced: endpapers", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lapucci, Roberta &amp; Borgioli, Leonardo. \"Un inedito duplice bozetto di Joseph Mallallord William Turner.\" <em>Kermes: la rivista del restauro</em> 29, no.101/102 (Jan./June 2016).", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 110; fig. 3", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cheshire, Lee. <em>London in Paint</em>. London, United Kingdom : Tate Publishing, 2017.", "page_number": "Mentioned & reproduced: P. 40", "url": null}, {"citation": "Sotheby's. \"Critical Reception.\" <em>Old Masters, Evening Sale</em>, July 5, 2017: 116-119.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 119, fig. 18", "url": null}, {"citation": "Hunter, Matthew C. \"Curve, Line, Circle, Slash, Cross: A Diagram of Liquid Intelligence.\" <em>Grey Room </em>69 (Fall 2017): 6-23.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 13", "url": ""}, {"citation": "\"A Bright New Welcome: The corridor in the museum's main entrance will be flooded with lights and color by Spencer Finch's<em> Color Test 2010 (9 Permutations</em>).\u201d <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em> 58. no. 2 (March/April 2018): 30-31.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 31 and Mentioned: P. 30", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2018-02/page/n15/mode/2up"}, {"citation": "Ehrlich, Linda C. \"Turning Away from the Fire: A New Look at Films of Kore-eda Hirokazu.\"<em> Framework: The Journal of Cinema and Media 60, no. 1 (Spring 2019): 116-140. <br></em>", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 118, fig. 2", "url": null}, {"citation": "\u201cReimaging the British Galleries: Our curators preview the new look of the space.\u201d <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine </em>vol. 59, no. 6 (November/December 2019): 5-7.", "page_number": "Reproduced and Mentioned: P. 5.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Masello, David. \"Backlit: looking into Turner's light.\" <em>Fine Art Connoisseur </em>17, no. 1 (January/February 2020): 90-93.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p.92", "url": null}, {"citation": "Reynolds, Graham. <em>Turner</em>. [Place of publication not identified]: Thames &amp; Hudson, 2020.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 157; Mentioned: P. 156, no. 142", "url": null}, {"citation": "Faroult, Guillaume, Sophie Barthe\u0301le\u0301my, Sandra Buratti-Hasan, and Jenny Gaschke. Absolutely bizarre !: les dro\u0302les d'histoire de l'e\u0301cole de Bristol (1800-1840). 2020, 114.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: pp. 113-114, fig. 46.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Arcangeli, Francesco, and Filippo Milani. Dal romanticismo all'informale. 2020, 183.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 192; reproduced: p. 183, No. 160.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Ellcock, Stephen. <em>The Book of Change: Images to Inspire Revelations and Revolutions.</em> London: September Publishing, 2021.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 30Reproduced: p. 234", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Imhof, Michael, and J. M. W. Turner. William Turner: Leben und Werk. Petersberg : Michael Imhof Verlag, 2023.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 195; reproduced: pp. 192-193", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Hunter, Matthew C. \"The Sun is God: Turner, Angerstein, and Insurance.\" <em>Oxford Art Journal</em> 47, n. 1 (2024): 39-65.", "page_number": "Reproduced: front cover, p. 52 (fig. 8), 64 (fig. 11 detail); Mentioned: p. 51, 64", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Moorby, Nicola. <em>Turner and Constable: Art, Life, Landscape. </em>New Haven: Yale University Press, 2025.", "page_number": "Reproduced: Jacket cover", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Concannon, Amy, ed. <em>Turner &amp; Constable: Rivals and Originals. </em>London: Tate Publishing, 2025.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 198-199, no. 162", "url": ""}, {"citation": "\u201cTurner versus Constable.\" <em>L\u2019Estampille, L\u2019objet d\u2019Art</em>, n. 628 (December 2025): 16.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 16", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Lin, Savi. \u201cThe Eternal Dialogue Between Light and Shadow and Reality: the Rivalry Between Turner and Constable, Founders of the British Landscape Painting School.\u201d <em>Yi shu jia</em>, i. 610 (March 2026): 68-75.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 74", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1942.647", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1942.647/1942.647_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "668", "filesize": "241680", "filename": "1942.647_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1942.647/1942.647_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2525", "filesize": "3069687", "filename": "1942.647_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1942.647/1942.647_full.tif", "width": "15155", "height": "11254", "filesize": "511692212", "filename": "1942.647_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2007-02-12T17:29:40", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1942.647/1942.647_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "1205", "height": "893", "filesize": "790219"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1942.647/1942.647_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2519", "filesize": "6049467"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1942.647/1942.647_alt0_full.tif", "width": "5500", "height": "4075", "filesize": "67269068"}}, {"date_created": "2017-01-23T10:45:49", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1942.647/1942.647_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "683", "filesize": "261878"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1942.647/1942.647_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2582", "filesize": "3465872"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1942.647/1942.647_alt1_full.tif", "width": "7594", "height": "5768", "filesize": "131435400"}}, {"date_created": "2017-01-23T10:51:33", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1942.647/1942.647_alt2_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "679", "filesize": "224408"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1942.647/1942.647_alt2_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2566", "filesize": "2916456"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1942.647/1942.647_alt2_full.tif", "width": "7681", "height": "5797", "filesize": "133608516"}}], "creditline": "Bequest of John L. Severance", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 122351, "creators": [{"id": 1280, "description": "Joseph Mallord William Turner (British, 1775\u20131851)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": "Joseph Mallord William Turner, the supreme landscape painter of the romantic era, had the exceptional good fortune to be the son of a Covent Garden barber and wigmaker who thoroughly supported his aspirations to paint pictures. As an adolescent, Turner colored engravings for the print sellers and apprenticed with architectural draftsman Thomas Malton (1726-1801). Although he entered the Royal Academy Schools in 1789, Turner's substantive artistic training came from his numerous self-conducted topographical drawing tours of the British Isles in the early 1790s and from his camaraderie with Thomas Girtin (1775-1802), with whom he copied the masterworks of landscape watercolorist John Robert Cozens (1752-1799) in the collection of Dr. Thomas Monro (1759-1833). Turner submitted his first oil painting, a seascape, for exhibition at the Royal Academy in 1796 and was elected an associate member three years later, at the earliest permissible age. Devoted to the academy's lofty mission, as it had been articulated by the recently deceased Sir Joshua Reynolds (1723-1792) in his annual lectures to the students of the academy, Turner would relish his election as a full academician in 1802 and would serve as professor of perspective from 1807 until 1837. His masterpieces of the early decades (and there seems an endless succession of works with title to that distinction) were either homages to past masters of landscape painting or entirely personal interpretations of the most extraordinary range of naturalistic effects and subjects. Whether it was The Fifth Plague of Egypt (1800, Indianapolis Museum of Art) and its amalgam of allusions to Nicolas Poussin (1594-1665) and Richard Wilson (1714-1782), The Dort Packet-Boat from Rotterdam Becalmed (1818, Yale Center for British Art, New Haven), with its overt tribute to Aelbert Cuyp (1620-1691), or The Fall of an Avalanche in the Grisons (1810, Tate Gallery, London), with its unprecedented invention of horrific naturalistic detail that challenged conventional notions of the sublime in art, the net effect of Turner's achievement was to elevate landscape painting to a status within the traditional hierarchy of genres that it had rarely enjoyed since the seventeenth century. Unlike Constable (q.v.), Turner was an indefatigable traveler abroad. His first visit to Switzerland in 1802 resulted in a spectacular series of exhibition watercolors that boldly established watercolor painting as a vital medium of original expression. A tour of Belgium, the Netherlands, and the Rhine in 1817 was followed by his first protracted stay in Italy in 1819. After 1820 summer excursions to France, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, and especially Venice were almost annual occurrences. Gradually, and primarily after the 1819 Italian sojourn, Turner's palette lightened. Traditional notions of chiaroscuro, of alternating bands of light and dark earth colors, yielded to compositions orchestrated in brighter hues, in which the various colors move across the painted surface almost at will, little respecting the forms they describe but in perfect balance.\r\nDuring the 1820s and early 1830s Turner committed vast amounts of his creative capital to the production of literary and travel illustrations. These kept an entire generation of engravers employed for several decades. Despite the tendency of his era to stigmatize reproductive engraving as an inferior instrument of artistic presentation, Turner was preoccupied with its processes and potential, acutely aware that, long after his pigments had faded, his reputation would be secure in the more durable brilliance of the engraver's deftly crafted reproductions. A second trip to Italy in 1828 may partially account for the heightened coloring of Ulysses Deriding Polyphemus (1828, National Gallery, London), which John Ruskin described as a pivotal picture in Turner's career. But there was very little falling off in either technical or thematic invention during the last decades of Turner's life. In major oils like Snow Storm-Steam Boat Off a Harbor's Mouth (1842, Tate Gallery, London) and Rain, Steam and Speed (1844, National Gallery, London) and no less measure in the series of elaborately finished Swiss watercolors executed on commission at the end of his life, natural forms occupy an uncertain place between concrete reality and total dissolution by light into the colors and images of what Monet (q.v.) admiringly called the \"exuberant romanticism of Turner's fancy.\" Perspective can be intentionally distorted and the color schemes can approach the brazenly artificial, yet somehow the fundamental truth of Turner's vision, his faith in the supreme forces of nature and in the artist's preeminence as the mediator of that experience, continues to persuade.", "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1775", "death_year": "1851", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1942-07-24T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1835, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1835", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Burning of the Houses of Parliament, 1834"], "is_highlight": true, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 16:32:35.017000"}, {"id": 130130, "accession_number": "1952.510", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Cup with Daoist Figures (\u96d9\u4ed9\u4eba\u8033\u676f), 1736\u201395. China, Qing dynasty (1644\u20131911), Qianlong period (1736\u201395). Pale greenish-white jade; diameter of mouth: 10.3 cm (4 1/16 in.); overall: 6.5 cm (2 9/16 in.); width with handles: 16 cm (6 5/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Anonymous Gift, 1952.510", "current_location": "240B Chinese Decorative Arts", "title": "Cup with Daoist Figures", "title_in_original_language": "\u96d9\u4ed9\u4eba\u8033\u676f", "creation_date": "1736\u201395", "creation_date_earliest": 1736, "creation_date_latest": 1795, "artists_tags": [], "culture": ["China, Qing dynasty (1644\u20131911), Qianlong period (1736\u201395)"], "technique": "Pale greenish-white jade", "support_materials": [], "department": "Chinese Art", "collection": "China - Yuan Dynasty", "type": "Jade", "measurements": "Diameter of mouth: 10.3 cm (4 1/16 in.); Overall: 6.5 cm (2 9/16 in.); width with handles: 16 cm (6 5/16 in.)", "dimensions": {"diameter of mouth": {"width": 0.103}, "overall": {"height": 0.065}, "width with handles": {"width": 0.16}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 377522, "title": "Chinese Jade", "description": "<i>Chinese Jade</i>. University Museum, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (organizer) (November 30, 1962-February 3, 1963).", "opening_date": "1962-11-30T05:00:00"}, {"id": 310119, "title": "Realm of the Immortals: Daoism in the Arts of China", "description": "<i>Realm of the Immortals: Daoism in the Arts of China</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (February 10-April 10, 1988).", "opening_date": "1988-02-10T05:00:00"}, {"id": 207337, "title": "The World of Kubilai Khan: Chinese Art in the Yuan Dynasty", "description": "<i>The World of Kubilai Khan: Chinese Art in the Yuan Dynasty</i>. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY (organizer) (September 20, 2010-January 2, 2011).", "opening_date": "2010-09-20T00:00:00"}, {"id": 395234, "title": "China\u2019s Southern Paradise: Treasures from the Lower Yangzi Delta", "description": "<i>China\u2019s Southern Paradise: Treasures from the Lower Yangzi Delta</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (September 10, 2023-January 7, 2024).", "opening_date": "2023-09-10T04:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>Chinese Jade</em>. The University Museum, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (November 30-February 3, 1963).", "opening_date": "1963-11-30T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Chinese Art Under the Mongols: The Y\u00fcan Dynasty (1279-1368)</em>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (October 2-November 24, 1968); Asia House, New York, NY (January 16-March 2, 1969).", "opening_date": "1968-10-02T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Chinese Jades from Han to Ch'ing</em>. Asia House Gallery, New York, NY (October 9-December 7, 1980); The Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit, MI (January 12-February 22, 1981); Seattle Art Museum, Seattle, WA (March 26-May 10, 1981); Honolulu Academy of Arts, Honolulu, HI (July 17-September 13, 1981).", "opening_date": "1980-10-09T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1952\u2013", "sortorder": 2}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Two female immortals serve as handles, while a Daoist procession with immortals, musicians, and attendants winds around the body of the cup.", "description": "During the Qing dynasty, Suzhou\u2019s best products were sent north to the capital. Those that met imperial approval were sometimes graced with Qianlong\u2019s mark, added by calligraphers and jade workers at court. The lack of a Qianlong mark on the Cleveland cup suggests that it might not have reached the court. Previously dated to the Yuan dynasty (1271\u20131368), new scholarship dates this cup to the Qing period.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60760759"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1952.510-bowl-with-daoist-fig", "https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1952.510-cup-with-daoist-figu"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Lee, Sherman E. \u201cChinese Carved Jades.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 41, no. 4 (April 1954): 67\u201371.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 71", "url": "www.jstor.org/stable/25141956"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Handbook.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 858", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1958/page/n152"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 260", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n284"}, {"citation": "Lee, Sherman E., and Wai-kam Ho. <em>Chinese Art Under the Mongols: The Yu\u0308an Dynasty, 1279-1368</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art; [distributed by the Press of Case Western Reserve University], 1968.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pl. 298", "url": ""}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 260", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n284"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 344", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n364"}, {"citation": "Watt, James C. Y. <em>Chinese Jades from Han to Ch\u02bbing</em>. New York: Asia Society, in association with J. Weatherhill, 1980.", "page_number": "cat. no. 131", "url": ""}, {"citation": "<em>Oriental Art</em> vol. 27, no. 1 (Spring 1981), pp. 104\u2013107.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 106\u2013107, fig. 9", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Guo li gu gong bo wu yuan [National Palace Museum = \u570b\u7acb\u6545\u5bae\u535a\u7269\u9662]. <em>Hai wai yi zhen, Yuqi</em>. [\u6d77\u5916\u907a\u73ce, \u7389\u5650 = Chinese art in overseas collections, jade.] Zhonghua min guo Taibei Shi Shilin qu: Guo li gu gong bo wu yuan, 1986.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: pl. 93", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Little, Stephen. <em>Realm of the Immortals: Daoism in the Arts of China: the Cleveland Museum of Art, February 10-April 10, 1988</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art in cooperation with Indiana University Press, 1988.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 20, p. 47, p. 24, color plate 20", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Watt, James C. Y., and Maxwell K. Hearn. <em>The World of Khubilai Khan: Chinese Art in the Yuan Dynasty</em>. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2010.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: fig. 355, p. 298", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 104", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Barnes Lorber, Martin. \"The World of Khubilaikhan.\" <em>Asian Art: the Newspaper for Collectors, Dealers, Museums and Galleries</em> 24, i. 2 (Winter 2020): 12.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 12", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Griswold, William, Xiaofei Tian, Richard Von Glahn, Feng Zhao, S. J. Vainker, Masaaki Itakura, Jiang Wu, et al. <em>China\u2019s Southern Paradise: Treasures from the Lower Yangzi Delta</em>. Edited by Clarissa von Spee. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 2023.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: pp. 368\u2013369, no. 202", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Liu, Yiwen \u5218\u6f2a\u6587. \u201c\u4eba\u95f4\u5929\u5802\u7684\u522b\u5904\u60f3\u8c61\uff1a\u5728\u514b\u5229\u592b\u5170\u827a\u672f\u535a\u7269\u9986\u9065\u671b\u4e2d\u56fd\u6c5f\u5357\u201d [Imagining Paradise Elsewhere: Gazing at China's Jiangnan from the Cleveland Museum of Art]. <em>The Art Newspaper</em> \u827a\u672f\u65b0\u95fb\u4e2d\u6587\u7248, November 2, 2023.", "page_number": "Reproduced", "url": "http://www.tanchinese.com/archives/exhibitions/124384"}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1952.510", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1952.510/1952.510_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "527", "filesize": "144568", "filename": "1952.510_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1952.510/1952.510_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "1992", 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XXXIII, no. 3 (Autumn, 1970).", "page_number": "p. 323", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Talbot, William S. \u201cJean-Baptiste Oudry: Hare and Leg of Lamb.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 57, no. 5 (1970).", "page_number": "pp. 149-59", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25152331"}, {"citation": "Clark, Carol C. \u201cJean-Baptiste Sim\u00e9on Chardin: Still Life with Herring.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 61, no. 9 (1974).", "page_number": "pp. 309, 313, n. 1, fig. 1", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25152549"}, {"citation": "Fare\u0301, Michel, and Fabrice Fare\u0301.<em> La vie silencieuse en France: la nature morte au XVIIIe sie\u0300cle.</em> Fribourg: Office du Livre, 1976.", "page_number": "pp. 121, 125", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Opperman, Hal N. <em>Jean-Baptiste Oudry</em>. New York: Garland Pub, 1977.", "page_number": "I, 120, 189, 552, no. 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Northeastern India, Bihar, Tetravan, Pala Period (750-1197). Chloritic schist; overall: 94 cm (37 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Dudley P. Allen Fund, 1935.146", "current_location": "243 Indian and Southeast Asian", "title": "Buddha Calling on Earth to Witness", "creation_date": "800s", "creation_date_earliest": 800, "creation_date_latest": 899, "artists_tags": [], "culture": ["Northeastern India, Bihar, Tetravan, Pala Period (750-1197)"], "technique": "chloritic schist", "support_materials": [], "department": "Indian and Southeast Asian Art", "collection": "Indian Art", "type": "Sculpture", "measurements": "Overall: 94 cm (37 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"height": 0.94}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "Ye dharm\u0101 hetu prabhav\u0101 tes\u0101 hetu tath\u0101gata hya vadat...", "inscription_translation": "The Sanskrit inscription on lotus petals is a common Buddhist creed: \"Of all dispositions proceeding from a cause, the Tathagata has explained the cause\u2026\u201d", "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 312517, "title": "The Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition", "description": "<i>The Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 26-October 4, 1936).", "opening_date": "1936-06-26T04:00:00"}, {"id": 312341, "title": "The Silver Jubilee Exhibition", "description": "<i>The Silver Jubilee Exhibition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 23-September 28, 1941).", "opening_date": "1941-06-23T04:00:00"}, {"id": 311956, "title": "India's Art", "description": "<i>India's Art</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (December 2, 1949-January 22, 1950).", "opening_date": "1949-12-02T05:00:00"}, {"id": 311898, "title": "35th Anniversary Exhibition", "description": "<i>35th Anniversary Exhibition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 20-September 30, 1951).", "opening_date": "1951-06-20T04:00:00"}, {"id": 300857, "title": "Art: The International Language", "description": "<i>Art: The International Language</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art (October 2-November 4, 1956).", "opening_date": "1956-10-02T04:00:00"}, {"id": 309885, "title": "Sacred India", "description": "<i>Sacred India</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (November 5, 1985-January 12, 1986).", "opening_date": "1985-11-05T05:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>Buddhist Art. Detroit Institute of Arts, Twenty-Fourth Loan Exhibition, October, 1942</em>. Institute of Arts, Detroit, MI (October 1942).", "opening_date": "1942-10-01T04:00:00Z"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "(Heeramaneck Galleries, New York, NY, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "?-1935", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1935-", "sortorder": 2}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "The donors kneel at the lower corners.", "description": "This sculpture is one of a series that depict the Buddha at different scenes in his life. Here, he is at Bodhgaya, the place where he achieved enlightenment. At the top of the composition are the branches of the ficus tree with its heart-shaped leaves, under which he achieved enlightenment. His hand gesture indicates that he is calling upon the goddess of the earth to witness the moment. During the Pala period of the eighth through 12th centuries in medieval India, Buddhism dominated and flourished in major monastic universities. After the fall of the Pala dynasty, the numerous battles between small kingdoms vying for power caused the destruction of the Buddhist monasteries, and Buddhist monks fled with texts and movable art to Nepal, Tibet, and Southeast Asia, so that by the 14th century, Buddhism was eradicated in India.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60749921"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1935.146-buddha-calling-on-ea"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Eastman, Alvan C. <em>Catalog of the Heeramaneck Collection of Early Indian Sculptures, Paintings, Bronzes and Textiles</em>. New York: Heeramaneck Galleries, 1934.", "page_number": "Mentioned: cat. no. 14, pp. 10 and 29", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Hollis, Howard C. \"An Indian Buddhist Stele.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 24, no. 9 (1937): 135-37.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 135\u2013137", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25137872"}, {"citation": "Lee, Sherman E. <em>Buddhist Art. Detroit Institute of Arts, Twenty-Fourth Loan Exhibition, October, 1942</em>. Detroit: Detroit Institute of Arts, 1942.", "page_number": "Mentioned: cat. no. 19, p. 23; Reproduced: cat. no. 19, p. 46", "url": ""}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Handbook.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 753", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1958/page/n136"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 232", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n256"}, {"citation": "Marcus, Margaret F. \u201cSculptures from Bihar and Bengal.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>, vol. 54, no. 8, 1967, pp. 240\u2013262.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 246, fig. 5; Reproduced: pp. 247, 261", "url": "www.jstor.org/stable/25152173"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 232", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n256"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 294", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n314"}, {"citation": "Bly, Linda. <em>An Important 12th Century Tibetan Thanka in the Collection of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. [Place of publication not identified]: [publisher not identified], 1991.", "page_number": "Reproduced: illustration 2", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Connell, Timothy C., and Jackson J. Spielvogel. <em>World Art Transparencies</em>. Cincinnati: West Educational Pub, 1998.", "page_number": "Reproduced: Acetate 27", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Fichner-Rathus, Lois. <em>Understanding Art</em>. Fifth edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1998.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 18- 29, p. 486", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cunningham, Michael R., Stanislaw J. Czuma, Anne E. Wardwell, and J. Keith Wilson. <em>Masterworks of Asian Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1998.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: pp. 136-137", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Fichner-Rathus, Lois. <em>Understanding Art</em>. Sixth edition. Fort Worth: Harcourt College Publishers, 2001.", "page_number": "Reproduced: fig. 20-28, p. 550", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1935.146", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1935.146/1935.146_web.jpg", "width": "593", "height": "893", "filesize": "332484", "filename": "1935.146_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1935.146/1935.146_print.jpg", "width": "2258", "height": "3400", "filesize": "4437072", "filename": "1935.146_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1935.146/1935.146_full.tif", "width": "3320", "height": "5000", "filesize": "49830732", "filename": "1935.146_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2006-03-27T18:17:47", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1935.146/1935.146_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "1263", "height": "842", "filesize": "741241"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1935.146/1935.146_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2266", "filesize": "4647140"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1935.146/1935.146_alt0_full.tif", "width": "5000", "height": "3333", "filesize": "50027664"}}, {"date_created": "2006-03-27T18:32:25", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1935.146/1935.146_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "1263", "height": "639", "filesize": "656406"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1935.146/1935.146_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "1720", "filesize": "4347360"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1935.146/1935.146_alt1_full.tif", "width": "6144", "height": "3108", "filesize": "57318208"}}, {"date_created": "2006-03-27T18:39:20", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1935.146/1935.146_alt2_web.jpg", "width": "1263", "height": "842", "filesize": "907880"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1935.146/1935.146_alt2_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2266", "filesize": "6157174"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1935.146/1935.146_alt2_full.tif", "width": "", "height": "", "filesize": ""}}, {"date_created": "2006-03-27T18:47:40", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1935.146/1935.146_alt3_web.jpg", "width": "1263", "height": "842", "filesize": "858106"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1935.146/1935.146_alt3_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2266", "filesize": "5593321"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1935.146/1935.146_alt3_full.tif", "width": "5000", "height": "3333", "filesize": "50027816"}}, {"date_created": "2006-03-27T19:10:54", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1935.146/1935.146_alt4_web.jpg", "width": "1263", "height": "842", "filesize": "722409"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1935.146/1935.146_alt4_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2266", "filesize": "4128489"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1935.146/1935.146_alt4_full.tif", "width": "5000", "height": "3333", "filesize": "50027812"}}], "creditline": "Dudley P. Allen Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": "e33fc223cece454bb85f7c8756c3ac37", "sketchfab_url": "https://sketchfab.com/models/e33fc223cece454bb85f7c8756c3ac37", "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 114974, "creators": [], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1935-06-24T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 800, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "800s", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-04-17 19:32:37.070000"}, {"id": 172954, "accession_number": "1931.2647", "share_license_status": "Copyrighted", "tombstone": "Hills, South Truro, 1930. Edward Hopper (American, 1882\u20131967). Oil on canvas; framed: 83 x 123.5 x 6.5 cm (32 11/16 x 48 5/8 x 2 9/16 in.); unframed: 69.5 x 109.5 cm (27 3/8 x 43 1/8 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Hinman B. Hurlbut Collection, 1931.2647. \u00a9  Heirs of Josephine N. Hopper / Licensed by Artists Rights Society (ARS), NY", "current_location": "226A American Modern", "title": "Hills, South Truro", "creation_date": "1930", "creation_date_earliest": 1930, "creation_date_latest": 1930, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["America"], "technique": "oil on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "American Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "American - Painting", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 83 x 123.5 x 6.5 cm (32 11/16 x 48 5/8 x 2 9/16 in.); Unframed: 69.5 x 109.5 cm (27 3/8 x 43 1/8 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 0.83, "width": 1.235, "depth": 0.065}, "unframed": {"height": 0.695, "width": 1.095}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": "\u00a9  Heirs of Josephine N. Hopper / Licensed by Artists Rights Society (ARS), NY", "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "signed lower left:  EDWARD HOPPER", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 360881, "title": "An Exhibition of Paintings, Water Colors, and Etchings by Edward Hopper", "description": "<i>An Exhibition of Paintings, Water Colors, and Etchings by Edward Hopper</i>. Carnegie Institute, Pittsburgh, PA (organizer) (March 11-April 25, 1937).", "opening_date": "1937-03-11T05:00:00"}, {"id": 312462, "title": "Exhibition of American Painting from 1860 Until Today", "description": "<i>Exhibition of American Painting from 1860 Until Today</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 23-October 4, 1937).", "opening_date": "1937-06-23T04:00:00"}, {"id": 312341, "title": "The Silver Jubilee Exhibition", "description": "<i>The Silver Jubilee Exhibition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 23-September 28, 1941).", "opening_date": "1941-06-23T04:00:00"}, {"id": 310299, "title": "Reckoning with Winslow Homer: His Late Works and Their Influence", "description": "<i>Reckoning with Winslow Homer: His Late Works and Their Influence</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (September 19-November 25, 1990); Columbus Museum of Art, Columbus, OH (December 16, 1990-February 10, 1991); Corcoran Gallery of Art, Washington, DC (March 16-May 12, 1991).", "opening_date": "1990-09-19T04:00:00"}, {"id": 441857, "title": "The Truth of the Real, Edward Hopper and Photography", "description": "<i>The Truth of the Real, Edward Hopper and Photography</i>. Museum Folkwang, 45128 Essen, Germany (organizer) (June 28-September 27, 1992).", "opening_date": "1992-06-28T04:00:00"}, {"id": 227084, "title": "Made in U.S.A., l'art am\u00e9ricain, 1908-1943, entre nationalisme et internationalisme [FRAME]", "description": "<i>Made in U.S.A., l'art am\u00e9ricain, 1908-1943, entre nationalisme et internationalisme [FRAME]</i>. Mus\u00e9e des Beaux-Arts de Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France (organizer) (October 5-December 31, 2001); Mus\u00e9e des Beaux-Arts de Rennes, Rennes, France (January 17-March 31, 2002); Mus\u00e9e Fabre, Montpellier, France (April 10-June 25, 2002).", "opening_date": "2001-10-05T00:00:00"}, {"id": 229563, "title": "Edward Hopper Retrospective", "description": "<i>Edward Hopper Retrospective</i>. Tate Modern, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (organizer) (May 27-September 5, 2004); Museum Ludwig,  K\u00f6ln, Germany (October 9, 2004-January 9, 2005).", "opening_date": "2004-05-27T00:00:00"}, {"id": 179631, "title": "CMA Highlights", "description": "<i>CMA Highlights</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art (organizer) (June 21-September 11, 2005).", "opening_date": "2005-06-21T00:00:00"}, {"id": 177342, "title": "Edward Hopper", "description": "<i>Edward Hopper</i>. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Boston, MA (organizer) (May 6-August 19, 2007); National Gallery of Art, Landover, MD (September 16, 2007-January 21, 2008); The Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL (February 16-May 11, 2008).", "opening_date": "2007-05-06T00:00:00"}, {"id": 396894, "title": "Train Zug Treno Tren. Voyages imaginaires", "description": "<i>Train Zug Treno Tren. Voyages imaginaires</i>. Plateforme 10 /Mus\u00e9e cantonal des Beaux-Arts, Lausanne, Switzerland (organizer) (June 17-September 25, 2022) https://www.mcba.ch/en/exhibitions/voyages-imaginaires/#description.", "opening_date": "2022-06-17T04:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>The Eleventh Exhibition of Contemporary American Oils. </em>Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (June 12-July 12, 1931).", "opening_date": "1931-06-12T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Edward Hopper: Retrospective Exhibition. </em>The Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY (November 1-December 7, 1933).", "opening_date": "1933-11-01T05:00:00Z"}, {"description": "<em>Exhibitions of Painting by Edward Hopper. </em>The Arts Club of Chicago, Chicago, IL (January 2-January 16, 1934).", "opening_date": "1934-01-02T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>An American Show: The Cincinnati Art Museum Presents a Selection of Paintings by Six Living American Artists: Louis Bouche, Edward Hopper, Walt Kuhn, Yasuo Kuniyoshi, John Marin, Max Weber. </em>The Cincinnati Art Museum, Cincinnati, OH (October 1-November 5, 1948).", "opening_date": "1948-10-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Edward Hopper: Retrospective Exhibition. </em>Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, NY (February 11-March 26, 1950); Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA (April 13-May 14, 1950); Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit, MI (June 4-July 2, 1950).", "opening_date": "1950-02-11T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Five Painters of America: Louis Bouch\u00e9, Edward Hopper, Ben Shahn, Charles Sheeler, Andrew Wyeth. </em>Worcester Art Museum, Worcester, MA (February 17-April 3, 1955).", "opening_date": "1955-02-17T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Works of Hopper and Corbino. </em>Rhode Island School of Design, Providence, RI (March 7-March 28, 1956).", "opening_date": "1956-03-07T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Living New England Artists Associated with the New England Coast. </em>Currier Gallery of Art, Manchester, NH (July 18-September 2, 1956).", "opening_date": "1956-07-18T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Sesquicentennial Celebration. </em>Miami University, Miami, OH (May 15-June 15, 1959).", "opening_date": "1959-05-15T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>American Landscape, 1760-1960</em>. Flint Institute of Arts, Flint, MI (March 3-April 3, 1960).", "opening_date": "1960-03-03T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>A Retrospective Exhibition of Oils and Watercolors by Edward Hopper. </em>The University of Arizona Art Gallery, Tucson, AZ (April 20-May 19, 1963).", "opening_date": "1963-04-20T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Edward Hopper</em>. Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, NY (September 29-November 29, 1964); The Art Institute of Chicago (December 18, 1964-January 31, 1965); Detroit Institute of Art, Detroit, MA (February 18-March 21, 1965); City Art Museum of St. Louis, St. Louis, MO (April 7-May 9, 1965).", "opening_date": "1964-09-29T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>America, ca. 1930. </em>The Ohio State University School of Art Gallery, Columbus, OH (October 13-October 31, 1968).", "opening_date": "1968-10-13T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Edward Hopper und die Fotografie. </em>Museum Folkwang, Essen, Germany (June 28-September 27, 1992).", "opening_date": "1992-06-28T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>CMA Highlights. </em>Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (June 21-September 11, 2005).", "opening_date": "2005-06-21T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>American Icons: American Masterworks from the 1930s. </em>Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (March 1-June 1, 2006).", "opening_date": "2006-03-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Hopper Drawing. </em>Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, NY (May 23-October 6, 2013).", "opening_date": "2013-05-23T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "(Rehn Gallery, New York, 1931).", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": null}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": ["2585.1931", "2647.1931"], "did_you_know": "Hopper loved this area of Cape Cod so much that he later built his home there.", "description": "A deeply reserved individual and intensely independent artist, Hopper sought to capture, in his words, \"the sad desolation\" of America. His works\u2014including this Cape Cod landscape of a lone house next to a railroad track amid a backdrop of rolling hills\u2014typically inject mundane scenes with a profound sense of solitude. The painter Charles Burchfield once described Hopper\u2019s art as \"silent poetry.\"", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117230202"], "internet_archive": []}, "citations": [{"citation": "Pe\u0300ne du Bois, Guy. <em>Edward Hopper</em>. New York: Whitney Museum of American Art, 1931.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 10-11; Reproduced: fig. 20", "url": null}, {"citation": "Milliken, William M. \"The Eleventh Exhibition of Contemporary American Oils.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 18, no. 6 (June 1931).", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 111; Reproduced", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kelly, Grace. \"Oil Painting Exhibition at Art Museum Represents Current American Trends.\" <em>Cleveland Plain Dealer, </em>June 14, 1931.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 14", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kelly, Grace. \"Concerning Landscapes in Exhibit.\" <em>Cleveland Plain Dealer, </em>June 28, 1931.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 11", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kelly, Grace. \"Interest in Prints Grows at the Museum of Art Among Cleveland Residents.\" <em>Cleveland Plain Dealer, </em>July 12, 1931.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 11", "url": null}, {"citation": "Frary, JT. \"Oils Lead Water Colors in 'Area' at Art Museum\". <em>Cleveland Plain Dealer, </em>August 9, 1931.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 14", "url": null}, {"citation": "Francis, Henry Sayles. \"A New England Landscape by Edward Hopper.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art </em>19, no. 6 (February 1932).", "page_number": "Mentioned: 22-23; Reproduced", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Museum Accessions.\" <em>The American Magazine of Art </em>24, no. 3 (March 1932).", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 224", "url": null}, {"citation": "Museum of Modern Art. <em>Edward Hopper: Retrospective Exhibition, November 1-December 7, 1933</em>. New York: The Museum of Modern Art, 1933.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 26", "url": null}, {"citation": "Sherburne, E. C. \"The Hopper Exhibition.\" <em>Christian Science Monitor</em>, November 6, 1933.", "page_number": "Mentioned", "url": null}, {"citation": "Arts Club of Chicago. <em>Paintings by Edward Hopper: Arts Club of Chicago, January Second to Sixteenth, Nineteen Hundred Thirty-Four</em>. Chicago: The Club, 1934.", "page_number": "Mentioned", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Hills, South Truro.\" <em>The Christian Science Monitor, </em>April 6, 1934.", "page_number": "Mentioned; Reproduced", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Catalogue of an Exhibition of American Painting from 1860 until Today at the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Printed by the Artcraft Printing, 1937.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 27, no. 95", "url": null}, {"citation": "Hopper, Edward. <em>Edward Hopper</em>. New York: American Artists Group, 1945.", "page_number": "Reproduced", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bouche\u0301, Louis, Edward Hopper, Walt Kuhn, Yasuo Kuniyoshi, John Marin, and Max Weber. <em>An American Show: The Cincinnati Art Museum Presents a Selection of Paintings by Six Living American Artists: Louis Bouche\u0301, Edward Hopper, Walt Kuhn, Yasuo Kuniyoshi, John Marin, Max Weber</em>. Cincinnati: Cincinnati Art Museum, 1948.", "page_number": "Mentioned", "url": null}, {"citation": "Goodrich, Lloyd. <em>Edward Hopper Retrospective Exhibition</em>. New York: Whitney Museum of American Art, 1950.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 55", "url": null}, {"citation": "Burchfield, Charles. \"Portrait of a Realist: Edward Hopper at Sixty-Seven.\" <em>Art News</em> (March 1950).", "page_number": "Mentioned: p.62", "url": null}, {"citation": "Worcester Art Museum. <em>Five Painters of America: A Loan Exhibition,</em> 1955.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 2", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Handbook.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned; Reproduced n. 551", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1958/page/n102"}, {"citation": "Flint Institute of Arts. <em>American Landscape, 1760-1960</em>. Flint, MI: The Institute, 1960.", "page_number": "Mentioned", "url": null}, {"citation": "University of Arizona. <em>The University of Arizona Art Gallery Presents a Retrospective Exhibition of Oils and Watercolors by Edward Hopper, April 20-May 19, 1963</em>. Tucson: University of Arizona, 1963.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 35; Reproduced: p. 7", "url": null}, {"citation": "Goodrich, Lloyd. <em>Edward Hopper, Exhibition and Catalogue</em>. Tucson: University of Arizona, 1964.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 38, 28", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 192", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n216"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 192", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n216"}, {"citation": "Gillies, Jean. \"The Timeless Space of Edward Hopper.\" <em>Art Journal</em> 31, no. 4 (Summer 1972).", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 411-412; Reproduced: p. 411", "url": null}, {"citation": "Adams, Celeste, Rita Myers, and Adele Z. Silver. <em>An Introduction to American Art in the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1972.", "page_number": "Mentioned p. 17; Reproduced p. 17", "url": null}, {"citation": "Heller, Nancy, and Julia Williams. <em>The Regionalists</em>. New York: Watson-Guptill Publications,1976.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 67", "url": null}, {"citation": "Johnson, Mark M. \"American Landscapes...Scenes as Divergent as the Land Itself.\" <em>Arts and Activities </em>82, no. 4 (December 1977).", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 6; Reproduced p. 6", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 238", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n258"}, {"citation": "Billeter, Erika. \"Edward Hopper und die Amerikanische Szene.\" <em>Du, Die Kunstzeitschrift </em>4 (1980).", "page_number": "Mentioned; Reproduced", "url": null}, {"citation": "Levin, Gail. <em>Edward Hopper: The Art and the Artist. </em>New York; London: Norton in association with the Whitney Museum of American Art, 1980.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 46-50, 61-64; Reproduced: p. 282", "url": null}, {"citation": "Goodrich, Lloyd. <em>Edward Hopper.</em> New York: Abradale Press, 1983.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 89; Reproduced: p. 88", "url": null}, {"citation": "Goodrich, Lloyd. <em>Edward Hopper</em>. New York: H.N. Abrams, 1989.", "page_number": "Mentioned: 119-124; Reproduced: p. 121", "url": null}, {"citation": "Robertson, Bruce. <em>Reckoning with Winslow Homer: His Late Paintings and their Influence</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art in cooperation with Indiana University Press, 1990.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 133; Reproduced: p. 134", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of The Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1991.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p.148", "url": null}, {"citation": "Robertson, Bruce. \"Edward Hopper.\" In <em>Masterpieces from East and West</em>. New York, NY: Rizzoli International, 1992.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 170; Reproduced p. 171", "url": null}, {"citation": "Ko\u0308ltzsch, Georg-Wilhelm, and Gerd Blum. <em>Edward Hopper und die Fotografie: die Wahrheit des Sichtbaren: Museum Folkwang Essen, 28. Juni - 27. September 1992</em>. Ko\u0308ln: DuMont, 1992.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 51", "url": null}, {"citation": "Little, Carl. <em>Edward Hopper's New England. </em>San Francisco: Pomegranate Artbooks, 1993.", "page_number": "Mentioned: 6, 13-15; Reproduced: fig. 21", "url": null}, {"citation": "Chong, Alan. <em>European &amp; American Painting in the Cleveland Museum of Art: A Summary Catalogue</em>. Cleveland, Ohio: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1993.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 108", "url": null}, {"citation": "Levin, Gail. <em>Edward Hopper: A Catalogue Raisonne\u0301</em>. New York: Whitney Museum of American Art, 1995.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 203", "url": null}, {"citation": "Costantino, Maria. <em>Edward Hopper</em>. New York: Barnes &amp; Noble, 1995.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 62", "url": null}, {"citation": "Levin, Gail. <em>Edward Hopper: An Intimate Biography</em>. New York: Knopf, 1995.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 230-234", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lyons, Deborah, and Brian O'Doherty. <em>Edward Hopper: A Journal of His Work</em>. New York: Whitney Museum of American Art in association with W.W. Norton &amp; Co, 1997.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 31, 40", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kranzfelder, Ivo, and Edward Hopper. <em>Edward Hopper, 1882-1967: Vision of Reality</em>. Ko\u0308ln: B. Taschen, 1998.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 29", "url": null}, {"citation": "Harris, Patricia, and David Lyon. <em>Massachusetts: The Spirit of America</em>. New York: H.N. Abrams, 1999.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 22-23; Reproduced: p. 23", "url": null}, {"citation": "Chassey, E\u0301ric de. <em>Made in USA l'art ame\u0301ricain, 1908-1947. </em>Paris: Re\u0301union des Muse\u0301es Nationaux, 2001.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 168", "url": null}, {"citation": "Anfam, David, and Sheena Wagstaff. <em>Edward Hopper</em>. London: Tate Publishing, 2004.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 246; Reproduced: p. 158-159", "url": null}, {"citation": "Donley, Gregory M., \"World Travelers\", Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Cleveland Art: The Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em>. Vol. 46 no. 01, January 2006", "page_number": "Mentioned & reproduced: p. 8", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2006-01/page/8"}, {"citation": "Troyen, Carol, Judith A. Barter, Janet L. Comey, Elliot Bostwick Davis, and Ellen E. Roberts. <em>Edward Hopper</em>. Boston, MA: MFA Publications, 2007.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 147-155; Reproduced: p. 151", "url": null}, {"citation": "Wells, Walter. <em>Silent Theater: The Art of Edward Hopper</em>. London: Phaidon Press, 2007.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p.154; Reproduced: p. 155", "url": null}, {"citation": "Zezima, Katie. \"A Town Tries to Protect an Artist's Inspiration.\" <em>The New York Times, </em>September 19, 2007.", "page_number": "Mentioned; Reproduced", "url": null}, {"citation": "Klinkenborg, Verlyn. \"The Hopper Landscape.\" <em>The New York Times, </em>September 26, 2007. <a href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/26/opinion/26weds4.html\">https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/26/opinion/26weds4.html</a>.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. A 26", "url": null}, {"citation": "Simon, L. Marcia. Letter to the editor. <em>The New York Times, </em>October 2, 2007.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. A 24", "url": null}, {"citation": "Adams, Henry. <em>What's American About American Art?: A Gallery Tour in the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2008.", "page_number": "Mentioned : p. 136; Reproduced: 136-137", "url": null}, {"citation": "Vincent, Marc. \"Essays Shed Light on Complex American Artist.\" <em>The Plain Dealer, </em>February 17, 2008.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. M5", "url": null}, {"citation": "Farre\u0301s, Ernest, and Lawrence Venuti. <em>Edward Hopper: Poems</em>. Saint Paul, MN: Graywolf Press, 2009.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 93, 134", "url": null}, {"citation": "Little, Carl. <em>Edward Hopper's New England</em>. San Francisco: Pomegranate, 2011.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 16; Reproduced", "url": null}, {"citation": "Foster, Carter E., and Daniel S. Palmer. <em>Hopper Drawing</em>. New York: Whitney Museum of American Art, 2013.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 180; Reproduced: p. 181", "url": null}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1931.2647", "images": {}, "alternate_images": [], "creditline": "Hinman B. Hurlbut Collection", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Dr. Robert B. Benyo Trust Gallery", "athena_id": 172954, "creators": [{"id": 6568, "description": "Edward Hopper (American, 1882\u20131967)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1882", "death_year": "1967", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1931-06-18T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1930, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1930", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-04-16 13:47:56.801000"}, {"id": 153765, "accession_number": "1987.62", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Commemorative figure (lefem), mid-1800s\u20131910. Probably carved by Ateu Atsa (Bangwa, c. 1840\u20131910). Wood; overall: 92.1 x 20.3 cm (36 1/4 x 8 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Purchase from the J. H. Wade Fund, 1987.62", "current_location": "108A African", "title": "Commemorative figure (lefem)", "creation_date": "mid-1800s\u20131910", "creation_date_earliest": 1850, "creation_date_latest": 1910, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["Africa, Central Africa, Cameroon, Bangwa Kingdom"], "technique": "wood", "support_materials": [], "department": "African Art", "collection": "African Art", "type": "Sculpture", "measurements": "Overall: 92.1 x 20.3 cm (36 1/4 x 8 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"height": 0.921, "width": 0.203}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 310231, "title": "The Year in Review for 1987", "description": "<i>The Year in Review for 1987</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (February 24-April 17, 1988).", "opening_date": "1988-02-24T05:00:00"}, {"id": 207389, "title": "Heroic Africans: Legendary Leaders, Iconic Sculptures", "description": "<i>Heroic Africans: Legendary Leaders, Iconic Sculptures</i>. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY (organizer) (September 21, 2011-January 29, 2012).", "opening_date": "2011-09-21T00:00:00"}, {"id": 441481, "title": "Gallery One 2012", "description": "<i>Gallery One 2012</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (December 12, 2012-March 5, 2017).", "opening_date": "2012-12-12T05:00:00"}, {"id": 287107, "title": "African Master Carvers: Known and Famous", "description": "<i>African Master Carvers: Known and Famous</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (March 26-July 16, 2017).", "opening_date": "2017-03-26T04:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "CMA 1988: \"Year in Review 1987,\" Bulletin 75 (February 1988), p. 70, no. 180, repr. p. 60.", "opening_date": "1988-02-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "The Metropolitan Museum of Art, NYC (October 4, 2011 - 1/29/2012): \"Heroic Africans: Legendary Leaders, Iconic Sculptures\", figure 118, p. 130.", "opening_date": "2012-01-29T00:00:00"}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art (3/26/2017-7/16/2017); \u201cAfrican Master Carvers: Known and Famous\u201d.", "opening_date": "2017-03-26T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>African Art: Recent Acquisitions</em>. Pace Primitive and Ancient Art. New York, NY (October 24\u2013December 6, 1986).", "opening_date": "1986-12-06T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "probably Ateu Atsa, Cameroon", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "Charles Ratton, Paris, France", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "Pace Primitive and Ancient Art, New York, NY", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "Cleveland Museum of Art by purchase 1987", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": 4}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Ateu Atsa was both a famous and infamous artist! It is said that he enraged a ruler by portraying him realistically rather than in an idealized way, and was chased out of town after the sculpture was revealed.", "description": "Adorned with royal attire consisting of a cap, beaded necklace, folded loincloth, and drinking horn, this figure was carved as a commemorative portrait of a historical king or high dignitary. It was kept by a secret association called <em>Lefem,</em> whose members gathered weekly in a sacred space in the forest to discuss matters related to the welfare of the kingdom. Standing in a royal shrine, the figure witnessed sacrifices made to the skulls of the chief\u2019s ancestors. Meant to safeguard the kingdom and protect the fecundity of its inhabitants, it was also exhibited during funerals and royal ceremonies.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79940023"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1987.62-commemorative-figure"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Petridis, Constantijn. <em>South of the Sahara: selected works of African art. </em>Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2003.", "page_number": "Reproduced: cat. 30, p. 90 - 91", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Lintig, Bettina von. 2014. \u201cA Grasslands Beaded Leopard Skin.\u201d <em>Tribal Art: Quarterly Journal of the Art Culture and History of Traditional Peoples and New World Civilizations</em> 18 (3) No. 72 Summer 2014 Pp 108-117.", "page_number": "", "url": ""}, {"citation": "New Orleans Museum of Art, Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, Field Museum of Natural History, American Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service, and National Museum of Natural History (U.S.). 1984. <em>The Art of Cameroon</em>. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service, cat. no. 7, pp. 86-87.", "page_number": "", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, and Henry John Drewal. 1989. <em>African Art : A Brief Guide to the Collection : The Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Museum, fig. 18.", "page_number": "", "url": ""}, {"citation": "CMA Handbook, 1991b, p. 143.", "page_number": "", "url": ""}, {"citation": "LaGamma, Alisa, Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, N.Y.), and Museum Rietberg. 2011. <em>Heroic Africans : Legendary Leaders, Iconic Sculptures</em>. New York, New Haven Conn: Metropolitan Museum of Art ; Distributed by Yale University Press, fig. 18, p. 130.", "page_number": "", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Turner, Evan H. \u201cThe Year in Review for 1987.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 75, no. 2 (February 1988): 30\u201371.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 60; Mentioned: p. 70, no. 180", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25160017"}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 33", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Lintig, Bettina von. \"From Fontem to Berlin: The Long Journey of a Bangwa Lefem Staff.\" Tribal Art 19, no. 3 (Summer 2015): 130-135.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 130, fig. 1", "url": null}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1987.62", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1987.62/1987.62_web.jpg", "width": "582", "height": "893", "filesize": "265074", "filename": "1987.62_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1987.62/1987.62_print.jpg", "width": "2216", "height": "3400", "filesize": "3760193", "filename": "1987.62_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1987.62/1987.62_full.tif", "width": "5150", "height": "7900", "filesize": "122087324", "filename": "1987.62_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2012-02-16T11:37:18.008000", 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H. Wade Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 153765, "creators": [{"id": 49917, "description": "Ateu Atsa (Bangwa, c. 1840\u20131910)", "extent": "carved by", "qualifier": "probably carved by", "role": "carver", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1840", "death_year": "1910", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1987-08-19T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1850, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "mid-1800s\u20131910", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:09:11.098000"}, {"id": 149101, "accession_number": "1977.34", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Corner Railing Pillar with Drinking Scenes, Yakshis, and Musicians, 100s CE. India, Mathura, Kushan period. Red sandstone; overall: 80 x 22.9 x 24 cm (31 1/2 x 9 x 9 7/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, John L. Severance Fund, 1977.34", "current_location": "242A Ancient India", "title": "Corner Railing Pillar with Drinking Scenes, Yakshis, and Musicians", "creation_date": "100s CE", "creation_date_earliest": 100, "creation_date_latest": 199, "artists_tags": [], "culture": ["India, Mathura, Kushan period"], "technique": "red sandstone", "support_materials": [], "department": "Indian and Southeast Asian Art", "collection": "Indian Art - Kushan, Mathura", "type": "Sculpture", "measurements": "Overall: 80 x 22.9 x 24 cm (31 1/2 x 9 x 9 7/16 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"height": 0.8, "width": 0.229, "depth": 0.24}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 302666, "title": "Year in Review: 1977", "description": "<i>Year in Review: 1977</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (December 28, 1977-January 22, 1978).", "opening_date": "1977-12-28T05:00:00"}, {"id": 309887, "title": "The Twain Shall Meet", "description": "<i>The Twain Shall Meet</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 30, 1985-January 5, 1986).", "opening_date": "1985-10-30T05:00:00"}, {"id": 309889, "title": "Kushan Sculpture: Images from Early India", "description": "<i>Kushan Sculpture: Images from Early India</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (November 13, 1985-January 5, 1986); The Asia Society Museum, New York, NY (February 13-April 6, 1986); Seattle Art Museum, Seattle, WA (May 13-July 13, 1986).", "opening_date": "1985-11-13T05:00:00"}, {"id": 412350, "title": "Buddha in India", "description": "<i>Buddha in India</i>. Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien (organizer) (April 2-July 16, 1995).", "opening_date": "1995-04-02T05:00:00"}, {"id": 196054, "title": "Streams and Mountains Without End: Asian Art and the Legacy of Sherman E. Lee at the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Streams and Mountains Without End: Asian Art and the Legacy of Sherman E. Lee at the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 27-August 23, 2009).", "opening_date": "2009-06-27T04:00:00"}, {"id": 441481, "title": "Gallery One 2012", "description": "<i>Gallery One 2012</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (December 12, 2012-March 5, 2017).", "opening_date": "2012-12-12T05:00:00"}], "legacy": []}, "provenance": [{"description": "(Wiener Gallery, New York, NY, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "?\u20131977", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1977\u2013", "sortorder": 2}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "The celestial musicians, who play a lyre, castanets, and a triangular harp, evoke bacchanalian connotations.", "description": "This pillar reflects the influence of Greco-Roman culture on Indian art and the influence of Gandharan styles and bacchanalian themes on the art of Mathura. The pillar depicts female figures who, seemingly intoxicated, play instruments and dance. Two additional scenes are carved on the base. First, a hunchbacked woman pours wine for an obese male fertility figure (<em>yaksha</em>). The second scene probably illustrates the story of the horse-headed yakshi who ate her victims.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79929951"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1977.34-corner-railing-pilla"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 289", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n309"}, {"citation": "Lee, Sherman E. \u201cThe Year in Review for 1977.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>, vol. 65, no. 1, 1978, pp. 2\u201343.", "page_number": "Mentioned: no. 151, p. 43; Reproduced: no. 151, p. 30", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25159560"}, {"citation": "Buren, Genevie\u0300ve de. <em>La chronique des arts: principales acquisitions des muse\u0301es en 1977</em>. Lausanne: Gazette des beaux-arts, 1978.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 178, p. 38", "url": ""}, {"citation": "\"Annual Report for 1977.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 65, no. 6 (1978): 177-215.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 191", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25159587"}, {"citation": "Carter, Martha L. \u201cThe Bacchants of Mathura: New Evidence of Dionysiac Yaksha Imagery from Kushan Mathura.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>, vol. 69, no. 8, 1982, pp. 247\u2013257.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: pp. 247\u2013250", "url": "www.jstor.org/stable/25159785"}, {"citation": "Neils, Jenifer. \u201cThe Twain Shall Meet.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>, vol. 72, no. 6, 1985, pp. 326\u2013359.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 337, fig. 17", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25159914"}, {"citation": "Czuma, Stanislaw J., and Rekha Morris. <em>Kushan Sculpture: Images from Early India</em>. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art in cooperation with Indiana University Press, 1985.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 42, p. 111", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cunningham, Michael R., Stanislaw J. Czuma, Anne E. Wardwell, and J. Keith Wilson. <em>Masterworks of Asian Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1998.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pp. 118-119", "url": null}, {"citation": "Czuma, Stanislaw J. \"A Quest for the Best: The Enduring Legacy of Sherman E. Lee,\" <em>Orientations</em> vol. 40, no. 5 (June 2009), pp. 35-40.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 35, fig. 1", "url": null}, {"citation": "Peterson, Sara. <em>An Account of the Dionysiac Presence in Indian Art and Culture</em>. [unpublished manuscript] London, SOAS, 2011-2012.", "page_number": "Reproduced: fig. V, p. 17", "url": null}, {"citation": "Hofstadter, Dan. \"Big Baby.\" <em>Art &amp; Antiques</em>. February 2011, Vol. 34, Issue 2, pp. 64-73.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 73", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Kim, Seungjung, \"The Beginnings of the East-West Dialogue: An Examination of Dionysiac Representations in Gandharan and Kushan-Mathuran Art.\" In <em>Beyond Boundaries: East and West Cross-Cultural Encounters</em>, pp. 16-34. Michelle Ying Ling Huang, editor. Newcastle-upon-Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2012.", "page_number": "Reproduced: fig. 1-1, p. 32", "url": null}, {"citation": "Franklin, David and C. Griffith Mann. <em>Treasures from the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2012.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pp. 44-45", "url": null}, {"citation": "Carter, Martha L., Prudence Oliver Harper, and Pieter Meyers. <em>Arts of the Hellenized East: Precious Metalwork and Gems of the Pre-Islamic Era</em>. London : Thames &amp; Hudson Ltd, 2015.", "page_number": "Reproduced: fig. 1.8, p. 30", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bracey, Robert. \"Is It Appropriate To Ask a Celestial Lady's Age?\" In <em>Problems of Chronology in Gandha\u0304ran Art. International Workshop of the Gandha\u0304ra Connections Project, Proceedings of the First International Workshop of the Gandha\u0304ra Connections Project, University of Oxford, 23rd-24th March, 2017. </em>Wannaporn Rienjang, and Peter Stewart, eds., 135-147. 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The Toledo Museum of Art, Toledo, OH (October 4, 2012-January 1, 2013); Royal Academy of Arts, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (organizer) (January 26-April 14, 2013).", "opening_date": "2012-10-04T00:00:00"}, {"id": 214137, "title": "Degas, Impressionism & the Paris Millinery Trade", "description": "<i>Degas, Impressionism & the Paris Millinery Trade</i>. Saint Louis Art Museum, St. Louis, MO (organizer) (February 12-May 7, 2017); Fine Arts Museum of San Francisco, Legion of Honor, San Francisco, CA (June 24-September 24, 2017).", "opening_date": "2017-02-12T00:00:00"}, {"id": 295866, "title": "Edouard Manet", "description": "<i>Edouard Manet</i>. Von der Heydt-Museum, Wuppertal, Germany (organizer) (October 24, 2017-February 25, 2018).", "opening_date": "2017-10-24T04:00:00"}, {"id": 315395, "title": "The Impressionists and Photography", "description": "<i>The Impressionists and Photography</i>. Museo Nacional Thyssen-Bornemisza, Madrid, Spain (organizer) (October 15, 2019-January 26, 2020).", "opening_date": "2019-10-15T04:00:00"}, {"id": 455282, "title": "Manet: A Model Family", "description": "<i>Manet: A Model Family</i>. Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum, Boston, MA (organizer) (October 10, 2024-January 20, 2025) https://www.gardnermuseum.org/calendar/manet-model-family.", "opening_date": "2024-10-10T04:00:00"}, {"id": 668924, "title": "Manet & Morisot", "description": "<i>Manet & Morisot</i>. Fine Arts Museum of San Francisco, Legion of Honor, San Francisco, CA (organizer) (October 11, 2025-February 15, 2026) https://www.famsf.org/exhibitions/manet-morisot; The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (co-organizer) (March 29-July 5, 2026).", "opening_date": "2025-10-11T04:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "manchon, pr\u00eat\u00e9 par M. Balsan, Paris, France.", "opening_date": null}, {"description": "<em>Exposition d'art fran\u00e7ais du XIXe si\u00e8cle</em>. Galeries Paul Rosenberg, Paris, France (1917).", "opening_date": "1917-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Le d\u00e9cor de la vie sous le Second Empire.</em> Pavillon de Marsan, Palais du Louvre, Paris, France (1922).", "opening_date": "1922-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Exposition d'oeuvres de Manet.</em>Galerie Bernheim-Jeune, Paris, France (1928).", "opening_date": "1928-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Quelques oeuvres importantes de Manet \u00e0 Van Gogh</em>. Galerie Durand-Ruel, Paris, France. (1932).", "opening_date": "1932-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Exposition Manet 1832-1883</em>. Mus\u00e9e de l'Orangerie, Paris, France (1932).", "opening_date": "1932-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>L'impressionnisme.</em> Palais des Beaux-Arts, Brussels, Belgium (1935).", "opening_date": "1935-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Exhibition of Masters of French Nineteenth Century Painting</em>. New Burlington Galleries, London, United Kingdom (1936).", "opening_date": "1936-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Amsterdam, Stedelijk Museum. Honderd Jaar Fransche Kunst. Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam, Netherlands (1938).", "opening_date": "1938-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>A Loan Exhibition of Manet.</em> Wildenstein, New York, NY (1948).", "opening_date": "1948-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Summer Loan: group of fourteen Hanna paintings</em>. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY (June-September 1949).", "opening_date": "1949-06-01T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Artist's studio inventory, Paris, France, 1884", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1884", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "(Drouot, Paris, France, February, 1884, Artist's estate sale, sold back to Mrs. Manet)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1884", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "Mrs. Edouard Manet [1829-1906], Paris, France", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1884-1910", "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "August Pellerin [1853-1929], Paris, France", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1910", "sortorder": 5}, {"description": "Jules Strauss [1863-1943], Paris, France", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1912", "sortorder": 6}, {"description": "(Georges Petit, Paris, France, December 1932, lot 48, sold to Turner", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1932", "sortorder": 7}, {"description": "Turner, London, United Kingdom", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1932-1935", "sortorder": 8}, {"description": "Jacques Balsan [1868-1956], Paris, France", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1935-1947", "sortorder": 9}, {"description": "Mrs. Jules Balsan [1877-1964], New York, NY, November 1947, consigned to  Knoedler & Co. for sale", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1935", "sortorder": 10}, {"description": "(Knoedler & Co., New York, NY, November 1947, sold to Leonard C. Hanna, Jr.)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1947", "sortorder": 11}, {"description": "Leonard C. Hanna, Jr. [1898-1957], Cleveland, OH, by bequest to the Cleveland Museum of Art", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1947-1958", "sortorder": 12}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1958-", "sortorder": 13}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Manet kept this portrait of Morisot throughout his life, and it was listed in the inventory of his studio after his death.", "description": "This is one of two portraits Manet painted of Morisot dressed for winter in a heavy coat and feathered hat. (See <em>Berthe Morisot with a Half Veil</em>, also in this gallery.) Manet\u2019s wide brushstrokes and crosshatchings, which describe areas of shadow, evoke the sketchy quality of Morisot\u2019s own paintings, likely Manet\u2019s nod to his subject\u2019s identity as an artist.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60465125"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1958.34-berthe-morisot"]}, "citations": [{"citation": null, "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Duret, The\u0301odore, and J. E. Crawford Flitch.<em> Manet and the French Impressionists: Pissarro--Claude Monet--Sisley--Renoir--Berthe Morisot--Ce\u0301zanne--Guillaumin.</em> London: G. Richards; Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Company, 1910.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 226, no. 111", "url": null}, {"citation": "Meier-Graefe, Julius. <em>Edouard Manet</em>. Mu\u0308nchen: Piper, 1912.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pl. 93", "url": null}, {"citation": "Blanche, Jacques-E\u0301mile, and Frederick C. de Sumichrast. <em>Manet</em>. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1925.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pl. 22", "url": null}, {"citation": "Duret, The\u0301odore. <em>Histoire de E\u0301douard Manet et de Son Oeuvre: Avec un Catalogue des Peintures et des Pastels</em>. Paris: Bernheim-Jeune, 1926.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 250, no. 111", "url": null}, {"citation": "Moreau-Ne\u0301laton, Etienne. Manet: Raconte\u0301 par Lui-me\u0302me. Paris: H. Laurens, 1926.", "page_number": "Mentioned: vol. 1, p. 109; reproduced: vol. 1, fig. 119", "url": null}, {"citation": "Manet, E\u0301douard. <em>E. Manet: 24 Phototypies: notice de Florent Fels.</em> Paris: Librairie de France, 1928.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pl. 12", "url": null}, {"citation": "Tabarant, A. <em>Manet: Histoire Catalographique</em>. Paris: E\u0301d. Montaigne, 1931.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 192, no. 140", "url": null}, {"citation": "Colin, Paul. <em>E\u0301douard Manet</em>. Paris: Floury, 1932.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pl. XXXII", "url": null}, {"citation": "Jamot, Paul, and Georges Wildenstein. <em>Manet.</em> Paris: Les Beaux-arts, e\u0301dition d'e\u0301tudes et de documents, 1932.", "page_number": "Mentioned: vol. 1, p. 137, no. 154; reproduced: vol. 2, p. 65, fig. 152", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Collection Jules Strauss.\" L'Art et les Artistes 26, no. 131 (November 1932): 71.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 71", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bataille, Marie-Louise. \"Die Auktion Jules Strauss.\" <em>Kunst und ku\u0308nstler </em>32 (1933): 74-75.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 74-75", "url": null}, {"citation": "Duret, The\u0301odore, and John Ernest Crawford Flitch. <em>Manet.</em> New York: Crown Publishers, 1937.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pl. 42", "url": null}, {"citation": "Laver, James, Michel Sevier, and Alfred Flechtheim. <em>French Painting and the Nineteenth Century.</em> New York: Scribner's, 1937.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 64, no. 64", "url": null}, {"citation": "Duca, Lo. \"L'Art Francese in the Mostre.\"<em> Emporium</em> 86 (1937): 517-540.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 533", "url": null}, {"citation": "Jedlicka, Gotthard.<em> E\u0301douard Manet. Mit 145 abbildungen</em>. Erlenbach-Zu\u0308rich: E. Rentsch, 1941.", "page_number": "Reproduced: opp. p. 132", "url": null}, {"citation": "Florisoone, Michel. <em>Manet.</em> Monaco: Documents d'art, 1947.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. XXV", "url": null}, {"citation": "Tabarant, A. <em>Manet et Ses Oeuvres</em>. [Paris]: Gallimard, 1947.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 144; mentioned: p.157-158", "url": null}, {"citation": "Louchheim, Aline B. \"Private Collectors: On Loan at the Metropolitan.\" <em>The New York Times </em>(July 17, 1949): 6x.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 6x", "url": null}, {"citation": "Venturi, Lionello. <em>Impressionists and Symbolists: Manet, Degas, Monet, Pissarro, Sisley, Renoir, Cezanne, Seurat, Gauguin, Van Gogh, Toulouse-Lautrec.</em> New York: Scribner, 1950.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 18; reproduced: fig. 9", "url": null}, {"citation": "Coe, Nancy. <em>The History of the Collecting of European Paintings and Drawings in the City of Cleveland</em>. Thesis M.A. Oberlin College, 1955.", "page_number": "Reproduced: vol. 2, p. 15", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>In Memoriam: Leonard C. Hanna, Jr</em>. Cleveland: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 18", "url": null}, {"citation": "Frankfurter, Alfred M. \u201cCleveland: Model Museum for a Modern Cosmopolis.\u201d <em>ARTnews</em> 57 (March 1958): 24\u201337.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 37", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Accessions of American and Canadian Museums.\" <em>Art Quarterly</em> 21, no. 1 (Spring 1958): 83-104.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 104", "url": null}, {"citation": "\u201cAnnual Report of the Year 1958.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 46, no. 6 (June 1959): 111\u2013158.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 122", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25142346"}, {"citation": "Saisselin, Re\u0301my G. <em>Style, Truth, and the Portrait</em>. [Cleveland]: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1963.", "page_number": "Reproduced: cat. no. 87", "url": null}, {"citation": "Henning, E. B. \u201cCleveland Museum of Art: From Turner to Guston.\u201d <em>Apollo: The International Magazine for Collectors</em> 78 (December 1963): 481\u201388.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 484", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 172", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n196"}, {"citation": "Philadelphia Museum of Art, and Anne Coffin Hanson. <em>E\u0301douard Manet, 1832-1883. [Exhibition] Philadelphia Museum of Art, November 3-December 11, 1966; the Art Institute of Chicago, January 13-February 19, 1967</em>. 1966.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 105, p. 121, 123", "url": null}, {"citation": "Aymar, Gordon Christian. <em>The Art of Portrait Painting; Portraits Through the Centuries As Seen Through the Eyes of a Practicing Portrait Painter.</em> Philadelphia: Chilton Book Co, 1967.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 206, pl. 100", "url": null}, {"citation": "Orienti,Sandra, and Marcello Venturi. <em>L'Opera Pittorica di Edouard Manet</em>. Milano: Rizzoli, 1967.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 98, no. 124", "url": null}, {"citation": "Neugass, Fritz. \"Manet-Ausstellung in den USA.\" <em>Die Weltkunst. The World-art Review </em>37 (15 January 1967): 50-51.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 51", "url": null}, {"citation": "Neilson, Winthrop, and Frances Fullerton Neilson. <em>Seven Women: Great Painters</em>. Philadelphia: Chilton Book Co, 1968.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 59-60; reproduced: pl. 8", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bodelsen, Merete (Christensen). \u201cEarly Impressionist Sales 1874-94 in the Light of Some Unpublished \u2018Proc\u00e8s-Verbaux.\u2019\u201d <em>Burlington Magazine</em> 110 (February 1968): 330\u201349.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 343", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 172", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n196"}, {"citation": "Hess, Thomas B., and Linda Nochlin. \"Woman as Sex Object.\" <em>ARTnews Annual</em> 38 (1972): 84.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 84", "url": null}, {"citation": "Rouart, Denis, and Daniel Wildenstein. <em>E\u0301douard Manet: Catalogue Raisonne\u0301</em>. Lausanne: Bibliothe\u0300que des arts, 1975.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: vol. 1, p. 128-129, no. 138", "url": null}, {"citation": "Hanson, Anne Coffin. <em>Manet and the Modern Tradition.</em> New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pl. 43", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 211", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n231"}, {"citation": "Monneret, Sophie. <em>L'Impressionnisme et Son Epoque: Dictionnaire International Illustre\u0301</em>. Paris: Denoe\u0308l, 1978.", "page_number": "Mentioned: vol. 2, p. 19", "url": null}, {"citation": "Wentworth, Michael. <em>James Tissot: Catalogue Raisonne\u0301 of His Prints</em>. <br>Minneapolis, Minn.: Minneapolis Institute of Arts,1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 145, fig. 31e", "url": null}, {"citation": "Holten, Ragnar von, and E\u0301douard Manet. <em>Manet i na\u0308rbild</em>. Stockholm: Nationalmuseum, 1985.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 63, p. 92", "url": null}, {"citation": "Keller, Horst. <em>Edouard Manet</em>. Mu\u0308nchen: Bruckmann, 1989.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 99, no. 73; mentioned: p. 173, no. 73", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cachin, Franc\u0327oise. <em>Manet.</em> [Paris]: Che\u0302ne, 1990.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 151, no. 3", "url": null}, {"citation": "Higonnet, Anne. <em>Berthe Moriso</em>t. New York, N.Y.: Harper &amp; Row, 1990.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pl. 8", "url": null}, {"citation": "Opfell, Olga S. <em>Special Visions: Profiles of Fifteen Women Artists from the Renaissance to the Present Day</em>. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland, 1991.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 71", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Masterpieces from East and West</em>. New York, NY: Rizzoli International, 1992.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 151", "url": null}, {"citation": "Chong, Alan. <em>European &amp; American Painting in the Cleveland Museum of Art: A Summary Catalogue.</em> Cleveland, Ohio: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1993.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 140", "url": null}, {"citation": "Brombert, Beth Archer.<em> Edouard Manet: Rebel in a Frock Coat.</em> Boston: Little, Brown, 1996.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 264; reproduced: fig. 28", "url": null}, {"citation": "Ko\u0308rner, Hans. <em>Edouard Manet: Dandy, Flaneur, Maler.</em> Mu\u0308nchen: W. Fink, 1996.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 136, fig. 104", "url": null}, {"citation": "Shennan, Margaret. <em>Berthe Morisot, the First Lady of Impressionism</em>. Thrupp, Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton Pub, 1996.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 90", "url": null}, {"citation": "Museo del Palacio de Bellas Artes (Mexico). <em>Maestros del impresionismo</em>. Me\u0301xico, D.F.: Istituto Nacional de Bellas Artes, 1998.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 96-97", "url": null}, {"citation": "Museo del Palacio de Bellas Artes (Mexico). <em>Maestros del Impresionismo.</em> Me\u0301xico, D.F.: Istituto Nacional de Bellas Artes, 1998.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 96-97", "url": null}, {"citation": "Johnston, Sona.<em> Faces of Impressionism: Portraits from American Collections</em>. New York, NY : Rizzoli, 1999.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 169, cat. no. 35", "url": null}, {"citation": "D' Argencourt, Louise, and Roger Diederen. <em>Catalogue of Paintings. Pt. 4. European Paintings of the 19th Century. </em>Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1974.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: Vol. 2, p. 408-410, no. 141", "url": null}, {"citation": "Johnston, Sona, Susan Bollendorf, and John House.<em> Faces of Impressionism: Portraits from American Collections. </em>[Baltimore, Md.]: Baltimore Museum of Art in association with Rizzoli International, 1999.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 108-109, no. 35", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bray, Xavier, Bill Scott, and Juliet Wilson-Bareau. <em>Mujeres impresionistas: la otra mirada : Sala BBK, 12 de novembre de 2001-3 de febrero de 2002</em>. [Bilbao]: Museo de Bellas Artes de Bilbao, 2001.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 3, p. 58-59", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bray, Xavier, Bill Scott, and Juliet Wilson-Bareau. <em>Mujeres Impresionistas: la Otra Mirada : Sala BBK, 12 de novembre de 2001-3 de febrero de 2002. </em>[Bilbao]: Museo de Bellas Artes de Bilbao, 2001.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 58-59, no. 3", "url": null}, {"citation": "Locke, Nancy. <em>Manet and the Family Romance.</em> Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2001.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 148; Reproduced: p. 151, fig. 79", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Morisot, Berthe. <em>Berthe Morisot, 1841-1895: Lille, Palais des beaux-arts, 10 mars-9 juin 2002, Martigny, Fondation Pierre Gianadda, 20 juin-19 novembre 2002</em>. Paris: Re\u0301union des muse\u0301es nationaux, 2002.", "page_number": "Mentioned: cat. no. 162, p. 454-455", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Berthe Morisot, 1841-1895: Lille, Palais des beaux-arts, 10 mars-9 juin 2002, Martigny, Fondation Pierre Gianadda, 20 juin-19 novembre 2002</em>. Paris: Re\u0301union des muse\u0301es nationaux, 2002.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 454-455, no. 162", "url": null}, {"citation": "Stevens, Mary Anne. <em>Manet, Portraying Life</em>. Toledo: Toledo Museum of Art; London: Royal Academy of Arts; New York: Distributed in the United States and Canada by Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 2012.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 101, no. 19", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kelly, Simon, and Esther Bell. <em>Degas, Impressionism, and the Paris Millinery Trade.</em> San Francisco, CA: Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco-Legion of Honor ; Munic ; DelMonico Books, an imprint of Prestel, a member of Verlagsgruppe Random House GmbH, 2017.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 150-151, no. 29", "url": null}, {"citation": "Conzen, Ina. \"Die Flaneuse - Manets Bilder von Frauen.\" In <em>Edouard Manet. </em>Gerhard Finckh, ed., 41-49. Wuppertal: Von der Heydt-Museum, 2017.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 45, 211", "url": null}, {"citation": "Diana Greenwald, ed. <em>Manet: A Model Family, </em>Boston, Princeton: Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum; in association with Princeton University Press, 2024.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 182-185", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Beeny, Emily A. \"Manet &amp; Morisot.\" In <em>Manet &amp; Morisot</em>. Emily Beeny, Heather Lemonedes Brown, Anne Higonnet, Kimberly A. Jones, Nicole R. Myers, et al., 11-71. San Francisco, New Haven: Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco; Yale University Press, 2025.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 53; Reproduced: p. 98, no. 21", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Patry, Sylvie. \"\"Marisot\" in 1874.\" In <em>Manet &amp; Morisot</em>. Emily Beeny, Heather Lemonedes Brown, Anne Higonnet, Kimberly A. Jones, Nicole R. Myers, et al., 11-71. San Francisco, New Haven: Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco; Yale University Press, 2025.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 193-194; Reproduced: p. 98, no. 21", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Pludermacher, Isolde. \"An Enigma in Painting: Manet's Portraits of Morisot.\" In <em>Manet &amp; Morisot</em>. Emily Beeny, Heather Lemonedes Brown, Anne Higonnet, Kimberly A. Jones, Nicole R. Myers, et al., 167-181. San Francisco, New Haven: Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco; Yale University Press, 2025.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 168-168, 171; Reproduced: p. 98, no. 21", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Brown, Heather Lemonedes. \"A Spring Exhibition Preview: Manet &amp; Monet.\u201d <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em> 65, no. 4 (2025): 8.", "page_number": "Reproduced and Mentioned: p. 8", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM-2025-04"}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1958.34", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1958.34/1958.34_web.jpg", "width": "726", "height": "900", "filesize": "251668", "filename": "1958.34_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1958.34/1958.34_print.jpg", "width": "2744", "height": "3400", "filesize": "4392059", "filename": "1958.34_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1958.34/1958.34_full.tif", "width": "11668", "height": "14455", "filesize": "506012684", "filename": "1958.34_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2006-04-06T16:22:38", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1958.34/1958.34_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "720", "height": "893", "filesize": "456987"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1958.34/1958.34_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "2741", "height": "3400", "filesize": "7138709"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1958.34/1958.34_alt0_full.tif", "width": "4031", "height": "5000", "filesize": "60495924"}}, {"date_created": "2017-10-04T13:20:06", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1958.34/1958.34_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "675", "height": "900", "filesize": "261293"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1958.34/1958.34_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "2550", "height": "3400", "filesize": "4259848"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1958.34/1958.34_alt1_full.tif", "width": "12000", "height": "16000", "filesize": "576029560"}}], "creditline": "Bequest of Leonard C. Hanna Jr.", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "The Kelvin and Eleanor Smith Foundation Gallery", "athena_id": 135336, "creators": [{"id": 1796, "description": "\u00c9douard Manet (French, 1832\u20131883)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": "Born into a wealthy family, \u00c9douard Manet was encouraged in his artistic curiosity by his uncle and often visited the Louvre with his college friend Antonin Proust. Initially, however, Manet wanted to pursue a naval career. It was not until he failed the entrance exams for the naval academy that he decided to pursue a career as an artist. In 1850 he entered the studio of Couture (q.v.), whose reputation had risen sharply after exhibiting his Romans of the Decadence (Salon 1847, Mus\u00e9e d'Orsay, Paris). Couture wanted to circumvent conventional academic training and combined traditional painting methods with new techniques-for example, allowing underpaint to form an intrinsic part of the final composition, which resulted in a sketchy appearance. Manet would absorb this technique into his work. He had no strict need to sell his artwork; rather, he longed for recognition as an artist. He responded to Charles Baudelaire's call to young artists to paint contemporary life rather than antiquity and take a distanced point of view, because, as Baudelaire stated in his article The Painter of Modern Life (published in Le Figaro, 1863), objectivity is more sincere and honest. In 1863 the Salon jury rejected more than half of the five thousand works submitted, including Manet's D\u00e9jeuner sur l'herbe (Mus\u00e9e d'Orsay, Paris). In response to the conservative jury of that year, Napoleon III, in an effort to appease the artists as well as discourage antigovernment sentiment, organized the Salon des Refus\u00e9s, which took place in the Palais des Champs-\u00c9lys\u00e9es two weeks after the opening of the official Salon. The painting caused a formidable succ\u00e8s de scandale both for its technique and subject matter. The majority of the people failed to understand that the artist wanted to translate the conventions of the Old Masters into a new idiom that would reflect contemporary society. Two years later the scandal was repeated when Manet's Olympia (Mus\u00e9e d'Orsay, Paris) was accepted into the Salon of 1865. This time the jury was more lenient because fewer academicians were among its members. Even though his work often received severe criticism, Manet continued to submit works to the Salon, which he felt was the only legitimate place to compete and prove himself as an artist. At the time of the Universal Exposition in Paris in 1867, Manet, following Courbet's (q.v.) lead set in 1855, organized his own pavilion next to the Exposition where he showed more than fifty paintings. \u00c9mile Zola, the French writer and critic who may have collaborated with Manet in writing the preface for his one-man exhibition, recognized his talent and modernity. Zola rejected academic painting of the day, including Alexandre Cabanel's (1823-1889) The Birth of Venus (Mus\u00e9e d'Orsay, Paris), which not only won the gold medal at the Salon of 1863 but was purchased by Napoleon III. Zola vehemently defended Manet against harsh criticism and exalted him as the greatest painter of the nineteenth century. Manet painted a portrait of Zola (Salon 1868, Mus\u00e9e d'Orsay, Paris) that reflected the artist's interest in Japanese prints as well as photography. By the 1870s Manet's palette had lightened and his brushwork became freer and more sketchy. These new features in his painting technique may have resulted from his contact with the younger impressionist group that began exhibiting as such in 1874. Although Manet was friendly with its members and sympathized with their goals, he never exhibited with them and continued to show his paintings at the official Salon. Manet was truly innovative in depicting subjects of urban life. However, during his lifetime he enjoyed little support, and it was not until the impressionists gained general recognition that Manet was acknowledged as a truly modern painter. Henri Matisse (1869-1954) would express his immense admiration for Manet as follows: \"He was the first to act by reflex, thus simplifying the painter's m\u00e9tier, . . . Manet was direct as could be.\"1 1. Matisse in L'Intransigeant (25 January 1932), cited in Manet 1832-1883, 18.", "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1832", "death_year": "1883", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1958-11-29T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1871, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 1871\u201372", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": true, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-04-09 17:32:05.252000"}, {"id": 168322, "accession_number": "2010.154", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Icon of the Mother of God and Infant Christ (Virgin Eleousa), c. 1425\u201350. Attributed to Angelos Akotantos (Cretan, died 1450). Tempera and gold on wood; unframed: 96 x 70 cm (37 13/16 x 27 9/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund, 2010.154", "current_location": "105 Byzantine", "title": "Icon of the Mother of God and Infant Christ (Virgin Eleousa)", "creation_date": "c. 1425\u201350", "creation_date_earliest": 1420, "creation_date_latest": 1455, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["Republic of Venice, Kingdom of Candia, Candia (Heraklion, Crete, Greece) or Byzantine Empire, Constantinople (Istanbul, Turkey)"], "technique": "tempera and gold on wood", "support_materials": [], "department": "Medieval Art", "collection": "MED - Byzantine", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Unframed: 96 x 70 cm (37 13/16 x 27 9/16 in.)", "dimensions": {"unframed": {"height": 0.96, "width": 0.7}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "None visible on obverse; unidentified inscriptions on reverse", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 521317, "title": "Africa & Byzantium", "description": "<i>Africa & Byzantium</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (co-organizer) (April 14-July 21, 2024).", "opening_date": "2023-11-13T05:00:00"}], "legacy": []}, "provenance": [{"description": "[Antonio de Crescenzo and Co., Rome, March 15, 1989]", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1989", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "Private collection, Rome, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1989-2010", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "2010-", "sortorder": 3}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "This is the only known work by Angelos Akotantos in the United States.", "description": "This large icon of a tender embrace between the Virgin Mary and Christ likely hung on a Greek Orthodox church\u2019s iconostasis, a screen separating the congregation from the altar-containing sanctuary, which only clergy could enter. A skilled painter of faces and draperies, Angelos Akotantos was among Crete\u2019s most sought-after artists. Based in Byzantium\u2019s artistic center in his hometown of Candia, he painted for imperial clients and beyond. Despite theological differences, Cretan icons of Mary were popular in Ethiopia. In the early 1500s, Emperor Lebna Dengel sent monks Zekre and Pawli to acquire Cretan icons for him. Twenty-nine Cretan icons are still venerated (honored) in Ethiopian churches.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60480592"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-2010.154-icon-of-the-mother-o"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Auction Catalogue of Antonio de Crescenzo and Co., Via Virginio Orsini, Rome, Sale March 15, 1989.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Baltoyanni, Chrysanthi. <em>Icons: Mother of God. </em>Athens: Adam Editions, 1994.", "page_number": "p. 24", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, \"Cleveland Museum of Art Announces Newest Acquisitions,\" September 7, 2010, Cleveland Museum of Art Archives.", "page_number": "", "url": "https://archive.org/details/cmapr4979"}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Cleveland Art: The Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em>. Vol. 53 no. 05, September/October 2013", "page_number": "Mentioned & reproduced: p. 13", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2013-05/page/12"}, {"citation": "Prolovic\u0301, Jadranka. <em>Resava (Manasija): Geschichte, Architketur und Malerei einer Stiftung des serbischen Despoten Stefan Lazarevic\u0301.</em> 2017. p. 713", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 713, Abb. 361", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Performing Arts: Antennae. Aleksandra Vrebalov's Byzantine-inspired music resonates like a human tuning fork.\u201d <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine </em>60, no. 2 (March/April 2020): 36-37.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 37; Mentioned: P. 36, 37.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Liebert, Emily, Nadiah Fellah, and William Griswold. <em>Picturing Motherhood Now.</em> Cleveland : Cleveland Museum of Art, 2021.", "page_number": "Mentioned & Reproduced: P. 10-11, fig. 1", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Motherhood across Time</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2021.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 3", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 262", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Gertsman, Elina, and Stephen N. Fliegel. Collectors, Commissioners, Curators: Studies in Medieval Art for Stephen N. Fliegel. Berlin ; Boston : De Gruyter ; [Kalamazoo, Michigan] : Medieval Institute Publications, 2023.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: pp. 4-5, Fig. 0.2.", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/2010.154", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/2010.154/2010.154_web.jpg", "width": "659", "height": "900", "filesize": "259013", "filename": "2010.154_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/2010.154/2010.154_print.jpg", "width": "2488", "height": "3400", "filesize": "3175559", "filename": "2010.154_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/2010.154/2010.154_full.tif", "width": "8976", "height": "12267", "filesize": "330356100", "filename": "2010.154_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2011-12-16T19:11:24", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2010.154/2010.154_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "668", "height": "893", "filesize": "129434"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2010.154/2010.154_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "2545", "height": "3400", "filesize": "1619930"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2010.154/2010.154_alt0_full.tif", "width": "4992", "height": "6668", "filesize": "99904944"}}, {"date_created": "2010-08-19T18:39:11", "annotation": "Before treatment, 2011", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2010.154/2010.154_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "667", "height": "893", "filesize": "475484"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2010.154/2010.154_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "2541", "height": "3400", "filesize": "6428650"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2010.154/2010.154_alt1_full.tif", "width": "4519", "height": "6046", "filesize": "81999232"}}, {"date_created": "2010-08-19T19:11:45", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": 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{"date_created": "2011-12-16T19:50:52", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2010.154/2010.154_alt4_web.jpg", "width": "1263", "height": "631", "filesize": "165470"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2010.154/2010.154_alt4_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "1699", "filesize": "1340382"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2010.154/2010.154_alt4_full.tif", "width": "6297", "height": "3148", "filesize": "59492860"}}, {"date_created": "2011-12-16T20:00:11", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2010.154/2010.154_alt5_web.jpg", "width": "1263", "height": "588", "filesize": "265920"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2010.154/2010.154_alt5_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "1582", "filesize": "1661299"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2010.154/2010.154_alt5_full.tif", "width": "4215", "height": "1962", "filesize": "24833524"}}, {"date_created": "2011-12-16T20:00:11", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2010.154/2010.154_alt6_web.jpg", "width": "732", "height": "893", "filesize": "240950"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2010.154/2010.154_alt6_print.jpg", "width": "2788", "height": "3400", "filesize": "2280796"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2010.154/2010.154_alt6_full.tif", "width": "1409", "height": "1718", "filesize": "7287320"}}, {"date_created": "2011-12-16T20:10:10", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2010.154/2010.154_alt7_web.jpg", "width": "731", "height": "893", "filesize": "184089"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2010.154/2010.154_alt7_print.jpg", "width": "2783", "height": "3400", "filesize": "1627534"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2010.154/2010.154_alt7_full.tif", "width": "1428", "height": "1744", "filesize": "7495008"}}], "creditline": "Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": "d303e34622fc4e7daf2d7198bfbb182e", "sketchfab_url": "https://sketchfab.com/models/d303e34622fc4e7daf2d7198bfbb182e", "gallery_donor_text": "The Robert P. Bergman Memorial Gallery", "athena_id": 168322, "creators": [{"id": 59748, "description": "Angelos Akotantos (Cretan, died 1450)", "extent": null, "qualifier": "attributed to", "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "death_year": "1450", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "2010-06-07T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1420, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 1425\u201350", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": "Materials and techniques used to create this icon are consistent with other icons attributed to Angelos Akotantos. In this case, three planks of wood were affixed together with long iron spikes. The X-ray reveals that two iron spikes, driven through the right plank, were removed during a previous intervention, leaving only the tips of each spike lodged within the central plank. Wide strips of an open-weave canvas were applied over the wood joins to prevent cracking of the subsequent applications of gesso, egg tempera, and gold leaf. A thick gesso layer, composed of gypsum and animal glue, was then applied over top of the wood panel and strips of canvas. Before the application of the egg tempera and gold leaf, fine incised lines were cut into the gesso layer as guides for the initial placement of the Virgin Eleousa and infant Christ. Further refinement to the faces, hands, and draperies was executed with fine painted lines, visible in the infrared reflectogram (IRR). Next, thin layers of red bole (red clay bound in hide glue) were applied to the gesso around the figures. Gold was then applied to the bole with water gilding. Next, egg tempera paint was applied over the drawing with traditional layering techniques, using fine strokes to create volume and shading. Finally, gold leaf embellishments to the clothing of the Virgin Eleousa and infant Christ were applied with a mordant (oil) gilding technique. The original format was most likely rectangular. Approximately 8 centimeters have been trimmed from the outside edge of the left plank, possibly to cut away damage from worm tunneling. The arch shape of the upper right appears to have been intentionally trimmed, possibly to fit into a curved niche. Immediately after the acquisition in 2010, the icon underwent a yearlong technical study and conservation treatment to stabilize the gesso and paint layers and to remove areas of discolored retouching and regilding over the gold background. A vertical buckle in the original canvas was reattached to the wood substrate. Areas of loss in the ground and paint layers were filled and leveled with a gypsum and calcium carbonate mixture, formulated to be compatible with physical and chemical properties of the original gesso. After filling, losses in the paint layer were inpainted (retouched) with powdered pigments ground in aldehyde resin, using a technique in which fine vertical lines are used to create a chromatic vibration. A final natural resin varnish (dammar) was thinly applied only over painted areas, leaving the gold unvarnished. Worn passages of the gold background were inpainted with powdered pigments in aldehyde resin with the addition of gold powder.", "has_conservation_images": true, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": true, "updated_at": "2026-04-17 19:32:27.120000"}, {"id": 112876, "accession_number": "1931.462", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Portable Altar of Countess Gertrude, c. 1045. Germany, Lower Saxony?, Romanesque period, 11th century. Gold, cloisonn\u00e9 enamel, porphyry, gems, pearls, niello, wood core; overall: 10.5 x 27.5 x 21 cm (4 1/8 x 10 13/16 x 8 1/4 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Gift of the John Huntington Art and Polytechnic Trust, 1931.462", "current_location": "106C Medieval Treasury", "title": "Portable Altar of Countess Gertrude", "creation_date": "c. 1045", "creation_date_earliest": 1040, "creation_date_latest": 1050, "artists_tags": [], "culture": ["Germany, Lower Saxony?, Romanesque period, 11th century"], "technique": "gold, cloisonn\u00e9 enamel, porphyry, gems, pearls, niello, wood core", "support_materials": [], "department": "Medieval Art", "collection": "MED - Romanesque", "type": "Metalwork", "measurements": "Overall: 10.5 x 27.5 x 21 cm (4 1/8 x 10 13/16 x 8 1/4 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"height": 0.105, "width": 0.275, "depth": 0.21}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "GERDRVDIS XPO FELIX VT | VIVAT IN IPSO OBTVLIT HVNC LAPIDEM GEMMIS | AVROQ NITENTEM", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}, {"inscription": "SIGISMVNDVS, CONSTANTIVS, SANCTA CRVX, SCA ELENA, SCA ADALHEIT", "inscription_translation": "Sigismund, Constantine, True Cross, Saint Helena, Saint Adelheid", "inscription_remark": "Short Side, Right of Front,", "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 312517, "title": "The Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition", "description": "<i>The Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 26-October 4, 1936).", "opening_date": "1936-06-26T04:00:00"}, {"id": 312341, "title": "The Silver Jubilee Exhibition", "description": "<i>The Silver Jubilee Exhibition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 23-September 28, 1941).", "opening_date": "1941-06-23T04:00:00"}, {"id": 311444, "title": "Object Lessons: Cleveland Creates an Art Museum", "description": "<i>Object Lessons: Cleveland Creates an Art Museum</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 7-September 8, 1991).", "opening_date": "1991-06-07T04:00:00"}, {"id": 317631, "title": "Gold & Glory: Gifts for Eternity", "description": "<i>Gold & Glory: Gifts for Eternity</i>. Kunstmuseum Basel, Basel, Switzerland (October 11, 2019-January 19, 2020).", "opening_date": "2019-10-11T04:00:00"}], "legacy": []}, "provenance": [{"description": "Treasury, Cathedral of St. Blaise, Brunswick", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1045-?", "sortorder": null}, {"description": "House of Brunswick-L\u00fcneburg", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "(Goldschmidt Galleries, New York, NY, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "?-1931", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1931-", "sortorder": 4}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [{"id": 112021, "description": "Medallion with the Bust of Christ (\"The Cumberland Medallion\"), from the Guelph Treasure, late 700s. Germany, Weserraum, Migration period, late 8th century. Cloisonn\u00e9 enamel and gold on copper; diameter: 5.1 x 0.2 cm (2 x 1/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Purchase from the J. H. Wade Fund 1930.504", "relationship": null}, {"id": 112022, "description": "Monstrance with the \"Paten of Saint Bernward\", c. 1180\u20131190. Saint Oswald Reliquary Workshop (German). Silver, gilded silver, niello, rock crystal; overall: 34.5 x 15.9 x 14 cm (13 9/16 x 6 1/4 x 5 1/2 in.); part 1: 13.5 cm (5 5/16 in.); part 2: 34.3 cm (13 1/2 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Purchase from the J. H. Wade Fund with additional gift from Mrs. R. Henry Norweb, 1930.505", "relationship": null}, {"id": 112316, "description": "Arm Reliquary of the Apostles, c. 1190. Germany, Lower Saxony, Hildesheim, Romanesque period, late 12th century. Gilt silver, champlev\u00e9 enamel, oak; overall: 51 x 14 x 9.2 cm (20 1/16 x 5 1/2 x 3 5/8 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Gift of the John Huntington Art and Polytechnic Trust 1930.739", "relationship": null}, {"id": 112318, "description": "The So-called Horn of Saint Blaise, 1100\u20131200. South Italy or Sicily, 12th century. Ivory; overall: 12 cm (4 3/4 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Gift of the John Huntington Art and Polytechnic Trust 1930.740", "relationship": null}, {"id": 112958, "description": "Ceremonial Cross of Countess Gertrude, 1038 or shortly after. Germany, Lower Saxony?, 11th century. Gold: worked in repouss\u00e9; cloisonn\u00e9 enamel, intaglio gems, pearls, wood core; overall: 24.2 x 21.6 cm (9 1/2 x 8 1/2 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Purchase from the J. H. Wade Fund with the addition of a gift from Mrs. Edward B. Greene 1931.55", "relationship": null}, {"id": 112971, "description": "Monstrance with a Relic of Saint Sebastian, 1484. Germany, Lower Saxony, Brunswick, Gothic period, 15th century. Gilded silver, rock crystal, bone, parchment; overall: 47 cm (18 1/2 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Gift of Julius F. Goldschmidt, Z. M. Hackenbroch, and J. Rosenbaum in memory of the Exhibition of the Guelph Treasure held in the Cleveland Museum of Art from 10 January to 1 February 1931, 1931.65", "relationship": null}, {"id": 112875, "description": "Ceremonial Cross of Count Liudolf, shortly after 1038. Germany, Lower Saxony?, Romanesque period, 11th century. Gold: worked in repouss\u00e9; cloisonn\u00e9 enamel; intaglio gems; pearls; wood core; overall: 24.2 x 21.6 cm (9 1/2 x 8 1/2 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Gift of the John Huntington Art and Polytechnic Trust 1931.461", "relationship": null}, {"id": 112318, "description": "The So-called Horn of Saint Blaise, 1100\u20131200. South Italy or Sicily, 12th century. Ivory; overall: 12 cm (4 3/4 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Gift of the John Huntington Art and Polytechnic Trust 1930.740", "relationship": null}], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "On the bottom of this altar is a trap door that opened to reveal small relics of saints wrapped in silk.", "description": "Commissioned by Countess Gertrude of Brunswick, this portable altar is one of the Guelph Treasure\u2019s earliest and most sumptuous objects. The choice of white-speckled porphyry as the altar stone signals Gertrude\u2019s worldly aspirations; an imperial color since classical antiquity, porphyry was only used by the imperial family. Historical figures of royal and imperial rank are depicted with Christ, the Virgin, apostles, and archangels along the altar\u2019s sides, stressing the countess\u2019s political ambitions and claim of imperial lineage for her own dynasty. The Latin inscription surrounding the altar stone reads, \"Gertrude offers to Christ, to live joyfully in him, this stone that glistens with gems and gold.\"", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60779219"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1931.462-portable-altar-of-co"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "W. M. M. \u201cThe Acquisition of Six Objects from the Guelph Treasure for the Cleveland Museum of Art: Foreword.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 17, no. 9 (November 1930): 163\u2013165.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 163-165", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25137331"}, {"citation": "W. M. M. \u201cThe Acquisition of Six Objects from the Guelph Treasure for the Cleveland Museum of Art.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 17, no. 9 (November 1930): 165\u2013178, 183.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 169-170; Reproduced: p. 171", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25137332"}, {"citation": "Milliken, William M. \"The Gertrudis Altar and Two Crosses.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art </em>18, no. 2 (February 1931).", "page_number": "pp. 31-33", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25137357"}, {"citation": "Milliken, William. \"Silver Jubilee Exhibition.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art </em>28, no.6 (June 1941): 88-108", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 102; Mentioned: p. 105", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25140932"}, {"citation": "Milliken, William. \"Exhibition of Gold.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art </em>34, no. 9 (November 1947): 211-212.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 211-212; Reproduced: p. 226", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25141408"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Handbook.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 95", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1958/page/n31"}, {"citation": "Corbet, Patrick. \u201cL'autel portatif de la comtesse Gertrude de Braunschweig (vers 1040): Tradition royale de Bourgogne et conscience aristocratique dans l'Empire des Saliens.\u201d <em>Cahiers de Civilisation M\u00e9di\u00e9vale</em>, 34e ann\u00e9e (n\u00b0134), (1991).", "page_number": "pp. 97-120, fig 1-5 (pl. 1-2)", "url": "https://www.persee.fr/doc/ccmed_0007-9731_1991_num_34_134_2488"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 45", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n69"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 45", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n67"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 50", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n70"}, {"citation": "De Winter, Patrick M. \"The Sacral Treasure of the Guelphs.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 72, no. 1 (1985).", "page_number": "pp. 30, 36-37, 39-40, 41, 43, 47, 67, 74, 117, 134-136, 139 no. 4, no. 22, figs. 38-39; color plates V-IX", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25159893"}, {"citation": "Lasko, Peter. <em>Ars Sacra, 800-1200. </em>New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994.", "page_number": "pp. 135-137, 139", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Luckhardt, Jochen, and Franz Niehoff. <em>Heinrich der Lo\u0308we und seine Zeit: Herrschaft und Repra\u0308sentation der Welfen 1125-1235</em> : Katalog der Ausstellung, Braunschweig 1995. Mu\u0308nchen: Hirmer, 1995.", "page_number": "no. 120, p. 226; no. 121, p. 227; no. 386, p. 513", "url": null}, {"citation": "Boockmann, Andrea. <em>Die verlorenen Teile des 'Welfenscha\u0308tzes': eine U\u0308bersicht anhand des Reliquienverzeichnisses von 1482 der Stiftskirche St. Blasius in Braunschweig. </em>Go\u0308ttingen: Vandenhoeck &amp; Ruprecht, 1997.", "page_number": "pp. 30, 54, 56, 70, 75, 77, 101, 130f", "url": null}, {"citation": "Ehlers, Joachim, and Dietrich Ko\u0308tzsche. <em>Der Welfenschatz und sein Umkreis.</em> Mainz: P. von Zabern, 1998.", "page_number": "p. 55; abb. 6, p. 56; abb. 5, p. 56; abb. 6, 56; abb. 7, p. 295.", "url": null}, {"citation": "Budde, Michael. <em>Altare portatile: Kompendium der Tragalta\u0308re des Mittelalters, 600-1600</em>. Mu\u0308nster/Westf: Werne a.d. Lippe, 1998.", "page_number": "Vol. I p 168; Vol. II pp 90-98", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Colloque international du Centre d'e\u0301tudes me\u0301die\u0301vales, Patrick Corbet, Monique Goullet, Dominique Iogna-Prat, Chantal Palluet, and Daniel Russo. <em>Ade\u0301lai\u0308de de Bourgogne: gene\u0300se et repre\u0301sentations d'une saintete\u0301 impe\u0301riale</em>. Paris: Editions de l'Universite\u0301 de Dijon, 2002.", "page_number": "p. 157, fig. 4", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Athanor</em> XVIII. Florida State University Department of Art History, vol. 18, (2000).", "page_number": "p. 15, fig. 7", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bru\u0308sch, Tania.<em> Die Brunonen, ihre Grafschaften und die sa\u0308chsische Geschichte: Herrschaftsbildung und Adelsbewusstsein im 11. Jahrhundert</em>. Husum: Matthiesen Verlag, 2000.", "page_number": "pp 88-92", "url": ""}, {"citation": "May, Sally Ruth, Jane Takac, and Barbara J. Bradley. <em>Knockouts: A Pocket Guide. </em>Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2001.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 19, p. 24", "url": null}, {"citation": "Peter, Michael.<em> Der Gertrudistragaltar aus dem Welfenschatz: eine stilgeschichtliche</em> <em>Untersuchung</em>. Mainz: Von Zabern, 2001.", "page_number": "Fig. 1, 2, p. 22, Fig. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7-17, pp. 22-29", "url": null}, {"citation": "Stiegemann, Christoph, and Hiltrud Westermann-Angerhausen. <em>Schatzkunst am Aufgang der Romanik: der Paderborner Dom-Tragaltar und sein Umkreis</em>. Mu\u0308nchen: Hirmer, 2006.", "page_number": "p. 82, fig. 2", "url": null}, {"citation": "Eikelmann, Renate, Holger A. Klein, Stephen N. Fliegel, and Virginia Brilliant. T<em>he Cleveland Museum of Art: Meisterwerke von 300 bis 1550.</em> Mu\u0308nchen: Hirmer, 2007.", "page_number": "p. 114, repr. p. 115-116, no. 36", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, and Holger A. Klein. <em>Sacred Gifts and Worldly Treasures: Medieval Masterworks from the Cleveland Museum of Art. </em>Cleveland, Ohio: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2007.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 116-118, no. 36", "url": null}, {"citation": "Palazzo, Eric.<em> L'espace rituel et le sacre\u0301 dans le Christianisme: la liturgie de l'autel portatif dans l'Antiquite\u0301 et au Moyen A\u0302ge.</em> Turnhout: Brepols, 2008.", "page_number": "pp. 158, 163, 165-66, 179", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Fliegel, Stephen N. <em>Resplendent Faith: Liturgical Treasuries of the Middle Ages. </em>Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 2009.", "page_number": "pp. 18, fig. 11", "url": null}, {"citation": "Klein, Holger A. \"Himmlische Schatze.\" <em>das munster</em> (Jan. 2010).", "page_number": "p. 376, fig. 5", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bagnoli, Martina. <em>Treasures of Heaven: Saints, Relics, and Devotion in Medieval Europe. </em>[Cleveland, Ohio]: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2010.", "page_number": "Reproduced: fig. 42, p.86", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, David Franklin, and C. Griffith Mann. <em>Treasures from the Cleveland Museum of Art. </em>Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2012.", "page_number": "pp. 88-89", "url": null}, {"citation": "Hahn, Cynthia J. <em>Strange Beauty: Issues in the Making and Meaning of Reliquaries, 400-Circa 1204.</em> University Park, Pa: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2012.", "page_number": "p. 97, fig. 44", "url": null}, {"citation": "Smith, Julia M. H. <em>Portable Christianity: Relics in the Medieval West (C. 700-1200).</em> Oxford: Published for the British Academy by Oxford University Press, 2012.", "page_number": "p. 147, fig. 1", "url": null}, {"citation": "Robinson, James, Lloyd De Beer, and Anna Harnden.<em> Matter of Faith: An Interdisciplinary Study of Relics and Relic Veneration in the Medieval Period</em>. 2014.", "page_number": "pp. 137-142", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 264-265", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Gearhart, Heidi C. Theophilus and the Theory and Practice of Medieval Art. University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 2017.", "page_number": "Reproduced: color plate 10; p. 109, fig, 24; p. 110, fig. 25: Mentioned: p. 111-113", "url": null}, {"citation": "Mikolic, Amanda. <em>Worshiping in Place Through Art: The Hidden Gems of the Portable Altar of Countess Gertrude. </em>The Cleveland Museum of Art, CMA Thinker on Medium, 2020.", "page_number": null, "url": "https://medium.com/cma-thinker/worshiping-in-place-through-art-the-hidden-gems-of-the-portable-altar-of-countess-gertrude-48f9457d9cc5"}, {"citation": "Garc\u00eda de Castro Vald\u00e9s, C\u00e9sar, and Gerardo Boto Varela. El Arca Santa de Oviedo: contexto de producci\u00f3n, iconograf\u00eda y significado. 2020, 124.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 124 and 298.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Fehlmann, Marc, Michael Matzke and Sabine So\u0308ll-Tauchert. <em>Gold &amp; Ruhm: Kunst und Macht unter Kaiser Heinrich II</em>. Basel; M\u00fcnchen: Historisches Museum Basel; Hirmer, 2019.", "page_number": "Mentioned & reproduced:  pp. 265-265, cat.89", "url": null}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1931.462", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1931.462/1931.462_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "535", "filesize": "158897", "filename": "1931.462_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1931.462/1931.462_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2022", "filesize": "1650618", "filename": "1931.462_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1931.462/1931.462_full.tif", "width": "12888", "height": "7666", "filesize": "296426148", "filename": "1931.462_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2005-08-11T14:59:40", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1931.462/1931.462_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "1263", "height": "806", "filesize": "731147"}, "print": 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Anatolia, late Roman-early Christian. Marble; overall: 41.5 x 36 x 18.5 cm (16 5/16 x 14 3/16 x 7 5/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, John L. Severance Fund, 1965.238", "current_location": "104 Late Antiquity", "title": "Jonah Cast Up", "creation_date": "280\u201390 CE", "creation_date_earliest": 280, "creation_date_latest": 290, "artists_tags": [], "culture": ["Anatolia, late Roman-early Christian"], "technique": "marble", "support_materials": [], "department": "Medieval Art", "collection": "MED - Early Christian", "type": "Sculpture", "measurements": "Overall: 41.5 x 36 x 18.5 cm (16 5/16 x 14 3/16 x 7 5/16 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"height": 0.415, "width": 0.36, "depth": 0.185}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 300917, "title": "Golden Anniversary of Acquisitions", "description": "<i>Golden Anniversary of Acquisitions</i>. 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Severance Fund, 1965.241", "relationship": null}, {"id": 141650, "description": "Jonah Praying, 280\u201390 CE. Anatolia, late Roman-early Christian. Marble; overall: 47.5 x 14.8 x 20.3 cm (18 11/16 x 5 13/16 x 8 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, John L. Severance Fund, 1965.240", "relationship": null}, {"id": 141645, "description": "Jonah Under the Gourd Vine, 280\u201390 CE. Anatolia, late Roman-early Christian. Marble; overall: 32.3 x 46.3 x 18 cm (12 11/16 x 18 1/4 x 7 1/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, John L. Severance Fund, 1965.239", "relationship": null}, {"id": 141643, "description": "Jonah Swallowed, 280\u201390 CE. Anatolia, late Roman-early Christian. Marble; overall: 50.4 x 15.5 x 26.9 cm (19 13/16 x 6 1/8 x 10 9/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, John L. Severance Fund, 1965.237", "relationship": null}], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "The fearsome creature spitting Jonah out of its mouth is a creation of the artist's imagination derived from the ancient Greek <em>cetos</em>, a sea monster. Like other mythical beasts, such as the griffin and the sphinx, this monster combines elements of several different animals. Which ones do you see when looking at this fantastical creature?", "description": "After disobeying the Lord\u2019s command to proclaim judgment on the city of Nineveh, the Old Testament prophet Jonah was cast into the sea and swallowed by a sea monster. He spent three days praying inside the beast before being cast ashore. 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Langer. <em>Western Civilization</em>. New York: American Heritage Pub. Co, 1968.", "page_number": "p. 314", "url": null}, {"citation": "Du Bourguet, Pierre.<em> Early Christian art.</em> New York: Reynal, 1971.", "page_number": "p. 106", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cooper, Barbara, and Maureen Matheson<em>. The World Museums Guide.</em> London: Threshold, 1973.", "page_number": "p. 78", "url": null}, {"citation": "Gough, Michael. <em>The Origins of Christian Art</em>. London: Thames and Hudson, 1973.", "page_number": "p. 38, pl 37", "url": null}, {"citation": "Weitzmann, Kurt, and Margaret English Frazer. A<em>ge of Spirituality: Late Antique and Early Christian Art Third to Seventh Century</em> ; Based on the Catalogue to the Exhibition \"Age of Spirituality\", Metropolitan Museum New York, 1977. [New York, NY]: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1977.", "page_number": "pp. 406-411", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?id=efLuB7QPDm8C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=cleveland&f=false"}, {"citation": "Kitzinger, Ernst.<em> Byzantine Art in the Making: Main Lines of Stylistic Development in Mediterranean Art, 3rd-7th Century. </em>Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1977.", "page_number": "pp. 20-1, pls. 30, 32, 48", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kitzinger, Ernst, \"The Cleveland Marbles\".<em> I Monumenti Cristiani Preconstantiniani </em>(1978).", "page_number": "pp. 653-678", "url": null}, {"citation": "Vyverberg, Henry. <em>The Living Tradition: Art, Music, and Ideas in the Western World.</em> New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1978.", "page_number": "p. 30", "url": null}, {"citation": "Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, N.Y.), Margaret English Frazer, and Kurt Weitzmann.<em> Age of Spirituality: Late Antique and Early Christian Art Third to Seventh Century.</em> New York: The Museum, 1977.", "page_number": "pp. 407-411", "url": null}, {"citation": "Huxley, Francis. <em>The Dragon: Nature of Spirit, Spirit of Nature</em>. London: Thames and Hudson, 1979.", "page_number": "p. 46", "url": null}, {"citation": "Vermeule, Cornelius C.<em> Greek and Roman Sculpture in America: Masterpieces in Public Collections in the United States and Canada.</em> Malibu, Calif: The J. Paul Getty Museum, 1981.", "page_number": "pp. 224-29, cat. no. 189, pl. 18", "url": null}, {"citation": "Domolka-Fuchs, Gudrun, \"Eine Beinschnitzerei mit Joanasdarstellung aus dem Limeskastell Iatrus bei Krivina (Nordbulgarien).\" <em>Forshungen und Berichte</em> no. 22 (1982 ).", "page_number": "p. 201", "url": null}, {"citation": "Myers, Bernard S. <em>Encyclopedia of World Art.</em> New York: McGraw-Hill, 1959.", "page_number": "fig. 105", "url": null}, {"citation": "Demisch, Heinz. <em>Erhobene Ha\u0308nde: Geschichte einer Geba\u0308rde in der bildenden Kunst. </em>Stuttgart: Urachhaus, 1984.", "page_number": "p. 289, fig. 407", "url": null}, {"citation": "Illinois Medieval Association. <em>Essays in Medieval Studies: Proceedings of the Illinois Medieval Association</em>. Chicago: Illinois Medieval Association, 1987.", "page_number": "p. 88, fig. 3", "url": null}, {"citation": "Porada, Edith, Ann E. Farkas, Prudence Oliver Harper, and Evelyn B. Harrison. <em>Monsters and Demons in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds: Papers Presented in Honor of Edith Porada</em>. Mainz on Rhine: P. von Zabern, 1987.", "page_number": "plate xxi, fig. 1", "url": null}, {"citation": "Time-Life Books. <em>Empires Besieged: Time Frame--AD 200-600.</em> Alexandria, Va: Time-Life Books, 1988. .", "page_number": "p. 55", "url": null}, {"citation": "Meurger, Michel, and Claude Gagnon.<em> Lake Monster Traditions: A Cross-Cultural Analysis. L</em>ondon: Fortean Tomes, 1988.", "page_number": "p. 259", "url": null}, {"citation": "Milburn, R. L. P. <em>Early Christian Art and Architecture. </em>Aldershot: Scolar, 1988.", "page_number": "pp. 80-2, fig. 50", "url": null}, {"citation": "Snyder, James. <em>Medieval Art: Painting-Sculpture-Architecture, 4-14th Century</em>. New York: H.N. Abrams, 1989.", "page_number": "pp. 22-3, fig. 12", "url": null}, {"citation": "Vyverberg, Henry. <em>The Living Tradition: Art, Music, and Ideas in the Western World. </em>New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1988.", "page_number": "pp. 117-8, fig. 5-4", "url": null}, {"citation": "McColl, Donald Alexander. <em>Early Christian Sculptures at Cleveland in Their Eastern Mediterranean Context</em>. 1991.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1991.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 14", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1991/page/n29"}, {"citation": "Dresken-Weiland, Jutta. <em>Reliefierte Tischplatten aus theodosianischer Zeit.</em> Citta\u0300 del Vaticano: Pontificio Istituto di archeologia cristiana, 1991.", "page_number": "pp. 156, 158", "url": null}, {"citation": "Jordan-Ruwe, Martina, and U. Real.<em> Bild- und Formensprache der spa\u0308tantiken Kunst: Hugo Brandenburg zum 65. Geburtstag. </em>Mu\u0308nster: [e\u0301diteur non identifie\u0301], 1994.", "page_number": "pp. 187-201", "url": null}, {"citation": "Thiele, Carmela. <em>Skulptur</em>. Ko\u0308ln: DuMont, 1995.", "page_number": "p. 43, fig. 78", "url": null}, {"citation": "Burt, J. R. F. <em>Ancestral Voices: Proceedings from the Conferences of the Pictish Arts Society, 1993-4</em>. Edinburgh: The Society, 1996.", "page_number": "p. 22, fig. 4, 5, plate 2", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cormack, Robin.<em> Oxford History of Art.</em> Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.", "page_number": "p. 15, fig. 7", "url": null}, {"citation": "Dyrness, William A.<em> Visual Faith: Art, Theology, and Worship in Dialogue.</em> Grand Rapids, Mich: Baker Academic, 2001.", "page_number": "p. 28, fig. 2", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lehman, Karen M. \"Sacred and Profane Hellenizing Marbles of the Late Third Century Roman Empire: Secular Portraits and Religious Narrative Sculptures in the Cleveland Museum of Art Reviewed in the Cultural Context.\" M.A. thesis, Kent State University, 2004.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. v; Reproduced: p.107, fig. 24", "url": null}, {"citation": "Johnston, Sarah Iles. <em>Religions of the Ancient World: A Guide</em>. 2004.", "page_number": "p. 595", "url": null}, {"citation": "Stokstad, Marilyn. <em>Medieval Art</em>. Boulder, Colo: Westview Press, 2004.", "page_number": "p. 19, fig. 2.8", "url": null}, {"citation": "Stokstad, Marilyn, David Cateforis, and Stephen Addiss. A<em>rt History. Volume One Volume One</em>. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2005.", "page_number": "fig. 7-7", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Phrygia.\" <em>Biblical Archaeology Review</em> (Nov/Dec 2006).", "page_number": "p. 3,88", "url": null}, {"citation": "Boardman, John.<em> The World of Ancient Art. </em>London: Thames &amp; Hudson, 2006.", "page_number": "p. 258, fig. 449", "url": null}, {"citation": "Snyder, James, Henry Luttikhuizen, Dorothy Verkerk, and James Snyder. <em>Snyder's Medieval Art.</em> Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2006.", "page_number": "p. 4, fig. 1.4", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, and Holger A. Klein. <em>Sacred Gifts and Worldly Treasures: Medieval Masterworks from the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, Ohio: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2007.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 34-37, no. 1", "url": null}, {"citation": "Spier, Jeffrey. <em>Picturing the Bible: The Earliest Christian Art. </em>New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007.", "page_number": "p. 191, fig. 2", "url": null}, {"citation": "Eikelmann, Renate, Holger A. Klein, Stephen N. Fliegel, and Virginia Brilliant. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art: Meisterwerke von 300 bis 1550. </em>Mu\u0308nchen: Hirmer, 2007.", "page_number": "pp. 28, 31, no. 1", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cormack, Robin, \"Byzantium at the Royal Academy\" <em>Minerva; the International Review of Ancient Art &amp; Archaeology</em> vol. 19, no. 6, (Dec. 2008).", "page_number": "p. 32, fig. 8", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cormack, Robin, and Maria Vasilake\u0304. <em>Byzantium, 330-1453.</em> London: Royal Academy of Arts, 2008.", "page_number": "p. 52, cat. no. 1", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, David Franklin, and C. Griffith Mann. <em>Treasures from the Cleveland Museum of Art. </em>Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2012.", "page_number": "pp. 52-3", "url": null}, {"citation": "Fliegel, Stephen N., and Stephen N. Fliegel.<em> A Higher Contemplation: Sacred Meaning in the Christian Art of the Middle Ages</em>. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 2012.", "page_number": "p. 20, fig. 14", "url": null}, {"citation": "Eastmond, Antony. <em>The Glory of Byzantium and Early Christendom.</em> 2013.", "page_number": "p. 16, fig. 3 & 4", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 260", "url": ""}, {"citation": "\u201cA Walking Tour: The entire new museum wing by wing, with curators calling out a few favorite works in the collection.\u201d <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em> 54, no. 1 (January/February 2014): 8-33.", "page_number": "Reproduced and Mentioned: p. 13", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2014-01"}, {"citation": "Meyer, Mati. <em>Omanut yeme ha-benayim be-Eropah uba-biznat\u0323yon</em>. Ra\u02bbananah: ha-Universit\u0323ah ha-petuh\u0323ah, 2017.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 69, #26", "url": null}, {"citation": "Hornik, Heidi J. \"Freestanding Sculpture.\" In <em>The Routledge Handbook of Early Christian Art.</em>Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen and Mark D. Ellison, editors. Abingdon Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2018.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 75, fig. 5.3", "url": null}, {"citation": "Gertsman, Elina and Barbara H. Rosenwein. <em>The Middle Ages in 50 Objects</em>.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p.2-5; Reproduced: p. 3", "url": null}, {"citation": "Rumscheid, Frank, Sabine Schrenk and Kornelia Kressirer. <em>Go\u0308ttliche Ungerechtigkeit?: Strafen und Glaubenspru\u0308fungen als Themen antiker und Fru\u0308hchristlicher Kunst</em>. Petersberg: Dr. M. Imhof,2018.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. [292], IV.2.3, Kat. 4; p. 301, IV.2.3, Abb. 7-8a; Kat. 4", "url": null}, {"citation": "Boardman, John. \"The Age of Heroes: Greeks and Phoenicians on the Wine-Dark Sea.\" In<em> Assyria to Iberia: Art and Culture in the Iron Age. </em>Joan Aruz, and Michael Seymour, editors, 206-215. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2016.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 212", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cormack, Robin. <em>Byzantine Art.</em> Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018.", "page_number": "Reproduction: P. 13, fig. 7", "url": null}, {"citation": "Mikolic, Amanda. <em>A Field Guide to Medieval Monsters</em>.Cleveland: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 2019.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 6", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bol, Peter, Carola Reinsberg, Renate Bol, D. Kreikenbom, Hans-Ulrich Cain, Heike Richter, and Britta O\u0308zen-Kleine. Plastik der ro\u0308mischen Kaiserzeit vom Regierungsantritt des Antoninus Pius bis zum Ende der Antike. Worms : Wernersche Verlagsgesellschaft mbh, 2019.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 191, 193, 194; Reproduced: textabb. 101, p. 194", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Armstrong, Karen. Porque me has visto has cre\u00eddo: el Nuevo Testamento en el arte. 2020.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. II of color plate section.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Be\u0301thune, Sarah, and Paolo Tomassini. Fantastic beasts in antiquity: looking for the monster, discovering the human. 2021.", "page_number": "Reproduced and mentioned; pp. 155-156, fig. 2", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Hornik, Heidi J. \"Interpreting Select Early Sculptures Using Art-Historical Methodology.\" In <em>Early Christians and Their Art</em>, edited by Mikeal C. Parsons and Robin M. Jensen, 1-247. Atlanta: SBL Press, 2023.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 9; Reproduced: p. 12, fig. 1.9", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Collareta, Marco. Le Radici Dell\u2019arte Medievale : Dal Paleocristiano Al Romanico. Torino: Giulio Einaudi editore, 2024.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: pp. 103-104, Schede 3", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1965.238", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1965.238/1965.238_web.jpg", "width": "690", "height": "893", "filesize": "262341", "filename": "1965.238_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1965.238/1965.238_print.jpg", "width": "2627", "height": "3400", "filesize": "4460786", "filename": "1965.238_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1965.238/1965.238_full.tif", "width": "4250", "height": "5500", "filesize": "70156824", "filename": "1965.238_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2005-10-26T17:57:00", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1965.238/1965.238_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "634", "height": "893", "filesize": "348215"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1965.238/1965.238_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "2413", "height": "3400", "filesize": "5254445"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1965.238/1965.238_alt0_full.tif", "width": "3549", "height": "5000", "filesize": "53250908"}}, {"date_created": "2008-04-16T15:57:44", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1965.238/1965.238_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "690", "height": "893", "filesize": "277529"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1965.238/1965.238_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "2628", "height": "3400", "filesize": "4558358"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1965.238/1965.238_alt1_full.tif", "width": "4157", "height": "5379", "filesize": "67113584"}}], "creditline": "John L. Severance Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 141644, "creators": [], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1965-09-11T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 280, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "280\u201390 CE", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:02:26.232000"}, {"id": 122979, "accession_number": "1943.246", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Saluting Protective Spirit, 883\u2013859 BCE. Neo-Assyrian (911\u2013609 BCE), Iraq, Nimrud, Northwest Palace, reign of Ashurnasirpal II (883\u2013859 BCE). Gypsum; overall: 229.9 x 137 cm (90 1/2 x 53 15/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Purchase from the J. H. Wade Fund, 1943.246", "current_location": "102A Ancient Near East", "title": "Saluting Protective Spirit", "creation_date": "883\u2013859 BCE", "creation_date_earliest": -883, "creation_date_latest": -859, "artists_tags": [], "culture": ["Neo-Assyrian (911\u2013609 BCE), Iraq, Nimrud, Northwest Palace, reign of Ashurnasirpal II (883\u2013859 BCE)"], "technique": "gypsum", "support_materials": [], "department": "Egyptian and Ancient Near Eastern Art", "collection": "Near Eastern Art", "type": "Sculpture", "measurements": "Overall: 229.9 x 137 cm (90 1/2 x 53 15/16 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"height": 2.299, "width": 1.37}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": null, "inscription_translation": "(Property of) the palace of Assurnasirpal (II), vice-regent of Assur, chosen of Enlil and Ninurta, beloved of Anu and Dagan, destructive weapon of the great gods, strong king, king of the universe, king of Assyria, son of Tukulti-Ninurta (II), great king, strong king, king of the universe,  king of Assyria, son of Adad-nerari (II), great king, strong king, king of the universe, king of Assyria, valiant man who acts with the support of Assur, his lord, and has no rival among the princes of the four quarters, marvelous shepherd, fearless in battle, mighty flood-tide which has no opponent, the king who subdues those insubordinate to him, he who rules all peoples, strong male who treads upon the necks of his foes, trampler of all enemies, he who breaks up the forces of the rebellious, the king who acts with the support of the great gods, his lords, and has conquered all lands, over all the highlands has gained dominion and received their tribute, capturer of hostages, he who is victorious over all countries. When Assur, the lord who called me by name (and) made my sovereignty supreme, placed his merciless weapon in my lordly arms, the extensive troops of the Lullumu I felled in battle. With the help of the \u0160ama\u0161 and Adad, the gods my supporters, the troops of the lands Nairi, the land \u1e2aab\u1e2bu, the land \u0160ubaru, and the land Nibur, like Adad the devastator, I thundered over them. The king who subdued (the territory stretching) from the opposite bank of the Tigris to Mount Lebanon and the Great Sea, the entire land Laqu (and) the land Su\u1e2bu including the city Rapiqu. He conquered from the source of the river Subnat to the land Urartu. (The territory stretching) from the passes of mount Kirruri to the land Gilzanu, from the opposite bank of the Lower Zab  to the city Til Bari which is upstream from the land Zaban, from the city Til-\u0161a-Abt\u0101ni to the city Til-\u0161a-Zabd\u0101ni, the cities of \u1e2airimu, \u1e2aarutu, (which are) fortresses of Kardunia\u0161, I brought (those lands) within the boundaries of my land. I accounted (the people) from the passes of Mount Babitu to Mount \u1e2aaszmar as people of my land. In the lands over which I gained dominion I always appointed my governors. They entered servitude. Assurnasirpal (II), attentive prince, worshipper of the great gods, ferocious dragon, conqueror of cities and the entire highlands, king of lords, encircle  of the obstinate, crowned with splendor, fearless in battle, merciless hero, he who stirs up strife, praiseworthy king, shepherd, protection of the (four) quarters, the king whose command disintegrates mountains and seas, the one who by his lordly conflict has brought under one authority ferocious (and) merciless kings from east to west: The city of Kal\u1e2bu of old, which Shalmaneser, king of Assyria, a prince who preceded me, had built\u2014this city had become dilapidated, it lay dormant. I took people which I had conquered from the lands over which I gained dominion, from the land Su\u1e2bu, (from) the entire land of Laqu, (from) the city Sirqu which is at the crossing of the Euphrates, (from) the entire land of Zamua, from Bit-Adini, and the land \u1e2aatti and from Lubarna, the Patinu. I settled them therein. I cleared away the old ruin hill (and) dug down to water level. Down to a depth of 120 layers of brick I sank (the foundation pit). A palace of cedar, cypress, dapr\u0101nu-juniper, boxwood, meskannu-wood, terebinth, and tamarisk, as my royal residence (and) for my lordly leisure for eternity, I founded (it) therein. Beasts of mountains and seas in white limestone and parutu (-alabaster), I made (replicas of them) (and) stationed (them) at their doors. I decorated it in a splendid fashion; I surrounded it with knobbed nails of bronze. Doors of cedar, cypress, dapr\u0101ni-juniper, (and) meskannu-wood, I hung in its doorways. Silver, gold, tin, bronze, iron, booty from the lands over which I gained dominion, I took in great quantities and put therein.", "inscription_remark": "The translation is of the full standard inscription, which continues beyond the CMA relief.", "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [], "legacy": []}, "provenance": [{"description": "Excavated by Austen Henry Layard at the palace of Ashur-nasirapal II in Calah (Nimrud)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1847", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "Gift of Dr. Henry John Lobdell (Class of 1849), to Amherst College", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1847-1852/1856?", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "Amherst College, sold in even exchange for lot of objects to Joseph Brummer Gallery", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1885-1942", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "(Joseph Brummer Gallery, New York, NY, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1942-1943", "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1943-", "sortorder": 5}], "find_spot": "palace of Ashur-nasirapal II in Calah (Nimrud)", "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "The details of his garments are painstakingly rendered; he wears a long fringed cloak with tassels over a shorter kilt and an under tunic.", "description": "Striding forward with muscular arms and legs, this winged deity offers a gesture of salutation along with symbols of agricultural bounty. Inscribed with an account of the Assyrian king Ashurnasirpal II's military conquests and victories, this relief once stood alongside hundreds of similar ones that decorated the palace at Nimrud.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60750136"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1943.246-saluting-protective"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative (CDLI), no. P427317: Nimrud NW Palace Relief Slab S-06.", "page_number": null, "url": "https://cdli.ucla.edu/search/archival_view.php?ObjectID=P427317"}, {"citation": "Englund, Klaudia.\"Room S\", <em>The Northwest Palace at Nimrud. </em>Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative (CDLI).", "page_number": "S-6", "url": "https://cdli.ucla.edu/projects/nimrud/rooms/s.html"}, {"citation": "Layard, Austen Henry. <em>The Monuments of Nineveh: From Drawings Made on the Spot</em>. London: J. Murray, 1849.", "page_number": "Plate 37 of vol. 1, Map: No. 9 Room S", "url": null}, {"citation": "Malcolm, Vaughn. <em>The International Studio </em>(Feb. 1927)", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Worcester Art Museum Bulletin</em> (Oct. 1930)", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Plough, Harold. \"The Natural History of the Assyrian Bas-Reliefs.\" <em>Amherst Graduate Quarterly </em>(May 1934).", "page_number": "pp. 195-201", "url": null}, {"citation": "Hollis, Howard. \"An Assyrian Relief of a Winged Deity.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 30, no. 7 (1943): 108-13.", "page_number": null, "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25141073"}, {"citation": "<em>Art Quarterly </em>VI (Summer 1943).", "page_number": "pp. 224-227", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Brummer Gallery Records. Cloisters (Museum), n.d.", "page_number": "N5334", "url": "https://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p16028coll9/id/18427"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Handbook.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 667", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1958/page/n123"}, {"citation": "\"Treasures from Cleveland,\" <em>Apollo </em>78 (December 1963).", "page_number": "p. 441", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 10", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n34"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 10", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n32"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 3", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n23"}, {"citation": "Tortora, Phyllis G., and Keith Eubank.<em> A Survey of Historic Costume</em>. New York: Fairchild Publications, 1989.", "page_number": "p. 18, fig. 2.5", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1991.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 6", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1991/page/n21"}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art.<em> Masterpieces from East and West</em>. New York, NY: Rizzoli International, 1992.", "page_number": "p. 17", "url": null}, {"citation": "Tortora, Phyllis G., and Keith Eubank. <em>A Survey of Historic Costume: A History of Western Dress</em>. New York: Fairchild Publications, 1994.", "page_number": "p. 10, fig. 2.5", "url": null}, {"citation": "May, Sally Ruth, Jane Takac, and Barbara J. Bradley. <em>Knockouts: A Pocket Guide. </em>Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2001.", "page_number": "No. 2, pp. 6-7", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, David Franklin, and C. Griffith Mann. <em>Treasures from the Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2012.", "page_number": "pp. 31-31", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 68-69", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Biro, Yae\u0308lle, Christine E. Brennan, and Christel H. Force. The Brummer Galleries, Paris and New York: Defining Taste from Antiquities to the Avant-Garde. Leiden ; Boston : Brill, 2023.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 485; reproduced: p. 487, fig. c..3", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1943.246", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1943.246/1943.246_web.jpg", "width": "668", "height": "893", "filesize": "421435", "filename": "1943.246_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1943.246/1943.246_print.jpg", "width": "2545", "height": "3400", "filesize": "6526585", "filename": "1943.246_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1943.246/1943.246_full.tif", "width": "4992", "height": "6668", "filesize": "99914632", "filename": "1943.246_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [], "creditline": "Purchase from the J. H. Wade Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": "e059aaa709694929abcd87c2411c1a06", "sketchfab_url": "https://sketchfab.com/models/e059aaa709694929abcd87c2411c1a06", "gallery_donor_text": "Barbara S. Robinson Gallery", "athena_id": 122979, "creators": [], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1943-02-03T00:00:00", "sortable_date": -883, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "883\u2013859 BCE", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Winged Genie Pollinating Date Palm", "Winged Genie"], "is_highlight": true, "updated_at": "2026-04-17 19:30:42.757000"}, {"id": 129216, "accession_number": "1952.109", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Front Cover for a Gospel Book of French Cardinal Jean La Balou (1421-1491), c. 1467\u201368. Italy, Florence, 15th century. Nielloed silver plaques within gilt-silver borders; overall: 41.6 x 29.6 x 1.6 cm (16 3/8 x 11 5/8 x 5/8 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Purchase from the J. H. Wade Fund, 1952.109", "current_location": "117A Italian Renaissance", "title": "Front Cover for a Gospel Book of French Cardinal Jean La Balou (1421-1491)", "creation_date": "c. 1467\u201368", "creation_date_earliest": 1462, "creation_date_latest": 1473, "artists_tags": [], "culture": ["Italy, Florence, 15th century"], "technique": "nielloed silver plaques within gilt-silver borders", "support_materials": [], "department": "Medieval Art", "collection": "MED - Renaissance", "type": "Metalwork", "measurements": "Overall: 41.6 x 29.6 x 1.6 cm (16 3/8 x 11 5/8 x 5/8 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"height": 0.416, "width": 0.296, "depth": 0.016}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 301170, "title": "Prints 1400-1800", "description": "<i>Prints 1400-1800</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (December 18, 1956-January 20, 1957); The Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL (February 1-March 3, 1957); Minneapolis Institute of Art, Minneapolis, MN (November 1-December 1, 1957).", "opening_date": "1956-12-18T05:00:00"}, {"id": 301412, "title": "Florence and the Arts: Five Centuries of Patronage", "description": "<i>Florence and the Arts: Five Centuries of Patronage</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (July 13-September 19, 1971).", "opening_date": "1971-07-13T04:00:00"}, {"id": 304558, "title": "When Angels Bent Near the Earth to Touch Their Harps of Gold: The Christmas Story", "description": "<i>When Angels Bent Near the Earth to Touch Their Harps of Gold: The Christmas Story</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (December 1, 1981-January 17, 1982).", "opening_date": "1981-12-01T05:00:00"}, {"id": 309581, "title": "Master Goldsmiths of the Renaissance: Their Models and Designs", "description": "<i>Master Goldsmiths of the Renaissance: Their Models and Designs</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (November 2, 1982-March 20, 1983).", "opening_date": "1982-11-02T05:00:00"}, {"id": 310235, "title": "Lutes, Lovers, and Lyres: Musical Imagery in the Collection", "description": "<i>Lutes, Lovers, and Lyres: Musical Imagery in the Collection</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (February 14-June 11, 1989).", "opening_date": "1989-02-14T05:00:00"}, {"id": 311637, "title": "All That Glitters: Great Silver Vessels in Cleveland's Collection", "description": "<i>All That Glitters: Great Silver Vessels in Cleveland's Collection</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (November 23, 1994-January 8, 1995).", "opening_date": "1994-11-23T05:00:00"}, {"id": 189675, "title": "Vatican Treasures: Early Christian, Renaissance, and Baroque Art from the Papal Collections", "description": "<i>Vatican Treasures: Early Christian, Renaissance, and Baroque Art from the Papal Collections</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (February 8-April 12, 1998).", "opening_date": "1998-02-08T00:00:00"}, {"id": 185724, "title": "Battle of the Nudes: Pollaiuolo's Renaissance Masterpiece", "description": "<i>Battle of the Nudes: Pollaiuolo's Renaissance Masterpiece</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (August 25-October 27, 2002).", "opening_date": "2002-08-25T00:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "Cleveland, Ohio:  The Cleveland Museum of Art; February 8 - April 12, 1998.  \"Vatican Treasures:  Early Christian, Reniassance, and Baroque Art from the Papal Collections,\" exh. cat. no. 33, pp. 111.", "opening_date": "1998-02-08T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Florence and the Arts: Five Centuries of Patronage (1971), no.44", "opening_date": "1971-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Cleveland, Ohio:  The Cleveland Museum of Art; August 25-October 27, 2002.  \"Battle of the Nudes:  Pollaiuolo's Rennaissance Masterpiece\". exh. cat. number 22, p. 23.", "opening_date": "2002-08-25T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Jean La Balue.  Pope Paul II.  The Vatican.  Manfrin, Venice.  Barker, England (1862).  Baron Anselm de Rothschild (1864).  Baron Nathaniel de Rothschild, Vienna.  Baron Alphonse de Rothschild.  (Rosenberg & Stiebel, Inc., New York).", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": null}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": null, "description": "Scenes from Christ\u2019s infancy decorate this cover that once adorned the front of a gospel book. It is made up of a series of silver plaques held together by gilt-silver borders. The plaques are engraved, and the resulting fine lines or depressions have been filled with a silver sulfide alloy, lustrous black in color, in a technique called niello. It is one of the finest examples of this decorative technique for which Florence was renowned in the 15th century. This cover and its manuscript once belonged to the French cardinal, Jean La Balou, who was jailed in 1469. He presented his gospel book to Pope Paul II as a gift, perhaps in the hope of receiving his freedom. The gospel book, of which its two covers have survived (the back cover is in the Minneapolis Institute of Arts), remained in the papal apartments until the end of the 18th century, perhaps leaving when Napoleon\u2019s troops held the Vatican.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60746272"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1952.109-front-cover-for-a-go"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Milliken, William M. \u201cA Niello Book Cover of the Fifteenth Century.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 39, no. 6 (June 1952): 119\u2013121.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 119-121", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25141799"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Handbook.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 230", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1958/page/n50"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 80", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n104"}, {"citation": "Degenhart, Bernhard, Annegrit Schmitt, Hans-Joachim Eberhardt, Susanne Wagini, and Lorenza Melli. Corpus der italienischen Zeichnungen, 1300-1450. Berlin : Mann, 1968-1990. Mu\u0308nchen : Biering &amp; Brinkmann, 2004-2010. Petersberg : Michael Imhof Verlag, 1968.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 139, fig. 3", "url": ""}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 80", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n104"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 91", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n111"}, {"citation": "Winter, Patrick M. de. \u201cRecent Accessions of Italian Renaissance Decorative Arts, Part I: Incorporating Notes on the Sculptor Severo Da Ravenna.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 73, no. 3 (March 1986): 74\u2013138.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 80, fig. 15", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25159934"}, {"citation": "Melli, Lorenza. <em>Corpus der Italienischen Zeichnungen, 1300-1450. </em>Petersberg : Michael Imhof Verlag, 2023.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 139, fig. 3", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1952.109", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1952.109/1952.109_web.jpg", "width": "666", "height": "893", "filesize": "561504", "filename": "1952.109_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1952.109/1952.109_print.jpg", "width": "2535", "height": "3400", "filesize": "7654916", "filename": "1952.109_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1952.109/1952.109_full.tif", "width": "4441", "height": "5957", "filesize": "79399948", "filename": "1952.109_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1952.109/1952.109_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "654", "height": "893", "filesize": "552332"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1952.109/1952.109_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "1499", "height": "2048", "filesize": "3010116"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1952.109/1952.109_alt0_full.tif", "width": "1499", "height": "2048", "filesize": "9213316"}}, {"date_created": "2009-01-09T20:10:05", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1952.109/1952.109_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "659", "height": "893", "filesize": "447610"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1952.109/1952.109_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "2509", "height": "3400", "filesize": "7987238"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1952.109/1952.109_alt1_full.tif", "width": "4308", "height": "5839", "filesize": "75493144"}}], "creditline": "Purchase from the J. H. Wade Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 129216, "creators": [], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1952-03-27T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1462, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 1467\u201368", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Front Cover for a Gospel Book with Scenes from the Infancy of Christ and Bearing the Arms of Cardinal Jean La Balue (1421-1491)", "Front Cover for a Gospel Book of Cardinal Jean Balue"], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:03:28.748000"}, {"id": 147084, "accession_number": "1972.96", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Virupa, early 1400s. China, Ming dynasty (1368-1644), Yongle reign (1403-1424). Gilt bronze with silver, stones, and pigment; overall: 43.6 cm (17 3/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Gift of Mary B. Lee, C. Bingham Blossom, Dudley S. Blossom III, Laurel B. Kovacik, and Elizabeth B. Blossom, in memory of Elizabeth B. Blossom, 1972.96", "current_location": "237 Himalayan", "title": "Virupa", "creation_date": "early 1400s", "creation_date_earliest": 1400, "creation_date_latest": 1420, "artists_tags": [], "culture": ["China, Ming dynasty (1368-1644), Yongle reign (1403-1424)"], "technique": "Gilt bronze with silver, stones, and pigment", "support_materials": [], "department": "Chinese Art", "collection": "China - Ming Dynasty", "type": "Sculpture", "measurements": "Overall: 43.6 cm (17 3/16 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"height": 0.436}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 301752, "title": "Year in Review: 1972", "description": "<i>Year in Review: 1972</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (February 27-March 18, 1973).", "opening_date": "1973-02-27T05:00:00"}, {"id": 441896, "title": "Wisdom and Compassion: The Sacred Art of Tibet", "description": "<i>Wisdom and Compassion: The Sacred Art of Tibet</i>. Royal Academy of Arts, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (September 18-December 13, 1992).", "opening_date": "1992-09-18T04:00:00"}, {"id": 218855, "title": "Wisdom and Compassion: The Sacred Art of Tibet", "description": "<i>Wisdom and Compassion: The Sacred Art of Tibet</i>. Kunst- und Ausstellungshalle der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Bonn, Germany (May 1-August 31, 1996); Fundaci\u00f3 \"la Caixa\", Barcelona, Spain (October 1, 1996-January 12, 1997).", "opening_date": "1996-05-01T00:00:00"}, {"id": 218846, "title": "Wisdom and Compassion: The Sacred Art of Tibet", "description": "<i>Wisdom and Compassion: The Sacred Art of Tibet</i>. Dr. Sun-Yat-Sen Memorial Hall, Taipei (January 16-May 1, 1998).", "opening_date": "1998-01-16T00:00:00"}, {"id": 216467, "title": "The Circle of Bliss: Buddhist Meditational Art", "description": "<i>The Circle of Bliss: Buddhist Meditational Art</i>. Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles, CA (organizer) (October 5, 2003-January 11, 2004); Columbus Museum of Art, Columbus, OH (February 8-May 9, 2004).", "opening_date": "2003-10-05T00:00:00"}, {"id": 202079, "title": "Focus: Tantra in Buddhist Art", "description": "<i>Focus: Tantra in Buddhist Art</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (May 5-September 15, 2013).", "opening_date": "2013-05-05T00:00:00"}], "legacy": []}, "provenance": [{"description": "Purchased from an Indian dealer in Kathmandu, Nepal", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "?\u20131965", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "(J. J. Klejman Gallery, New York, NY, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1965\u20131972", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1972\u2013", "sortorder": 3}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Virupa's clothing and jewelry are embellished with silver and stones, while pigments enhance his hair and eyes.", "description": "Virupa is one of the great teachers in the history of tantric Buddhism. His posture references his ability to stop the sun; as an enlightened being, he can control phenomena of nature. As a tantric practitioner, he overturns ordinary assumptions about proper behavior, so he overeats, drinks large quantities of liquor, and waits for the king to pay his bill at the tavern. <br><br>At the edge of the lotus pedestal is an inscription identifying the image as having been made in the imperial kilns of the third emperor of the Ming dynasty in China as a gift to a Tibetan monastic leader. While closely linked to Tibetan styles, the luxurious detailing, special gilding process, and the casting of the ornaments onto the body without use of inlay are specifically Chinese characteristics.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60753122"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1972.96-virupa"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Karmay, Heather. <em>Early Sino-Tibetan Art</em>. Warminster: Aris and Phillips, 1975.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 91, fig. 63", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Be\u0301guin, Gilles. <em>Dieux et de\u0301mons de l\u2019Hima\u0302laya: Art du Bouddhisme Lamai\u0308que : [Exposition], Grand-Palais, 25 Mars-27 Juin 1977</em>. Paris: Secre\u0301tariat d\u2019E\u0301tat a\u0300 la culture, E\u0301ditions des muse\u0301es nationaux, 1977.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: no. 63, pp. 104 and 106", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Schroeder, Ulrich von. <em>Indo-Tibetan Bronzes</em>. Hong Kong: Visual Dharma Publications, 1981.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: no. 146B, p. 520", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Guo li gu gong bo wu yuan \u570b\u7acb\u6545\u5bae\u535a\u7269\u9662. <em>Hai wai yi zhen. fo xiang</em> [\u6d77\u5916\u907a\u73ce. \u4f5b\u50cf = Chinese art in overseas collections. Buddhist sculpture]. Taibei Shi: Guo li gu gong bo wu yuan, 1990.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 196", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Guo li gu gong bo wu yuan \u570b\u7acb\u6545\u5bae\u535a\u7269\u9662. <em>Hai wai yi zhen. fo xiang </em>[\u6d77\u5916\u907a\u73ce. \u4f5b\u50cf= Chinese art in overseas collections. Buddhist sculpture]. Taibei Shi: Guo li gu gong bo wu yuan, 1990.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 196", "url": ""}, {"citation": "\"1992 Annual Report.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 80, no. 6 (July 1993): 215\u2013295.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 247", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25161418"}, {"citation": "Lee, Sherman E., and Naomi Noble Richard. <em>A History of Far Eastern Art</em>. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1994.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 453, fig. 591", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Rhie, Marylin M., Robert A. F. Thurman, and John Bigelow Taylor. <em>Wisdom and Compassion: The Sacred Art of Tibet</em>. New York: Tibet House New York in association with Harry N. Abrams, Inc, 1996.", "page_number": "Abb. 197 (67b), p. 444", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Fisher, Robert E. <em>Art of Tibet</em>. London; New York: Thames and Hudson, 1997.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: fig. 156, pp. 186\u2013187", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Davidson, Ronald M. <em>Tibetan Renaissance: Tantric Buddhism in the Rebirth of Tibetan Culture</em>. New York: Columbia University Press, 2005.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 185, fig. 10", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Stoddard, Heather.<em> Early Sino-Tibetan Art</em>. Bangkok: Orchid Press, 2008.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 87, fig. 63", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Cleveland Art: The Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em>. Vol. 53 no. 03, May/June 2013.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced:p. 4", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2013-03/page/4"}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 221", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Huntington, John C., Dina Bangdel, and Robert A. F. Thurman. <em>The Circle of Bliss: Buddhist Meditational Art</em>. Chicago: Serindia Publications, 2003.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: pp. 141\u2013142, cat. no. 28", "url": null}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1972.96", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1972.96/1972.96_web.jpg", "width": "718", "height": "900", "filesize": "171763", "filename": "1972.96_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1972.96/1972.96_print.jpg", "width": "2712", "height": "3400", "filesize": "1762022", "filename": "1972.96_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1972.96/1972.96_full.tif", "width": "6000", "height": "7523", "filesize": "135443332", "filename": "1972.96_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2004-12-16T20:26:42", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1972.96/1972.96_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "714", "height": "893", "filesize": "357145"}, "print": {"url": 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"https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1972.96/1972.96_alt11_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2550", "filesize": "2182906"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1972.96/1972.96_alt11_full.tif", "width": "8000", "height": "6000", "filesize": "144029244"}}], "creditline": "Gift of Mary B. Lee, C. Bingham Blossom, Dudley S. Blossom III, Laurel B. Kovacik, and Elizabeth B. Blossom, in memory of Elizabeth B. Blossom", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 147084, "creators": [], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1972-07-31T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1400, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "early 1400s", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Mahasiddha Virupa"], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:08:15.367000"}, {"id": 137298, "accession_number": "1962.23", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Prayer Niche (Mihrab), c. 1500s or mid-1900s. Iran, Isfahan, in the style of the Safavid period (1501\u20131722). Ceramic mosaic; mihrab: 290.7 x 245.3 cm (114 7/16 x 96 9/16 in.); frieze: 69.2 x 1563.5 cm (27 1/4 x 615 9/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Gift of Katharine Holden Thayer, 1962.23", "current_location": "116 Islamic", "title": "Prayer Niche (Mihrab)", "creation_date": "c. 1500s or mid-1900s", "creation_date_earliest": 1500, "creation_date_latest": 1950, "artists_tags": [], "culture": ["Iran, Isfahan, in the style of the Safavid period (1501\u20131722)"], "technique": "ceramic mosaic", "support_materials": [], "department": "Islamic Art", "collection": "Islamic Art", "type": "Ceramic", "measurements": "Mihrab: 290.7 x 245.3 cm (114 7/16 x 96 9/16 in.); Frieze: 69.2 x 1563.5 cm (27 1/4 x 615 9/16 in.)", "dimensions": {"mihrab": {"height": 2.907, "width": 2.453}, "frieze": {"height": 0.692, "width": 15.635}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "The inscriptions on the mihrab and frieze are from the Qur'an.  On the frieze are written the first 30 verses from the Chapter of the Dawn (89).  The inscription on the mihrab is from the Chapter of Light (24: 35-36) and translates:\n\nGod is the light of the Heavens and the Earth.\nHis Light is like a niche in which is a lamp---the\nlamp enclosed in glass---the glass, as it were, a glistening star.  From a blessed tree it is lighted,\nthe olive neither of the East nor of the West, \nwhose oil would well neigh shine out, even though fire touched it not!  It is light upon light.\nGod guideth whom He will to His light, and God\nsetteth forth parables to men, for God knoweth.", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 302276, "title": "Year in Review - 1962", "description": "<i>Year in Review - 1962</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 24-November 25, 1962).", "opening_date": "1962-10-24T04:00:00"}], "legacy": []}, "provenance": [{"description": "(Khalil Rabenou [1902\u20131961], New York, NY, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art, and purchased with funds from Katharine Holden Thayer [1898\u20131985])", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "?\u20131962", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1962\u2013", "sortorder": 2}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Every mihrab is oriented toward Mecca.", "description": "The prayer niche (or <em>mihrab</em> in Arabic) is the focal point in the interior of a mosque, located in the <em>qibla</em> wall that faces Mecca, the holy city of Islam. Verses from the holy Qur\u2019an, written in a form of Arabic script called <em>thuluth</em>, surround the mihrab. The inscription is rendered with white glaze, while the continuous arabesque vine behind the Qur\u2019anic text is executed in gold, turquoise, and green\u2014the color of the Prophet Muhammad and of paradise.<br> <br>The inscription is from the Chapter of Light (<em>Surah An-Nur</em>): \u201cAllah is the light of the Heavens and the Earth. His Light is like a niche in which is a lamp\u2014the lamp enclosed in glass\u2014the glass, as it were, a glistening star; lit from a blessed olive tree, neither of the East nor of the West, whose oil would almost glow, even though fire touched it not. Light upon light! Allah guides whom He will to His light, and Allah sets forth parables for men, and Allah knows all things.\u201d <br><br>The artistic and calligraphic styles suggest this mihrab was made about 1500, but the physical appearance of the ceramic mosaic pieces does not. The glaze colors are too consistent, and they have not discolored from moisture seeping behind the cut tile edges. Clay substrates of the tiles were tested in 2001 using thermoluminescence to determine the date the tiles were fired. The results indicated that the tiles were modern, made between 1941 and 1961, and they are under further examination.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60746418"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1962.23-prayer-niche-mihrab"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, \u201cPrayer Niche, 1962.23,\u201d press release, May 7, 1962", "page_number": null, "url": "https://archive.org/details/cmapr0942"}, {"citation": "Shepherd, Dorothy G. \u201cA Mi\u1e25r\u0101b and Frieze: In Faience Tile from Iran.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>, vol. 49, no. 8, 1962, pp. 179\u2013185.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 179\u2013185; Reproduced: cover, figs. 2, 3, and 5", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25151909"}, {"citation": "Lee, Sherman E. \u201cYear in Review 1962.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>, vol. 49, no. 9, 1962, pp. 199\u2013227.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 227, no. 149", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25151915"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 212", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n236"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 212", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n236"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 268", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n288"}, {"citation": "Connell, Timothy C., and Jackson J. Spielvogel. <em>World Art Transparencies</em>. Cincinnati: West Educational Pub, 1998.", "page_number": "Acetate 15", "url": null}, {"citation": "\u201cA Walking Tour: The entire new museum wing by wing, with curators calling out a few favorite works in the collection.\u201d <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em> 54, no. 1 (January/February 2014): 8\u201333.", "page_number": "Reproduced and Mentioned: p. 11", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2014-01"}, {"citation": "Masteller, Kimberly. \"Arthur Upham Pope and Collecting Persian Art for Kansas City.\" In <em>Arthur Upham Pope and a New Survey of Persian Art. </em>Yuka Kadoi, ed., 282. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2016.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 282, no. 41", "url": null}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1962.23", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1962.23/1962.23_web.jpg", "width": "766", "height": "900", "filesize": "612833", "filename": "1962.23_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1962.23/1962.23_print.jpg", "width": "2893", "height": "3400", "filesize": "5192030", "filename": "1962.23_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1962.23/1962.23_full.tif", "width": "3376", "height": "3968", "filesize": "40221112", "filename": "1962.23_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [], "creditline": "Gift of Katharine Holden Thayer", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 137298, "creators": [], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1962-02-17T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1500, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 1500s or mid-1900s", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": "In the ceramic mosaic technique, the design is formed of individual pieces of tile. The segments are cut according to the pattern from monochrome tiles with a chisel and their edges smoothed with a file. The pieces are then arranged, face down, according to the pattern and covered with plaster in manageable sections. Since colorful ceramic mosaics decorate numerous old buildings in Iran, modern craftsmen have become skilled in their repair, and occasionally in recreating mihrabs in a historical style.", "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Mihrab and Frieze"], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:05:09.309000"}, {"id": 147155, "accession_number": "1973.105", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Za\u014d Gongen (\u8535\u738b\u6a29\u73fe\u50cf), 1200s. Japan, Kamakura period (1185\u20131333). Wood; average: 106.7 cm (42 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Purchase from the J. H. Wade Fund, 1973.105", "current_location": "235B Japanese", "title": "Za\u014d Gongen", "title_in_original_language": "\u8535\u738b\u6a29\u73fe\u50cf", "creation_date": "1200s", "creation_date_earliest": 1200, "creation_date_latest": 1299, "artists_tags": [], "culture": ["Japan, Kamakura period (1185\u20131333)"], "technique": "wood", "support_materials": [], "department": "Japanese Art", "collection": "Japanese Art", "type": "Sculpture", "measurements": "Average: 106.7 cm (42 in.)", "dimensions": {"average": {"height": 1.067}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 302145, "title": "Traditions and Revisions: Themes from the History of Sculpture", "description": "<i>Traditions and Revisions: Themes from the History of Sculpture</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (September 24-November 16, 1975).", "opening_date": "1975-09-24T04:00:00"}, {"id": 311446, "title": "Asian Autumn: Masterpieces from the Collection", "description": "<i>Asian Autumn: Masterpieces from the Collection</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (September 17, 1991-January 5, 1992).", "opening_date": "1991-09-17T04:00:00"}, {"id": 222773, "title": "The World of Enno-Gyoja and Shugendoh:  Secret Treasures of Mountain Asceticism", "description": "<i>The World of Enno-Gyoja and Shugendoh:  Secret Treasures of Mountain Asceticism</i>. Tobu Museum of Art, Tokyo, Japan (September 11-October 17, 1999); Osaka Municipal Museum of Art, Osaka, Japan (organizer) (November 2-December 5, 1999).", "opening_date": "1999-09-11T00:00:00"}, {"id": 309312, "title": "Shinto: Discovering the Divine in Japanese Art \u795e\u9053\uff0d\u65e5\u672c\u7f8e\u8853\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u795e\u6027\u306e\u767a\u898b", "description": "<i>Shinto: Discovering the Divine in Japanese Art \u795e\u9053\uff0d\u65e5\u672c\u7f8e\u8853\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u795e\u6027\u306e\u767a\u898b</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (April 9-June 30, 2019).", "opening_date": "2019-04-09T04:00:00"}, {"id": 698362, "title": "Highlights of Japanese Art", "description": "<i>Highlights of Japanese Art</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (December 7, 2025-June 14, 2026).", "opening_date": "2025-12-07T05:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>Year in Review 1973</em>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (January 30, 1974-March 16, 1974).", "opening_date": "1974-01-30T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>One Thousand Years of Japanese Art (650-1650) from The Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Japan House Gallery, New York, NY (March 19-May 17, 1981).", "opening_date": "1981-03-19T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "(Setsu Gatodo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "?\u20131973", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1973\u2013", "sortorder": 2}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Za\u014d Gongen wears the pelt of a large feline, the face of which is near his knee.", "description": "Za\u014d Gongen is the guardian deity of Mount Kinpu in Yoshino south of Nara. Za\u014d appeared at the behest of En no Gy\u014dja, who prayed for a powerful protector of the mountain. The deity was described as a combined manifestation of the Buddha Shakyamuni, Thousand-Armed Kannon, and Miroku. These three deities were viewed as the past, present, and future protectors of the world. Za\u014d\u2019s appearance derives from portrayals of fierce Buddhist deities.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79926239"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1973.105-zao-gongen"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Ikawa, Kazuko. \"Statues of Zao Gongen and Kongo Doji.\" <em>Bijutsu Kenkyu </em>[\u7f8e\u8853\u784f\u7a76 = The journal of art studies], no. 252, May 1967.", "page_number": "Reproduced:  pl. Ic a", "url": ""}, {"citation": "\u201cThe Year in Review for 1973.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 61, no. 2 (1974): 31\u201379.", "page_number": "Mentioned: no. 179, pp. 31 and 79; Reproduced: no. 179, p. 69", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25152513"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 372", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n392"}, {"citation": "Yamane, Yu\u0304zo\u0304 \u5c71\u6839\u6709\u4e09, Shu\u0304jiro\u0304 Shimada \u5cf6\u7530\u4fee\u4e8c\u90ce, and Terukazu Akiyama \u79cb\u5c71\u5149\u548c. <em>Zaigai Nihon no shiho\u0304</em> [\u5728\u5916\u65e5\u672c\u306e\u81f3\u5b9d = Japanese Art: Selections from Western Collections, vol. 8 ]. To\u0304kyo\u0304: Mainichi Shinbunsha, 1979.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: no. 90, p. 152, color pl. 90", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Shimizu, Zenzo. \"Japanese Sculpture in America and Canada.\" <em>Ars Buddhica</em>, no. 126 (September 1979), part I, pp. 67\u201388.", "page_number": "Reproduced: fig. 22, p. 73", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Lee, Sherman E., Michael R. Cunningham, and Ursula Korneitchouk. <em>One Thousand Years of Japanese Art (650-1650): From the Cleveland Museum of Art: Catalogue</em>. New York: Japan Society, 1981.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: pp. 28\u201329, no. 10", "url": ""}, {"citation": "<em>Hijiri to inja: sansui ni kokoro o sumasu hitobito: tokubetsuten</em> [\u8056\u3068\u96a0\u8005 : \u5c71\u6c34\u306b\u5fc3\u3092\u6f84\u307e\u3059\u4eba\u3005 : \u7279\u522b\u5c55 = Saints and hermits : people in serenity deep in nature: special exhibition]. Nara: Nara Kokuritsu Hakubutsukan, [Heisei 11] 1999.", "page_number": "", "url": ""}, {"citation": "O\u0304saka Shiritsu Bijutsukan, and To\u0304bu Bijutsukan. <em>En no gyo\u0304ja to shugendo\u0304 no sekai: sangaku shinko\u0304 no hiho\u0304: En no gyo\u0304ja Shinpen Daibosatsu</em> <em>1300-nen onki kinen </em>[\u5f79\u884c\u8005\u3068\u4fee\u9a13\u9053\u306e\u4e16\u754c: \u5c71\u5cb3\u4fe1\u4ef0\u306e\u79d8\u5b9d: \u5f79\u884c\u8005\u795e\u8b8a\u5927\u83e9\u85a9 1300\u5e74\u9060\u5fcc\u8a18\u5ff5 = The World of Enno-Gyoja and Shugendoh: Secret Treasures of Mountain Asceticism]. [Japan]: Mainichi Shinbunsha, 1999.", "page_number": "Reproduced: cat. no. 65, p. 47", "url": null}, {"citation": "Vilbar, Sine\u0301ad, and Kevin Gray Carr. <em>Shinto: Discovery of the Divine in Japanese Art.</em> Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2019.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 184-185, no. 74", "url": null}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1973.105", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1973.105/1973.105_web.jpg", "width": "644", "height": "900", "filesize": "191138", "filename": "1973.105_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1973.105/1973.105_print.jpg", "width": "2434", "height": "3400", "filesize": "1375366", "filename": "1973.105_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1973.105/1973.105_full.tif", "width": "3972", "height": "5548", "filesize": "66145324", "filename": "1973.105_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2012-06-01T13:33:11", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1973.105/1973.105_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "616", "height": "893", "filesize": "48196"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1973.105/1973.105_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "2345", "height": "3400", "filesize": "654495"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1973.105/1973.105_alt0_full.tif", "width": "3754", "height": "5441", "filesize": "61305832"}}, {"date_created": "2012-06-01T13:59:07", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1973.105/1973.105_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "548", "height": "893", "filesize": "36718"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1973.105/1973.105_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "2087", "height": "3400", "filesize": "512564"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1973.105/1973.105_alt1_full.tif", "width": "3354", "height": "5462", "filesize": "54987288"}}, {"date_created": "2012-06-01T14:26:34", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1973.105/1973.105_alt2_web.jpg", "width": "605", "height": "893", "filesize": "46007"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1973.105/1973.105_alt2_print.jpg", "width": "2303", "height": "3400", "filesize": "646066"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1973.105/1973.105_alt2_full.tif", "width": "3718", "height": "5489", "filesize": "61253732"}}, {"date_created": "2012-06-01T14:45:23", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1973.105/1973.105_alt3_web.jpg", "width": "576", "height": "893", "filesize": "39122"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1973.105/1973.105_alt3_print.jpg", "width": "2193", "height": "3400", "filesize": "540836"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1973.105/1973.105_alt3_full.tif", "width": "3501", "height": "5427", "filesize": "57028764"}}, {"date_created": "2012-06-01T14:55:18", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1973.105/1973.105_alt4_web.jpg", "width": "605", "height": "893", "filesize": "50736"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1973.105/1973.105_alt4_print.jpg", "width": "2303", "height": "3400", "filesize": "676136"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1973.105/1973.105_alt4_full.tif", "width": "3677", "height": "5427", "filesize": "59894272"}}, {"date_created": "2012-06-01T15:08:25", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1973.105/1973.105_alt5_web.jpg", "width": "685", "height": "893", "filesize": "60231"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1973.105/1973.105_alt5_print.jpg", "width": "2608", "height": "3400", "filesize": "770021"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1973.105/1973.105_alt5_full.tif", "width": "4736", "height": "6173", "filesize": "87730120"}}], "creditline": "Purchase from the J. H. Wade Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 147155, "creators": [], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1973-08-06T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1200, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1200s", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-04-10 11:44:47.479000"}, {"id": 147480, "accession_number": "1973.213", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Ballgame Hip Protector (Yoke), 600\u2013900. Mexico, Gulf Coast, Classic Veracruz style (600-1100). Greenstone, pigment; overall: 41.5 x 37.5 x 11 cm (16 5/16 x 14 3/4 x 4 5/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund, 1973.213", "current_location": "233 Mesoamerican and Intermediate Region", "title": "Ballgame Hip Protector (Yoke)", "creation_date": "600\u2013900", "creation_date_earliest": 600, "creation_date_latest": 900, "artists_tags": [], "culture": ["Mexico, Gulf Coast, Classic Veracruz style (600-1100)"], "technique": "greenstone, pigment", "support_materials": [], "department": "Art of the Americas", "collection": "AA - Mesoamerica", "type": "Sculpture", "measurements": "Overall: 41.5 x 37.5 x 11 cm (16 5/16 x 14 3/4 x 4 5/16 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"height": 0.415, "width": 0.375, "depth": 0.11}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 301878, "title": "Year in Review: 1973", "description": "<i>Year in Review: 1973</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (January 30-March 17, 1974).", "opening_date": "1974-01-30T05:00:00"}, {"id": 441986, "title": "Ulama : het balspel bij de Maya's en Azteken, 2000 v. Chr.--2000 n. Chr.: van mensenoffer tot sport (The ballgame of the Mayas and Aztecs, 2000 BC--AD 2000: from human sacrifice to sport)", "description": "<i>Ulama : het balspel bij de Maya's en Azteken, 2000 v. Chr.--2000 n. Chr.: van mensenoffer tot sport (The ballgame of the Mayas and Aztecs, 2000 BC--AD 2000: from human sacrifice to sport)</i>. Rijksmuseum voor Volkenkunde, Leiden, Netherlands (organizer) (June 18-September 12, 1988).", "opening_date": "1988-06-18T04:00:00"}, {"id": 441882, "title": "Treasures of the New World", "description": "<i>Treasures of the New World</i>. Mus\u00e9es Royaux d'Art et d'Histoire, 1000 Bruxelles, Belgium (organizer) (September 15-December 25, 1992).", "opening_date": "1992-09-15T04:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>Before Cortes, Sculpture of Middle America</em>, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY (September 30, 1970-January 3, 1971).", "opening_date": "1970-09-30T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Tresors Du Nouveau Monde</em>, Musees Royaux d' Art et d' Histoire, Brussells, Belgium (September 15- December 27, 1992).", "opening_date": "1992-09-15T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Paul Tishman, New York, NY", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "John Wise, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "?-1973", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1973-", "sortorder": 3}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "The ballgame was a team sport played on specially constructed rectangular courts and involved striking a large solid rubber ball without using your hands.", "description": "U-shaped ballgame sculptures imitate the shape of belt-like protectors, perhaps made of wood and padding, worn to shield ballplayers from injury when they returned the solid rubber ball from their hips. This fine example embodies a major theme of the ballgame: the connection between fertility and death. It is made of greenstone, a precious material that through its color symbolizes the lush burgeoning of nature after the rainy season. The imagery, however, is menacing: a monstrous head snarls from the curve, and human skulls appear on the sides.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60761412"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1973.213-ballgame-hip-protect"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Spinden, Ellen S. \"The Place of Tajin in Totonac Archaeology.\" <em>American Anthropologist</em>, New Series, 35, no. 2 (1933)", "page_number": "pp. 224-270", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/662489"}, {"citation": "Palacios, Enrique Juan.<em> Arqueologi\u0301a de Me\u0301xico: culturas arcaica y tolteca</em> (Ilustraciones novedosas, en parte procedentes de piezas de la coleccio\u0301n del autor). Me\u0301xico: Imprenta Mundial, 1937.", "page_number": "pp. 34-6, 72", "url": null}, {"citation": "Ekholm, Gordon. \" Is American Indian Culture Asiatic?\" <em>Natural History</em> (1950).", "page_number": "pp. 344-351, 382", "url": null}, {"citation": "Proskouriakoff, Tatiana. \" Classic Central Veracruz Sculpture.\" <em>Contributions to American Archaeology and History</em>. (Washington, D.C. 1954).", "page_number": "pp. 11, 63-90", "url": null}, {"citation": "Covarrubias, Miguel. <em>Indian Art of Mexico and Central America.</em> New York: Knopf, 1957.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Willey, Gordon R. <em>An Introduction to American Archaeology. </em>Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1966.", "page_number": "p. 143", "url": null}, {"citation": "Easby, Elizabeth Kennedy, and John F. Scott. Before Corte\u0301s, <em>Sculpture of Middle America; A Centennial Exhibition at the Metropolitan Museum of Art from September 30, 1970 Through January 3, 1971.</em> [New York]: Metropolitan Museum of Art; distributed by New York Graphic Society, 1970.", "page_number": "no. 146", "url": null}, {"citation": "Hawley, Henry. \"Classic Veracruz Sculptures.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 61, no. 10 (1974).", "page_number": "pp. 321-330, cover", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25152555"}, {"citation": "\"The Year in Review for 1973.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 61, no. 2 (1974).", "page_number": "p. 72", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25152513"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 394", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n414"}, {"citation": "Kubler, George. <em>Art and Architecture of Ancient America</em>. Penguin, 1962.", "page_number": "pl. 40b", "url": null}, {"citation": "Leyenaar, Ted J. J., and Lee Allen Parsons. <em>Ulama: het balspel bij de Maya's en Azteken, 2000 v. Chr.--2000 n. Chr. </em>: van mensenoffer tot sport = The ballgame of the Mayas and Aztecs, 2000 BC--AD 2000 : from human sacrifice to sport. Leiden, The Netherlands: Spruyt, Van Mantgem &amp; De Does, 1988.", "page_number": "p. 171, fig. 54", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Masterpieces from East and West. </em>New York, NY: Rizzoli International, 1992.", "page_number": "p. 182", "url": null}, {"citation": "Deletaille, Emile, and Lin Deletaille. <em>Tre\u0301sors du nouveau monde.</em> Bruxelles: Muse\u0301es royaux d'art et d'histoire, 1992.", "page_number": "fig. 98", "url": null}, {"citation": "Sabau Garci\u0301a, Mari\u0301a Luisa. <em>Me\u0301xico en el mundo de las colecciones de arte</em>. Me\u0301xico: D.R. Primera, 1994.", "page_number": "pp. 183-241", "url": null}, {"citation": "Garci\u0301a Di\u0301az, Bernardo, Lourdes Alonso, and Adalberto Ri\u0301os Szalay. <em>The State of Veracruz, Mexico</em>. Mexican Art Abroad, Me\u0301xico: Grupo Azabache, 1994.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "May, Sally Ruth, Jane Takac, and Barbara J. Bradley. <em>Knockouts: A Pocket Guide.</em> Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2001.", "page_number": "no. 107, pp. 96-97, 220", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bergh, Susan, \"Art from the Sacred Ballgame\", Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Cleveland Art: The Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em>. Vol. 42 no. 03, March 2002", "page_number": "Mentioned & reproduced: p.8-9", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2002-03/page/n7"}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1973.213", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1973.213/1973.213_web.jpg", "width": "1263", "height": "741", "filesize": "528198", "filename": "1973.213_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1973.213/1973.213_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "1996", "filesize": "4424977", "filename": "1973.213_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1973.213/1973.213_full.tif", "width": "6202", "height": "3641", "filesize": "67774604", "filename": "1973.213_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1973.213/1973.213_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "1263", "height": "785", "filesize": "600042"}, "print": {"url": 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Hanna Jr. Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 147480, "creators": [], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1973-12-28T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 600, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "600\u2013900", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:01:47.397000"}, {"id": 135185, "accession_number": "1958.21", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Mount Sainte-Victoire, c. 1904. Paul Cezanne (French, 1839\u20131906). Oil on fabric; framed: 87.5 x 106.5 x 7 cm (34 7/16 x 41 15/16 x 2 3/4 in.); unframed: 72.2 x 92.4 cm (28 7/16 x 36 3/8 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Bequest of Leonard C. Hanna Jr., 1958.21", "current_location": "222 Impressionism & Post-Impressionism", "title": "Mount Sainte-Victoire", "creation_date": "c. 1904", "creation_date_earliest": 1899, "creation_date_latest": 1909, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["France, late 19th-early 20th Century"], "technique": "oil on fabric", "support_materials": [], "department": "Modern European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "Mod Euro - Painting 1800-1960", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 87.5 x 106.5 x 7 cm (34 7/16 x 41 15/16 x 2 3/4 in.); Unframed: 72.2 x 92.4 cm (28 7/16 x 36 3/8 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 0.875, "width": 1.065, "depth": 0.07}, "unframed": {"height": 0.722, "width": 0.924}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 338935, "title": "Loan Exhibition: Cezanne", "description": "<i>Loan Exhibition: Cezanne</i>. Wildenstein & Co. (organizer) (November 5-December 5, 1959).", "opening_date": "1959-11-05T05:00:00"}, {"id": 302007, "title": "Paths of Abstract Art", "description": "<i>Paths of Abstract Art</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (October 5-November 13, 1960).", "opening_date": "1960-10-05T04:00:00"}, {"id": 300763, "title": "Years of Ferment: The Birth of Twentieth-century Art", "description": "<i>Years of Ferment: The Birth of Twentieth-century Art</i>. Frederick S. Wight Art Gallery, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA (January 24-March 7, 1965); San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, San Francisco, CA (March 28-May 16, 1965); The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (July 14-August 22, 1965).", "opening_date": "1965-01-24T05:00:00"}, {"id": 300779, "title": "Juxtapositions", "description": "<i>Juxtapositions</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (September 11-October 10, 1965).", "opening_date": "1965-09-11T04:00:00"}, {"id": 338921, "title": "C\u00e9zanne: The Late Work", "description": "<i>C\u00e9zanne: The Late Work</i>. The Museum of Modern Art (organizer) (October 7, 1977-January 3, 1978).", "opening_date": "1977-10-07T04:00:00"}, {"id": 304561, "title": "Visions of Landscape: East and West", "description": "<i>Visions of Landscape: East and West</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (February 17-March 21, 1982).", "opening_date": "1982-02-17T05:00:00"}, {"id": 310025, "title": "Creativity in Art and Science, 1860-1960", "description": "<i>Creativity in Art and Science, 1860-1960</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (September 16-November 8, 1987).", "opening_date": "1987-09-16T04:00:00"}, {"id": 338916, "title": "Sainte-Victoire, C\u00e9zanne 1990", "description": "<i>Sainte-Victoire, C\u00e9zanne 1990</i>. Mus\u00e9e Granet, 13100 Aix-en-Provence, France (organizer) (June 15-September 2, 1990).", "opening_date": "1990-06-15T04:00:00"}, {"id": 311444, "title": "Object Lessons: Cleveland Creates an Art Museum", "description": "<i>Object Lessons: Cleveland Creates an Art Museum</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 7-September 8, 1991).", "opening_date": "1991-06-07T04:00:00"}, {"id": 184132, "title": "Masterworks from The Phillips Collection", "description": "<i>Masterworks from The Phillips Collection</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (February 20-May 29, 2005).", "opening_date": "2005-02-20T00:00:00"}, {"id": 177189, "title": "C\u00e9zanne in Provence", "description": "<i>C\u00e9zanne in Provence</i>. National Gallery of Art, Landover, MD (organizer) (January 29-May 7, 2006); Mus\u00e9e Granet, 13100 Aix-en-Provence, France (June 5-September 15, 2006).", "opening_date": "2006-01-29T00:00:00"}, {"id": 182153, "title": "Monet to Dal\u00ed: Modern Masters from the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Monet to Dal\u00ed: Modern Masters from the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. Vancouver Art Gallery, Vancouver, Canada (June 9-September 16, 2007); The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 21, 2007-January 13, 2008); Frist Art Museum, Nashville, TN (February 15-June 1, 2008); Utah Museum of Fine Arts, Salt Lake City, UT (June 22-September 21, 2008); The Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit, MI (October 12, 2008-January 18, 2009).", "opening_date": "2006-05-27T00:00:00"}, {"id": 220355, "title": "C\u00e9zanne Site/Non-Site", "description": "<i>C\u00e9zanne Site/Non-Site</i>. Museo Nacional Thyssen-Bornemisza, Madrid, Spain (organizer) (February 4-May 18, 2014).", "opening_date": "2014-02-04T00:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>Franz\u00f6sische Kunst des XIX. und XX</em>. Jahrhunderts. Z\u00fcrich Kunsthaus, Zurich, Switzerland (1917),", "opening_date": "1917-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Obecn\u00ed d\u00ffm. French Art of the 19th-20th Centuries</em>. Galerie Barbazanges.Prague,Czechoslovakia (1923).", "opening_date": "1923-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Important Pictures by Nineteenth Century French Masters</em>. Lef\u00e8vre Galleries, London, United Kingdom (1924),", "opening_date": "1924-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Exhibition of French Paintings by C\u00e9zanne, Matisse, Derain, Utrillo, Pascin, Marie Laurencin, and Van Dongen.</em> Reinhardt Galleries, New York, NY (1926).", "opening_date": "1926-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Four Paintings by C\u00e9zanne</em>. Valentine Gallery, New York, NY (1939).", "opening_date": "1939-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Loan Exhibition of Paintings by C\u00e9zanne</em>. Paul Rosenberg, New York, NY (1942).", "opening_date": "1942-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>A Loan Exhibition of C\u00e9zanne</em>. Wildenstein Gallery, New York, NY (1947).", "opening_date": "1947-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>The Post-Impressionists and Their Followers. </em>Society of Four Arts, Palm Beach, FL (1949).", "opening_date": "1949-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Yale University Art Gallery. New Haven, CT (1950),", "opening_date": "1950-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Exposition pour comm\u00e9morer le cinquantenaire de la mort de C\u00e9zanne</em>. Pavillon de Vend\u00f4me, Aix-en-Provence, France (1956).", "opening_date": "1956-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Paul C\u00e9zanne 1839-1906</em>. Haus der Kunst, Munich, Germany (1956).", "opening_date": "1956-01-01T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Ambroise Vollard [1866-1939] Paris, France (Vollard archive photograph no. 367).", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "Dr. G. Schweitzer, Berlin Germany", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "August Pellerin [1853-1929], Paris, France", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "Alphonse Kann [1870-1948] Saint-Germain-en Laye, Paris, France", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "(Galerie Barbazanges, Paris France)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": 5}, {"description": "(Reinhardt Galleries, New York, NY)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1926", "sortorder": 6}, {"description": "(The Valentine Galleries, New York, NY, February 20, 1939 sold to Leonard C. Hanna Jr.)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1939", "sortorder": 7}, {"description": "Leonard C. Hanna Jr [1889-1957] Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1939-1957", "sortorder": 8}, {"description": "Leonard C. Hanna [1889-1957] Cleveland, OH, bequeathed to the Cleveland Museum of Art", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1958", "sortorder": 9}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1958", "sortorder": 10}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": ["1637.43"], "did_you_know": "Cezanne created 36 paintings and 45 watercolors of Mount Sainte-Victoire. He was preoccupied with this subject and painted this mountain repeatedly until his death.", "description": "During the last 20 years of his life, Cezanne repeatedly painted Mount Sainte-Victoire near his home in Aix-en-Provence in southern France. Cezanne painted this view from life at one of his favorite sites, a small road that led from Aix eastward toward Mount Sainte-Victoire. He set up his easel at the edge of the road where he could see two umbrella pines and the mountain towering over the scene. A branch of one of the pines extends from the left of the canvas across the sky, echoing the slope of the mountain, linking the near and the far.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60517723"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1958.21-mount-sainte-victoir"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Wedderkop, Hans von. <em>Paul Ce\u0301zanne</em>. Leipzig: Klinkhardt &amp; Biermann, 1922.", "page_number": "Reproduced: unpaginated", "url": null}, {"citation": "Wedderkop, Hans von. \"Paul Cezanne.\" <em>Der Cicerone </em>14, pt. 2 (1922): 681-692.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p; 684", "url": null}, {"citation": "Rivie\u0300re, Georges. <em>Le Mai\u0302tre Paul Ce\u0301zan</em>ne. Paris: H. Floury, 1923.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 211", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>ARTnews</em> 25 (November 27, 1926): 9.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 9", "url": null}, {"citation": "Venturi, Lionello. <em>Ce\u0301zanne, Son Art, Son Oeuvre; 1,600 illustrations.</em> Paris: P. Rosenberg, 1936.", "page_number": "Mentioned: v. 1, no. 666; reproduced: v. 2, fig. 666", "url": null}, {"citation": "Rewald, John. <em>Cezanne et Zola</em>. Paris: A. Sedrowski, 1936.", "page_number": "Reproduced: fig. 74", "url": null}, {"citation": "Novotny, Fritz. <em>Ce\u0301zanne und das Ende der wissenschaftlichen Perspektive</em>. Wien: A. Schroll, 1938.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 194; reproduced: abb. 1", "url": null}, {"citation": "\u201cC\u00e9zanne, Fighter for Freedom.\u201d <em>ARTnews</em> 41 (November 15, 1942): 16\u201319.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 18", "url": null}, {"citation": "Loran, Erle. <em>Cezanne's Composition; Analysis of His Form, with Diagrams and Photographs of His Motifs.</em> Berkeley: University of California Press, 1943.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 99", "url": null}, {"citation": "Rewald, John. \u201cAs C\u00e9zanne Recreated Nature; Camera Record.\u201d <em>ARTnews</em> 43 (February 15, 1944): 9\u201313.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 10", "url": null}, {"citation": "\u201cMountain in Provence.\u201d <em>Time</em> 64, no. 2 (July 12, 1954): 75.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 75", "url": null}, {"citation": "Coe, Nancy. T<em>he History of the Collecting of European Paintings and Drawings in the City of Cleveland</em>. Thesis M.A. Oberlin College 1955.", "page_number": "Reproduced: v. 2, p. 71-72.", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>In Memoriam: Leonard C. Hanna, Jr.</em> Cleveland: The Museum, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: no. 5", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Great Gifts of Art, 1958.\" <em>Fortune Magazine</em> LVIII, no. 6 (December 1958): 106-116.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 109", "url": null}, {"citation": "Ce\u0301zanne, Paul, and Meyer Schapiro. <em>Loan Exhibition Ce\u0301zanne Under the Patronage of Mrs. Dwight D. Eisenhower and His Excellency, Monsieur Herve\u0301 Alphand, the Ambassador of France to the United States, for the Benefit of the National Organization of Mentally Ill Children, November 5-December 5, 1959</em>. New York: Wildenstein, 1959.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 42", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, Edward B. Henning<em>. Paths of Abstract Art</em>. Cleveland, Ohio: H.N. Abrams, 1960.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 9, p. 11; mentioned: pp. 11,19", "url": null}, {"citation": "Reff, Theodore. \"A New Exhibition of Cezanne.\" <em>The Burlington Magazine</em> 102, no. 684 (March 1960): 114-118.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 114, 116", "url": null}, {"citation": "Ratcliffe, R. W. <em>Ce\u0301zanne's Working Methods and Their Theoretical Background.</em> Thesis(PhD)--University of London (Courtauld Institute of Art), 1960-61, 1961.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 211", "url": null}, {"citation": "Henning, E. B. \u201cCleveland Museum of Art: From Turner to Guston.\u201d <em>Apollo: The International Magazine for Collectors</em> 78 (December 1963): 481\u201388.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 485", "url": null}, {"citation": "UCLA Art Council. <em>Years of Ferment; The Birth of Twentieth Century Art 1886-1914</em>. [Los Angeles]: [UCLA Art Council], 1965.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: P. 13, no. 2", "url": null}, {"citation": "Saisselin, Remy. \"Art Is Imitation of Nature.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> LII, no. 2 (February 1965): 34-44.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 43-44", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 178", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n202"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 178", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n202"}, {"citation": "Orienti, Sandra. <em>The Complete Paintings of Ce\u0301zanne</em>. New York: H.N. Abrams, 1972.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 120, no. 756", "url": null}, {"citation": "Henning, Edward B. \"Two Major Paintings by Georges Braque.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art </em>LXIV, no. 4 (April 1977): 137-141.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p, 138, fig. 4", "url": null}, {"citation": "Ce\u0301zanne, Paul, Theodore Reff, and William Rubin. <em>Ce\u0301zanne: The Late Work : Essays</em>. New York: Museum of Modern Art, 1977.", "page_number": "Mentioned: cat. no. 45, p. 27, 49, 85, 205, 401, Reproduced p. 321, pl. 119", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 220", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n240"}, {"citation": "Bourges, M. R. <em>Itine\u0301raires de Ce\u0301zanne.</em> [Aix-en-Provence]: Ville d'Aix-en-Provence, 1982.", "page_number": "Reproduced: Route du Tholonet, fig. 4", "url": null}, {"citation": "Hoog, Michel. \"Le Motif de la Sainte Victoire.\" In <em>Ce\u0301zanne, ou, La Peinture en Jeu. </em>Musee Granet, 92-105. Limoges: Criterion, 1982.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 96", "url": null}, {"citation": "Shiff, Richard. \"Representation, Copying, and the Technique of Originality.\" <em>New Literary History</em> 15, no. 2 (1984): 333-63.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 354-355", "url": null}, {"citation": "Henning, Edward B. \" Woman in the Waves by Paul Gauguin.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art </em>LXXI, no. 8 (October 1984): 280-", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 282-283, fig. 4", "url": null}, {"citation": "Pickvance, Ronald, and Hideo Takumi.<em> Paul Ce\u0301zanne: (1839-1906) ; Tokyo ; 18.9. - 7.10.1986 ; Isetan Museum of Art ; Kobe ; 10.10. 9.11.1986 ; Hyogo Prefectural Museum of Modern Art ; Nagoya ; 15.11. - 4.12.1986 ; Aichi Prefectural Art Gallery.</em> Tokyo: Tokyo Shimbun, 1986.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 76", "url": null}, {"citation": "Rewald, John. <em>Ce\u0301zanne: A Biograph</em>y. New York: H.N. Abrams, 1986.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 240-241", "url": null}, {"citation": "Henning, Edward B. <em>Creativity in Art and Science</em>, 1860-1960. [Cleveland, Ohio]: Published by the Cleveland Museum of Art in cooperation with Indiana University Press, 1987.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 105", "url": null}, {"citation": "Teboul, Jacques. <em>Les Victoires de Ce\u0301zanne</em>. Paris: A. Biro, 1988.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 19", "url": null}, {"citation": "Ce\u0301zanne, Paul. <em>Sainte-Victoire, Ce\u0301zanne, 1990: Muse\u0301e Granet, Muse\u0301e des tapisseries, Pavillon de Vendo\u0302me, Aix-en-Provence, 16 juin-2 septembre 1990</em>. Paris: Re\u0301union des muse\u0301es nationaux, 1990.", "page_number": "Mentioned cat. not. 38, Reproduced: fig. 66 and on cover", "url": null}, {"citation": "Turner, Evan H. <em>Object Lessons: Cleveland Creates an Art Museum</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1991.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 152", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art.<em> Interpretations: Sixty-Five Works from the Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> Cleveland, Ohio: Cleveland Museum of Art,1991.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: no. 35", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Masterpieces from East and West.</em> New York, NY: Rizzoli International, 1992.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 157", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cahn, Isabelle. <em>Ce\u0301zann</em>e. [Milano]: Editoriale Giorgio Mondadori, 1992.", "page_number": "Reproduced: fig. 65", "url": null}, {"citation": "Chong, Alan. <em>European &amp; American Painting in the Cleveland Museum of Art: A Summary Catalogue.</em> Cleveland, Ohio: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1993.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 33", "url": null}, {"citation": "Vescovo, Marisa. \"Dossier-Cezanne.\" <em>Art e Dossier </em>75 (January 1993): 12.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 12", "url": null}, {"citation": "Patin, Sylvie. <em>Ce\u0301zanne.</em> Paris: Re\u0301union des Muse\u0301es Nationaux, 1995.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 80", "url": null}, {"citation": "Orienti, Sandra. <em>Tout l'Oeuvre Peint de Ce\u0301zanne</em>. Paris: Flammarion, 1995.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 120-121, no. 756", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lartigue, Charles de. <em>Les Paysages de Paul Ce\u0301zanne.</em> Lyon: Cre\u0301ations du Pe\u0301lican, 1995.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 148", "url": null}, {"citation": "Machotka, Pavel. <em>Ce\u0301zanne: Landscape into Art</em>. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 61, 138, 144-145; reproduced: p. 145, fig. 138", "url": null}, {"citation": "Coutagne, Denis, and Bruno Ely, eds. <em>Les Sites Ce\u0301zanniens du Pays d'Aix: Hommage a\u0300 John Rewald.</em> Paris: Re\u0301union des muse\u0301es nationaux, 1996.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 162", "url": null}, {"citation": "Rewald, John. <em>The Paintings of Paul Ce\u0301zanne: A Catalogue Raisonne\u0301</em>. New York: Harry N. Abrams,1996.", "page_number": "Mentioned: v. 1, p. 530, no. 900; Reproduced: v. 2, p. 529, fig. 900", "url": null}, {"citation": "Museo del Palacio de Bellas Artes (Mexico). <em>Maestros del Impresionismo</em>. Me\u0301xico, D.F.: Istituto Nacional de Bellas Artes, 1998.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 63, fig. 17", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cha\u0302telet, Albert, and Bernard Philippe Groslier. <em>Histoire de l'Art: Peinture, Sculpture, Architecture, Arts De\u0301corati</em>fs. [Paris]: Larousse, 1998.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 488", "url": null}, {"citation": "D' Argencourt, Louise, and Roger Diederen. <em>Catalogue of Paintings. Pt. 4. European Paintings of the 19th Century</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1999.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 127-130, no. 48", "url": null}, {"citation": "Adachi, Shinzo\u0304. <em>Kaiga jisshu\u0304</em>. O\u0304saka-fu: O\u0304saka Geijutsu Daigaku Tsu\u0304shin Kyo\u0304ikubu, 2001.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 170", "url": null}, {"citation": "Burgess, Margaret B., \"Side by Side\", Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Cleveland Art: The Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em>. Vol. 45 no. 05, May/June 2005", "page_number": "Mentioned & reproduced: p. 8-9", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2005-05/page/8"}, {"citation": "Conisbee, Philip, and Denis Coutagne. <em>Ce\u0301zanne in Provenc</em>e. Washington: National Gallery of Art, 2006.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 202, no. 83", "url": null}, {"citation": "Conisbee, Philip, and Denis Coutagne. <em>Ce\u0301zanne en Provence: Muse\u0301e Granet, Aix-en-Provence, 9 Juin-17 Septembre 2006.</em> Paris: Re\u0301union des Muse\u0301es Nationaux, 2006.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 30", "url": null}, {"citation": "Coutagne, Denis. \"C\u00e9zanne en Provence: L'Estaque.\" <em>Dossier de l'Art</em> 130 (2006):18.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 18", "url": null}, {"citation": "Conisbee, Philip, and Denis Coutagne. <em>Ce\u0301zanne en Provence: Muse\u0301e Granet, Aix-en-Provence, 9 juin-17 septembre 2006.</em> Paris: Re\u0301union des Muse\u0301es Nationaux, 2006.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 30", "url": null}, {"citation": "Boigontier, Pascale, and Bruno Boigontier. <em>Portraits d'Aix-en-Provence</em>. Bordeaux: Sud Ouest, 2006.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 59", "url": null}, {"citation": "Coutagne, Denis. <em>Ce\u0301zanne en Ve\u0301rite\u0301(s): Essai.</em> Arles: Actes sud, 2006.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 441, ill. 54", "url": null}, {"citation": "Solana, Guillermo. <em>Ce\u0301zanne: Site/Non-site: Museo Thyssen-Bornemisza, Madrid, February 4-May 18, 2014</em>. [Madrid]: Museo Thyssen-Bornemisza, 2014.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 122, no. 35", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 294; reproduced: P. 284-285", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Arendsee, M., and M. Steinman-Arendsee. \"Take the CAN disability aesthetics tour, at the Cleveland Museum of art.\" <em>CAN Journal</em> (Winter 2019/20): 76-87.", "page_number": "Reproduced & mentioned: p. 81", "url": null}, {"citation": "Green, Tyler. <em>Emerson's Nature and the Artists: Idea As Landscape, Landscape As Idea</em>. Munich: Prestel, 2021.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 47, fig. 3", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Basch, Sophie. <em>Le Japonisme, Un Art Franc\u0327ais</em>. \u0152uvres En Socie\u0301te\u0301s. Dijon: Les Presses du re\u0301el, 2022.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 68-69, fig. 33", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Adams, William D., and Thierry Maugenest. <em>Cezanne \u00c0 Ch\u00e2teau Noir: L\u2019Histoire d\u2019Une Fascination.</em> Bordeaux: \u00c9ditions Herv\u00e9 Chopin, 2025.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 34-35, fig. 22; p. 166, fig. 190", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1958.21", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1958.21/1958.21_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "717", "filesize": "258218", "filename": "1958.21_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1958.21/1958.21_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2709", "filesize": "4080763", "filename": "1958.21_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1958.21/1958.21_full.tif", "width": "14368", "height": "11448", "filesize": "493479916", "filename": "1958.21_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2007-10-15T18:21:41", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1958.21/1958.21_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "1128", "height": "893", "filesize": "736893"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1958.21/1958.21_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2691", "filesize": "6776077"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1958.21/1958.21_alt0_full.tif", "width": "5935", "height": "4698", "filesize": "83687020"}}], "creditline": "Bequest of Leonard C. Hanna Jr.", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": "10d9d7aa5dac45b899b1cf5ba00a5e2b", "sketchfab_url": "https://sketchfab.com/models/10d9d7aa5dac45b899b1cf5ba00a5e2b", "gallery_donor_text": "Nancy F. and Joseph P. Keithley Gallery", "athena_id": 135185, "creators": [{"id": 1754, "description": "Paul Cezanne (French, 1839\u20131906)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": "The son of a wealthy banker, C\u00e9zanne began his studies in Aix-en-Provence at the \u00c9cole Saint-Joseph in 1849, then attended the Coll\u00e8ge Bourbon from 1852 until 1858. \u00c9mile Zola, the future author, was to become one of his closest friends. C\u00e9zanne enrolled at the \u00c9cole Gratuite de Dessin in 1857, entering the studio of Joseph Gibert (1806-1884). Two years later, complying with his father's wishes, he began studying law at the Universit\u00e9 d'Aix while still at the \u00c9cole Gratuite de Dessin. In 1861 C\u00e9zanne finally left law school and followed Zola to Paris where he met Pissarro (q.v.) at the Acad\u00e9mie Suisse. Probably after his failure to enter the \u00c9cole des Beaux-Arts, he returned to Aix and began working at his father's bank. In 1862, however, C\u00e9zanne returned to Paris, where he studied at the Acad\u00e9mie Suisse and copied the works of the Old Masters in the Louvre. The works he produced during this period reflect the influence of Spanish painters such as Ribera (1591-1562) and Zurbar\u00e1n (1598-1664), and other predecessors such as Delacroix (q.v.). His submissions to the Salons of 1865 through 1870 (and even through 1881) did not receive the jury's approval; the reinstatement of the Salon des Refus\u00e9s was repeatedly but unsuccessfully demanded. C\u00e9zanne traveled often between Aix and Paris until 1870. To escape the Franco-Prussian War (1870-71) he stayed in the south in L'Estaque, along with his mistress, Hortense Fiquet, whom he had met in 1869. C\u00e9zanne moved back north to Pontoise with Hortense and his son, Paul, in 1872 and worked with Pissarro and met Dr. Paul Gachet. The following year he moved again to nearby Auvers-sur-Oise with his family, continuing his work with Pissarro. In 1874 and 1877 C\u00e9zanne participated in the first and third impressionist exhibitions, but the severe criticism of his works led him to abstain from using this venue again. In 1878 his father learned of the existence of Hortense and Paul, who at that point were living in Marseille, and threatened to discontinue his allowance. While in the Midi, C\u00e9zanne often worked with Monticelli (q.v.). His art increasingly matured, and he began concentrating on the order and internal structure within his compositions, limiting his palette. During these years he also met Gauguin (q.v.) and Renoir (q.v.), and always trav-eled, chiefly between Aix and L'Estaque. In 1886 C\u00e9zanne married Hortense, his father died, and the inheritance provided him with the financial means to live without constraints. He bought a house in Marlotte near Fontainebleau in 1892. In 1895 he had his first solo show at the gallery of Ambroise Vollard, who two years later bought all the artist's works from his studio near Corbeil. The dealer Paul Durand-Ruel became another important client. C\u00e9zanne participated in the Salon des Ind\u00e9pendants in 1899, 1901, and 1902 and exhibited at La Libre Esth\u00e9tique in Brussels in 1901 and 1904, the Secession in Vienna in 1903, and the Salon d'Automne in 1904-6. He continued to study the underlying structure of nature, at times approaching abstraction by denying traditional perspective and using multiple viewpoints. He also began leaving portions of the canvas bare, giving some works an unfinished appearance. C\u00e9zanne's work had a tremendous influence on the artists of his time as well as those of subsequent generations, and he is considered one of the most influential figures in the development of modern art.", "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1839", "death_year": "1906", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1958-11-29T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1899, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 1904", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": true, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["La Montagne Sainte-Victoire"], "is_highlight": true, "updated_at": "2026-04-17 19:33:08.299000"}, {"id": 152776, "accession_number": "1985.57", "share_license_status": "Copyrighted", "tombstone": "Bull Skull, Fruit, Pitcher, 1939. Pablo Picasso (Spanish, 1881\u20131973). Oil on canvas; framed: 85.7 x 117.2 x 7 cm (33 3/4 x 46 1/8 x 2 3/4 in.); unframed: 65 x 92 cm (25 9/16 x 36 1/4 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund, 1985.57. \u00a9 Estate of  Pablo Picasso / Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York", "current_location": "223 20th Century Avant-Garde", "title": "Bull Skull, Fruit, Pitcher", "creation_date": "1939", "creation_date_earliest": 1939, "creation_date_latest": 1939, "artists_tags": ["male", "Latine and Hispanic Artists"], "culture": ["Spain, 20th century"], "technique": "oil on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "Modern European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "Mod Euro - Painting 1800-1960", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 85.7 x 117.2 x 7 cm (33 3/4 x 46 1/8 x 2 3/4 in.); Unframed: 65 x 92 cm (25 9/16 x 36 1/4 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 0.857, "width": 1.172, "depth": 0.07}, "unframed": {"height": 0.65, "width": 0.92}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": "\u00a9 Estate of  Pablo Picasso / Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York", "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "Signed lower center: \"12.1.39. Picasso\"", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 309910, "title": "The Year in Review for 1985", "description": "<i>The Year in Review for 1985</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (February 12-April 20, 1986).", "opening_date": "1986-02-12T05:00:00"}, {"id": 310025, "title": "Creativity in Art and Science, 1860-1960", "description": "<i>Creativity in Art and Science, 1860-1960</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (September 16-November 8, 1987).", "opening_date": "1987-09-16T04:00:00"}, {"id": 379356, "title": "Picasso: The Love and the Anguish--The Road to Guernica", "description": "<i>Picasso: The Love and the Anguish--The Road to Guernica</i>. National Museum of Modern Art, Kyoto (organizer); Tobu Museum of Art.", "opening_date": "1995-10-31T05:00:00"}, {"id": 216656, "title": "Picasso and the War:  1937-1945", "description": "<i>Picasso and the War:  1937-1945</i>. Fine Arts Museum of San Francisco, Legion of Honor, San Francisco, CA (organizer) (October 10, 1998-January 3, 1999); Guggenheim Museum Soho, New York (January 27-April 26, 1999).", "opening_date": "1998-10-10T00:00:00"}, {"id": 211319, "title": "Picasso.  Indoor, Outdoor Landscapes", "description": "<i>Picasso.  Indoor, Outdoor Landscapes</i>. Museu Picasso, Barcelona, Spain (organizer) (October 26, 1999-January 30, 2000).", "opening_date": "1999-10-26T00:00:00"}, {"id": 223983, "title": "Picasso. Sous le soleil de Mithra", "description": "<i>Picasso. Sous le soleil de Mithra</i>. Mus\u00e9e national Picasso-Paris, Paris, France (organizer) (November 27, 2001-March 4, 2002).", "opening_date": "2001-06-29T00:00:00"}, {"id": 184132, "title": "Masterworks from The Phillips Collection", "description": "<i>Masterworks from The Phillips Collection</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (February 20-May 29, 2005).", "opening_date": "2005-02-20T00:00:00"}, {"id": 182153, "title": "Monet to Dal\u00ed: Modern Masters from the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Monet to Dal\u00ed: Modern Masters from the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. Vancouver Art Gallery, Vancouver, Canada (June 9-September 16, 2007); The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 21, 2007-January 13, 2008); Frist Art Museum, Nashville, TN (February 15-June 1, 2008).", "opening_date": "2006-05-27T00:00:00"}, {"id": 206339, "title": "Barcelona & Modernity: Picasso, Gaud\u00ed, Mir\u00f3, Dal\u00ed (1868-1939)", "description": "<i>Barcelona & Modernity: Picasso, Gaud\u00ed, Mir\u00f3, Dal\u00ed (1868-1939)</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 15, 2006-January 7, 2007); The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY (co-organizer) (March 4-June 3, 2007).", "opening_date": "2006-10-15T00:00:00"}, {"id": 230443, "title": "Picasso's Studio", "description": "<i>Picasso's Studio</i>. Fundaci\u00f3n MAPFRE (organizer) (February 10-May 11, 2014).", "opening_date": "2014-02-10T00:00:00"}, {"id": 317581, "title": "Picasso and Paper", "description": "<i>Picasso and Paper</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (co-organizer) (December 8, 2024-March 23, 2025).", "opening_date": "2024-12-08T05:00:00"}], "legacy": []}, "provenance": [{"description": "(P. Rosenberg, New York, NY)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": null}, {"description": "Walter Bareiss [1919-2007] Greenwich, CT", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1950", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "(E. V. Thaw, New York, NY, 1985, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1985", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1985-", "sortorder": 4}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "The flowering tree in the background was added by Picasso in the final stages of the painting\u2019s creation.", "description": "Pablo Picasso painted this still life following the surrender of his beloved Barcelona to General Francisco Franco\u2019s fascist army, an event signaling the defeat of the Spanish Republic. Spain\u2014because of its association with bullfighting\u2014is represented by a bull\u2019s skull. Outside the window, a flowering tree grows in the moonlight. The tree likely references the sacred oak of Guernica in the Basque region of Spain that survived a 1937 bombing by German and Italian air forces ordered by the Spanish Nationalists, a coalition of groups opposed to the Spanish Republic. Symbolic of freedom for the Basque people, the tree suggests hope for the rebirth of democracy in Spain.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60475707"], "internet_archive": []}, "citations": [{"citation": "Henning, Edward B. <em>Creativity in Art and Science, 1860-1960.</em> [Cleveland, Ohio]: Published by the Cleveland Museum of Art in cooperation with Indiana University Press, 1987.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 118, no. 26", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Richardson, John. <em>A Life of Picasso.</em> First edition. New York: Random House, 1991.", "page_number": "Reproduced: Color plates", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Boggs, Jean Sutherland, Brigitte Le\u0301al, and Marie-Laure Bernadac. <em>Picasso and Things: The Still Lifes of Picasso. </em>Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1992.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 258-259, no. 102", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Boggs, Jean Sutherland. \"Evan Turner: Colleague and Friend.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 80, no. 4 (1993): 118-21.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 121", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25161397"}, {"citation": "Herschel Browning Chipp, Alan Wofsy, and Fernand Mourlot. <em>Picasso's paintings, watercolors, drawings and sculpture: a comprehensive illustrated catalogue, 1885-1973</em>. San Francisco, CA: Alan Wofsy Fine Arts, 1995.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 216", "url": null}, {"citation": "Nash, Steven A., Robert Rosenblum, and Brigitte Baer. <em>Picasso and the War Years, 1937-1945</em>. New York, NY.: Thames and Hudson, 1998.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 27", "url": null}, {"citation": "Warncke, Carsten-Peter, Ingo F. Walther, and Michael Hulse. <em>Pablo Picasso: 1881-1973</em>. Koln, Germany: Taschen, 1998.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 37; Reproduced: p. 39", "url": null}, {"citation": "Ocan\u0303a, Naria-Teresa. <em>Picasso: Indoor &amp; Outdoor Landscapes</em>. Madrid, Spain: Electa, 1999.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 39", "url": null}, {"citation": "Robinson, William H., Jordi Falga\u0300s, Carmen Belen Lord, and Josefina Alix Trueba. <em>Barcelona and Modernity: Picasso, Gaudi\u0301, Miro\u0301, Dali\u0301</em>. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art in association with Yale University Press, 2006.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 478", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kelly, Raymond J. <em>To Be, or Not to Be: Four Hundred Years of Vanitas Painting</em>. Flint, MI: Flint Institute of Arts, 2006.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 45, fig. 20", "url": null}, {"citation": "Fundacio\u0301n Mapfre, Antonia Castan\u0303o, M. Teresa Ocan\u0303a, Neil Cox, Brigitte Le\u0301al, Valeriano Bozal Ferna\u0301ndez, and Christopher Green. <em>Picasso en el taller: </em>Madrid, Spain : Fundaci\u00f3n MAPFRE, Instituto de Cultura, 2014.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Fundacio\u0301n Mapfre, Antonia Castan\u0303o, M. Teresa Ocan\u0303a, Neil Cox, Brigitte Le\u0301al, Valeriano Bozal Ferna\u0301ndez, Christopher Green, and Pablo Picasso. <em>Picasso en el taller: 12 febrero-11 mayo 2014</em>. Madrid, Spain : Fundaci\u00f3n MAPFRE, Instituto de Cultura, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 170-171", "url": null}, {"citation": "Robinson, William H. \"Guernica and the War Years.\" In <em>Picasso and Paper</em>. William H. Robinson, et al., 202-241. London: Royal Academy of Arts, 2020.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 218-219, cat. no. 212", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Absolon, Kurt, Bernhard Hainz, and Stefan U\u0308ner. Kurt Absolon: Monografie und Werkverzeichnis. <br>[Weitra] : Verlag Bibliothek der Provinz, 2021.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 60", "url": ""}], "catalogue_raisonne": "Zervos IX.238", "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1985.57", "images": {}, "alternate_images": [], "creditline": "Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Michael J. Horvitz Family Gallery", "athena_id": 152776, "creators": [{"id": 2160, "description": "Pablo Picasso (Spanish, 1881\u20131973)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": "Pablo Ruiz Picasso (1881-1973), the most prolific and influential artist of the 20th century, shifted the emphasis of art from its traditional concern with beauty toward radical innovation. The son of an art teacher, Picasso demonstrated remarkable talents as a child and entered the royal art academy in Madrid at age sixteen. Less than a year later, he abandoned his studies and soon joined several avant-garde artist and anarchist groups in Barcelona and Paris. After passing through a succession of stylistic periods, most notably the Blue (1901-1904) and Rose (1904-1906) Periods, he collaborated with Georges Braque (1882-1963) in 1908 to invent Cubism, a revolutionary method of restructuring pictorial space. Picasso remained active until his death in 1973. Although his art still appears radical, many of his works are over one hundred years old. Cubism, perhaps the most important development in 20th-century art, was invented around 1908 by Pablo Picasso (1881-1973) and Georges Braque (1882-1963). The most revolutionary aspect of the style was not its obvious emphasis on geometric form; rather, it was the introduction of a radically new approach to configuring pictorial space. Since the Renaissance, artists had used various methods to create the illusion of distant space receding behind the canvas surface. The Cubists rejected that idea and collapsed space by compressing foreground, middle ground, and background into a continuous web of overlapping, intersecting planes. During the 1910s, other painters and sculptors embraced or adapted Cubism to their own ends. This revolutionary approach inspired a host of related movements and continues to influence the visual language of artists, architects, and designers throughout the world.", "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1881", "death_year": "1973", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1985-05-29T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1939, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1939", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": true, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Still Life with Bull's Skull"], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-04-03 13:35:09.282000"}, {"id": 152017, "accession_number": "1984.68", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Fire-flame Cooking Vessel (Ka'en Doki) (\u706b\u7114\u571f\u5668), c. 2500 BCE. Japan, J\u014dmon period (c. 10,500\u2013300 BCE). Earthenware with carved and applied decoration; height: 61 cm (24 in.); diameter: 55.8 cm (21 15/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, John L. Severance Fund, 1984.68", "current_location": "235A Japanese", "title": "Fire-flame Cooking Vessel (Ka'en Doki)", "title_in_original_language": "\u706b\u7114\u571f\u5668", "creation_date": "c. 2500 BCE", "creation_date_earliest": -2750, "creation_date_latest": -2250, "artists_tags": [], "culture": ["Japan, J\u014dmon period (c. 10,500\u2013300 BCE)"], "technique": "Earthenware with carved and applied decoration", "support_materials": [], "department": "Japanese Art", "collection": "Japanese Art", "type": "Ceramic", "measurements": "height: 61 cm (24 in.); Diameter: 55.8 cm (21 15/16 in.)", "dimensions": {"diameter": {"width": 0.558}, "height": {"height": 0.61}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 309849, "title": "Year in Review for 1984", "description": "<i>Year in Review for 1984</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (April 3-May 5, 1985).", "opening_date": "1985-04-03T05:00:00"}, {"id": 311640, "title": "Asian Autumn: Early Ceramics from Japan and Korea", "description": "<i>Asian Autumn: Early Ceramics from Japan and Korea</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (September 19-December 3, 1995).", "opening_date": "1995-09-16T04:00:00"}, {"id": 185532, "title": "Object in Focus:  Jomon Pots:  The World's Oldest Ceramic Tradition", "description": "<i>Object in Focus:  Jomon Pots:  The World's Oldest Ceramic Tradition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 26-August 26, 2001).", "opening_date": "2001-06-26T00:00:00"}, {"id": 311658, "title": "Japanese Gallery 235 Rotation", "description": "<i>Japanese Gallery 235 Rotation</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art (organizer) (January 7-July 8, 2019).", "opening_date": "2019-01-07T05:00:00"}, {"id": 698362, "title": "Highlights of Japanese Art", "description": "<i>Highlights of Japanese Art</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (December 7, 2025-June 14, 2026).", "opening_date": "2025-12-07T05:00:00"}], "legacy": []}, "provenance": [{"description": "(Gallery Kapitan, Tokyo, Japan, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "?\u20131984", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1984\u2013", "sortorder": 2}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Scientifically tested residues from J\u014dmon vessels reveal that their makers consumed detoxified acorns.", "description": "Archaeologists call this kind of vessel \u201cfire flame,\u201d <em>ka\u2019en</em> in Japanese, because its top resembles flames. No one knows why the design was made or what it actually represents. This example is remarkable for the amount that is original. It was recently determined that a bottom from a different vessel was used during its reconstruction in the 1900s, creating a false impression of its intended scale; it would have initially been about four inches shorter. Since their lower portions were set into holes in the ground during use, bases of pots like this one often deteriorate and may be missing when they are excavated.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60762201"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1984.68-fire-flame-cooking-v"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Turner, Evan H. \"The Year in Review for 1984.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 72, no. 2 (1985): 163\u2013207.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pp. 167 and 207, no. 176", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1991.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 3", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1991/page/n19"}, {"citation": "Glaubinger, Jane, \"FILL THIS\", Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Cleveland Art: The Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em>. Vol. 35 no. 08, October 1995", "page_number": "Cover", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM1995-08"}, {"citation": "Cunningham, Michael R., Stanislaw J. Czuma, Anne E. Wardwell, and J. Keith Wilson. <em>Masterworks of Asian Art.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1998.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: pp. 178\u2013179", "url": null}, {"citation": "Munsterberg, Hugo, and Marjorie Munsterberg. <em>World Ceramics: From Prehistoric to Modern Times</em>. New York: Penguin Studio Books, 1998.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pp. 18\u201319, no. 9", "url": null}, {"citation": "May, Sally Ruth, Jane Takac, and Barbara J. Bradley. <em>Knockouts: A Pocket Guide</em>. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2001.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pp. 80 and 119, no. 85", "url": null}, {"citation": "Mackey, Maureen. <em>Experience Clay</em>. Worcester, MA: Davis Publications, 2003.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 58, Fig. 3-24", "url": null}, {"citation": "Grossman, Nancy, James T. Ulak, Marjorie Williams, and Laurence Channing. <em>Art of Japan: Masterpieces from the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2005.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 13", "url": null}, {"citation": "Schirokauer, Conrad. <em>A Brief History of Chinese and Japanese Civilizations</em>. Australia: Thomson/Wadsworth, 2006.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 140, fig. 6.2", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>30,000 Years of Art: The Story of Human Creativity Across Time and Space</em>. London: Phaidon, 2007.", "page_number": "p. 87", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bell, Julian. <em>Mirror of the World: A New History of Art</em>. New York, NY: Thames &amp; Hudson, 2007.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 26, plate 15", "url": null}, {"citation": "Franklin, David and C. Griffith Mann. <em>Treasures from the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2012.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: pp. 16\u201317", "url": null}, {"citation": "\u201cA Walking Tour: The entire new museum wing by wing, with curators calling out a few favorite works in the collection.\u201d <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em> 54, no. 1 (January/February 2014): 8\u201333.", "page_number": "Reproduced and Mentioned: p. 28", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2014-01"}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Museum Masters: 2016-17 Companion Guide.</em> [Cleveland, OH]: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 2016.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: P. 30", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Fortenberry, Diane, ed.<em> The Art Museum.</em> London; New York: Phaidon Press, 2017.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 92, no. 1", "url": null}, {"citation": "Vilbar, Sin\u00e9ad. \u201cTriumphant Returns: Treasured paintings on loan to Japanese museums and archaeological collections go back on display in Cleveland.\u201d <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine </em>59, no. 1 (January/February 2019): 12\u201313.", "page_number": "Reproduced and Mentioned: p. 13", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2019-01"}, {"citation": "Miyao, Toru \u5bae\u5c3e\u4ea8. \"Flame pot in the Cleveland Museum of Art collection\" [\u30af\u30ea\u30fc\u30d6\u30e9\u30f3\u30c9\u7f8e\u8853\u9928\u53ce\u8535\u306e\u706b\u7114\u578b\u571f\u5668]. <em>Niigata Prefectural Museum of History Research Bulletin </em>[\u65b0\u6f5f\u770c\u7acb\u6b74\u53f2\u535a\u7269\u9928\u7814\u7a76\u7d00\u8981 = Niigata Kenritsu Rekishi Hakubutsukan kenkyu\u0304 kiyo\u0304] no. 20 (March 2019), pp. 85\u201394.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 85\u201394; Reproduced: fig. 1\u2013fig. 5", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1984.68", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1984.68/1984.68_web.jpg", "width": "758", "height": "893", "filesize": "81493", "filename": "1984.68_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1984.68/1984.68_print.jpg", "width": "2886", "height": "3400", "filesize": "1002078", "filename": "1984.68_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1984.68/1984.68_full.tif", "width": "4697", "height": "5533", "filesize": "77994088", "filename": "1984.68_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2002-02-13T21:05:44", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1984.68/1984.68_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "700", "height": "893", "filesize": "103589"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1984.68/1984.68_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "2664", "height": "3400", "filesize": "1426604"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1984.68/1984.68_alt0_full.tif", "width": "3466", "height": "4422", "filesize": "46008964"}}, {"date_created": "2012-05-15T17:22:16", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1984.68/1984.68_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "732", "height": "893", "filesize": "82706"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1984.68/1984.68_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "2788", "height": "3400", "filesize": "1043282"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1984.68/1984.68_alt1_full.tif", "width": "4517", "height": "5507", "filesize": "74654976"}}, {"date_created": "2012-05-15T17:28:14", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1984.68/1984.68_alt2_web.jpg", "width": "731", "height": "893", "filesize": "78185"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1984.68/1984.68_alt2_print.jpg", "width": "2784", "height": "3400", "filesize": "996016"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1984.68/1984.68_alt2_full.tif", "width": "4616", "height": "5636", "filesize": "78077948"}}, {"date_created": "2012-05-15T17:30:06", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1984.68/1984.68_alt3_web.jpg", "width": "736", "height": "893", "filesize": "79954"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1984.68/1984.68_alt3_print.jpg", "width": "2801", "height": "3400", "filesize": "1013223"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1984.68/1984.68_alt3_full.tif", "width": "4639", "height": "5630", "filesize": "78386812"}}], "creditline": "John L. Severance Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 152017, "creators": [], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1984-09-24T00:00:00", "sortable_date": -2750, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 2500 BCE", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Flame-Style Storage Vessel"], "is_highlight": true, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:02:30.095000"}, {"id": 159583, "accession_number": "1996.325", "share_license_status": "Copyrighted", "tombstone": "The White Dam, 1939. Raphael Gleitsmann (American, 1910\u20131995). Oil on Masonite; framed: 103.5 x 116 x 5 cm (40 3/4 x 45 11/16 x 1 15/16 in.); unframed: 97.8 x 112.7 cm (38 1/2 x 44 3/8 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund, 1996.325", "current_location": "228B Cleveland Artists", "title": "The White Dam", "creation_date": "1939", "creation_date_earliest": 1939, "creation_date_latest": 1939, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["America, Ohio, Cleveland"], "technique": "oil on Masonite", "support_materials": [], "department": "American Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "American - Cleveland School", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 103.5 x 116 x 5 cm (40 3/4 x 45 11/16 x 1 15/16 in.); Unframed: 97.8 x 112.7 cm (38 1/2 x 44 3/8 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 1.035, "width": 1.16, "depth": 0.05}, "unframed": {"height": 0.978, "width": 1.127}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "Signed lower left: \"Raphael Gleitsman\"", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 311873, "title": "Transformations in Cleveland Art, 1796-1946", "description": "<i>Transformations in Cleveland Art, 1796-1946</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (May 19-July 21, 1996).", "opening_date": "1996-05-19T04:00:00"}, {"id": 227084, "title": "Made in U.S.A., l'art am\u00e9ricain, 1908-1943, entre nationalisme et internationalisme [FRAME]", "description": "<i>Made in U.S.A., l'art am\u00e9ricain, 1908-1943, entre nationalisme et internationalisme [FRAME]</i>. Mus\u00e9e des Beaux-Arts de Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France (organizer) (October 5-December 31, 2001); Mus\u00e9e des Beaux-Arts de Rennes, Rennes, France (January 17-March 31, 2002); Mus\u00e9e Fabre, Montpellier, France (April 10-June 25, 2002).", "opening_date": "2001-10-05T00:00:00"}, {"id": 227934, "title": "The State of the Arts:  A Celebration of Ohio's Rich Artistic Heritage", "description": "<i>The State of the Arts:  A Celebration of Ohio's Rich Artistic Heritage</i>. Riffe Gallery, Columbus, OH (organizer) (March 3-May 4, 2003); The Butler Institute of American Art, Youngstown, OH (January 18-March 28, 2004).", "opening_date": "2003-03-03T00:00:00"}, {"id": 441481, "title": "Gallery One 2012", "description": "<i>Gallery One 2012</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (December 12, 2012-March 5, 2017).", "opening_date": "2012-12-12T05:00:00"}, {"id": 453007, "title": "Julie Mehretu: Portals", "description": "<i>Julie Mehretu: Portals</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (July 16-November 13, 2022).", "opening_date": "2022-07-16T04:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>American Art Today</em>. 1939 New York World's Fair, New York, NY (April 30, 1939-October 27, 1940).", "opening_date": "1939-04-30T05:00:00Z"}, {"description": "<em>Raphael Gleitsman: Paintings 1934-1954</em>. The Butler Institute of American Art, Youngstown, OH (March 7-28, 1971).", "opening_date": "1971-03-07T05:00:00Z"}, {"description": "<em>A Clevelander Collects Clevelanders: An Exhibit from the Collection of Joseph M. and Elsie Erdelac</em>. Kenneth C. Beck Center for the Cultural Arts, Lakewood, OH (February 12-March 11, 1984).", "opening_date": "1984-02-12T05:00:00Z"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, Ohio", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1996-", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "(Sale, Christie\u2019s, New York, Dec. 4, 1996, lot 266, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->Consigned by Robert Horton.</div>"], "date": "1996", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "Robert B. Horton [1939-2012], Cleveland/London", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1987-1996", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "(Sale, Wolfs Gallery, Cleveland, OH, April 26, 1987, no. 197, sold to Robert B. Horton)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1987", "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "Joe Erdelac [1914-2005], Cleveland, Ohio, consigned to Wolf", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->Erdelac purchased the painting from the artist or his family.</div>"], "date": "Possibly the 1960s-1987", "sortorder": 5}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Gleitsmann gave up painting entirely in 1954, claiming he \u201chad nothing to say anymore.\u201d", "description": "Unable to afford tuition, Akron-based Gleitsmann befriended faculty and students at the Cleveland School (now Institute) of Art where eventually he was invited to take classes without registering. <em>The White Dam</em>, a fantastical image of an industrial complex that dwarfs two nude workers, earned his greatest success when it was featured in the New York World\u2019s Fair of 1939. Gleitsmann\u2019s unsettling vision of industry contrasts with the favorable attitudes typically adopted by artists of a previous generation.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60477346"], "internet_archive": []}, "citations": [{"citation": "\"Cleveland's Artistic Tradition Highlighted in Museum Exhibition.\"<em> Spotlights</em> Volume 1, Issue 27 (May 16-23, 1996).", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: Section B", "url": null}, {"citation": "Christie, Manson &amp; Woods. <em>Important American Paintings, Drawings and Sculpture</em>. 1996. Dec. 4, 1996.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "National Art Society.<em> American Art Today: New York World's Fair</em>. New York: National Art Society, 1939.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p.84", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Raphael Gleitsman: Paintings 1934-1954</em>. Exh. Cat. Youngstown, OH: The Butler Institute of American Art, 1971.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p.3", "url": null}, {"citation": "Singer, Clyde. \"Akron Artist Honored at Butler Show.\" <em>Youngstown Vindicator</em>, March 7, 1971.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p.A30", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cullinan, Helen. \"Collector shares his treasures of city.\" <em>The Plain Dealer</em>, February 12, 1984.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p.12D", "url": null}, {"citation": "Beck Center for the Cultural Arts.<em> A Clevelander Collects Clevelanders: An Exhibit from the Collection of Joseph M. and Elsie Erdelac</em>. Exh. Cat. Cleveland: Beck Center for the Cultural Arts, 1984.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p.12 (unpaginated)", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cullinan, Helen. \"Standard Oil chief is bullish on art.\" <em>The Plain Dealer</em>, May 9, 1987.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p.20A", "url": null}, {"citation": "Robinson, William H., et. al. <em>Transformations in Cleveland Art, 1796-1946: Community and Diversity in Early Modern America</em>. Cleveland, Ohio: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1996.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 97", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"'96 Spring Arts Preview. Transformations in Cleveland Art: 1825-1945.\"<em> Northern Ohio Live</em> (March 1996).", "page_number": "Reproduced", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kempthorne-Snow, Jan C. \"Transformations in Cleveland Art: A Landmark Exhibition Celebrates Cleveland's Bicentennial.\" <em>Cultural Arts Preview</em> 3 (May-August 1996).", "page_number": "Reproduced: p.3", "url": null}, {"citation": "Schaefer, Karen. \"A City and its Artists.\"<em> Northern Ohio Live</em> (May 1996).", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p.12", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Show Documents 'Transformations'\" <em>Canton Repository</em>, May 17, 1996.", "page_number": "Reproduced (unpaginated)", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Transformations in Cleveland Art, 1796-1946.\" <em>Antiques &amp; The Arts Weekly</em>, May 17, 1996.", "page_number": "Reproduced (unpaginated)", "url": null}, {"citation": "Litt, Steven. \"Museum's gift to city: Big bicentennial show is the best imaginable.\" <em>The Plain Dealer</em>, May 19, 1996.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p.4-K", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Week: What To Do.\" <em>Cleveland Free Times</em>, May 22, 1996.", "page_number": "Reproduced (unpaginated)", "url": null}, {"citation": "Vallongo, Sally. \"Cleveland proudly shows off its rich, varied art heritage.\" <em>Toledo Blade</em>, May 26, 1996.", "page_number": "Mentioned p.2", "url": ""}, {"citation": "\"Cleveland Museum of Art Hosts 'Transformations' through July 21.\" <em>Antique Collector: A Weekly Section of Farm and Dairy</em>, May 30, 1996.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: B1", "url": null}, {"citation": "Von Glahn, Michael. \"Painting the Town: A Look Along the Timeline of Cleveland's Artistic Heritage.\" <em>Small Business News</em> (June 1996).", "page_number": "Reproduced: p.47", "url": null}, {"citation": "Busta, William. \"Art Museum Greatly Honors Our Own.\" <em>The Cleveland Free Times</em>, June 5, 1996.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p.26", "url": null}, {"citation": "Harrist Jr., Robert E. \"Book chronicles Cleveland artists and their works.\" <em>The Plain Dealer</em>, August 11, 1996.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p.10J", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, \u201cRenaissance Armor, Early Islamic Ceramic, French Vase, Gleitsman Painting Added to Museum Collection,\u201d December 13, 1996, Cleveland Museum of Art Archives.", "page_number": null, "url": "https://archive.org/details/cmapr4085"}, {"citation": "Chassey, Eric de.<em> Made in USA: l'art ame\u0301ricain, 1908-1947</em>. Exh. Cat. Paris: Re\u0301union des muse\u0301es nationaux, 2001.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p.142; Reproduced: p.175", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"L'art americain en quete de son identite.\" <em>Demeures et Chateaux</em> 130 (fevrier-mars 2002).", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced", "url": null}, {"citation": "Ohio Historical Society, and Ohio History Connection. <em>Timeline: A Publication of the Ohio Historical Society </em>20, Nos.2,3 (March-June 2003).", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: 81", "url": null}, {"citation": "Adams, Henry. <em>What's American About American Art?: A Gallery Tour in the Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2008.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p.130; Reproduced: p.131", "url": null}, {"citation": "Jones, Jennie. \"Personal Favorite.\" <em>Cleveland Art: The Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em> 53, No.3 (May/June 2013).", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p.9", "url": null}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1996.325", "images": {}, "alternate_images": [], "creditline": "Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "William P. and Amanda C. Madar Gallery", "athena_id": 159583, "creators": [{"id": 5913, "description": "Raphael Gleitsmann (American, 1910\u20131995)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": "Born in Dayton, Gleitsmann moved to Akron at an early age when his father, an architectural engineer and amateur painter, secured a job in the area. After graduating from high school, he took private drawing lessons for one year with Katherine Calvin. Lacking the funds for tuition, he accepted the invitation of Paul Travis to attend classes informally at the Cleveland School of Art and became friends with other artists there. Primarily a landscape painter, he first exhibited in the annual of the Butler Institute of Art in Youngstown (1936) and had his first solo show at the Massillon (Ohio) Museum (1939). He also exhibited at the New York World\u2019s Fair that year. The Little Gallery of Cleveland College organized his second solo exhibition (1940). In 1943 he began an association with Macbeth Galleries in New York, where he was featured in solo exhibitions (1940s\u201350s). He exhibited in the annuals of the Art Institute of Chicago (1937\u201349), Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts in Philadelphia (1944 52), and Carnegie Institute of Art in Pittsburgh (1943\u201348). In 1944\u201345 he served in the U.S. Army as a combat engineer in Europe, an experience that profoundly affected his subsequent subject matter. Previously specializing in American scene depictions, after the war he created images inspired by the bombed cities of Europe. In the late 1940s and early 1950s he taught studio courses at the Akron Art Institute and continued to exhibit on a regular basis. The Akron Art Institute mounted a solo exhibition of his paintings (1948). By the early 1960s Gleitsmann had stopped painting \u201cfor reasons known entirely only to himself.\u201d <br>\"Transformations in Cleveland Art\" (CMA, 1996), p. 229", "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1910", "death_year": "1995", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1996-12-02T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1939, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1939", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:10:21.512000"}, {"id": 121188, "accession_number": "1942.1065", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Romaine Lacaux, 1864. Pierre-Auguste Renoir (French, 1841\u20131919). Oil on fabric; framed: 106.7 x 89.2 x 8.9 cm (42 x 35 1/8 x 3 1/2 in.); unframed: 81.3 x 65 cm (32 x 25 9/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Gift of the Hanna Fund, 1942.1065", "current_location": "222 Impressionism & Post-Impressionism", "title": "Romaine Lacaux", "creation_date": "1864", "creation_date_earliest": 1864, "creation_date_latest": 1864, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["France, 19th century"], "technique": "oil on fabric", "support_materials": [], "department": "Modern European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "Mod Euro - Painting 1800-1960", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 106.7 x 89.2 x 8.9 cm (42 x 35 1/8 x 3 1/2 in.); Unframed: 81.3 x 65 cm (32 x 25 9/16 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 1.067, "width": 0.892, "depth": 0.089}, "unframed": {"height": 0.813, "width": 0.65}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "Signed center right: a. renoir / 1864\r\n\r\n", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 312176, "title": "19th and 20th Century French Art and Leonard C. Hanna, Jr. Loans", "description": "<i>19th and 20th Century French Art and Leonard C. Hanna, Jr. Loans</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 22-September 1, 1943).", "opening_date": "1943-06-22T04:00:00"}, {"id": 338387, "title": "Twenty-one Masterpieces by Seven Great Masters", "description": "<i>Twenty-one Masterpieces by Seven Great Masters</i>. Rosenberg & Co. (organizer) (November 15-December 1, 1948).", "opening_date": "1948-11-15T05:00:00"}, {"id": 311952, "title": "Art, A Means to World Understanding", "description": "<i>Art, A Means to World Understanding</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (March 16-April 10, 1949).", "opening_date": "1949-03-16T05:00:00"}, {"id": 338390, "title": "A Loan Exhibition of Renoir for the Benefit of the New York Infirmary", "description": "<i>A Loan Exhibition of Renoir for the Benefit of the New York Infirmary</i>. Wildenstein & Co. (organizer) (March 22-April 29, 1950).", "opening_date": "1950-03-22T05:00:00"}, {"id": 311898, "title": "35th Anniversary Exhibition", "description": "<i>35th Anniversary Exhibition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 20-September 30, 1951).", "opening_date": "1951-06-20T04:00:00"}, {"id": 301477, "title": "In Memoriam: Leonard C. Hanna, Jr.", "description": "<i>In Memoriam: Leonard C. Hanna, Jr.</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (March 4-April 7, 1958).", "opening_date": "1958-03-04T05:00:00"}, {"id": 338393, "title": "Youthful Works by Great Artists", "description": "<i>Youthful Works by Great Artists</i>. Allen Memorial Art Museum, Oberlin, OH (organizer) (March 10-30, 1963).", "opening_date": "1963-03-10T05:00:00"}, {"id": 304248, "title": "Style, Truth and the Portrait", "description": "<i>Style, Truth and the Portrait</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (October 1-November 19, 1963).", "opening_date": "1963-10-01T04:00:00"}, {"id": 338396, "title": "Renoir", "description": "<i>Renoir</i>. The Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL (organizer) (February 3-April 1, 1973).", "opening_date": "1973-02-03T05:00:00"}, {"id": 338409, "title": "L'Art en France Sours Le Second Empire (Art in France Under the Second Empire)", "description": "<i>L'Art en France Sours Le Second Empire (Art in France Under the Second Empire)</i>. Philadelphia Museum of Art, Philadelphia, PA (organizer) (October 1-November 26, 1978); The Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit, MI (January 28-March 18, 1979); Galeries Nationales du Grand Palais, 75008 Paris, France (May 11-August 13, 1979).", "opening_date": "1978-10-01T04:00:00"}, {"id": 343639, "title": "Renoir", "description": "<i>Renoir</i>. Hayward Gallery, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (January 30-April 21, 1985); Galeries Nationales du Grand Palais, 75008 Paris, France (May 14-September 2, 1985); Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Boston, MA (October 9, 1985-January 5, 1986).", "opening_date": "1985-01-30T05:00:00"}, {"id": 311444, "title": "Object Lessons: Cleveland Creates an Art Museum", "description": "<i>Object Lessons: Cleveland Creates an Art Museum</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 7-September 8, 1991).", "opening_date": "1991-06-07T04:00:00"}, {"id": 338402, "title": "Les Origines de l'Impressionnisme", "description": "<i>Les Origines de l'Impressionnisme</i>. Galeries Nationales du Grand Palais, 75008 Paris, France (April 19-August 8, 1994); The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY (September 19, 1994-January 8, 1995).", "opening_date": "1994-04-19T04:00:00"}, {"id": 211403, "title": "Renoir's Portraits:  Impressions of an Age", "description": "<i>Renoir's Portraits:  Impressions of an Age</i>. National Gallery of Canada (organizer) (June 27-September 14, 1997); The Art Institute of Chicago (October 17, 1997-January 4, 1998); Kimbell Art Museum (February 8-April 26, 1998).", "opening_date": "1997-06-27T00:00:00"}, {"id": 216847, "title": "Faces of Impressionism: Portraits from American Collections", "description": "<i>Faces of Impressionism: Portraits from American Collections</i>. The Baltimore Museum of Art (organizer) (October 10, 1999-January 30, 2000); Museum of Fine Arts, Houston (March 25-May 7, 2000); The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (May 28-July 30, 2000).", "opening_date": "1999-10-10T00:00:00"}, {"id": 207204, "title": "Manet/Vel\u00e1zquez: The French Taste for Spanish Painting", "description": "<i>Manet/Vel\u00e1zquez: The French Taste for Spanish Painting</i>. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY (organizer) (February 25-June 29, 2003).", "opening_date": "2003-02-25T00:00:00"}, {"id": 184132, "title": "Masterworks from The Phillips Collection", "description": "<i>Masterworks from The Phillips Collection</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (February 20-May 29, 2005).", "opening_date": "2005-02-20T00:00:00"}, {"id": 216824, "title": "Renoir's Women", "description": "<i>Renoir's Women</i>. Columbus Museum of Art, Columbus, OH (organizer) (September 23, 2005-January 15, 2006).", "opening_date": "2005-09-23T00:00:00"}, {"id": 182153, "title": "Monet to Dal\u00ed: Modern Masters from the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Monet to Dal\u00ed: Modern Masters from the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. Beijing World Art Museum (May 26-August 27, 2006); Mori Art Center (September 16-November 26, 2006); Seoul Art Center, South Korea (December 22, 2006-March 28, 2007); Seoul Olympic Museum of Art, South Korea (April 7-May 20, 2007); Vancouver Art Gallery, Vancouver, Canada (June 9-September 16, 2007); The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 21, 2007-January 13, 2008); Frist Art Museum, Nashville, TN (February 15-June 1, 2008); Utah Museum of Fine Arts, Salt Lake City, UT (June 22-September 21, 2008); The Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit, MI (October 12, 2008-January 18, 2009).", "opening_date": "2006-05-27T00:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>Exposition de la jeunesse vue par les ma\u00eetres fran\u00e7ais et \u00e9trangers du XVIe au XIXe si\u00e8cle.</em> Paris, H\u00f4tel Jean Charpentier, Paris, France (1928.", "opening_date": "1928-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>French Art 1200-1900.</em> London, Royal Academy of Arts, London, United Kingdom (1932).", "opening_date": "1932-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Exposition Renoir 1841-1919.</em> Paris, Mus\u00e9e de L'Orangerie, Paris, France (1933).", "opening_date": "1933-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Centennial Loan Exhibition 1841-1941: Renoir.</em> Duveen Galleries, New York, NY (1941).", "opening_date": "1941-01-01T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Lacaux family, Paris, France", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "Edmond Decap, Paris, France, by descent to Mme. Maruice Barret-Decap", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "Mme. Maurice Barret-Decap, Paris, France", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "-1929", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "(Drouot, Paris, France, December 12, 1929, lot 12, Barret-Decap Sale, sold to Roger Berheim)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1929-1941", "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "(Roger Bernheim, Paris, France, sold to Jacques Seligmann & Co.,)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "by 1941", "sortorder": 5}, {"description": "(Jacques Seligmann & Co., New York, NY, December 2, 1941, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1941-1942", "sortorder": 6}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1942-", "sortorder": 7}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "The son of a poor tailor from Limoges, Renoir began his artistic career at age 13 as an apprentice to a porcelain painter.", "description": "This painting may be Renoir's earliest signed canvas. Its sensitive display of color and light communicates an ideal of delicate, youthful beauty. The luminous tones of the background drapery and of the child's white blouse result from the artist's careful observation of reflected light and color on translucent materials. The delicate nuances of color, particularly in the young girl's face, reveal Renoir's previous training as a decorator of porcelain. He painted this portrait, commissioned by the vacationing Lacaux family, during his stay at an artist's colony in the village of Barbizon, near Paris.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15880875"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1942.1065-romaine-lacaux"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "<em>Revue de l'Art Ancien et Moderne</em> 751 (September/October 1928): cover.", "page_number": "Reproduced: cover", "url": null}, {"citation": "Hotel Drouot. \"Auction. December 12, 1929.\" <em>ARTnews</em> 28, no. 7 (16 November, 1929): 11.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 11", "url": null}, {"citation": "Hotel Drouot. \"Auction. December 12, 1929.\" <em>ARTnews</em> 28, no. 8 (23 November, 1929): 11.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 11", "url": null}, {"citation": "Imbourg, Pierre. \"The B . . . D . . .Collection.\" <em>Formes; An International Art Review </em>1 (December 1929): 20-21.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 20-21; reproduced: opp. p. 18", "url": null}, {"citation": "Royal Academy of Arts (Great Britain). <em>Commemorative Catalogue of the Exhibition of French Art, 1200-1900</em>. London, UK: Oxford University Press, H. Milford, 1933.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 109, no.479", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Noel 1933.\"<em> L'Illustration: Journal Universel</em> (1933): 49.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p.49", "url": null}, {"citation": "Barnes, Albert C., and Violette De Mazia. <em>The Art of Renoir</em>. New York, NY: Minton, Balch &amp; Co, 1935.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 255", "url": null}, {"citation": "Florisoone, Michel, Frederic Lees, and Andre\u0301 Gloeckner. <em>Renoir</em>. New York, NY: French and European Publications, Inc, 1938.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 26", "url": null}, {"citation": "Wilenski, R. H. <em>Modern French Painters</em>. New York, NY: Reynal &amp; Hitchcock, 1940.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 339", "url": null}, {"citation": "Frankfurter, Alfred M. \"Celebrating Renoir's Centenary: A Bright Galaxy.\" <em>ARTnews</em> 40 (15-30 November 1941): 16-21.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 16-21.", "url": null}, {"citation": "Francis, Henry S. \"Melle Romaine Lacaux by Renoir.\" The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art XXX, no. 6 (June, 1943): 92-98.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 86", "url": null}, {"citation": "Richardson, E. P. \"Mlle. Romaine Lacaux by Renoir.\" <em>The Art Quarterly</em> 6, no. 2 (Spring 1943): 150, 156.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 156; reproduced: p. 150", "url": null}, {"citation": "Davidson, Alfred. \"Cleveland Buys Goya and Renoir Portraits.\" <em>Art Digest </em>17, no. 17 (1 June 1943): 7.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 7", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Renoir and Goya Meet in Cleveland.\" <em>ARTnews</em> 42, no. 8 (June/July 1943): 35.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p.35", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>ARTnews</em> 42, no. 17 (15-31 January 1944): cover.", "page_number": "Reproduced: cover", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Paintings in the Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> [Cleveland]: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1945.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 36", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAPaintings1945/page/n44"}, {"citation": "Vaudoyer, Jean-Louis. <em>Les impressionnistes de Manet a\u0300 Ce\u0301zanne</em>. Paris, FR: Nouvelles e\u0301ditions franc\u0327aises, 1948.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 50", "url": null}, {"citation": "Zahar, Marcel. <em>Renoir</em>. New York, NY: Authentic Publications, 1948.", "page_number": "Figs. 1, 3", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>ARTnews Annual 1948</em>. New York, N.Y.: Newsweek, Inc, 1948.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 75", "url": null}, {"citation": "Paul Rosenberg &amp; Co. <em>Loan Exhibition of 21 Masterpieces by 7 Great Masters ... for the Benefit of the Public Education Association, November 15th to December 18th, 1948</em>. New York, N.Y.: P. Rosenberg &amp; Co, 1948.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 4", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Pictures on Exhibit </em>11, no. 3 (December 1948): cover.", "page_number": "Reproduced: cover", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Catalogue de reproductions en couleurs de la peinture de 1860 a\u0300 ... = Catalogue of colour reproductions of painting from 1860 to ... = Cata\u0301logo de reproducciones en color de la pintura de 1860 a</em>. Paris, FR: Unesco, 1949.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 297", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>ARTnews Annual 1948-1949</em>. New York, N.Y.: Newsweek, Inc, 1949.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 188", "url": null}, {"citation": "Pach, Walter. <em>Pierre Auguste Renoir</em>. New York, NY: H.N. Abrams, 1950.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 32-33", "url": null}, {"citation": "Venturi, Lionello. <em>Impressionists and Symbolists: Manet, Degas, Monet, Pissarro, Sisley, Renoir, Cezanne, Seurat, Gauguin, Van Gogh, Toulouse-Lautrec</em>. New York, NY: Scribner, 1950.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 93, fig. 92", "url": null}, {"citation": "Wildenstein and Company (New York, N.Y.), and Daniel Wildenstein. <em>A Loan Exhibition of Renoir for the Benefit of the New York Infirmary, March 23-April 29, 1950 at Wildenstein</em>. 1950.", "page_number": "Mentioned: cat. no. 1, Reproduced: frontispiece", "url": null}, {"citation": "Towndrow, Kenneth Romney. \u201cFrench Painters.\u201d <em>Apollo: The International Magazine for Collectors</em> 55 (February 1952): 43\u201348.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 45", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Handbook.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 501", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1958/page/n92"}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>In Memoriam: Leonard C. Hanna, Jr.</em> Cleveland: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: no. 72", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Encyclopedia of World Art</em>. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1959.", "page_number": "Mentioned: vol. 12, p. 162", "url": null}, {"citation": "Seligman, Germain. <em>Merchants of Art: 1880-1960; Eighty Years of Professional Collecting</em>. New York, NY: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1962.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pl. 93", "url": null}, {"citation": "Rostrup, Haavard. \"Studier I Fransk Portraetmaleri: Renoir og Bonnard.\" <em>Meddelelser fra Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek </em>20 (1963): 1-24.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 8; reproduced: p. 3", "url": null}, {"citation": "Saisselin, Re\u0301my G. <em>Style, Truth, and the Portrait</em>. [Cleveland]: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1963.", "page_number": "Reproduced: cat. no. 88.", "url": null}, {"citation": "Stechow, Wolfgang. \"A Symposium Honoring Professor Wolfgang Stechow : Youthful Works by Great Artists.\" <em>Bulletin / Allen Memorial Art Museum / Allen Memorial Art Museum</em>20.1963, 77-220 : Ill. ; 8 (1963).", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 24", "url": null}, {"citation": "Henning, Edward B. \"From Turner to Guston.\" <em>Apollo: A Journal of the Arts </em>78 (December 1963): 184-488.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 484", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lambourne, Nigel. <em>Renoir: Paintings, Drawings, Lithographs, and Etchings</em>. London, UK: Folio Society, 1965.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pl. 2", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 173", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n197"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 173", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n197"}, {"citation": "Cabanne, Pierre. <em>Renoir.</em> [Paris]: Re\u0301alite\u0301s-Hachette, 1970.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 46-47", "url": null}, {"citation": "Daulte, Franc\u0327ois. <em>Auguste Renoir: catalogue raisonne\u0301 de l'\u0153uvre peint</em>. Lausanne: Durand-Ruel, 1971.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 33, vol. 1 no. 12", "url": null}, {"citation": "Fezzi, Elda. <em>L'opera completa di Renoir nel periodo impressionista, 1869-1883.</em> Milano: Rizzoli, 1972.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 89, fig. 7", "url": null}, {"citation": "Daulte, Franc\u0327ois. <em>Auguste Renoir</em>. Milano, IT: Fratelli Fabbri Editori, 1972.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 74, fig. 1864", "url": null}, {"citation": "Champa, Kermit Swiler. <em>Studies in Early Impressionism</em>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1973.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 49, pl. 16, mentioned: p. 34-38", "url": null}, {"citation": "Renoir, Auguste, and John Maxon. <em>Paintings by Renoir</em>. [Chicago]: Art Institute of Chicago, 1973.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Kuroe, Mitsuhiko. <em>Renoir</em>. Tokyo, Japan: Shincho-sha, 1974.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 1", "url": null}, {"citation": "Wheldon, Keith, and Auguste Renoir. <em>Renoir and His Art</em>. London, UK: Hamlyn, 1975.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 12, pl. 4", "url": null}, {"citation": "Pach, Walter. <em>Auguste Renoir: Leben und Werk</em>. Ko\u0308ln, Germany: Verlag M. DuMont Schauberg, 1976.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 61, pl. 1", "url": null}, {"citation": "De Mazia, Violette. \"E Pluribus Unum--Cont'd: Part IV.\" <em>Journal of the Art Department </em>8, no. 2 (Autumn 1977): 3-42.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 5; reproduced: pl.4", "url": null}, {"citation": "Callen, Anthea. <em>Renoir</em>. London, UK: Oresko Books,1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 7, fig. 1", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 215", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n235"}, {"citation": "Moulin, Jean-Marie. \"The Art of the Second Empire.\" <em>The Magazine Antiques </em>114, no. 4 (October 1978): 776-783.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 777", "url": null}, {"citation": "Galeries nationales du Grand Palais (France), Philadelphia Museum of Art, Detroit Institute of Arts, and Re\u0301union des muse\u0301es nationaux (France). <em>L'Art en France sous le Second Empire: [exposition], Grand Palais, 11 mai-13 aou\u0302t 1979</em>. Paris: La Re\u0301union, 1979.", "page_number": "Mentioned: cat. no. VI, Reproduced: p. 348-9", "url": null}, {"citation": "Harris, Nathaniel. <em>A Treasury of Impressionism</em>. London, UK: Optimum, 1979.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Renoir: </em>Hayward Gallery, London, UK, January 30 - April 21, 1985, Galeries nationales du Grand Palais, Paris, FR, May 14 - September 2, 1985, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA. October 9 -January 5, 1986. Paris, FR: Re\u0301union des muse\u0301es nationaux, 1985.", "page_number": "Referenced: cat. no. 1, p. 182, Reproduced: p. 37, 182", "url": null}, {"citation": "Renoir, Auguste. <em>Renoir: Hayward Gallery, London, 30 January-21 April 1985, Galeries Nationales Du Grand Palais, Paris, 14 May-2 September 1985, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, 9 October 1985-5 January 1986</em>. [London]: Arts Council of Great Britain, 1985.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 1, 37,182", "url": null}, {"citation": "Tinterow, Gary, and Henri Loyrette. <em>Origins of Impressionism</em>. 1994.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 254-255", "url": null}, {"citation": "Drucker, Michel. <em>Renoir</em>. Paris, FR: P. Tisne\u0301, 1944.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 25, pl. 2", "url": null}, {"citation": "Renoir's Portraits: Impressions of an Age (Exhibition), Auguste Renoir, Colin B. Bailey, John Bruce Collins, Linda Nochlin, and Anne Distel. <em>Renoir's Portraits: Impressions of an Age</em>. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 3, p. 21-23, 94-96, 268", "url": null}, {"citation": "Johnston, Sona.<em> Faces of Impressionism: Portraits from American Collections</em>. New York, NY : Rizzoli, 1999.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 145, cat. no. 53", "url": null}, {"citation": "Argencourt, Louise d', and Roger Diederen. <em>Catalogue of Paintings</em>. <em>Pt. 4. European Paintings of the 19th Century</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1974.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 526-529, Vol. II, no. 184", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Joannides, Paul. <em>Renoir: sa vie, son oeuvre</em>. Courbevoie, FR: Soline, 2000.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 19", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Sekai bijutsukan no tabi</em>. To\u0304kyo\u0304, Japan: Sho\u0304gakukan, 2002.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 310", "url": null}, {"citation": "Tinterow, Gary, Genevie\u0300ve Lacambre, and Deborah L. Rolda\u0301n. <em>Manet/Vela\u0301zquez: The French Taste for Spanish Painting</em>. New York, NY: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2003.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 516, fig. 1.64, p. 64", "url": null}, {"citation": "Pach, Walter, and Auguste Renoir. <em>Pierre Auguste Renoir</em>. New York, NY: Harry N. Abrams, Publishers, 2003.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 48-49", "url": null}, {"citation": "Fahy, Everett, Elizabeth E. Barker, and Jayne Wrightsman. <em>The Wrightsman pictures</em>. New York, NY: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2005.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 181", "url": null}, {"citation": "Dumas, Ann, and John Bruce Collins. <em>Renoir's Women</em>. London, UK: Merrell, 2005.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 41, fig. 26", "url": null}, {"citation": "Burgess, Margaret B., \"Side by Side\", Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Cleveland Art: The Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em>. Vol. 45 no. 05, May/June 2005", "page_number": "Mentioned & reproduced: p. 9", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2005-05/page/8"}, {"citation": "Kagawa, Kyo\u0304ko. <em>Runowa\u0304ru</em>. To\u0304kyo\u0304, Japan: Sho\u0304gakukan, 2006.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 74", "url": null}, {"citation": "Dauberville, Guy-Patrice, Michel Dauberville, and Camille Fre\u0301montier-Murphy. <em>Renoir: catalogue raisonne\u0301 des tableaux, pastels, dessins et aquarelles</em>. Paris, FR: E\u0301ditions Bernheim-Jeune, 2007.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 485, fig. 489", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Off the Walls.\" <em>Fine Art Connoisseur </em>5, no. 5 (September/October 2008):67-71.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 71", "url": null}, {"citation": "Thomas, Greg M. <em>Impressionist Children: Childhood, Family, and Modern Identity in French Art</em>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2010.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 9, fig. 10", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 289", "url": ""}, {"citation": "\"Auf der Such nach dem Museumparkplatz.\" <em>Weltkuns</em>t. 154 (march 2019): 68", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 68", "url": null}, {"citation": "Arendsee, M., and M. Steinman-Arendsee. \"Take the CAN disability aesthetics tour, at the Cleveland Museum of art.\" CAN Journal (Winter 2019/20): 76-87.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 82", "url": null}, {"citation": "Robinson, William H. \u201cPortrait of Renoir.\u201d <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine </em>61, no. 4 (Fall 2021): 28.", "page_number": "Reproduced and mentioned: p. 28", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2021-04"}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1942.1065", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1942.1065/1942.1065_web.jpg", "width": "716", "height": "900", "filesize": "245264", "filename": "1942.1065_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1942.1065/1942.1065_print.jpg", "width": "2706", "height": "3400", "filesize": "3262188", "filename": "1942.1065_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1942.1065/1942.1065_full.tif", "width": "11255", "height": "14143", "filesize": "477570348", "filename": "1942.1065_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2006-04-10T17:59:43", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1942.1065/1942.1065_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "714", "height": "893", "filesize": "117970"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1942.1065/1942.1065_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "2708", "height": "3400", "filesize": "5893608"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1942.1065/1942.1065_alt0_full.tif", "width": "3983", "height": "5000", "filesize": "59776132"}}, {"date_created": "2017-05-08T11:39:54", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1942.1065/1942.1065_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "675", "filesize": "249889"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1942.1065/1942.1065_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2550", "filesize": "3517867"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1942.1065/1942.1065_alt1_full.tif", "width": "16000", "height": "12000", "filesize": "576031536"}}, {"date_created": "2017-05-08T11:31:33", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1942.1065/1942.1065_alt2_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "675", "filesize": "228052"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1942.1065/1942.1065_alt2_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2550", "filesize": "3081699"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1942.1065/1942.1065_alt2_full.tif", "width": "16000", "height": "12000", "filesize": "576030924"}}], "creditline": "Gift of the Hanna Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Nancy F. and Joseph P. Keithley Gallery", "athena_id": 121188, "creators": [{"id": 1765, "description": "Pierre-Auguste Renoir (French, 1841\u20131919)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": "Renoir's parents, a tailor and a dressmaker, moved their family to Paris in 1844. At age thirteen Renoir apprenticed with the porcelain decorators Levy Fr\u00e8res &amp; Cie. He earned money by painting fans, blinds, and murals for caf\u00e9s. In 1860 he registered to copy Old Master paintings in the Louvre and, the following year, entered the studio of Charles Gleyre (1806-1874), where he met Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Bazille (1841-1870), Monet (q.v.), and Sisley (q.v.). In 1862 he was also accepted at the \u00c9cole des Beaux-Arts. With his friends from Gleyre's studio, he began working en plein air and, during a visit to the forest of Fontainebleau, was introduced to Diaz de la Pe\u00f1a (q.v.). After a failed attempt in 1863, Renoir's first painting was accepted at the Salon of 1864, the same year he painted Cleveland's portrait of Romaine Lacaux. More typical of this early period, however, is the painting Diana the Huntress (1867, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.), which reveals Courbet's (q.v.) influence. Around 1867 Renoir shared a studio with Bazille and Monet, the latter becoming an important influence on his art. Renoir and Monet's comparable impressionist style during this period is evident in two paintings each made at La grenouill\u00e8re (all four titled La grenouill\u00e8re, 1869: Nationalmuseum, Stockholm, and Pushkin Museum, Moscow [Renoir]; National Gallery, London, and Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York [Monet]),1 a bathing establishment on the Seine. After Renoir's military service during the Franco-Prussian War (1870-71), Monet introduced him to the dealer Durand-Ruel, who began purchasing his works. Renoir's submissions to the Salon were regularly refused, which encouraged him to participate in the first impressionist exhibition in 1874 and the 1875 auction at H\u00f4tel Drouot, where his works were ridiculed by the critics. At the third impressionist exhibition in 1877, he showed Ball at the Moulin de la Galette (1876, Mus\u00e9e d'Orsay, Paris), in which he addressed a subject of modern life, one of his most characteristic impressionist paintings on a grand scale, with a rich pattern of light and shadow. In 1878 he returned to the Salon and became quite successful, establishing his reputation as a portraitist (1878, Mme Charpentier and her Children, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York). He continued to use this official venue for the next several years, declining to exhibit with the impressionists. This decision was partly generated by the fact that his newfound clientele would be more appreciative of his participating in the Salon. He was supported by his patrons, particularly the Charpentiers, owners of a publishing house, whose journal La vie moderne furthered Renoir's reputation. After a trip to North Africa and Italy in 1881, he joined C\u00e9zanne at L'Estaque. Throughout the 1880s and 1890s Renoir traveled extensively through Brittany, Normandy, Provence, and Spain. In the mid-1880s he began to experiment with more linear contours, the application of thinner paint layers, and smoother brush strokes. This so-called Ingresque period, which had a very mixed reception, lasted for about six years. He then reflected upon the achievements of the Old Masters and favored a more fluid style, after which he returned to using broader brush strokes and more vibrant colors. In 1886 he was given a one-man show by Durand-Ruel. By 1900 Renoir was an established artist: he became Chevalier of the Legion of Honor in 1900 and four years later was honored at the Salon d'Automne with a gallery devoted to his works. Beginning in 1912 he suffered from rheumatism and began using a wheelchair, yet he continued to work until the end of his life. He now often stayed in southern France, where he owned property in Cagnes-sur-Mer. Renoir regularly exhibited his works at the Durand-Ruel and Bernheim-Jeune galleries in Paris, as well as elsewhere in Europe and in the United States.", "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1841", "death_year": "1919", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1942-12-02T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1864, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1864", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": true, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Mlle. Romaine Lacaux"], "is_highlight": true, "updated_at": "2026-04-11 11:17:14.582000"}, {"id": 123168, "accession_number": "1943.392", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "The Call, 1902. Paul Gauguin (French, 1848\u20131903). Oil on fabric; framed: 160.5 x 119 x 9.5 cm (63 3/16 x 46 7/8 x 3 3/4 in.); unframed: 131.3 x 89.5 cm (51 11/16 x 35 1/4 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Gift of the Hanna Fund, 1943.392", "current_location": "222 Impressionism & Post-Impressionism", "title": "The Call", "creation_date": "1902", "creation_date_earliest": 1902, "creation_date_latest": 1902, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["France, late 19th-early 20th Century"], "technique": "oil on fabric", "support_materials": [], "department": "Modern European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "Mod Euro - Painting 1800-1960", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 160.5 x 119 x 9.5 cm (63 3/16 x 46 7/8 x 3 3/4 in.); Unframed: 131.3 x 89.5 cm (51 11/16 x 35 1/4 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 1.605, "width": 1.19, "depth": 0.095}, "unframed": {"height": 1.313, "width": 0.895}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "Signed lower right: P. Gauguin / 1902\r\n", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 338414, "title": "A Loan Exhibition of Paul Gauguin for the Benefit of the New York Infirmary", "description": "<i>A Loan Exhibition of Paul Gauguin for the Benefit of the New York Infirmary</i>. Wildenstein & Co. (organizer) (April 3-27, 1946).", "opening_date": "1946-04-03T05:00:00"}, {"id": 311952, "title": "Art, A Means to World Understanding", "description": "<i>Art, A Means to World Understanding</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (March 16-April 10, 1949).", "opening_date": "1949-03-16T05:00:00"}, {"id": 338417, "title": "The Variety of Artistic Production", "description": "<i>The Variety of Artistic Production</i>. Akron Art Museum (January 12-February 26, 1950).", "opening_date": "1950-01-12T05:00:00"}, {"id": 338420, "title": "Gauguin in Tahiti", "description": "<i>Gauguin in Tahiti</i>. Minneapolis Institute of Art, Minneapolis, MN (organizer) (April 1-May 14, 1950).", "opening_date": "1950-04-01T05:00:00"}, {"id": 338424, "title": "Masterpieces From Museums and Private Collections", "description": "<i>Masterpieces From Museums and Private Collections</i>. Wildenstein & Co. (organizer) (November 7-December 15, 1951).", "opening_date": "1951-11-07T05:00:00"}, {"id": 338427, "title": "Paul Gauguin, His Place in the Meeting of East and West", "description": "<i>Paul Gauguin, His Place in the Meeting of East and West</i>. Museum of Fine Arts, Houston (March 27-April 25, 1954).", "opening_date": "1954-03-27T05:00:00"}, {"id": 338430, "title": "An Exhibition of Paintings, Engravings and Sculpture by Gauguin", "description": "<i>An Exhibition of Paintings, Engravings and Sculpture by Gauguin</i>. Gallery of the Royal Scottish Academy, Edinburgh (August 21-September 18, 1955); Tate Britain, London (September 29-October 26, 1955).", "opening_date": "1955-09-29T04:00:00"}, {"id": 338442, "title": "The Turn of the Century-Exhibition of Masterpieces", "description": "<i>The Turn of the Century-Exhibition of Masterpieces</i>. Denver Art Museum, Denver, CO (organizer) (October 1-November 18, 1956).", "opening_date": "1956-10-01T04:00:00"}, {"id": 301477, "title": "In Memoriam: Leonard C. Hanna, Jr.", "description": "<i>In Memoriam: Leonard C. Hanna, Jr.</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (March 4-April 7, 1958).", "opening_date": "1958-03-04T05:00:00"}, {"id": 338449, "title": "Gauguin: Paintings, Drawings, Prints, Sculpture", "description": "<i>Gauguin: Paintings, Drawings, Prints, Sculpture</i>. The Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL (organizer) (February 12-March 29, 1959); The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY (April 22-May 30, 1959).", "opening_date": "1959-02-12T05:00:00"}, {"id": 310025, "title": "Creativity in Art and Science, 1860-1960", "description": "<i>Creativity in Art and Science, 1860-1960</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (September 16-November 8, 1987).", "opening_date": "1987-09-16T04:00:00"}, {"id": 311444, "title": "Object Lessons: Cleveland Creates an Art Museum", "description": "<i>Object Lessons: Cleveland Creates an Art Museum</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 7-September 8, 1991).", "opening_date": "1991-06-07T04:00:00"}, {"id": 195556, "title": "Paul Gauguin: Paris, 1889", "description": "<i>Paul Gauguin: Paris, 1889</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 4, 2009-January 18, 2010).", "opening_date": "2009-10-04T00:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>Exposition Paul Gauguin.</em> Galerie Ambroise Vollard, Paris, France (1903).", "opening_date": "1903-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Manet and the Post-Impressionists</em>. Grafton Galleries, London, United Kingdom (1910-1911).", "opening_date": "1910-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>St\u00e4dtische Ausstellungshalle am Aachener Tor.</em> Internationale Kunstausstellung des Sonderbundes westdeutscher Kunstfreunde und K\u00fcnstler. Cologne, Germany (1912).", "opening_date": "1912-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Exhibition of Modern French Paintings</em>. Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit, MI (1931).", "opening_date": "1931-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Five Centuries of European Painting</em>. Los Angeles Museum, Los Angeles, CA (1933).", "opening_date": "1933-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>An Exhibition of Literature and Poetry in Painting since 1850</em>. Wadsworth Atheneum, Hartford, CT (1933).", "opening_date": "1933-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>A Century of Progress Exhibition of Paintings and Sculpture.</em> Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL (1934).", "opening_date": "1934-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Paul Gauguin 1848-1903.</em> Wildenstein &amp; Co, New York, NY: 1936; Fogg Art Museum, Cambridge, MA: 1936. Baltimore Museum of Art, Baltimore, MD (1936).", "opening_date": "1936-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Masters of French 19th Century Painting.</em> New Burlington Galleries, London. United Kingdom (1936).", "opening_date": "1936-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>The Great Tradition of French Painting</em>. Wildenstein &amp; Co, New York, NY (1939).", "opening_date": "1939-01-01T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Ambroise Vollard [1866-1939], Paris, France", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": null}, {"description": "Baron Wolf Kohner [1866-1937], Budapest, Hungary", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "by 1912-1933", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "(Wildenstein & Co., New York, NY, November 9, 1943, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "by 1933-1943", "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1943-", "sortorder": 5}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Although known as one of the founders of modern art, Gauguin found inspiration in ancient Greek, Roman, and Egyptian art. The woman with the pointing finger on the right side of this painting was taken from a figure on the Parthenon frieze.", "description": "Painted on a remote island in Polynesia a year before the artist's death, <em>The Call</em> belongs to a series of late works that explore the mysteries of life and death. Two women stand with bare feet, as if on sacred ground. One woman gestures to someone outside the picture, perhaps responding to a \"call\" from fate or destiny. Gauguin realized his ambition of painting from memory and the imagination through such mysterious, dreamlike images.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60024293"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1943.392-the-call"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Haberfeld, Hugo. \"Die franz\u00f6sischen Bilder der Sammlung Kohner.\" <em>Der Cicerone</em> 3 (1911): 579-589.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 587, abb. 8; mentioned: p. 589", "url": null}, {"citation": "Petrovics, Elek. \"B\u00e1r\u00f3 Kohner Adolf Gy\u00fcjt\u00e9menye.\" <em>Magyar M\u00fcv\u00e9szet</em> <em>(Hungarian Art)</em> 6 (1929): 300-322.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 319; mentioned: p. 321", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"List of Paintings.\" <em>Art Digest </em>8 (June 1, 1934): 12-24.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 17", "url": null}, {"citation": "Gauguin, Paul. translated by Van Wyck Brooks. <em>Paul Gauguin's Intimate Journals</em>. New York: Crown Publishers, 1936.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p.51", "url": null}, {"citation": "Frankfurter, Alfred M. \u201cGauguin: Fifty Paintings in a First American One Man Loan Exhibition.\u201d <em>ARTnews</em> 34 (March 21, 1936): 5\u20136.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 6", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Apollo: A Journal of the Arts </em>24 (July to December 1936): 278.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 278", "url": null}, {"citation": "Rewald, John, and Andre\u0301 Gloeckner. <em>Gauguin</em>. New York, NY: French and European Publications, 1938.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 134", "url": null}, {"citation": "Gaunt, William. \u201cPaul Gauguin.\u201d <em>London Studio</em> 16 (November 1938): 232\u201338.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 232", "url": null}, {"citation": "Malingue, Maurice. <em>Gauguin.</em> Monaco: Les Documents d'Art, 1943.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pl. xii", "url": null}, {"citation": "Francis, Henry S. \"L'Appel by Paul Gauguin.\"<em> The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art,</em> no. XXXI, no. 31 (January, 1944): 3-5.", "page_number": "Reproduced: cover, mentioned: p. 3-5", "url": null}, {"citation": "\u201cGauguin\u2019s L\u2019Appel Given to Cleveland.\u201d <em>Art Digest</em> 18 (January 15, 1944): 8.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 8", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Gauguin l'Appel.\" <em>ARTnews</em> 42, no. 17 (15-31 January, 1944): 15.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 15", "url": null}, {"citation": "\u201cYear in Art: A Review of 1944 Including Art News\u2019 Selection of the Ten Outstanding One Man Shows.\u201d <em>ARTnews</em> 43 (January 1, 1945): 26\u201327.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 26", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Paintings in the Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> [Cleveland]: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1945.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. [4]", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAPaintings1945/page/n12"}, {"citation": "\u201cL\u2019appel.\u201d <em>American Artist</em> 9 (December 1945): 23.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 23", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kunstverein fu\u0308r die Rheinlande und Westfalen. <em>Franzo\u0308sische Impressionisten und ihre Zeitgenossen in Farbdrucken; eine Auswahl von siebzig Gema\u0308lden mit neun Biographien und vierundzwanzig Abbildungen</em>. Baden-Baden, Germany: W. Klein, 1946.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 58", "url": null}, {"citation": "Wildenstein and Company (New York, N.Y.), Vladimir Visson, and Raymond Cogniat. <em>A Loan Exhibition of Paul Gauguin, For the Benefit of the New York Infirmary. April 3-May 4, 1946 at Wildenstein</em>. 1946.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 39", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cogniat, Raymond. <em>Gauguin</em>. Paris, FR: P. Tisne, 1947.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pl. 116", "url": null}, {"citation": "Unesco. <em>Catalogue de reproductions en couleurs de la peinture de 1860 a\u0300 ... = Catalogue of colour reproductions of painting from 1860 to ... = Cata\u0301logo de reproducciones en color de la pintura de 1860 a</em>. Paris, FR: Unesco, 1949", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 113", "url": null}, {"citation": "Elgar, Frank. <em>Gauguin</em>. Paris, FR: F. Hazan, 1949.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pl. 22", "url": null}, {"citation": "Sutton, Denys. \"Paul Gauguin 1848-1903.\" <em>Maandblad voor Beeldende Kunsten </em>25 (1949): 106-110.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 110", "url": null}, {"citation": "Venturi, Lionello. <em>Impressionists and Symbolists: Manet, Degas, Monet, Pissarro, Sisley, Renoir, Cezanne, Seurat, Gauguin, Van Gogh, Toulouse-Lautrec</em>. New York, NY: Scribner, 1950.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 173, fig. 177", "url": null}, {"citation": "Dovski, Lee van. <em>Paul Gauguin, oder, Die Flucht vor der Zivilisation.</em> Olten: Delphi, 1950.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 355,no. 396", "url": null}, {"citation": "Davis, Richard S. \"Gauguin Landscape Purchased from Eliel Memorial Fund.\" <em>Minneapolis Institute of Arts Bulletin</em> 39, no. 13 (April 1, 1950): 62-67.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 67", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Gauguin in Tahiti\" <em>Bulletin of the Minneapolis Institute of Arts</em> 39 (1 April 1950): 66-67", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Bazin, Germain, and Marc Loge\u0301. <em>History of Painting</em>. New York, NY: Hyperion Press, 1951.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 86, vol. 2", "url": null}, {"citation": "Dorival, Bernard. \"Sources of the Art of Gauguin from Java, Egypt and Ancient Greece.\" <em>Burlington Magazine</em> 93 (1951): 118-123.", "page_number": "Reproduced: fig. 25; mentioned: fig. 25", "url": null}, {"citation": "Robb, David M. <em>The Harper History of Painting: The Occidental Tradition. </em>New York: Harper, 1951.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 789-790, 794, 806-807; reproduced: p. 788", "url": null}, {"citation": "Wildenstein and Company (New York, N.Y.). <em>Masterpieces from Museums and Private Collections: Wildenstein Jubilee Loan Exhibition, 1901-1951 ... November 8 - December 15, 1951 ... New York</em>. [New York]: Wildenstein, 1951.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 52", "url": null}, {"citation": "\u201cL\u2019appel.\u201d <em>Journal of Aesthetics &amp; Art Criticism</em> 12 (December 1953): 144.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 144", "url": null}, {"citation": "Dorra, Henri. \u201cGauguin and His Century; a Houston Museum Show Reveals How East Meets West in Gauguin\u2019s Style.\u201d <em>Art Digest</em> 28 (March 15, 1954): 12\u201313.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 13", "url": null}, {"citation": "Gauguin, Paul. <em>Paul Gauguin: His Place in the Meeting of East and West : Museum of Fine Arts of Houston, March 27-April 25, 1954</em>. Houston [Tex.]: Museum of Fine Arts of Houston, 1954.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 33", "url": null}, {"citation": "Gauguin, Paul. <em>An Exhibition of Paintings, Engravings &amp; Sculpture [by] Gauguin</em>. Edinburgh: Royal Scottish Academy, 1955.", "page_number": "Mentioned cat. no. 63, p. 35, Reproduced: frontispiece", "url": null}, {"citation": "Gauguin, Paul, Sigurd Willoch, and Kunstnervorbundet (Norway). <em>Paul Gauguin : 11. November-1. December 1955</em>. Oslo: Kunstnerforbundet, 1955.", "page_number": "Mentioned: cat. no. 35, Reproduced: opp. title page", "url": null}, {"citation": "<br>Tralbaut, M. E. \"De Gauguin-tentoonstelling te Londen.\" <em>Museumjournaal </em>1, no. 5/6 (December 1955): 93-97.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 104", "url": null}, {"citation": "Sutton, Denys. \"Notes on Paul Gauguin Apropos a Recent Exhibition.\" <em>Burlington Magazine </em>98 (March 1956): 84-92.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 91", "url": null}, {"citation": "Goldwater, Robert. <em>Paul Gauguin</em>. New York, NY: H.N. Abrams, 1957.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 156-157", "url": null}, {"citation": "Rewald, John. <em>Gauguin Drawings</em>. New York, NY: T. Yoseloff, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 111-115", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Handbook.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 511", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1958/page/n94"}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>In Memoriam: Leonard C. Hanna, J</em>r. Cleveland: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 51", "url": null}, {"citation": "Milliken, William Mathewson. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Ar</em>t. New York: H.N. Abrams, 1958.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 56", "url": null}, {"citation": "Frankfurter, Alfred. \"Cleveland: Model Museum for a Modern Cosmopolis.\" ARTnews 57, no. 1 (March 1958): 24-37.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 36, fig. 27", "url": null}, {"citation": "Gauguin, Paul, and Theodore Rousseau. <em>Gauguin--Paintings, Drawings, Prints, Sculpture: [Exhibition], the Art Institute of Chicago, [Feb. 12-Mar. 29, 1959], the Metropolitan Museum of Art, [Apr. 23-May 31, 1959]</em>. Chicago: Art Institute of Chicago, 1959.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 68, p. 21-22", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Gauguin at the Metropolitan.\" <em>Pictures on Exhibit</em> 22, no. 8 (May 1959): 4-5.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 5", "url": null}, {"citation": "Henning, Edward. \"From Turner to Guston.\" <em>Apollo: A Journal of the Arts </em>68, no. 22 (December 1963): 481-488.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 485; mentioned: p. 487", "url": null}, {"citation": "Wildenstein, Georges. <em>Gauguin</em>. Paris, FR: Les Beaux-Arts, E\u0301ditions d'E\u0301tudes et de Documents, 1964.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 612", "url": null}, {"citation": "Alley, Ronald. <em>Gauguin</em>. London: Spring Books, 1964.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 48; Reproduced: pl. XLVIII", "url": ""}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 181", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n205"}, {"citation": "Cachin, Franc\u0327oise. <em>Gauguin</em>. Paris, FR: Librairie ge\u0301ne\u0301rale franc\u0327ais], 1968.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 313-315", "url": null}, {"citation": "Krause, Joseph H. <em>The Nature of Art</em>. Englewood Cliffs, NJ.: Prentice-Hall, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pl. 32", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969. ,", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 181", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n205"}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Art of the Twentieth Century in the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: Dept. of Art History &amp; Education, CMA, 1969.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 1", "url": "https://archive.org/details/20thCenturyArtCMA/page/n1"}, {"citation": "Munro, Thomas. <em>Form and Style in the Arts: An Introduction to Aesthetic Morphology</em>. Cleveland, OH: Press of Case Western Reserve University, 1970.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pl. VII", "url": null}, {"citation": "Pickvance, Ronald . <em>The Drawings of Gauguin</em>. Feltham, UK: Hamlyn, 1970.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 106", "url": null}, {"citation": "Awazu, Norio. <em>Go\u0304gyan Gauguin.</em> Tokyo: Shu\u0304eisha, 1971.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pl. 64", "url": null}, {"citation": "Mandel, Gabriele. <em>L'opera completa di Gauguin</em>. Milano, IT: Rizzoli, 1972.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 440", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bowness, Alan. <em>Modern European Art.</em> [New York]: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, 1972.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 62, fig. 57", "url": null}, {"citation": "Wadley, Nicholas. <em>Gauguin: 116 Reproductions</em>. Oxford, UK: Phaidon, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pl. 94", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 223", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n243"}, {"citation": "Henning, Edward B. <em>The Spirit of Surrealism</em>. Cleveland: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1979.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 46-47, 185; Reproduced: p. 46, fig. 5; colorplate I", "url": null}, {"citation": "Fezzi, Elda. <em>Gauguin: Every Painting I-II.</em> New York: Rizzoli, 1980.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 90, no. 594", "url": null}, {"citation": "Amann, Per Amann. <em>Paul Gauguin</em>. Ramerding, Germany: Berghaus, 1980.", "page_number": "Pl. 69", "url": null}, {"citation": "Yasunori, Tan\u02bco. <em>Go\u0304gan</em>. To\u0304kyo\u0304, Japan: Ko\u0304dansha, 1980.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 124, no. 57", "url": null}, {"citation": "Goldwater, Robert. <em>Paul Gauguin</em>. Norwalk, Conn: Easton Press, 1983.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 124-125", "url": null}, {"citation": "Vance, Mary Lynn Zink. <em>Gauguin's Polynesian Pantheon As a Visual Language.</em> Thesis Ph.D. University of California, Santa Barbara 1983.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 171, 189", "url": null}, {"citation": "Henning, Edward B. \u201cLooking at Art: The Woman in the Waves.\u201d <em>ARTnews</em> 83 (March 1984): 104\u20136.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 104-106", "url": null}, {"citation": "Le Pichon, Yann. <em>Sur les traces de Gauguin</em>. Paris, FR: R. Laffont, 1986.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 6", "url": null}, {"citation": "Motoe, Kunio. <em>Go\u0304gyan</em>. To\u0304kyo\u0304: Shu\u0304eisha, 1986.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pl. 59", "url": null}, {"citation": "Abe, Nobuo, and Kimio Nakayama. <em>Go\u0304gyan: rakuen no maboroshi</em>. Tokyo, Japan: Sankei Shinbun Shashin Nyu\u0304su Senta\u0304, 1987.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 37", "url": null}, {"citation": "Faulkner, Ray, Edwin Ziegfeld, and Howard J. Smagula. <em>Art Today: An Introduction to the Visual Arts</em>. New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1987.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 64, pl. 10", "url": null}, {"citation": "Hoog, Michel. <em>Paul Gauguin, Life and Work</em>. New York, NY: Rizzoli, 1987.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pl. 204; mentioned: p. 269, 281", "url": null}, {"citation": "Le Pichon, Yann. <em>Gauguin: Life, Art, Inspiration</em>. New York, NY: H.N. Abrams, 1987.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 6", "url": null}, {"citation": "Prather, Marla and Charles F. Stuckey. <em>Gauguin: A Retrospective</em>. New York, NY: H.L. Levin Associates, 1987.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 346", "url": null}, {"citation": "Henning, Edward B. <em>Creativity in Art and Science</em>, 1860-1960. [Cleveland, Ohio]: Published by the Cleveland Museum of Art in cooperation with Indiana University Press, 1987.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 109", "url": null}, {"citation": "Brettell, Richard R. <em>The Art of Paul Gauguin</em>. Washington, DC: National Gallery of Art, 1988.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 494, Mentioned: p. 492-494", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cachin, Franc\u0327oise. <em>Gauguin</em>. Paris, FR: Flammarion, 1988.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 274", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cachin, Franc\u0327oise. <em>Gauguin \"ce malgre\u0301 moi de sauvage\"</em>. Paris, FR: Gallimard, 1989.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 124", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cahn, Isabelle. <em>Gauguin</em>. Milano, IT: Giorgio Mondadori, 1990.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pl. 68", "url": null}, {"citation": "Motoe, Kunio. Go\u0304gyan = Paul Gauguin. To\u0304kyo\u0304: Asahi Shinbunsha, 1990.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pl. 66", "url": null}, {"citation": "Schneeberger, Pierre-Francis. <em>Gauguin, Tahiti</em>. Paris, FR: Bibliothe\u0300que des Arts, 1991.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 74-75", "url": null}, {"citation": "Turner, Evan H. <em>Object Lessons: Cleveland Creates an Art Museum.</em> Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1991.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 85, 113; Reproduced: p. 113", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kimura, Shigenobu, Shu\u0304ji Takashina, Ko\u0304ichi Kabayama, Yasuto O\u0304ta, and Yasunori Tan\u02bco. <em>Seikimatsu no yume = The dream of fin de sie\u0300cle</em>. To\u0304kyo\u0304, Japan: Ko\u0304dansha, 1992.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 23", "url": null}, {"citation": "Thomson, Belinda. <em>Gauguin by Himself</em>. Boston, MA: Little, Brown, 1993.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pl. 220", "url": null}, {"citation": "Chong, Alan. <em>European &amp; American Painting in the Cleveland Museum of Art: A Summary Catalogue.</em> Cleveland, Ohio: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1993.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 82", "url": null}, {"citation": "Maillol, Aristide, Ursel Berger, and Jo\u0308rg Zutter. <em>Aristide Maillol</em>. Paris, FR: Flammarion, 1996.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 26", "url": null}, {"citation": "Pelfrey, Robert H. <em>Art and Mass Media</em>. Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt, 1996.", "page_number": "Reproduced: fig. 7, p. 26; Mentioned: p, 188", "url": null}, {"citation": "Eisenman, Stephen. <em>Gauguin's Skirt</em>. New York, NY: Thames and Hudson, 1997.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 101, Mentioned: p. 100", "url": null}, {"citation": "d' Argencourt, Louise and Roger Diederen. <em>Catalogue of Paintings. Pt. 4. European Paintings of the 19th Century. </em>Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1999.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: vol. 1, p. 282-286, no. 102", "url": null}, {"citation": "May, Sally Ruth, Jane Takac, and Barbara J. Bradley. <em>Knockouts: A Pocket Guide</em>. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2001.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. p. 53, Mentioned: p. 52-53, Listed: p.118", "url": null}, {"citation": "Natter, Tobias G. <em>Die Galerie Miethke: eine Kunsthandlung im Zentrum der Moderne</em>. Wien, Austria: Ju\u0308disches Museum der Stadt Wien, 2003.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 172", "url": null}, {"citation": "Rebeyrotte, Jean-Franc\u0327ois. Rebeyrotte. <em>Paul Gauguin</em>. Paris: Somogy Editions d'Art, 2003.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 48-49", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cahn, Isabelle, and Bernadette Caille. <em>Gauguin - Tahiti- l'Atelier des Tropiques: [3 octobre 2003-19 janvier 2004, Galeries Nationales du Grand P alais, Paris]</em>. Paris: Re\u0301union des Muse\u0301es Nationaux, 2004.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 257, fig. 4", "url": null}, {"citation": "Robinson, William, \"World Tour Comes to Cleveland\", Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Cleveland Art: The Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em>. Vol. 47 no. 08, October 2007", "page_number": "Mentioned & reproduced: p. 4", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2007-08/page/2/"}, {"citation": "Eisenman, Stephen, and Guillermina Rosenkrantz. <em>Paul Gauguin</em>. Barcelona, Spain: Estudi Poligrafa, 2010.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 87", "url": null}, {"citation": "Walther, Ingo F. <em>Paul Gauguin, 1848-1903 : the primitive sophisticate. </em>Taschen America Llc, 2013.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 84-85", "url": null}, {"citation": "Figura, Starr, Elizabeth C. Childs, Hal Foster, and Erika Mosier. <em>Gauguin: Metamorphoses</em>. The Museum of Modern Art, NY: 2014.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 219, fig. 184", "url": null}, {"citation": "Molnos, Pe\u0301ter. <em>Aranykorok romjain: tanulma\u0301nyok a modern magyar feste\u0301szet e\u0301s mu\u030bgyu\u030bjte\u0301s to\u0308rte\u0301nete\u0301bo\u030bl a Kieselbach Gale\u0301ria alapi\u0301ta\u0301sa\u0301nak huszadik e\u0301vfordulo\u0301ja\u0301n.</em> Budapest: Kieselbach, 2015.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 98", "url": null}, {"citation": "Brettell, Richard R. <em>On Modern Beauty: Three Paintings by Manet, Gauguin, and Cezanne</em>. Los Angeles: The J. Paul Getty Museum, 2019.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 45, no. 30", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Paul Gauguin: Teuraheimata a Potoru, a Rediscovery.</em> New York: Jill Newhouse Gallery; [Akron, Ohio]: Thomas French Fine Art, 2019.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 7", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1943.392", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1943.392/1943.392_web.jpg", "width": "606", "height": "900", "filesize": "243342", "filename": "1943.392_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1943.392/1943.392_print.jpg", "width": "2291", "height": "3400", "filesize": "3236257", "filename": "1943.392_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1943.392/1943.392_full.tif", "width": "10517", "height": "15608", "filesize": "492479392", "filename": "1943.392_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2007-07-23T17:54:31", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1943.392/1943.392_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "601", "height": "893", "filesize": "422433"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1943.392/1943.392_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "2287", "height": "3400", "filesize": "5787885"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1943.392/1943.392_alt0_full.tif", "width": "3968", "height": "5899", "filesize": "70255276"}}, {"annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1943.392/1943.392_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "603", "height": "893", "filesize": "440145"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1943.392/1943.392_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "2294", "height": "3400", "filesize": "5682615"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1943.392/1943.392_alt1_full.tif", "width": "3374", "height": "5000", "filesize": "50638868"}}, {"date_created": "2017-08-03T11:30:12", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1943.392/1943.392_alt2_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "675", "filesize": "277730"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1943.392/1943.392_alt2_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2550", "filesize": "4029853"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1943.392/1943.392_alt2_full.tif", "width": "15994", "height": "11995", "filesize": "575574160"}}, {"date_created": "2018-10-15T10:14:29", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1943.392/1943.392_alt3_web.jpg", "width": "620", "height": "900", "filesize": "154264"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1943.392/1943.392_alt3_print.jpg", "width": "2344", "height": "3400", "filesize": "2109862"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1943.392/1943.392_alt3_full.tif", "width": "5257", "height": "7624", "filesize": "120267220"}}, {"date_created": "2018-10-15T10:38:03", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1943.392/1943.392_alt4_web.jpg", "width": "720", "height": "900", "filesize": "252101"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1943.392/1943.392_alt4_print.jpg", "width": "2720", "height": "3400", "filesize": "2517791"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1943.392/1943.392_alt4_full.tif", "width": "5855", "height": "7320", "filesize": "128604832"}}, {"date_created": "2018-10-15T10:32:49", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1943.392/1943.392_alt5_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "588", "filesize": "220226"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1943.392/1943.392_alt5_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2221", "filesize": "2406568"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1943.392/1943.392_alt5_full.tif", "width": "5943", "height": "3882", "filesize": "69241656"}}, {"date_created": "2018-10-15T10:25:59", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1943.392/1943.392_alt6_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "753", "filesize": "252174"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1943.392/1943.392_alt6_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2846", "filesize": "2602845"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1943.392/1943.392_alt6_full.tif", "width": "5528", "height": "4628", "filesize": "76779696"}}], "creditline": "Gift of the Hanna Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Nancy F. and Joseph P. Keithley Gallery", "athena_id": 123168, "creators": [{"id": 1776, "description": "Paul Gauguin (French, 1848\u20131903)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": "Gauguin spent the first seven years of his life with his mother and great uncle in Peru. In 1855 his mother took him back to France where he attended boarding school. He joined the merchant marine when he was seventeen and began traveling around South America. When Gauguin's mother died in 1868, Gustave Arosa, an art collector and photographer, became his legal guardian. Arosa's collection included works by Corot (q.v.), Courbet (q.v.), Delacroix (q.v.), and the Barbizon painters, and it was he who would encourage Gauguin to start painting. In 1872 Arosa found a job for Gauguin at a brokerage firm, giving him financial security. The following year he married a Danish woman, Mette Gad. Gauguin had already started painting and sculpting in his spare time and first exhibited at the Salon in 1876 with a landscape.1 He was asked by Pissarro (q.v.) and Degas (q.v.) to participate in the fourth impressionist exhibition in 1879, where from then on he would exhibit regularly. Durand-Ruel began purchasing his paintings, and in turn Gauguin started to collect the works of his colleagues, such as Manet (q.v.) and Renoir (q.v.) and, in particular, C\u00e9zanne (q.v.) and Pissarro. He went to Pontoise in 1882, where he painted with C\u00e9zanne and Pissarro, who along with Degas continued to influence him at this period. In 1883 Gauguin decided to become a full-time artist. In 1884 he moved with his wife and children to Rouen and then to Copenhagen, but he failed to earn a comfortable living. He returned to Paris in 1886 and met ceramicist Ernest Chaplet (1835-1909), who introduced him to his m\u00e9tier. Gauguin distanced himself from impressionism and in 1888 worked in Pont-Aven with \u00c9mile Bernard (1868-1941), who had been experimenting with creating compositions using flat areas of color and dark outlines (cloissonism). Gauguin also studied Japanese prints and Indonesian art. The impact of these influences is evident in Gauguin's Vision after the Sermon: Jacob Wrestling with the Angel (1888, National Gallery of Scotland, Edinburgh), so far removed from his earlier impressionist style. Succumbing to van Gogh's (q.v.) many requests, Gauguin agreed to travel to Arles and paint with the artist; their characters, however, proved incompatible. Theo van Gogh, who worked for Boussod Valadon &amp; Cie, would in the meantime sell Gauguin's work. For the next two years, Gauguin traveled often around Brittany. In search of a more pure and unspoiled culture, he auctioned off his paintings in 1891 in order to finance a journey to Tahiti. Upon his arrival, he was disappointed to find many expatriates and developed areas, yet he was still able to capture in his works an uncultivated spirit. He not only made paintings but also created bold woodcuts and sculptures and was an avid writer. Gauguin returned to France in 1893, where he was given a solo exhibition by Durand-Ruel that was not particularly successful. He decided to leave Europe again in 1895, moving to Tahiti and later to Hivaoa, a more remote island in the Marquesas. Because he abandoned naturalistic colors and used formal distortions in order to achieve expressive compositions, Gauguin's work became an inspiration for many subsequent artists. 1. Possibly Wildenstein 1964, no. 12.", "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1848", "death_year": "1903", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1943-11-09T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1902, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1902", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["L'appel (The Call)"], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:08:06.425000"}, {"id": 141935, "accession_number": "1965.474", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Samuel Williams, c. 1817. Washington Allston (American, 1779\u20131843). Oil on canvas; framed: 172.5 x 142.5 x 14 cm (67 15/16 x 56 1/8 x 5 1/2 in.); unframed: 142.2 x 111.8 cm (56 x 44 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Mr. and Mrs. William H. Marlatt Fund, 1965.474", "current_location": "205 Federal American", "title": "Samuel Williams", "creation_date": "c. 1817", "creation_date_earliest": 1812, "creation_date_latest": 1827, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["America"], "technique": "oil on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "American Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "American - Painting", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 172.5 x 142.5 x 14 cm (67 15/16 x 56 1/8 x 5 1/2 in.); Unframed: 142.2 x 111.8 cm (56 x 44 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 1.725, "width": 1.425, "depth": 0.14}, "unframed": {"height": 1.422, "width": 1.118}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 300917, "title": "Golden Anniversary of Acquisitions", "description": "<i>Golden Anniversary of Acquisitions</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (September 10-October 16, 1966).", "opening_date": "1966-09-10T04:00:00"}, {"id": 444326, "title": "A Cloudy Symbol: Washington Allston in Retrospect", "description": "<i>A Cloudy Symbol: Washington Allston in Retrospect</i>. Lowe Art Museum, Miami, FL (organizer) (March 6-April 13, 1975).", "opening_date": "1975-03-06T04:00:00"}, {"id": 442407, "title": "\"A Man of Genius\": The Art of Washington Allston", "description": "<i>\"A Man of Genius\": The Art of Washington Allston</i>. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Boston, MA (organizer) (December 11, 1979-February 3, 1980); Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Philadelphia, PA (February 28-April 27, 1980).", "opening_date": "1979-12-11T05:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "Boston, The Athenaeum Gallery: Annual Exhibition (1835), no. 60", "opening_date": null}, {"description": "Boston, Harding's Gallery, Exhibition of Pictures Painted by Washington Allston, (1839) no. 34", "opening_date": null}, {"description": "Boston, The Athenaeum Gallery, Annual Exhibition (1850), no. 62", "opening_date": null}, {"description": "Boston, Museum of Fine Arts, Catalogue of Works of Art Exhibited: Pt. 2, Paintings, Drawings, Engravings, and Decorative Art, (1881) no. 203", "opening_date": null}, {"description": "Detroit, Detroit Institute of Arts, Washington Allston (1948), no. 110", "opening_date": "1948-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Detroit, Detroit Institute of Arts, Collection in Progress (1955), no. 4", "opening_date": "1955-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "United States Information Agency, Tour of South America (1956-57), no. 5", "opening_date": "1956-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "United States Information Agency, Tour of Greece and Israel (1958), no. 8", "opening_date": "1958-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Milwaukee, Milwaukee Art Center, American Painting 1760-1960, (3 March - 3 April1960), p. 16.", "opening_date": "1960-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Tucson, University of Arizona Art Gallery, American Painting 1765-1963, (1964), illus. pg. 17, cat. no, 2.", "opening_date": "1964-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Cleveland, Cleveland Museum of Art, Golden Anniversary Acquisitions, (1966), cat. no. 54", "opening_date": "1966-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Coral Gables, Lowe Art Museum, The Paintings of Washington Allston, (6 March - 13 April 1975) cat. no, 17, discussed in text on pg. 9.", "opening_date": "1975-03-06T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Boston, Museum of Fine Arts, \"Man of Genius\" The Art of Washington Allston (1779-1843), (1979) fig. 48, p. 71, discussed in text on pg. 86.", "opening_date": "1979-01-01T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Timothy Williams, Boston; Mrs. W. Pratt; Theodore Lyman, Brookline, Mass.; Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence A. Fleischman, Detroit; Kennedy Galleries, New York", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": 1}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Allston experimented with painting recipes, even attempting to mix his pigment colors with skimmed milk.", "description": "Allston\u2019s portrait of his London banker and business agent explores the experience of reverie. Williams looks off absently, perhaps inspired by the pictures in the book he holds. With its view of an Italianate landscape beyond the columns of this invented setting, the painting seemingly invites viewers to join the sitter in dreaming about faraway places.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60483468"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1965.474-samuel-williams"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 161", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n185"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 161", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n185"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 200", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n220"}, {"citation": "Adams, Henry. <em>What's American about American art?: a gallery tour in the Cleveland Museum of Art. </em>Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2008.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 48 - 49", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1965.474", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1965.474/1965.474_web.jpg", "width": "702", "height": "893", "filesize": "359390", "filename": "1965.474_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1965.474/1965.474_print.jpg", "width": "2674", "height": "3400", "filesize": "6245724", "filename": "1965.474_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1965.474/1965.474_full.tif", "width": "7016", "height": "8920", "filesize": "187782928", "filename": "1965.474_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [], "creditline": "Mr. and Mrs. William H. Marlatt Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Walter and Jean Kalberer Foundation Gallery", "athena_id": 141935, "creators": [{"id": 2706, "description": "Washington Allston (American, 1779\u20131843)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1779", "death_year": "1843", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1965-11-06T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1812, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 1817", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-26 23:59:08.096000"}, {"id": 147066, "accession_number": "1972.8", "share_license_status": "Copyrighted", "tombstone": "Bottle, Glass, Fork, 1911\u201312. Pablo Picasso (Spanish, 1881\u20131973). Oil on canvas; framed: 92.4 x 75.9 x 8.3 cm (36 3/8 x 29 7/8 x 3 1/4 in.); unframed: 72 x 52.7 cm (28 3/8 x 20 3/4 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund, 1972.8. \u00a9 Estate of  Pablo Picasso / Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York", "current_location": null, "title": "Bottle, Glass, Fork", "creation_date": "1911\u201312", "creation_date_earliest": 1911, "creation_date_latest": 1912, "artists_tags": ["male", "Latine and Hispanic Artists"], "culture": ["Spain, 20th century"], "technique": "oil on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "Modern European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "Mod Euro - Painting 1800-1960", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 92.4 x 75.9 x 8.3 cm (36 3/8 x 29 7/8 x 3 1/4 in.); Unframed: 72 x 52.7 cm (28 3/8 x 20 3/4 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 0.924, "width": 0.759, "depth": 0.083}, "unframed": {"height": 0.72, "width": 0.527}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": "\u00a9 Estate of  Pablo Picasso / Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York", "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 301752, "title": "Year in Review: 1972", "description": "<i>Year in Review: 1972</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (February 27-March 18, 1973).", "opening_date": "1973-02-27T05:00:00"}, {"id": 360871, "title": "Modern Masters: Manet to Matisse", "description": "<i>Modern Masters: Manet to Matisse</i>. Art Gallery of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (April 9-May 11, 1975); National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne, Australia (May 26-June 23, 1975); The Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY (organizer) (August 4-September 1, 1975).", "opening_date": "1975-04-09T04:00:00"}, {"id": 442780, "title": "Pablo Picasso: A Retrospective", "description": "<i>Pablo Picasso: A Retrospective</i>. The Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY (organizer) (May 22-September 16, 1980).", "opening_date": "1980-05-22T04:00:00"}, {"id": 442184, "title": "Pablo Picasso", "description": "<i>Pablo Picasso</i>. The National Museum of Modern Art, Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (organizer) (co-organizer) (April 2-May 29, 1983); Kyoto Municipal Museum of Art, Kyoto, Japan (co-organizer) (June 10-July 24, 1983).", "opening_date": "1983-04-02T05:00:00"}, {"id": 442168, "title": "Picasso", "description": "<i>Picasso</i>. National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne, Australia (co-organizer) (July 27-September 23, 1984); Art Gallery of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (October 9-December 2, 1984).", "opening_date": "1984-07-27T04:00:00"}, {"id": 310012, "title": "The Magic of Still Life", "description": "<i>The Magic of Still Life</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (November 4, 1986-February 1, 1987).", "opening_date": "1986-11-04T05:00:00"}, {"id": 310025, "title": "Creativity in Art and Science, 1860-1960", "description": "<i>Creativity in Art and Science, 1860-1960</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (September 16-November 8, 1987).", "opening_date": "1987-09-16T04:00:00"}, {"id": 441650, "title": "Picasso und Braque: Die Geburt des Kubismus (Picasso & Braque: Pioneering Cubism)", "description": "<i>Picasso und Braque: Die Geburt des Kubismus (Picasso & Braque: Pioneering Cubism)</i>. Kunstmuseum Basel, Basel, Switzerland (organizer) (February 25-June 18, 1990).", "opening_date": "1990-02-25T05:00:00"}, {"id": 182153, "title": "Monet to Dal\u00ed: Modern Masters from the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Monet to Dal\u00ed: Modern Masters from the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. Beijing World Art Museum (May 26-August 27, 2006); Mori Art Center (September 16-November 26, 2006); Seoul Art Center, South Korea (December 22, 2006-March 28, 2007); Seoul Olympic Museum of Art, South Korea (April 7-May 20, 2007); Vancouver Art Gallery, Vancouver, Canada (June 9-September 16, 2007); The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 21, 2007-January 13, 2008); Frist Art Museum, Nashville, TN (February 15-June 1, 2008); Utah Museum of Fine Arts, Salt Lake City, UT (June 22-September 21, 2008); The Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit, MI (October 12, 2008-January 18, 2009).", "opening_date": "2006-05-27T00:00:00"}, {"id": 222734, "title": "Picasso and Braque: The Cubist Experiment, 1910-12", "description": "<i>Picasso and Braque: The Cubist Experiment, 1910-12</i>. Kimbell Art Museum, Fort Worth, TX (May 29-August 21, 2011); Santa Barbara Museum of Art, Santa Barbara, CA (organizer) (September 17, 2011-January 9, 2012).", "opening_date": "2011-05-29T00:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>Jasper Johns Numbers</em>. Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (October 26, 2003-January 1, 2004); Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles, CA (February 1-April 18, 2004).", "opening_date": "2004-02-01T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "(Kahnweiler, Paris, France)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "Carlo Frua de Angeli [1895-1969] Milan, Italy", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1959", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "(Galerie Beyerler, Basel, Switzerland, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1972", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1972-", "sortorder": 4}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Just before the First World War, Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque invented a radically new kind of painting that dispensed almost completely with visual resemblance to the world, substituting an intellectual method of abstraction that challenged every convention and created a revolutionary conception of space, even a redefinition of reality in art.", "description": "This still life depicts a variety of objects found on a caf\u00e9 table: a bottle, glass, folded newspaper, and utensils. Intricate in its composition and subtle in palette, this painting exemplifies Analytic Cubism, an artistic style devised by Picasso and Georges Braque between 1908\u201312 characterized by the fragmentary appearance of multiple, simultaneous viewpoints and overlapping planes. Maintaining a connection to the real world, Picasso inserted letters and numbers with personal and political meanings. The \u201cfe 20\u201d could refer to the word \u201ccaf\u00e9\u201d and a street address. \u201cEAN\u201d above [P] ARIS may allude to the newspaper <em>L\u2019Intransigeant </em>founded in 1880 in Paris; but ultimately, the meaning of these fragments remains mysterious and known only to the artist.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4949030"], "internet_archive": []}, "citations": [{"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 242", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n262"}, {"citation": "Boggs, Jean Sutherland, Brigitte Le\u0301al, and Marie-Laure Bernadac. <em>Picasso and Things: The Still Lifes of Picasso</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1992.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 94-95, no. 25", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Perl, Jed. <em>Art in America, 1945-1970: Writings from the Age of Abstract Expressionism, Pop Art, and Minimalism</em>. New York, NY : Library of America, 2014.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 139", "url": null}, {"citation": "Arendsee, M., and M. Steinman-Arendsee. \"Take the CAN disability aesthetics tour, at the Cleveland Museum of art.\" <em>CAN Journal</em> (Winter 2019/20): 76-87.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 85", "url": null}, {"citation": "Henning, Edward B. <em>Creativity in Art and Science, 1860-1960.</em> [Cleveland, Ohio]: Published by the Cleveland Museum of Art in cooperation with Indiana University Press, 1987.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 113, no. 21", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1972.8", "images": {}, "alternate_images": [], "creditline": "Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 147066, "creators": [{"id": 2160, "description": "Pablo Picasso (Spanish, 1881\u20131973)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": "Pablo Ruiz Picasso (1881-1973), the most prolific and influential artist of the 20th century, shifted the emphasis of art from its traditional concern with beauty toward radical innovation. The son of an art teacher, Picasso demonstrated remarkable talents as a child and entered the royal art academy in Madrid at age sixteen. Less than a year later, he abandoned his studies and soon joined several avant-garde artist and anarchist groups in Barcelona and Paris. After passing through a succession of stylistic periods, most notably the Blue (1901-1904) and Rose (1904-1906) Periods, he collaborated with Georges Braque (1882-1963) in 1908 to invent Cubism, a revolutionary method of restructuring pictorial space. Picasso remained active until his death in 1973. Although his art still appears radical, many of his works are over one hundred years old. Cubism, perhaps the most important development in 20th-century art, was invented around 1908 by Pablo Picasso (1881-1973) and Georges Braque (1882-1963). The most revolutionary aspect of the style was not its obvious emphasis on geometric form; rather, it was the introduction of a radically new approach to configuring pictorial space. Since the Renaissance, artists had used various methods to create the illusion of distant space receding behind the canvas surface. The Cubists rejected that idea and collapsed space by compressing foreground, middle ground, and background into a continuous web of overlapping, intersecting planes. During the 1910s, other painters and sculptors embraced or adapted Cubism to their own ends. This revolutionary approach inspired a host of related movements and continues to influence the visual language of artists, architects, and designers throughout the world.", "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1881", "death_year": "1973", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1972-01-12T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1911, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1911\u201312", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": true, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-04-03 13:35:09.161000"}, {"id": 136680, "accession_number": "1961.219", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Saint Jerome, c. 1638\u201340. Jusepe de Ribera (Spanish, 1591\u20131652). Oil on canvas; framed: 150 x 121.5 x 9 cm (59 1/16 x 47 13/16 x 3 9/16 in.); unframed: 129 x 100.3 cm (50 13/16 x 39 1/2 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Mr. and Mrs. William H. Marlatt Fund, 1961.219", "current_location": "212 Baroque Painting and Sculpture", "title": "Saint Jerome", "creation_date": "c. 1638\u201340", "creation_date_earliest": 1638, "creation_date_latest": 1640, "artists_tags": ["Latine and Hispanic Artists", "male"], "culture": ["Spain"], "technique": "oil on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "P - Spanish before 1800", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 150 x 121.5 x 9 cm (59 1/16 x 47 13/16 x 3 9/16 in.); Unframed: 129 x 100.3 cm (50 13/16 x 39 1/2 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 1.5, "width": 1.215, "depth": 0.09}, "unframed": {"height": 1.29, "width": 1.003}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "Signed lower right: \"Jusepe de Ribera espa[\u00f1ol]. F.\"", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 302039, "title": "Year in Review (1961)", "description": "<i>Year in Review (1961)</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (November 1-26, 1961).", "opening_date": "1961-11-01T05:00:00"}, {"id": 519416, "title": "El Greco to Goya, A Loan Exhibition of Spanish Paintings of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries", "description": "<i>El Greco to Goya, A Loan Exhibition of Spanish Paintings of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries</i>. Indianapolis Museum of Art, Indianapolis, IN (organizer) (February 10-March 24, 1963); Rhode Island School of Design, Providence, RI (February 10-March 24, 1963).", "opening_date": "1963-02-10T05:00:00"}, {"id": 515799, "title": "700 Years of Spanish Art", "description": "<i>700 Years of Spanish Art</i>. Cummer Museum of Art, Jacksonville, FL (organizer) (October 28-November 30, 1965).", "opening_date": "1965-10-28T04:00:00"}, {"id": 309864, "title": "Baroque Imagery", "description": "<i>Baroque Imagery</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (November 6, 1984-January 6, 1985).", "opening_date": "1984-11-06T05:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "CMA, November 1961: \"Year in Review,\" cat., bull., (November 1961), p. 250 no. 68, repr. p. 218.", "opening_date": "1961-11-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "John Herron Art Museum, Indianapolis, Indiana, February 10\u2013March 24, 1963: \"El Greco to Goya: A Loan Exhibition of Spanish Painting of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries,\" cat. no. 68, pl. 68 (catalogue by David Carter); Rhode Island School of Design, Providence RI April 15\u2013May 26, 1963.", "opening_date": "1963-02-10T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Jacksonville, Florida, Cummer Gallery of Art, 1965: \" 700 Years of Spanish Art,\" cat. no. 31, illus. (October\u2013November 1965).", "opening_date": "1965-10-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "CMA, October 29, 1971- January 2 1972: \"Carravaggio and His Followers,\" cat. no. 57 (revised 1975), repr. p. 155.", "opening_date": "1972-01-02T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Fort Worth, Texas, The Kimbell Art Museum, 1982\u201383: \"The Tangible World of the Spirit: The Paintings of Jusepe de Ribers,\" repr. p. 128, no. 29, p. 199.", "opening_date": "1982-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "CMA, November 6, 1984\u2013January 6, 1985: \"Baroque Imagery,\" cat. # 6, pp. 23\u201324, repr. p. 24.", "opening_date": "1984-11-06T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, Ohio", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1961", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "(F. Kleinberger & Co., New York, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1960\u20131961", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "(Alessandro Morandotti, Zurich, sold to F. Kleinberger in 1960)1", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->In Richard Spear\u2019s <em>Caravaggio and his Followers, </em>as well as in the museum\u2019s files, the owner of the painting prior to F. Kleinberger was cited as a private collector in Italy.&nbsp; The Kleinberger stock card for this painting reveals that the gallery purchased the painting from \u201cMorandotti,\u201d presumably Alessandro Morandotti, a dealer based in Zurich.&nbsp; A letter from Harry G. Sperling, the president of F. Kleinberger, to former CMA curator Henry S. Francis suggests that Morandotti sold the painting to Kleinberger on behalf of this unnamed private collector: \u201cThe Ribera was purchased by me officially in Zurich, Switzerland.&nbsp; I had seen it for the first time in Italy and agreed to buy it if it was offered to me in Zurich\u2026The painting came directly from private hands, where supposedly it was in the family for generations. I was not given the name of the family.\u201d&nbsp; When Morandotti died in 1979, his archives were dismantled. &nbsp;</div>"], "date": "Until 1960", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "Private collection, Italy, probably consigned to Alessandro Morandotti1", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->According to Harry G. Sperling, the president of F. Kleinberger, &amp; Co., the painting had been in an unknown private collection in Italy for generations.</div>"], "date": "Until c. 1960?", "sortorder": 4}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Ribera signed the painting on the spine of the book in which Jerome will write.", "description": "Saint Jerome (about ad 347\u2013420) translated biblical texts into Latin. Although he sometimes appears as a scholar in his study, Ribera represents him here as a penitent who withdrew to the desert, beating his chest with a stone to emulate Christ\u2019s suffering and contemplating a skull symbolizing human vanity. Working in Naples, Ribera enthusiastically adapted Caravaggio\u2019s characteristic use of light and dark and naturalistic models.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60465928"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1961.219-saint-jerome"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Stock cards, 1897-1973, and clipping file, F. Kleinberger, &amp; Co., European Paintings, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Spear, Richard E. <em>Caravaggio and His Followers</em>. New York: Harper &amp; Row, 1975.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Harry G. Sperling, letter to Henry S. Francis, Oct. 6, 1961, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>European Paintings of the 16th, 17th, and 18th Centuries</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 198", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Stock cards, 1897-1973, and clipping file, F. Kleinberger, &amp; Co., European Paintings, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>European Paintings of the 16th, 17th, and 18th Centuries</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1982.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 131", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n155"}, {"citation": "Francis, Henry S. \u201cJusepe de Ribera: The Death of Adonis.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 53, no. 9 (November 1966): 339\u2013347.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 339-340, fig. 2", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25152120"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 131", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n155"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 151", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n171"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art<em>. The Cleveland Museum of Art Catalogue of Paintings, Part 3: European Paintings of the 16th, 17th, and 18th Centuries</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1982.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 504-506; Reproduced: p. 505", "url": null}, {"citation": "Spinosa, Nicola, and Jusepe de Ribera. <em>Ribera</em>. Napoli: Electa Napoli, 2003.", "page_number": "cat. A265, p. 164.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Port\u00fas P\u00e9rez, Javier. <em>Ribera</em>. Barcelona: Pol\u00edgrafa, 2011.", "page_number": "Fig. 28, p. 44.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Ximo Company and Mari\u0301a Antonia Argelich, <em>Jose\u0301 de Ribera, San Jero\u0301nimo estudiando</em>. Lleida: Centre d'Art d'E\u0300poca Moderna, Universitat de Lleida, 2013.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 25, fig. 40", "url": null}, {"citation": "Marshall, Christopher R. <em>Baroque Naples and the Industry of Painting: The World in the Workbench</em>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2016.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 56, fig. 41", "url": null}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1961.219", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1961.219/1961.219_web.jpg", "width": "693", "height": "893", "filesize": "339844", "filename": "1961.219_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1961.219/1961.219_print.jpg", "width": "2640", "height": "3400", "filesize": "4996100", "filename": "1961.219_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1961.219/1961.219_full.tif", "width": "4270", "height": "5500", "filesize": "70486056", "filename": "1961.219_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2013-07-24T08:10:49", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1961.219/1961.219_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "731", "height": "893", "filesize": "84426"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1961.219/1961.219_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "2784", "height": "3400", "filesize": "1751931"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1961.219/1961.219_alt0_full.tif", "width": "5244", "height": "6404", "filesize": "100771656"}}, {"date_created": "2013-07-23T15:51:45", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1961.219/1961.219_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "730", "height": "893", "filesize": "67022"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1961.219/1961.219_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "2780", "height": "3400", "filesize": "1086899"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1961.219/1961.219_alt1_full.tif", "width": "5197", "height": "6355", "filesize": "99104852"}}, {"date_created": "2013-07-24T09:04:53", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1961.219/1961.219_alt2_web.jpg", "width": "743", "height": "893", "filesize": "87806"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1961.219/1961.219_alt2_print.jpg", "width": "2829", "height": "3400", "filesize": "1098453"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1961.219/1961.219_alt2_full.tif", "width": "5467", "height": "6570", "filesize": "143703804"}}], "creditline": "Mr. and Mrs. William H. Marlatt Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Reinberger Gallery", "athena_id": 136680, "creators": [{"id": 2403, "description": "Jusepe de Ribera (Spanish, 1591\u20131652)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1591", "death_year": "1652", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1961-10-07T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1638, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 1638\u201340", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": true, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-04-07 11:06:55.374000"}, {"id": 135420, "accession_number": "1958.42", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Morning Glory with Black, 1926. Georgia O'Keeffe (American, 1887\u20131986). Oil on canvas; framed: 96.5 x 81.3 x 5.4 cm (38 x 32 x 2 1/8 in.); unframed: 91 x 75.5 cm (35 13/16 x 29 3/4 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Bequest of Leonard C. Hanna Jr., 1958.42", "current_location": "226A American Modern", "title": "Morning Glory with Black", "creation_date": "1926", "creation_date_earliest": 1926, "creation_date_latest": 1926, "artists_tags": ["female"], "culture": ["America"], "technique": "oil on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "American Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "American - Painting", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 96.5 x 81.3 x 5.4 cm (38 x 32 x 2 1/8 in.); Unframed: 91 x 75.5 cm (35 13/16 x 29 3/4 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 0.965, "width": 0.813, "depth": 0.054}, "unframed": {"height": 0.91, "width": 0.755}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "Verso:  \"G OKeeffe -- 1926\" (white paint)", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 318718, "title": "January Show", "description": "<i>January Show</i>. Kingwood Center Gardens, Mansfield, OH (organizer) (January 11-31, 1959).", "opening_date": "1959-01-11T05:00:00"}, {"id": 703004, "title": "1959 January Show", "description": "<i>1959 January Show</i>. Kingwood Center Gardens, Mansfield, OH (organizer) (January 11-31, 1959).", "opening_date": "1959-01-11T05:00:00"}, {"id": 318721, "title": "The Precisionist View in American Art", "description": "<i>The Precisionist View in American Art</i>. Walker Art Center, Minneapolis, MN (organizer) (November 13-December 25, 1960); Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, NY (January 24-February 28, 1961); The Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit, MI (March 21-April 23, 1961); Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles, CA (May 17-June 18, 1961); Fine Arts Museum of San Francisco, Legion of Honor, San Francisco, CA (July 2-August 6, 1961).", "opening_date": "1960-11-13T05:00:00"}, {"id": 315762, "title": "Four Centuries of American Art", "description": "<i>Four Centuries of American Art</i>. Minneapolis Institute of Arts, MN (organizer) (co-organizer) (November 27, 1963-January 19, 1964).", "opening_date": "1963-11-27T05:00:00"}, {"id": 318730, "title": "Georgia O'Keeffe: An Exhibition of the work of the artist from 1915-1966", "description": "<i>Georgia O'Keeffe: An Exhibition of the work of the artist from 1915-1966</i>. Amon Carter Museum, Fort Worth, TX (organizer) (March 17-May 8, 1966).", "opening_date": "1966-03-17T05:00:00"}, {"id": 318738, "title": "First Indian Triennale of World Art", "description": "<i>First Indian Triennale of World Art</i>. Indian National Academy of Art, New Delhi, India (organizer) (February 10-March 30, 1968).", "opening_date": "1968-02-10T05:00:00"}, {"id": 301294, "title": "Works from the Contemporary Collection", "description": "<i>Works from the Contemporary Collection</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (July 1-October 15, 1969).", "opening_date": "1969-07-01T04:00:00"}, {"id": 319852, "title": "Georgia O'Keeffe Retrospective Exhibition", "description": "<i>Georgia O'Keeffe Retrospective Exhibition</i>. Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, NY (organizer) (October 8-November 29, 1970); The Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL (January 6-February 7, 1971); Fine Arts Museum of San Francisco, Legion of Honor, San Francisco, CA (March 15-April 30, 1971).", "opening_date": "1970-10-08T04:00:00"}, {"id": 310024, "title": "The Georgia O'Keeffe Gift", "description": "<i>The Georgia O'Keeffe Gift</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (September 4-November 15, 1987).", "opening_date": "1987-09-04T04:00:00"}, {"id": 310243, "title": "The Precisionist Aesthetic in American Art", "description": "<i>The Precisionist Aesthetic in American Art</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (January 24-April 9, 1989).", "opening_date": "1989-01-24T05:00:00"}, {"id": 213897, "title": "Georgia O'Keeffe: The Poetry of Things", "description": "<i>Georgia O'Keeffe: The Poetry of Things</i>. The Phillips Collection (organizer) (April 24-July 18, 1999); Georgia O'Keeffe Museum (August 14-October 10, 1999); The Dallas Museum of Art (October 30, 1999-January 30, 2000); Fine Arts Museum of San Francisco, Legion of Honor (February 19-May 14, 2000).", "opening_date": "1999-04-24T00:00:00"}, {"id": 177143, "title": "Modern Art in America: Alfred Stieglitz and His New York Galleries", "description": "<i>Modern Art in America: Alfred Stieglitz and His New York Galleries</i>. National Gallery of Art, Landover, MD (organizer) (January 28-April 22, 2001).", "opening_date": "2001-01-28T00:00:00"}, {"id": 227084, "title": "Made in U.S.A., l'art am\u00e9ricain, 1908-1943, entre nationalisme et internationalisme [FRAME]", "description": "<i>Made in U.S.A., l'art am\u00e9ricain, 1908-1943, entre nationalisme et internationalisme [FRAME]</i>. Mus\u00e9e des Beaux-Arts de Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France (organizer) (October 5-December 31, 2001); Mus\u00e9e des Beaux-Arts de Rennes, Rennes, France (January 17-March 31, 2002); Mus\u00e9e Fabre, Montpellier, France (April 10-June 25, 2002).", "opening_date": "2001-10-05T00:00:00"}, {"id": 181802, "title": "The Persistence of Geometry: Form, Content and Culture in the Collection of the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>The Persistence of Geometry: Form, Content and Culture in the Collection of the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. Museum of Contemporary Art Cleveland (MOCA), Cleveland, OH (June 9-August 20, 2006).", "opening_date": "2006-06-09T00:00:00"}, {"id": 224250, "title": "Georgia O'Keeffe and the Women of the Stieglitz Circle", "description": "<i>Georgia O'Keeffe and the Women of the Stieglitz Circle</i>. High Museum of Art, Atlanta, GA (organizer) (February 9-May 4, 2008).", "opening_date": "2008-02-09T00:00:00"}, {"id": 218458, "title": "Georgia O'Keeffe: Abstraction", "description": "<i>Georgia O'Keeffe: Abstraction</i>. Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, NY (organizer) (September 17, 2009-January 17, 2010).", "opening_date": "2009-09-17T00:00:00"}, {"id": 317416, "title": "Georgia O'Keeffe: Living Modern", "description": "<i>Georgia O'Keeffe: Living Modern</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (November 21, 2018-March 3, 2019).", "opening_date": "2018-11-23T05:00:00"}, {"id": 176944, "title": "Georgia O'Keeffe: Living Modern", "description": "<i>Georgia O'Keeffe: Living Modern</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (November 21, 2018-March 3, 2019); Wichita Art Museum, Wichita, KS (March 29-June 23, 2019); Nevada Museum of Art, Reno, NV (July 18-October 20, 2019); Norton Museum of Art, West Palm Beach, FL (November 21, 2019-February 9, 2020).", "opening_date": "2019-03-29T04:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>Georgia O'Keeffe Paintings. </em>The Intimate Gallery, New York (January 11-February 27, 1927).", "opening_date": "1927-01-11T05:00:00Z"}, {"description": "Speed Memorial Museum. Louisville, KY (February 13-March 5, 1944).", "opening_date": "1944-02-13T04:00:00Z"}, {"description": "<em>Georgia O\u2019Keeffe. </em>Museum of Modern Art, New York (May 14-August 25, 1946).", "opening_date": "1946-05-14T04:00:00Z"}, {"description": "<em>Contemporary Painting in the United States: A Special Exhibition. </em>The Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York, NY (April 19-April 27, 1941).", "opening_date": "1941-04-19T05:00:00Z"}]}, "provenance": [], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "The morning glory rests against a black petunia, seen partially at lower right.", "description": "O'Keeffe is best known for close-up flower subjects whose magnified forms fill the entire space of each canvas. Likely inspired by similar compositions in modern photography, these images are not only celebrations of nature, but also striking essays in abstract design. Although many critics interpreted O'Keeffe's flower paintings as reflections of femininity in general and female sexuality in particular, the artist strongly opposed such readings. Throughout most of her career, she frequently attempted to persuade others to discuss her work without referring to her gender, writing on one occasion, \"I have always been very annoyed at being referred to as a 'woman artist' rather than an 'artist.'\"", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60465130"], "internet_archive": []}, "citations": [{"citation": "Messinger, Lisa Mintz. <em>Georgia O'Keeffe</em>. New York: Thames &amp; Hudson, 2001.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 74; Reproduced: p. 73", "url": null}, {"citation": "O'Keeffe, Georgia, Alfred Stieglitz, and Sarah Greenough. <em>My Faraway One: Selected Letters of Georgia O'Keeffe and Alfred Stieglitz.</em> New Haven [Conn.]: Yale University Press, 2011.", "page_number": "Mentioned p. 539, n. 219.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cole, Mark, \"Exhibition: Georgia O'Keeffe,\" <em>Cleveland Art</em> 58, no. 6 (November/December 2018).", "page_number": "Reproduced cover (detail).", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Metropolitan Museum of Art. <em>Contemporary Painting in the United States: A Special Exhibition April 19 Through April 27</em>. New York: The Museum Press, 1941.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 16", "url": null}, {"citation": "Milliken, William Mathewson. <em>In Memoriam Leonard C. Hanna, Jr</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned, unpaginated [p.2]; reproduced, fig. 26", "url": null}, {"citation": "Friedman, Martin. <em>The Precisionist View in American Art: November 13 Through December 25, 1960: An Exhibition</em>. Minneapolis, MN: Walker Art Center, 1960.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 57", "url": null}, {"citation": "Wilder, Mitchell. <em>Georgia O'Keeffe: An Exhibition of the Work of the Artist from 1915 to 1966</em>. Fort Worth: Amon Carter Museum of Western Art,1966.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 28", "url": null}, {"citation": "Goodrich, Lloyd, and Doris Bry. <em>Georgia O'Keeffe</em>. New York, NY: Published for the Whitney Museum of American Art by Praeger, 1970.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 18-19", "url": null}, {"citation": "Hoffman, Katherine. <em>An Enduring Spirit: The Art of Georgia O'Keeffe</em>. Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press, 1984.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 103; Reproduced: fig. Q", "url": null}, {"citation": "Castro, Jan Garden. <em>The Art &amp; Life of Georgia O'Keeffe</em>. New York: Crown Publishers, Inc., 1985.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 28", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Art Museum Gets O'Keeffe Paintings.\" <em>The Cleveland Plain Dealer</em>, April 22, 1986.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 5C", "url": null}, {"citation": "Callaway, Nicholas. <em>Georgia O'Keeffe: One Hundred Flowers</em>. New York: Knopf in association with Callaway Editions, 1987.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 40, 110", "url": null}, {"citation": "Culllinan, Helen. \"Georgia On Our Minds; O'Keeffe Legacy: 5 Glowing New Oils at Museum.\" <em>The Cleveland Plain Dealer, </em>September 5, 1987.", "page_number": "Mentioned", "url": null}, {"citation": "Callaway, Nicholas. \"Ostentatious Perfectionism.\" Interview by Ingrid Sischy. <em>Artforum International </em>26, no. 5 (January 1988).", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 100", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bry, Doris, Nicholas Callaway, and Bram Dijkstra. <em>Georgia O'Keeffe: The New York Years</em>. New York: A.A. Knopf in association with Callaway, 1991.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 54", "url": null}, {"citation": "Montgomery, Elizabeth Miles. <em>Georgia O'Keeffe</em>. New York: Barnes &amp; Noble Books, 1993.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 42", "url": null}, {"citation": "Chong, Alan. <em>European &amp; American Painting in the Cleveland Museum of Art: A Summary Catalogue</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1993.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 170", "url": null}, {"citation": "Welton, Jude. <em>Looking at Paintings</em>. London: Dorling Kindersley, 1994.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 9; Reproduced: p. 9", "url": null}, {"citation": "Pelfrey, Robert H. <em>Art and Mass Media</em>. Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt, 1996.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 311; Reproduced: p. 312", "url": null}, {"citation": "Tsutsumi, Tomoko, and Y\u014dko Yano. <em>Seiy\u014d kaiga no naka no hana</em>. Tokyo: Asahi Shinbunsha, 1997.", "page_number": "Reproduced: fig. 73", "url": null}, {"citation": "Hutton Turner, Elizabeth, and Marjorie P. Balge-Crozier. <em>Georgia O'Keeffe: The Poetry of Things</em>. Washington, DC: Phillips Collection, 1999.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 150; Reproduced: p. 85, pl. 31", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lynes, Barbara Buhler. <em>Georgia O'Keeffe: Catalogue Raisonn\u00e9</em>, 2 vols. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999.", "page_number": "Mentioned; Reproduced: p. 320", "url": null}, {"citation": "Greenough, Sarah. <em>Modern Art and America: Alfred Stieglitz and His New York Galleries</em>. Washington, D.C.; Boston, MA: National Gallery of Art; Bulfinch Press, 2000.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 535; Reproduced: p. 311, pl. 106", "url": null}, {"citation": "de Chassey, Eric. <em>Made in USA: l'art am\u00e9ricain, 1908-1947. </em>Paris: R\u00e9union des mus\u00e9es nationaux, 2001.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 133", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"L\u2019art Am\u00e9ricain d\u00e9barqu.\" <em>Le Magazine: Arts &amp; Spectacles, </em>no. 328 (January 2002).", "page_number": "Reproduced", "url": null}, {"citation": "Souter, Janet. <em>Georgia O'Keeffe</em>. New York: Parkstone Press, 2005.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 95", "url": null}, {"citation": "Sims, Lowery Stokes. <em>The Persistence of Geometry: Form, Content, and Culture in the Collection of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2006.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 119, no. 68; p. 70", "url": null}, {"citation": "Haskell, Barbara and Sasha Nicholas. <em>Georgia O'Keeffe: Abstraction</em>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2009.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 111", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 57", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Bernard, Sophie. <em>Georgia O'Keeffe et ses amis photographes.</em> Paris: Somogy; Grenoble: Mus\u00e9e de Grenoble, 2015.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 52; Reproduced: p. 53, fig. 34", "url": null}, {"citation": "Corn, Wanda M., <em>Georgia O'Keeffe: Living Modern</em>. Brooklyn, NY: Brooklyn Museum; DelMonico Books/Prestel, 2017.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 75, Reproduced: fig. 64, p. 76", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"New in the Galleries.\u201d <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em> 57, no. 5 (September/October 2017): Back cover.", "page_number": "Reproduced and Mentioned: Back cover", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2017-05/page/n13/mode/2up"}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1958.42", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1958.42/1958.42_web.jpg", "width": "749", "height": "900", "filesize": "141963", "filename": "1958.42_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1958.42/1958.42_print.jpg", "width": "2829", "height": "3400", "filesize": "2335959", "filename": "1958.42_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1958.42/1958.42_full.tif", "width": "6000", "height": "7210", "filesize": "129811784", "filename": "1958.42_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2007-06-07T17:56:30", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1958.42/1958.42_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "738", "height": "893", "filesize": "330136"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1958.42/1958.42_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "2810", "height": "3400", "filesize": "5767428"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1958.42/1958.42_alt0_full.tif", "width": "4959", "height": "6000", "filesize": "89293372"}}, {"date_created": "2017-03-27T11:17:19", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1958.42/1958.42_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "703", "height": "900", "filesize": "125322"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1958.42/1958.42_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "2656", "height": "3400", "filesize": "1585698"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1958.42/1958.42_alt1_full.tif", "width": "6000", "height": "7682", "filesize": "138313048"}}], "creditline": "Bequest of Leonard C. Hanna Jr.", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Dr. Robert B. Benyo Trust Gallery", "athena_id": 135420, "creators": [{"id": 3228, "description": "Georgia O'Keeffe (American, 1887\u20131986)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1887", "death_year": "1986", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1958-11-29T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1926, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1926", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Morning Glory with Black, No. 3 (White Flower)"], "is_highlight": true, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:00:10.056000"}, {"id": 130939, "accession_number": "1953.628", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Amulet in the Form of a Seated Figure with Bovine Head (\u725b\u9996\u7389\u4eba), c. 4700\u20132920 BCE. Northeast China, Neolithic period, probably Hongshan culture (4700\u20132920 BCE). Jade (nephrite); 14.6 x 6 x 4.1 cm (5 3/4 x 2 3/8 x 1 5/8 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Gift of Severance A. Millikin, 1953.628", "current_location": "241A Arts of Ancient China", "title": "Amulet in the Form of a Seated Figure with Bovine Head", "title_in_original_language": "\u725b\u9996\u7389\u4eba", "creation_date": "c. 4700\u20132920 BCE", "creation_date_earliest": -4710, "creation_date_latest": -2910, "artists_tags": [], "culture": ["Northeast China, Neolithic period, probably Hongshan culture (4700\u20132920 BCE)"], "technique": "jade (nephrite)", "support_materials": [], "department": "Chinese Art", "collection": "China - Neolithic", "type": "Jade", "measurements": "14.6 x 6 x 4.1 cm (5 3/4 x 2 3/8 x 1 5/8 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"height": 0.132}, "No Extent Specified": {"height": 0.146, "width": 0.06, "depth": 0.041}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "There are two paper labels on the back of the jade pendant: one partial label with Chinese characters and one with the typed number \"150\".", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": 1}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 301168, "title": "Primitive to Contemporary Sculpture", "description": "<i>Primitive to Contemporary Sculpture</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (September 6-October 31, 1956).", "opening_date": "1956-09-06T04:00:00"}, {"id": 377522, "title": "Chinese Jade", "description": "<i>Chinese Jade</i>. University Museum, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (organizer) (November 30, 1962-February 3, 1963).", "opening_date": "1962-11-30T05:00:00"}, {"id": 302145, "title": "Traditions and Revisions: Themes from the History of Sculpture", "description": "<i>Traditions and Revisions: Themes from the History of Sculpture</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (September 24-November 16, 1975).", "opening_date": "1975-09-24T04:00:00"}, {"id": 311620, "title": "Asian Autumn: New Objects/New Insights: Cleveland's Recent Chinese Acquisitions", "description": "<i>Asian Autumn: New Objects/New Insights: Cleveland's Recent Chinese Acquisitions</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 18-December 31, 1994).", "opening_date": "1994-10-18T04:00:00"}, {"id": 196054, "title": "Streams and Mountains Without End: Asian Art and the Legacy of Sherman E. Lee at the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Streams and Mountains Without End: Asian Art and the Legacy of Sherman E. Lee at the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 27-August 23, 2009).", "opening_date": "2009-06-27T04:00:00"}], "legacy": []}, "provenance": [{"description": "John L. Severance [1863\u20131936], Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "Severance A. Millikin [1895\u20131985], Cleveland, OH, given to the Cleveland Museum of Art", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "?\u20131953", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1953\u2013", "sortorder": 3}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "CMA daringly acquired this masterpiece without knowing exactly what it was. Only after Chinese archaeologists started excavating similar jades in Northeast China could it be attributed to the Hongshan culture.", "description": "With a bovine head and four horns, this seated figurine was a powerful ritual and shamanic symbol. Drill holes above its shoulders form two interconnected perforations for suspension, suggesting that the jade was originally used as a pendant, presumably by the shaman performing the tasks of journeying to and communicating with the supernatural realms.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": [], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1953.628-amulet-in-the-form-o"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "\"Schamenendarstellungen,\" <em>Asia Major</em> 1, 1 (1944): p. 62.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Lee, Sherman E. \u201cMore Early Chinese Jades.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>, vol. 41, no. 10, 1954, pp. 215\u2013217.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 215-217; Reproduced: fig. 1 (line drawing)", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25141999"}, {"citation": "Consten, Eleanor von Erdberg. <em>Das Alte China</em>. Stuttgart: G. Kilpper, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 78, 244; Reproduced: pl. 43", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Chinese Jad</em>e. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania [Museum], 1962.", "page_number": "no. 150", "url": null}, {"citation": "Salmony, Alfred. <em>Chinese Jade; Through the Wei Dynasty</em>. New York: Ronald Press, 1963.", "page_number": "pp. 218\u2013219, 227, pl. 35:4", "url": null}, {"citation": "Ch\u00eang T\u00ea-K'un. \u201cSome Standing Jade Figurines of the Shang-Chou Period.\u201d <em>Artibus Asiae</em>, vol. 28, no. 1, 1966, pp. 39\u201352.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 48\u201349; Reproduced: fig. 10", "url": "www.jstor.org/stable/3249315"}, {"citation": "Hansford, S. Howard.<em> Chinese Carved Jades</em>. London: Faber, 1968.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pp. 83\u201385, pl. 56", "url": null}, {"citation": "Froncek, Thomas, and Hugh Honour. <em>The Horizon Book of the Arts of China</em>. New York: American Heritage Pub. Co, 1969.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 69", "url": null}, {"citation": "Erickson, Ernest, Jan Wirgin, and Ulf Abel. <em>The Ernest Erickson collection in Swedish museums</em>. Stockholm: Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities, 1989.", "page_number": "pp. 10\u201311", "url": null}, {"citation": "Forsyth, Angus. \"Five Chinese Jade Figures: Study of the Development of Sculptural Form in Hongshan Neolithic Jade Working.\" <em>Orientations, </em>21, 5 (1990), pp. 54\u201363.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 60, figs. 8-8b", "url": null}, {"citation": "Wilson, J. Keith, and Anne E. Wardwell. \"New Objects/New Insights: Cleveland's Recent Chinese Acquisitions.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art </em>81, no. 8 (1994): 270\u2013347.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 275; Mentioned: pp. 275, 277, 346", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25161465"}, {"citation": "Cunningham, Michael R., Stanislaw J. Czuma, Anne E. Wardwell, and J. Keith Wilson. <em>Masterworks of Asian Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1998.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: pp. 22\u201323", "url": null}, {"citation": "Chung, Anita. \"A Connoisseur's Eye, A Scholar's Mind: The Legacy of Sherman Lee.\" <em>Orientations </em>vol. 40, no. 5 (2009).", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 29, fig. 2", "url": null}, {"citation": "Franklin, David and C. Griffith Mann. <em>Treasures from the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 2012.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: pp. 12\u201313", "url": null}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1953.628", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1953.628/1953.628_web.jpg", "width": "605", "height": "893", "filesize": "226945", "filename": "1953.628_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1953.628/1953.628_print.jpg", "width": "2302", "height": "3400", "filesize": "3300878", "filename": "1953.628_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1953.628/1953.628_full.tif", "width": "3696", "height": "5459", "filesize": "60558924", "filename": "1953.628_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2009-04-02T19:33:30", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1953.628/1953.628_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "605", "height": "893", "filesize": "212384"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1953.628/1953.628_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "2303", "height": "3400", "filesize": "3210635"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1953.628/1953.628_alt0_full.tif", "width": "3456", "height": "5103", "filesize": "52937476"}}, {"date_created": "2009-04-03T14:21:14", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1953.628/1953.628_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "577", "height": "893", "filesize": "192254"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1953.628/1953.628_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "2195", "height": "3400", "filesize": "2924649"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1953.628/1953.628_alt1_full.tif", "width": "3356", "height": "5198", "filesize": "52362512"}}, {"date_created": "2009-04-02T18:58:45", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1953.628/1953.628_alt2_web.jpg", "width": "658", "height": "893", "filesize": "254046"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1953.628/1953.628_alt2_print.jpg", "width": "2507", "height": "3400", "filesize": "3732921"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1953.628/1953.628_alt2_full.tif", "width": "3491", "height": "4735", "filesize": "49619628"}}, {"date_created": "2009-09-30T17:21:01", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1953.628/1953.628_alt3_web.jpg", "width": "822", "height": "900", "filesize": "227020"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1953.628/1953.628_alt3_print.jpg", "width": "3106", "height": "3400", "filesize": "1692724"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1953.628/1953.628_alt3_full.tif", "width": "4800", "height": "5254", "filesize": "75683604"}}, {"date_created": "2009-09-30T17:38:17", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1953.628/1953.628_alt4_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "700", "filesize": "156125"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1953.628/1953.628_alt4_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2646", "filesize": "986773"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1953.628/1953.628_alt4_full.tif", "width": "5644", "height": "4392", "filesize": "74389616"}}, {"date_created": "2009-09-30T18:18:36", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1953.628/1953.628_alt5_web.jpg", "width": "788", "height": "893", "filesize": "491861"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1953.628/1953.628_alt5_print.jpg", "width": "3001", "height": "3400", "filesize": "6557550"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1953.628/1953.628_alt5_full.tif", "width": "4374", "height": "4956", "filesize": "65067844"}}], "creditline": "Gift of Severance A. Millikin", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 130939, "creators": [], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1953-12-15T00:00:00", "sortable_date": -4710, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 4700\u20132920 BCE", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Bovine Monster", "Jade Amulet in the Form of a Seated Figure with Bovine Head", "Pendant", "Pendant in the Shape of a Seated Figure with Bovine Head"], "is_highlight": true, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:03:23.967000"}, {"id": 144495, "accession_number": "1969.2", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Buffalo Mask, early to mid-1900s. Africa, West Africa, Burkina Faso, possibly Bwa-style maker. Wood, plant fibers, paint, and iron; overall: 69.8 cm (27 1/2 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Gift of Katherine C. White, 1969.2", "current_location": "108A African", "title": "Buffalo Mask", "creation_date": "early to mid-1900s", "creation_date_earliest": 1900, "creation_date_latest": 1970, "artists_tags": [], "culture": ["Africa, West Africa, Burkina Faso, possibly Bwa-style maker"], "technique": "Wood, plant fibers, paint, and iron", "support_materials": [], "department": "African Art", "collection": "African Art", "type": "Mask", "measurements": "Overall: 69.8 cm (27 1/2 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"height": 0.698}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 301313, "title": "Year in Review: 1969", "description": "<i>Year in Review: 1969</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (January 27-February 22, 1970).", "opening_date": "1970-01-27T05:00:00"}, {"id": 304550, "title": "A Cleveland Bestiary", "description": "<i>A Cleveland Bestiary</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 15-December 16, 1981).", "opening_date": "1981-10-15T04:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "CMA 1968: African Tribal Images: The Katherine White Reswick Collection, cat. no. 31, repr.", "opening_date": "1968-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "CMA 1970: \"Year in Review 1969,\" CMA Bulletin LVII (Jan., 1970), p. 47, no. 128, repr. p. 41.", "opening_date": "1970-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "CMA 1981: A Cleveland Bestiary, October 14-December 9, 1981, cat. no. 11, repr. p, 17.", "opening_date": "1981-10-14T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Katherine C. White [1929-1980], Gates Mills, OH, given to the Cleveland Museum of Art", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->Exhibited at CMA in 1968, <em>African Tribal Images: The Katherine White Reswick Collection</em>; published as fig. 31</div>"], "date": "at least 1968\u20131969", "sortorder": null}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->CMA Bulletin January 1970, figure 128.</div>"], "date": "1969\u2013", "sortorder": 2}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": ["933.68"], "did_you_know": "Once broken, the right horn of this mask was repaired; this indicates that it was valued.", "description": "Among the Bwa people, masks with human, animal, and fantastic traits typically represent protective bush spirits. This mask\u2019s horns and muzzle identify it as a bush buffalo. Masked dancers appear during the dry season for initiations, funerals of elders, market days, harvest celebrations, and annual renewal rituals to protect the well-being of the community.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": [], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1969.2-buffalo-mask"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Fagg, William. <em>African Tribal Images: the Katherine White Reswick Collection</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1968.", "page_number": "Reproduced: cat. no. 31", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Lee, Sherman E. \u201cThe Year in Review for 1969.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 57, no. 1 (January 1970): 2\u201350.", "page_number": "Reproduced:  p. 41, fig. 128; mentioned:  p. 147", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25152307"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 411", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n431"}, {"citation": "Kathman, Barbara A. <em>A Cleveland Bestiary</em>. Cleveland, OH; Cleveland Museum of Art, 1981.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 16, p. 60; Reproduced: p. 17", "url": null}, {"citation": "Henry John Drewal. <em>African Art: A Brief Guide to the Collection : the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1989.", "page_number": "fig. 17", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1991.", "page_number": "p. 153", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Connell, Timothy C., and Jackson J. Spielvogel. <em>World Art Transparencies</em>. Cincinnati: West Educational Pub, 1998.", "page_number": "Acetate 43", "url": ""}, {"citation": "May, Sally Ruth, Jane Takac, and Barbara J. Bradley. <em>Knockouts: A Pocket Guide</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2001.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced:  pp.67-8. no. 70; listed: p. 118.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Donley, Gregory M., \"A New Face for African Art\", Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Cleveland Art: The Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em>. Vol. 42 no. 04, April 2002", "page_number": "Mentioned & reproduced: p. 6-7", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2002-04/page/n5"}, {"citation": "Petridis, Constantijn. <em>South of the Sahara: selected works of African art. </em>Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2003.", "page_number": "Reproduced: cat. 5, p. 40 - 41", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Cleveland Art: The Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em>. Vol. 43 no. 09, November 2003", "page_number": "Reproduced: cover", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2003-09"}, {"citation": "Petridis, Constantine. \"A New Installation for African Art in Cleveland.\" <em>Tribal: the Magaine of Tribal Art</em>. 9 (3) no. 36 (Autumn-Winter 2004): 68-73.", "page_number": "", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Franklin, David and C. Griffith Mann. <em>Treasures from the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art; London, Scala Publishers Ltd, 2012.", "page_number": "pp. 288-9.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Basquiat, Jean-Michel, Sam Keller, and Iris Hasler. Basquiat: The Modena Paintings.Berlin : Hatje Cantz ; Riehen/Basel : Fondation Beyeler, 2023.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 35, fig. 2", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1969.2", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1969.2/1969.2_web.jpg", "width": "600", "height": "900", "filesize": "117240", "filename": "1969.2_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1969.2/1969.2_print.jpg", "width": "2267", "height": "3400", "filesize": "966765", "filename": "1969.2_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1969.2/1969.2_full.tif", "width": "4096", "height": "6144", "filesize": "151023476", "filename": "1969.2_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1969.2/1969.2_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "604", "height": "893", "filesize": "285889"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1969.2/1969.2_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "2321", "height": "3400", "filesize": "3496226"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1969.2/1969.2_alt0_full.tif", "width": "3413", "height": "5000", "filesize": "51210696"}}, {"date_created": "2009-11-03T15:23:12", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1969.2/1969.2_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "595", "height": "893", "filesize": "273113"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1969.2/1969.2_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "2267", "height": "3400", "filesize": "3768208"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1969.2/1969.2_alt1_full.tif", "width": "4096", "height": "6144", "filesize": "75529648"}}, {"date_created": "2009-11-03T15:24:12", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1969.2/1969.2_alt2_web.jpg", "width": "595", "height": "893", "filesize": "259287"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1969.2/1969.2_alt2_print.jpg", "width": "2267", "height": "3400", "filesize": "3676604"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1969.2/1969.2_alt2_full.tif", "width": "4096", "height": "6144", "filesize": "75528060"}}, {"date_created": "2009-11-03T15:35:17", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1969.2/1969.2_alt3_web.jpg", "width": "646", "height": "893", "filesize": "278307"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1969.2/1969.2_alt3_print.jpg", "width": "2461", "height": "3400", "filesize": "4080017"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1969.2/1969.2_alt3_full.tif", "width": "4096", "height": "5658", "filesize": "69556112"}}], "creditline": "Gift of Katherine C. White", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 144495, "creators": [], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1969-01-22T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1900, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "early to mid-1900s", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Bushcow Headdress", "Bush Cow Mask"], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:01:40.364000"}, {"id": 161427, "accession_number": "2000.118.1", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Tomb Guardian with Animal Head (\u93ae\u5893\u7378), early 700s. China, probably Shaanxi province, Xi'an, Tang dynasty (618-907). Glazed earthenware, sancai (three-color) ware; overall: 92.3 x 43.8 x 41.9 cm (36 5/16 x 17 1/4 x 16 1/2 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Gift of various donors to the department of Asian Art (by exchange), 2000.118.1", "current_location": "239 Chinese Ceramics and Metalwork", "title": "Tomb Guardian with Animal Head", "title_in_original_language": "\u93ae\u5893\u7378", "creation_date": "early 700s", "creation_date_earliest": 700, "creation_date_latest": 725, "artists_tags": [], "culture": ["China, probably Shaanxi province, Xi'an, Tang dynasty (618-907)"], "technique": "glazed earthenware, sancai (three-color) ware", "support_materials": [], "department": "Chinese Art", "collection": "China - Tang Dynasty", "type": "Ceramic", "measurements": "Overall: 92.3 x 43.8 x 41.9 cm (36 5/16 x 17 1/4 x 16 1/2 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"height": 0.923, "width": 0.438, "depth": 0.419}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 666891, "title": "Demons, Ghosts, and Goblins in Chinese Art", "description": "<i>Demons, Ghosts, and Goblins in Chinese Art</i>. 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Known as \"earth spirits\" or <em>qitou</em>, this one has an animal face and a pair of antlers growing above its eyebrows; the other sports a human face with huge protruding ears and a short horn surrounded by fiery, twisting hair. Their many elongated spikes heighten the fearful intensity.<br><br>Before tomb sculptures were placed in the tomb, they were carried through the streets in a funerary procession. Funerary gifts provided the deceased with means for the afterlife. They were also an expression of filial piety and demonstrated the wealth and power of the descendants.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60761340"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-2000.118.1-tomb-guardian-with-a"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, \u201cTomb Guardian Pair from Tang Dynasty Acquired by CMA,\u201d December 12, 2000, Cleveland Museum of Art Archives.", "page_number": null, "url": "https://archive.org/details/cmapr4361"}, {"citation": "May, Sally Ruth, Jane Takac, and Barbara J. Bradley. <em>Knockouts: A Pocket Guide</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2001.", "page_number": "Reproduced: cat. no. 79, p. 74\u201375; Mentioned: p. 119", "url": null}, {"citation": "\u201cA Selection of 2001 Museum Acquisitions.\u201d <em>Apollo: The International Magazine of Art &amp; Antiques</em> 154 (December 2001): 24\u201357.", "page_number": "p. 27", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Franklin, David and C. Griffith Mann. <em>Treasures from the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2012.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pp. 74\u201375", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bidwell, Frederick E. and Leslie Cade. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> [Cleveland]: Cleveland Museum of Art; New York, NY: Scala Arts Publishers, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 95", "url": ""}, {"citation": "von Spee, Clarissa. \"Good or Evil? Demons, ghosts, and goblins in Chinese art.\u201d <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine </em>64, no. 3 (2024): 10\u201311.", "page_number": "Reproduced and Mentioned: p. 10", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM-2024-03"}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/2000.118.1", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/2000.118.1/2000.118.1_web.jpg", "width": "635", "height": "893", "filesize": "76528", "filename": "2000.118.1_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/2000.118.1/2000.118.1_print.jpg", "width": "2419", "height": "3400", "filesize": "780650", "filename": "2000.118.1_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/2000.118.1/2000.118.1_full.tif", "width": "4911", "height": "6901", "filesize": "101694428", "filename": "2000.118.1_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"annotation": "", "web": {"url": 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Rankin Galleries of Chinese Art", "athena_id": 161427, "creators": [], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "2000-12-04T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 700, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "early 700s", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "component", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": "2000.118", "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": true, "updated_at": "2026-04-07 15:03:12.970000"}, {"id": 88940, "accession_number": "2020.104", "share_license_status": "Copyrighted", "tombstone": "The Port of l'Estaque, the Pier, 1906. Georges Braque (French, 1882\u20131963). Oil on canvas; unframed: 59.7 x 73 cm (23 1/2 x 28 3/4 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Nancy F. and Joseph P. Keithley Collection Gift, 2020.104. \u00a9 Artists Right Society (ARS), New York / ADAGP, Paris", "current_location": "223 20th Century Avant-Garde", "title": "The Port of l'Estaque, the Pier", "creation_date": "1906", "creation_date_earliest": 1906, "creation_date_latest": 1906, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["France, early 20th century"], "technique": "oil on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "Modern European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "Mod Euro - Painting 1800-1960", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Unframed: 59.7 x 73 cm (23 1/2 x 28 3/4 in.)", "dimensions": {"unframed": {"height": 0.597, "width": 0.73}, "framed": {"height": 0.803, "width": 0.93, "depth": 0.083}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": "\u00a9 Artists Right Society (ARS), New York / ADAGP, Paris", "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 396695, "title": "Impressionism to Modernism: The Keithley Collection", "description": "<i>Impressionism to Modernism: The Keithley Collection</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (September 11, 2022-January 8, 2023).", "opening_date": "2022-09-11T04:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "(Possibly) <em>Salon des Independents. </em>Paris, France (1907). (possibly no. 723 or 725)", "opening_date": "1907-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Georges Braque</em>. Haus der Kunst, Munich, Germany (October \u2013 December 1963)", "opening_date": "1963-12-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Chefs d'Oeuvres des Collections Suisses</em>. Palais de Beaulieu, Lausanne, Switzerland (1964).", "opening_date": "1964-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Le Fauvism francais et les debuts de l'Expressionisme allemande.</em> Musee Nationale d'Art Modern, Paris, France (January \u2013 March 1966); Haus der Kunst, Munich, Germany (March \u2013 May 1966).", "opening_date": "1966-03-01T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "(Galerie Kahnweiler, Paris, France, no. K1141)", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->According to George Isarlov, <em>Georges Braque</em> (Paris: J. Corti, 1932), p. 14.</div>"], "date": null, "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "Wilhelm Uhde [1874\u20131947], Paris, France", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->According to the 1997 Christie\u2019s sale catalogue.</div>"], "date": null, "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "Possibly Paul Roemer, Berlin, Germany", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->A label on back of the painting notes, \u201cPaul Roemer, Bellevuestr. 10, Berlin W9 59 Braque\u201d. Paul Roemer (1878-1945) was an art dealer in Berlin. Roemer\u2019s gallery was located at 10 Bellevuestrasse, L\u00fctzowplatz, from 1938 to 1939.&nbsp;</div>"], "date": "about 1938", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "Dr. A. Fuchs, Berlin, Germany", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1950s", "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "possibly by descent in the family", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->According to the 1997 Christie\u2019s sale catalogue. A label on the back of the painting gives the name \u201cDr. A. Fuchs\u201d as the lender to the Haus der Kunst Fauves-Expressionisten exhibition, cat. no. 8.&nbsp;</div>"], "date": "", "sortorder": 5}, {"description": "Private German Collector", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": 6}, {"description": "(Christie\u2019s, London, December 9, 1997, lot 24, sold to a private collector)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "December 9, 1997", "sortorder": 7}, {"description": "(C&M Arts, New York, NY, sold to Nancy F. and Joseph P. Keithley)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "before 2013", "sortorder": 8}, {"description": "Nancy F. and Joseph P. Keithley, Cleveland, OH, given to the Cleveland Museum of Art", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "before 2013\u20132020", "sortorder": 9}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "2020\u2013", "sortorder": 10}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Inspired by the light and atmosphere of Port of l'Estaque, Braque wrote, \u201cIt\u2019s there that I felt all the elation. All the joy, welling up inside me.\u201d", "description": "Early in his career, Georges Braque was a member of the French Fauves (\u201cwild beasts\u201d), a group of artists active between 1905 and 1908. Their principal aim was to liberate color from its descriptive role and instead to use it for purely expressive purposes. Braque painted this marine view during his first visit to the south of France when he was 24 years old. His excitement is felt in the undulating hills and short, powerful brushstrokes, often applied in complementary color contrasts.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q87480998"], "internet_archive": []}, "citations": [{"citation": "Isarlov, George. <em>Georges Braque</em>. Paris: Jos\u00e9 Corti, 1932.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 14", "url": null}, {"citation": "Zervos, Christian. \"Georges Braque.\" <em>Cahiers d' Art</em> VIII (1933): 1-15.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 10", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cooper, Douglas. <em>Georges Braque; Pra\u0308dikat des ICOM: \"agree</em>.\" Mu\u0308nchen, Germany: Franzis-Druck, 1963.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 7", "url": null}, {"citation": "Palais de Beaulieu (Lausanne, Suisse). Chefs d'oeuvres des collections suisses: de Manet a\u0300 Picasso. Lausanne: Skira, 1964.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 162", "url": null}, {"citation": "Hoog, Michel et al. <em>Le Fauvisme franc\u0327ais et les de\u0301buts de l'expressionnisme allemand. </em>Paris: Mus\u00e9e Nationale d'Art Moderne, 1966.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 35; Reproduced: P. 43, no.8", "url": null}, {"citation": "Pouillon, Nadine and Isabelle Monod-Fontaine. <em>Braque: \u0153uvres de Georges Braque, 1882-1963</em>. Paris: Centre Georges Pompidou, Muse\u0301e national d'art moderne, 1982.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: P. 24-25", "url": null}, {"citation": "Freeman, Judi. <em>The Fauve Landscape</em>. Los Angeles: Los Angeles County Museum of Art, 1990.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 45, pl. 52", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"A Historic Gift: Highlights from the Keithley Gift,\" <em>Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em> (Summer 2020).", "page_number": "Mention and reproduction pp. 6-7.", "url": null}, {"citation": "\u201cA Historic Gift. Longtime CMA supporters Joseph and Nancy Keithley give 114 works, the largest gift in more than 60 years.\u201d <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine </em>60, no. 3 (Summer 2020): Cover, 6-9.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 6; Mentioned: P. 7.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Griswold, William M. \u201cRecent Acquisitions (2013-20) at the Cleveland Museum of Art.\u201d <em>Burlington Magazine </em>163, no. 1414 (January 2021): 93-104.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 98, no. 9; mentioned: P. 93", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Robinson, William H. \"Modern European Painting.\" In <em>The Keithley Collection at the Cleveland Museum of Art, </em>edited by Heather Lemonedes Brown, 132-139, 142-149. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 2022.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 142-143; Mentioned: p. 257-258", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Brown, Heather Lemonedes. \u201cColor, Sensation, and Memory: Themes in the Keithleys\u2019 gift and promised gift.\u201d <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine </em>62, no. 3 (2022): Cover, 4-7.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 4; Mentioned: P. 4, 5", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2022-03/page/4/mode/2up"}, {"citation": "\"Exhibitions: Transformative Gift.\" <em>Art &amp; Antiques </em>XLV, no. 10 (November 2022): 48-53.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 51", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/2020.104", "images": {}, "alternate_images": [], "creditline": "Nancy F. and Joseph P. Keithley Collection Gift", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Michael J. Horvitz Family Gallery", "athena_id": 88940, "creators": [{"id": 3029, "description": "Georges Braque (French, 1882\u20131963)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1882", "death_year": "1963", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "2020-03-02T00:00:00-05:00", "sortable_date": 1906, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1906", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-04-17 14:35:23.719000"}, {"id": 144961, "accession_number": "1970.156", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Green Tara, c. 1260s; mounted, 2020. Attributed to Aniko (Nepalese, active in Tibet mid- to late 1200s). Thangka; gum tempera, ink, and gold on sized cotton; mount: silk; painting: 52.4 x 43.2 cm (20 5/8 x 17 in.); overall: 107 x 65 cm (42 1/8 x 25 9/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Purchase from the J. H. Wade Fund by exchange, 1970.156", "current_location": "237 Himalayan", "title": "Green Tara", "creation_date": "c. 1260s; mounted, 2020", "creation_date_earliest": 1250, "creation_date_latest": 1270, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["Central Tibet"], "technique": "thangka; gum tempera, ink, and gold on sized cotton; mount: silk", "support_materials": [], "department": "Indian and Southeast Asian Art", "collection": "Tibetan Art", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Painting: 52.4 x 43.2 cm (20 5/8 x 17 in.); Overall: 107 x 65 cm (42 1/8 x 25 9/16 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"height": 1.07, "width": 0.65}, "painting": {"height": 0.524, "width": 0.432}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": null, "inscription_translation": "Tolerance is the most excellent asceticism; the Buddha said that \"Tolerance is the best liberation.\" Novices who harm others and cause others pain are not [true] practitioners.", "inscription_remark": "Lower four lines of the inscription on the verso translated from the Tibetan by Dr. Paul Nietupski", "sortorder": null}, {"inscription": "Om Ah Hum", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": "Behind brow, throat, and heart of Green Tara", "sortorder": null}, {"inscription": "om tare tutare ture svaha", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": "Mantra of Green Tara", "sortorder": null}, {"inscription": "Om Ah Hum", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": "Behind the Buddha Amoghasidhi, in smaller letters", "sortorder": null}, {"inscription": "Om Ah Hum", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": "Behind the figure of the monastic donor", "sortorder": null}, {"inscription": "om ah sarva vyida svaha", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": "Sanskrit mantra, top line of the inscriptions on the verso", "sortorder": null}, {"inscription": "ye dharm\u0101 hetuprabhav\u0101 he-\ntu\u1e43 te\u1e63\u0101\u1e43 tath\u0101gato hy avadat te\u1e63\u0101\u1e43 ca yo \nnirodha eva\u1e43v\u0101d\u012b mah\u0101\u015brama\u1e47a\u1e25", "inscription_translation": "Of those phenomena which arise from causes:\nThose causes have been taught by the Tath\u0101gata (Buddha),\nAnd their cessation too - thus proclaims the Great Ascetic.", "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 301391, "title": "Year in Review: 1970", "description": "<i>Year in Review: 1970</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (February 10-March 7, 1971).", "opening_date": "1971-02-10T05:00:00"}, {"id": 311444, "title": "Object Lessons: Cleveland Creates an Art Museum", "description": "<i>Object Lessons: Cleveland Creates an Art Museum</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 7-September 8, 1991).", "opening_date": "1991-06-07T04:00:00"}, {"id": 206268, "title": "Sacred Visions: Early Paintings from Central Tibet", "description": "<i>Sacred Visions: Early Paintings from Central Tibet</i>. The Metropolitan Museum of Art (organizer) (October 5, 1998-January 17, 1999); Museum Rietberg, Z\u00fcrich (February 14-May 16, 1999).", "opening_date": "1998-10-05T00:00:00"}, {"id": 196054, "title": "Streams and Mountains Without End: Asian Art and the Legacy of Sherman E. Lee at the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Streams and Mountains Without End: Asian Art and the Legacy of Sherman E. Lee at the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 27-August 23, 2009).", "opening_date": "2009-06-27T04:00:00"}, {"id": 383281, "title": "Stories from Storage", "description": "<i>Stories from Storage</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (February 7-May 16, 2021).", "opening_date": "2021-02-06T05:00:00"}, {"id": 689028, "title": "Himalayan Gallery 237 Rotation", "description": "<i>Himalayan Gallery 237 Rotation</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (January 16, 2026-January 10, 2027).", "opening_date": "2026-01-16T05:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>Main Asian Rotation (Gallery 239)</em>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (November 18, 2013-June 30, 2014).", "opening_date": "2013-11-18T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Main Gallery Rotation (Gallery 237)</em>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (April 4-November 7, 2016).", "opening_date": "2016-04-04T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1970\u2013", "sortorder": 2}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "The tiny monastic figure under Green Tara's right hand commissioned the painting.", "description": "For Tibetans, Green Tara is one of the preeminent figures of their Buddhist faith, a radiant savioress who embodies the female form of the perfect, enlightened mind. The Green Tara in the Cleveland <em>thangka\u2014</em>a Tibetan devotional painting on cloth\u2014specifically dispels fear and provides protection, just like her mantra inscribed on the back side of the painting. Her green color and fear-not gesture link her to the cosmic Buddha of the North, enshrined above her head. Most scholars agree that this work was painted by the celebrated Nepalese artist known as Aniko.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60470748"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1970.156-green-tara"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Lee, Sherman E. \"The Year in Review for 1970.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 58, no. 2 (1971): 22\u201371.", "page_number": "Mentioned: no. 70, p. 157", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25152361"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 297", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n317"}, {"citation": "<em>Orientations</em>, vol. 20, October 1989.", "page_number": "Reproduced: cover and fig. 17, p. 42", "url": null}, {"citation": "Rhie, Marylin M., and Robert A. F. Thurman. <em>Wisdom and Compassion: The Sacred Art of Tibet</em>. London: Thames and Hudson, 1991.", "page_number": "Reproduced: fig. 14, p. 51", "url": null}, {"citation": "Singer, Jane Casey. \"Early Tankas: Eleventh-Thirteenth Centuries,\" <em>Marg: A Magazine of the Arts </em>(Sept. 1996), pp. 28\u201329.", "page_number": "Reproduced: fig. 11", "url": null}, {"citation": "Fisher, Robert E. <em>Art of Tibet</em>. London; New York: Thames &amp; Hudson, 1997.", "page_number": "Reproduced: fig. 112, pp. 134\u2013135", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cunningham, Michael R., Stanislaw J. Czuma, Anne E. Wardwell, and J. Keith Wilson. <em>Masterworks of Asian Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1998.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: pp. 158\u2013159", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kossak, Steven, Jane Casey Singer, and Robert Bruce-Gardner. <em>Sacred Visions: Early Paintings from Central Tibe</em>t. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1998.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 37, pp. 144\u2013146", "url": "https://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p15324coll10/id/101557"}, {"citation": "Kossak, Steven, Jane Casey Singer, Robert Bruce-Gardner, and Michael Henss. <em>Geheime Visionen: fru\u0308he Malerei aus Zentraltibet</em> [=Sacred visions : early paintings from Central Tibet]. Zu\u0308rich: Museum Rietberg, 1999.", "page_number": "Reproduced: cat. no. 37, pp. 144\u2013146", "url": null}, {"citation": "May, Sally Ruth, Jane Takac, and Barbara J. Bradley. <em>Knockouts: A Pocket Guide</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2001.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 101, pp. 91, 119", "url": null}, {"citation": "Blezer, Henk and John Ardussi, eds. <em>Impressions of Bhutan and Tibetan Art: Tibetan Studies III</em>. Leiden: Brill, 2002.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pl. 42", "url": null}, {"citation": "Czuma, Stanislaw, \"Great Acquisitions and Southeast Asian Art at the Cleveland Museum of Art,\" <em>Orientations </em>(Jan/Feb 2005), vol. 36, no. 1.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pp. 86\u201387", "url": null}, {"citation": "Sparks, Amy. \"Was Sherman Lee Ever Wrong?\" <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em> 49, no. 6 (July/August 2009): 3-5.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 5", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2009-06/page/2/mode/2up"}, {"citation": "Jackson, David Paul, and Christian Luczanits. <em>Mirror of the Buddha: Early Portraits from Tibet: from the Masterworks of Tibetan Painting Series</em>. New York: Rubin Museum of Art, 2011.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p 12, fig 1.8", "url": null}, {"citation": "Franklin, David and C. Griffith Mann. <em>Treasures from the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 2012.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pp. 104\u2013105", "url": null}, {"citation": "\u201cA Walking Tour: The entire new museum wing by wing, with curators calling out a few favorite works in the collection.\u201d <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em> 54, no. 1 (January/February 2014): 8\u201333.", "page_number": "Reproduced and Mentioned: p. 31", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2014-01"}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Museum Masters: 2016-17 Companion Guide.</em> [Cleveland, Ohio]: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2016.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 33", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Masterworks on Loan: Celebrating the 100th Anniversary of the Cleveland Museum of Art: April through June 2016</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 2016.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 22", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Stories from Storage.\" <em>The Asian Art Newspaper: Monthly for Collectors, Dealers, Museums and Galleries </em>24, i. 5 (May 2021): 6\u20137.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: pp. 6\u20137", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Mace, Sonya Rhie. \u201cAsian Art: Green Tara and the Art of Protection.\u201d <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine </em>61, no. 1 (Winter 2021): 24.", "page_number": "Reproduced and Mentioned: p. 24", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2021-01"}, {"citation": "Campbell, Aurelia. \"Consecrating the Imperial City: Tibetan Stupas in Yuan Dadu.\" <em>Journal of Song-Yuan Studies </em>51 (2022): 207\u2013243, plates 252\u2013255", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 233, fig. 11; Reproduced: p. 253", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1970.156", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": 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"381147436"}}], "creditline": "Purchase from the J. H. Wade Fund by exchange", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Harriett Warm and Dick Blum Gallery", "athena_id": 144961, "creators": [{"id": 705258, "description": "Aniko (Nepalese, active in Tibet mid- to late 1200s)", "extent": null, "qualifier": "attributed to", "role": null, "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1970-12-18T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1250, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 1260s; mounted, 2020", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Tanka with Green Tara"], "is_highlight": true, "updated_at": "2026-04-10 11:44:47.463000"}, {"id": 114684, "accession_number": "1934.29", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Virgin and Child, c. 1470\u201380. Workshop of Hans Memling (Netherlandish, 1494). Oil on wood; framed: 41.3 x 31.4 x 4.1 cm (16 1/4 x 12 3/8 x 1 5/8 in.); unframed: 31.5 x 22 cm (12 3/8 x 8 11/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Delia E. Holden and L. E. Holden Funds, 1934.29", "current_location": "112 Northern Renaissance", "title": "Virgin and Child", "creation_date": "c. 1470\u201380", "creation_date_earliest": 1470, "creation_date_latest": 1480, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["Flanders, Bruges"], "technique": "oil on wood", "support_materials": [], "department": "Medieval Art", "collection": "MED - Medieval Art", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 41.3 x 31.4 x 4.1 cm (16 1/4 x 12 3/8 x 1 5/8 in.); Unframed: 31.5 x 22 cm (12 3/8 x 8 11/16 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 0.413, "width": 0.314, "depth": 0.041}, "unframed": {"height": 0.315, "width": 0.22}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 312517, "title": "The Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition", "description": "<i>The Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 26-October 4, 1936).", "opening_date": "1936-06-26T04:00:00"}, {"id": 312341, "title": "The Silver Jubilee Exhibition", "description": "<i>The Silver Jubilee Exhibition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 23-September 28, 1941).", "opening_date": "1941-06-23T04:00:00"}, {"id": 302205, "title": "Art and Humanism in the Renaissance", "description": "<i>Art and Humanism in the Renaissance</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (January 23-February 25, 1962).", "opening_date": "1962-01-23T05:00:00"}, {"id": 309851, "title": "Textiles in Daily Life in the Middle Ages", "description": "<i>Textiles in Daily Life in the Middle Ages</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (January 22-March 17, 1985).", "opening_date": "1985-01-22T05:00:00"}, {"id": 399550, "title": "Hans Memling", "description": "<i>Hans Memling</i>. Groeningemuseum, Bruges (organizer) (August 12-November 15, 1994).", "opening_date": "1994-08-12T04:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>French and Flemish Primitives</em>, Toledo Museum of Art, Toledo, OH, (1935).", "opening_date": "1935-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Flemish Paintings</em>, The Worcester Art Museum, MA, (1939); Philadelphia Museum of Art, (1939).", "opening_date": "1939-01-01T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Private Collection, Spain", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": null}, {"description": "Grete Ring, London", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": null}, {"description": "(Arnold Seligman, Rey & Co,, New York)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": null}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": null, "description": "This small panel was once part of a devotional portrait diptych (a hinged two-panel painting). The Christ child\u2019s attention seems drawn to something outside the picture and lifts his hand in recognition. The opposing panel, once hinged on the right, would have featured a portrait of its original owner in prayer, now unfortunately lost. Such devotional portrait diptychs were popular after 1400 and remained so until their production ceased around the 1530s. Used in private chapels or within the curtain folds of four-poster beds, they could easily be closed when not in use. Hans Memling was born near Frankfurt, Germany. He settled in Bruges around 1465 where he developed a reputation for his painting skills, and provided works to the Burgundian court, which likely cultivated the taste for small portrait diptychs. This example seems to have been painted by a member of Memling\u2019s workshop, perhaps for a wealthy merchant or clergyman.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44211657"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1934.29-virgin-and-child"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Francis, Henry. \"A Madonna and Child by Hans Memling.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art </em>21, no. 9 (November 1934): 139-144", "page_number": "Reproduced: front cover; Mentioned: p. 142", "url": "jstor.org/stable/25137649"}, {"citation": "Toledo Museum of Art. French and Flemish Primitive Exhibition: Catalogue. Toledo: The Museum, 1935.", "page_number": "Cat. no. 26", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. Catalogue of the Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition of the Cleveland Museum of Art: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition : June Twenty-Sixth to October Fourth 1936. [Cleveland, Ohio]: [Cleveland Museum of Art], 1936.", "page_number": "Cat. No. 204", "url": null}, {"citation": "Worcester Art Museum, Perry Blythe Cott, and Henri Marceau. The Worcester-Philadelphia Exhibition of Flemish Painting, Organized by the Worcester Art Museum, Worcester, Massachusetts, and the John G. Johnson Collection, Philadelphia ... Worcester Art Museum, February 23-March 12; John G. Johnson Collection at the Philadelphia Museum of Art, March 25-April 26, 1939. Philadelphia: Printed by G. H. Buchanan Co, 1939.", "page_number": "Cat. no. 14", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Paintings in the Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> [Cleveland]: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1945.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 25", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAPaintings1945/page/n33"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Handbook.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 433", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1958/page/n80"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 69", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n93"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 69", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n93"}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Catalogue of Paintings. Pt. 1. European Paintings before 1500. </em>Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1974.", "page_number": "Reproduced: fig. 55, p. 156 - 157", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 81", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n101"}, {"citation": "De Winter, Patrick M. \u201cA Book of Hours of Queen Isabel La Cat\u00f3lica.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 68, no. 10 (December 1981): 342\u2013427.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 414, fig. 153; Mentioned: p. 406", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25159749"}, {"citation": "Martin Nagy, Rebecca. Textiles in Daily Life in the Middle Ages. Cleveland, Ohio: Cleveland Museum of Art in cooperation with Indiana University Press, 1985.", "page_number": "p. 30-31, 59", "url": null}, {"citation": "Vos, Dirk de, Hans Memling, D. Marechal, and Willy Le Loup. Hans Memling: Catalogue. [Brussels]: Ludion, 1994.", "page_number": "cat. no. 41", "url": null}, {"citation": "Gelfand, Laura D. \u201cDevotion, Imitation, and Social Aspirations: Fifteenth-Century Bruges and a Memling School Madonna and Child.\u201d <em>Cleveland Studies in the History of Art</em> 5 (2000): 6\u201319.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 6-19, fig. 1", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/20079704"}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1934.29", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1934.29/1934.29_web.jpg", "width": "625", "height": "893", "filesize": "511888", "filename": "1934.29_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1934.29/1934.29_print.jpg", "width": "2379", "height": "3400", "filesize": "7555725", "filename": "1934.29_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1934.29/1934.29_full.tif", "width": "6396", "height": "9140", "filesize": "175405072", "filename": "1934.29_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [], "creditline": "Delia E. Holden and L. E. Holden Funds", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Lucia Smith Nash Gallery", "athena_id": 114684, "creators": [{"id": 2984, "description": "Hans Memling (Netherlandish, 1494)", "extent": null, "qualifier": "workshop of", "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "death_year": "1494", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1934-01-16T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1470, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 1470\u201380", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Madonna and Child"], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-04-17 12:00:42.157000"}, {"id": 294175, "accession_number": "2017.1", "share_license_status": "Copyrighted", "tombstone": "Alabama, 1960. Norman Lewis (American, 1909\u20131979). Oil on canvas; overall: 122.6 x 184.5 cm (48 1/4 x 72 5/8 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, John L. Severance Fund, 2017.1. \u00a9 Estate of Norman W. Lewis; Courtesy of Michael Rosenfeld Gallery LLC, New York, NY", "current_location": "227 Abstract Expressionism", "title": "Alabama", "creation_date": "1960", "creation_date_earliest": 1960, "creation_date_latest": 1960, "artists_tags": ["Black American Artists", "male"], "culture": ["America"], "technique": "Oil on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "American Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "American - Painting", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Overall: 122.6 x 184.5 cm (48 1/4 x 72 5/8 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"height": 1.226, "width": 1.845}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": "\u00a9 Estate of Norman W. Lewis; Courtesy of Michael Rosenfeld Gallery LLC, New York, NY", "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 306886, "title": "Recent Acquisitions", "description": "<i>Recent Acquisitions</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (March 17-June 7, 2018).", "opening_date": "2018-03-17T04:00:00"}, {"id": 443702, "title": "Currents and Constellations: Black Art in Focus", "description": "<i>Currents and Constellations: Black Art in Focus</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (February 20-June 26, 2022).", "opening_date": "2022-02-20T05:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>Recent Acquisitions 2014-20</em>17. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (March 17, 2018-June 6, 2018).", "opening_date": "2018-03-17T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Norman Lewis was the son of parents who had emigrated to the U.S. from Bermuda.", "description": "During the Civil Rights Movement, Lewis sought to align his interest in abstraction with current events. With its black and white palette, <em>Alabama</em> offers a symbolic duality for a time entrenched in racial conflict. Furthermore, the painting's composition has prompted viewers to draw additional associations from its abstract shapes, such as a nighttime Ku Klux Klan gathering.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60482854"], "internet_archive": []}, "citations": [{"citation": "Litt, Steven. \"'Alabama:' A Top Acquisition.\" <em>The Plain Dealer </em>(Cleveland, OH), March 26, 2017.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. A6; Reproduced: p. A6", "url": null}, {"citation": "O'Grady, Megan, \"Once Overlooked, Black Abstract Painters Are Finally Given Their Due,\" <em>New York Times Style Magazine, </em>February 14, 2021.<em><br></em>", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Litt, Steven. \"Cleveland Museum of Art Survey's America's Racial History Through Works by Modern, Contemporary Black Artists,\" <em>Plain Dealer, </em>February 27, 2022.", "page_number": "p. D-2.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Bittencourt, Renata, \"Art for Times of Insurrection,\" in Adriano Pederosa and Rodrigo Moura, eds., <em>Melvin Edwards: Lynch Fragments</em>, exh. cat. (Museu de arte de S\u00e3o Paulo Assis Chateaubriand, Brazil, 2018).", "page_number": "Mentioned p. 16-17; reproduced p. 17.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Amaki, Amalia K. \"The African American Aspect of American Art,\" in Stephen M. Sessler, ed., <em>American Art: Collecting and Connoisseurship</em> (London: Merrell, 2020).", "page_number": "Mention, P. 115.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Disman, Barry. <em>Norman Lewis: A Retrospective: Catalogue</em>. New York: City University of New York, 1976.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 11", "url": null}, {"citation": "Conwill, Kinshasha, and David Craven. <em>Norman Lewis: Black Paintings 1946-1977</em>. New York: Studio Museum in Harlem, 1998.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 13, 23, 27, 32, 39; Reproduced: fig. 18", "url": null}, {"citation": "McNally, Owen. \"Black Tones, Bright Star.\" <em>Hartford Courant </em>(Hartford, CT), March 28, 1999.", "page_number": "Mentioned", "url": "https://www.courant.com/news/connecticut/hc-xpm-1999-03-28-9903280453-story.html"}, {"citation": "Damsker, Matt. \"Transcending Race, Refining Abstraction.\" <em>Hartford Courant </em>(Hartford, CT), April 4, 1999.", "page_number": "Mentioned", "url": null}, {"citation": "Zimmer, William. \"The Color Black: On the Painter's Canvas and the World.\" <em>The New York Times </em>(New York, NY), May 30, 1999.", "page_number": "Mentioned", "url": null}, {"citation": "Gibson, Ann Eden. \"Diaspora and Ritual: Norman Lewis's Civil Rights Paintings.\" <em>Third Text </em>45 (June 2008).", "page_number": "Mentioned: 31, 39, 42", "url": null}, {"citation": "Wood, Sara. \"\"Pure Eye Music\": Norman Lewis, Abstract Expressionism, and Bebop. In <em>The Hearing Eye: Jazz &amp; Blues Influences in African American Visual Art, </em>edited by Graham Lock and David Murray. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 101", "url": null}, {"citation": "Jones, Kellie. <em>EyeMinded: Living and Writing Contemporary Art. </em>Duke University Press, 2011.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Tan, Mindy. \"Canvas Politics: Norman Lewis and the Art of Abstract Resistance.\" PhD diss., Purdue University, 2015.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 30; Reproduced: p. 139", "url": null}, {"citation": "Welch, John. \"Norman Lewis, Artist, Visionary, Humanist.\" <em>IRAAA, </em>2015.", "page_number": "Mentioned; Reproduced", "url": "http://iraaa.museum.hamptonu.edu/page/Norman-Lewis,-Artist,-Visionary,-Humanist"}, {"citation": "Welch, John. \"Discovering the Artistic Genius of Norman Lewis.\" <em>The Root</em>, December 20, 2015.", "page_number": "Reproduced", "url": "https://www.theroot.com/discovering-the-artistic-genius-of-painter-norman-lewis-1790862122"}, {"citation": "Bradford, Mark. \"Social Abstraction.' <em>The International Review of African American Art,</em> vol. 26 no. 1: 41-42.", "page_number": "Reproduced; p. 42", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Blood, Anne. \"The Indefatigable Curiosity of Norman Lewis.\" <em>Hyperallergic, </em>March 28, 2016.", "page_number": "Mentioned; Reproduced", "url": "https://hyperallergic.com/286221/the-indefatigable-curiosity-of-norman-lewis/"}, {"citation": "Vali, Murtaza.\"Norman Lewis: Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts.\" <em>Artforum </em>54 (April 2016).", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 240", "url": null}, {"citation": "Qui, Serena. \"Norman Lewis: Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts.\" <em>Art in America </em>104 (June/July 2016).", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 149; Reproduced: p. 149", "url": null}, {"citation": "Eisenman, Stephen. \"Painting Black and Blue: A Review of Norman Lewis at the Chicago Cultural Center.\" <em>Newcity Art </em>(Chicago, IL), December 16, 2016.", "page_number": "Mentioned: Reproduced", "url": "https://art.newcity.com/2016/12/16/painting-black-and-blue/"}, {"citation": "Litt, Steven. \"Civil Rights Era Masterpiece by Norman Lewis Leads Acquisitions at Cleveland Museum of Art.\" <em>Cleveland.com </em>(Cleveland, OH), March 21, 2017.", "page_number": "Mentioned", "url": "https://www.cleveland.com/arts/2017/03/norman_lewis_masterpiece_evoki.html"}, {"citation": "Schreiber, Kelley Notaro. \"Cleveland Museum of Art Announces New Acquisitions.\" The Cleveland Museum of Art, March 21, 2017,", "page_number": "Mentioned; Reproduced", "url": "https://www.clevelandart.org/about/press/media-kit/cleveland-museum-art-announces-new-acquisitions-4"}, {"citation": "Litt, Steven. \"Museum Director Wants More.\" <em>Sunday Plain Dealer </em>(Cleveland, OH), August 6, 2017.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. A14", "url": null}, {"citation": "Grant, Daniel. \"Top Museum Acquisitions: 2017 In Review.\" <em>Antiques &amp; Fine Art Magazine, </em>Spring 2018.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 101", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cole, Mark. \u201cAcquisition Highlights: American Art.\u201d <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em> 58, no. 2 (March/April 2018): 18.", "page_number": "Reproduced and Mentioned: P. 18", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2018-02/page/n9/mode/2up"}, {"citation": "Griswold, William M. \u201cRecent Acquisitions (2013-20) at the Cleveland Museum of Art.\u201d <em>Burlington Magazine </em>163, no. 1414 (January 2021): 93-104.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 99, no. 12; mentioned: P. 93", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Franke, Anselm. Parapolitics: Cultural Freedom and the Cold War. <br>Berlin : Haus der Kulturen der Welt ; Berlin : Sternberg Press 2021.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 434", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/2017.1", "images": {}, "alternate_images": [], "creditline": "John L. Severance Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Frank H. and Nancy L. Porter Gallery", "athena_id": 294175, "creators": [{"id": 7921, "description": "Norman Lewis (American, 1909\u20131979)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1909", "death_year": "1979", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "2017-02-27T00:00:00-05:00", "sortable_date": 1960, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1960", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:07:07.283000"}, {"id": 119326, "accession_number": "1940.228", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Teapot, c. 1755\u201360. Nathaniel Hurd (American, 1730\u20131778). Silver, Wood; with handle: 14.5 x 24.4 cm (5 11/16 x 9 5/8 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Gift of Hollis French, 1940.228", "current_location": "204 Colonial American", "title": "Teapot", "creation_date": "c. 1755\u201360", "creation_date_earliest": 1750, "creation_date_latest": 1765, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["America"], "technique": "Silver, Wood", "support_materials": [], "department": "Decorative Art and Design", "collection": "Decorative Arts", "type": "Silver", "measurements": "with handle: 14.5 x 24.4 cm (5 11/16 x 9 5/8 in.)", "dimensions": {"with handle": {"height": 0.145, "width": 0.244}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "engraved:  coat of arms of Gibbs on side.", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 317001, "title": "Inaugural Exhibition", "description": "<i>Inaugural Exhibition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (co-organizer) (June 6-September 20, 1916).", "opening_date": "1916-06-06T05:00:00"}, {"id": 311898, "title": "35th Anniversary Exhibition", "description": "<i>35th Anniversary Exhibition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 20-September 30, 1951).", "opening_date": "1951-06-20T04:00:00"}, {"id": 705378, "title": "Silver and American Tradition", "description": "<i>Silver and American Tradition</i>. Milwaukee Art Museum, Milwaukee, WI (organizer) (February 13-March 19, 1953).", "opening_date": "1953-02-13T05:00:00"}, {"id": 701687, "title": "Exhibition of French, English, and American Silver in Honor of Russell A. Plimpton", "description": "<i>Exhibition of French, English, and American Silver in Honor of Russell A. Plimpton</i>. Minneapolis Institute of Art, Minneapolis, MN (organizer) (June 10-July 15, 1956).", "opening_date": "1956-06-10T04:00:00"}, {"id": 703567, "title": "Masterpieces of American Silver", "description": "<i>Masterpieces of American Silver</i>. Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, Richmond, VA (organizer) (January 15-February 14, 1960).", "opening_date": "1960-01-15T05:00:00"}, {"id": 311637, "title": "All That Glitters: Great Silver Vessels in Cleveland's Collection", "description": "<i>All That Glitters: Great Silver Vessels in Cleveland's Collection</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (November 23, 1994-January 8, 1995).", "opening_date": "1994-11-23T05:00:00"}], "legacy": []}, "provenance": [{"description": "Hollis French, Annisquam, MA.", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": null}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "The master silversmith Nathaniel Hurd, whose portrait hangs nearby, made this teapot engraved with the crest of the family that commissioned it. Tea was a precious commodity in Colonial America and this silver piece would have held a place of honor at the owner's tea table.", "description": "This teapot not only demonstrates Hurd's mastery of the art of forging silver, but of engraving it as well. The design for the coat of arms of the Gibbs family incised on this teapot was probably taken from Guillim's Display of Heraldry, published in 1724. In Hurd's portrait by Copley the words \"Display of Heraldry/J. Guillim\" are visible on the spine of the large book shown at the sitter's elbow.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60779298"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1940.228-teapot"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Foote, Helen. \"A Collection of Early American Silver Gift of Hollis French.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art </em>27, no. 9 (November 1940): 131-142.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 135; Reproduced: p. 140", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25140882"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Handbook.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 332", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1958/page/n64"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 153", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n177"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 153", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n177"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 196", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n216"}, {"citation": "Johnston, Phillip M. <em>Catalogue of American Silver: The Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, Ohio: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1994.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 89", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Adams, Henry. <em>What's American about American art?: a gallery tour in the Cleveland Museum of Art. </em>Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2008.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 41", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 136", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1940.228", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1940.228/1940.228_web.jpg", "width": "1156", "height": "893", "filesize": "447608", "filename": "1940.228_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1940.228/1940.228_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2627", "filesize": "991992", "filename": "1940.228_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1940.228/1940.228_full.tif", "width": "5500", "height": "4250", "filesize": "70156508", "filename": "1940.228_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [], "creditline": "Gift of Hollis French", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 119326, "creators": [{"id": 33346, "description": "Nathaniel Hurd (American, 1730\u20131778)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "maker", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1730", "death_year": "1778", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1940-06-07T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1750, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 1755\u201360", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:05:53.412000"}, {"id": 142298, "accession_number": "1966.13", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Antiochus and Stratonice, c. 1838. Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres (French, 1780\u20131867). Oil on linen; framed: 74.5 x 91.5 x 11 cm (29 5/16 x 36 x 4 5/16 in.); unframed: 48.1 x 63.9 cm (18 15/16 x 25 3/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Mr. and Mrs. William H. Marlatt Fund, 1966.13", "current_location": "202 French Neoclassical Decorative Arts", "title": "Antiochus and Stratonice", "creation_date": "c. 1838", "creation_date_earliest": 1833, "creation_date_latest": 1843, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["France, 19th century"], "technique": "oil on linen", "support_materials": [], "department": "Modern European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "Mod Euro - Painting 1800-1960", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 74.5 x 91.5 x 11 cm (29 5/16 x 36 x 4 5/16 in.); Unframed: 48.1 x 63.9 cm (18 15/16 x 25 3/16 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 0.745, "width": 0.915, "depth": 0.11}, "unframed": {"height": 0.481, "width": 0.639}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 300917, "title": "Golden Anniversary of Acquisitions", "description": "<i>Golden Anniversary of Acquisitions</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (September 10-October 16, 1966).", "opening_date": "1966-09-10T04:00:00"}, {"id": 361190, "title": "Ingres: Centennial Exhibition, 1867-1967. Drawings, Watercolors and Oil Sketches from American Collections", "description": "<i>Ingres: Centennial Exhibition, 1867-1967. Drawings, Watercolors and Oil Sketches from American Collections</i>. Fogg Art Museum/Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (organizer) (February 12-April 9, 1967).", "opening_date": "1967-02-12T05:00:00"}, {"id": 198256, "title": "The Last Days of Pompeii: Decadence, Apocalypse, Resurrection", "description": "<i>The Last Days of Pompeii: Decadence, Apocalypse, Resurrection</i>. Getty Villa, Pacific Palisades, CA (September 12, 2012-January 7, 2013); The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (February 24-July 7, 2013).", "opening_date": "2012-09-03T00:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "London, New Burlington Galleries. Exhibition of Masters of French 19th Century Painting (1936), no. 1, lent by Alphonse Kann.", "opening_date": "1936-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Cambridge, Mass., Fogg Art Museum. Ingres Centennial Exhibition 1867-1967 (1967), no. 78, 79 (repr.).", "opening_date": "1967-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "New York, Frick Collection. Ingres and the Comtesse d'Haussonville (1985-86), no. 55, 72-76 (repr.).", "opening_date": "1985-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Getty Villa (9/12/2012 - 1/7/2013), The Cleveland Museum fo Art (2/24/2013 - 5/19/2013), Mus\u00e9e des Beaux-Arts, Qu\u00e9bec (6/13/2013 - 9/8/2013):  \"The Last Days of Pompeii: Decadence, Apocalypse, Resurrection\"", "opening_date": "2012-09-12T00:00:00"}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art (09/ 12/2012 - 01/07/2013 Getty Villa Malibu, CA; 02/24/2013 - 07/07/2013 Cleveland Museum of Art); \"The Last Days of Pompeii: Decadence, Apocalypse, Resurrection\"", "opening_date": "2013-01-07T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Ingres estate sale, Paris, Drouot, 27 April 1867 (lot 6), Stratonice, R\u00e9p\u00e9tition presque termin\u00e9e du m\u00eame sujet [Stratonice], 1834, ff 4,220. Mme Ingres. Louis Bazille, Montpellier (1870). Pierre Leenhardt, Paris sale, Georges Petit, 4 May 1922 (lot 29, repr.), Stratonice, ou la maladie d'Antiochus. Alphonse Kann, Paris. Seized by the Germans in 1941. Recovered after WWII. Sold by Kann's heirs. Anonymous sale, Paris, Galerie Charpentier, 12 May 1950 (lot 30, repr.), Stratonice, ou la maladie d'Antiochus. Jacques Seligmann, New York. Purchased by the cma on 3 January 1966.", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": null}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": null, "description": "Struck by a mysterious illness, Antiochus lies in bed near death. His grieving father, who has recently taken Stratonice as his wife, summons a doctor. Noticing that the sight of the young woman quickens Antiochus\u2019s pulse and that passion causes his sickness, the doctor describes the youth\u2019s predicament to his father, who selflessly offers Stratonice to his son. The subject, both a love story and an example of parental devotion, enjoyed considerable popularity well into the 1800s.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60469545"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1966.13-antiochus-and-strato"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 165", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n189"}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, \u201cGolden Anniversary Acquisition,\u201d 1966, Cleveland Museum of Art Archives.", "page_number": null, "url": "https://archive.org/details/cmapr1434"}, {"citation": "Stechow, Wolfgang. \"Cleveland's Golden Anniversary Acquisitions.\" <em>Artnews</em> 65, no. 5 (September 1966): 30-64.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 41; Mentioned p. 62-63", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lee, Sherman E. \u201cGolden Anniversary Acquisitions: September 10 through October 16.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 53, no. 7 (September 1966): 181\u2013284.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 233; Mentioned: p. 280, no. 62", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25152110"}, {"citation": "Francis, Henry S. \u201cJean Auguste Dominique Ingres: Antiochus and Stratonice.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 55, no. 4 (April 1968): 103\u2013112.", "page_number": "Reproduced: Cover; Mentioned: p. 103-106", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25152209"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 165", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n189"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 204", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n224"}, {"citation": "Real, William A. \u201cExploring New Applications for Infrared Reflectography.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 72, no. 8 (December 1985): 390\u2013412.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 404-406, figs. 16-18b", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25159923"}, {"citation": "Argencourt, Louise d', and Roger Diederen. <em>Catalogue of Paintings</em>. <em>Pt. 4. European Paintings of the 19th Century</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1974.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 364-369, Vol. II, no. 128", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Vigne, Georges. \"Stratonice, Le Belle Silencieuse d'Ingres.\" In <em>Ingres: l'Artiste et Ses Princes </em>edited by Mathieu Deldicque and Nicole Garnier-Pelle, 108-133. Exh. cat. Paris: In Fine, 2023.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 122, fig. 7.", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1966.13", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1966.13/1966.13_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "674", "filesize": "169721", "filename": "1966.13_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1966.13/1966.13_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2547", "filesize": "2274586", "filename": "1966.13_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1966.13/1966.13_full.tif", "width": "7519", "height": "5633", "filesize": "127086812", "filename": "1966.13_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2007-01-18T19:56:16", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1966.13/1966.13_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "1196", "height": "893", "filesize": "694436"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1966.13/1966.13_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2539", "filesize": "5281833"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1966.13/1966.13_alt0_full.tif", "width": "5127", "height": "3828", "filesize": "58910228"}}, {"date_created": "2013-11-12T11:58:25", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1966.13/1966.13_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "670", "filesize": "140371"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1966.13/1966.13_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2531", "filesize": "2578352"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1966.13/1966.13_alt1_full.tif", "width": "7892", "height": "5874", "filesize": "139096072"}}, {"date_created": "2013-11-12T12:01:23", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1966.13/1966.13_alt2_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "679", "filesize": "230053"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1966.13/1966.13_alt2_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2564", "filesize": "3449742"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1966.13/1966.13_alt2_full.tif", "width": "7807", "height": "5888", "filesize": "137926104"}}, {"date_created": "2013-11-12T10:33:27", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1966.13/1966.13_alt3_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "728", "filesize": "229876"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1966.13/1966.13_alt3_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2749", "filesize": "2532445"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1966.13/1966.13_alt3_full.tif", "width": "6832", "height": "5524", "filesize": "113248404"}}], "creditline": "Mr. and Mrs. William H. Marlatt Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "M. Roger and Anne Clapp Gallery", "athena_id": 142298, "creators": [{"id": 1685, "description": "Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres (French, 1780\u20131867)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": "A leading exponent of French neoclassicism and the academic tradition, Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres was born in Montauban in 1780. At the age of ten he began studying art and music in Toulouse. In 1797 he entered the Paris studio of David (q.v.), where he became a favorite pupil and assistant. Barely a year later a dispute prompted Ingres to leave the studio and enroll in the \u00c9cole des Beaux-Arts. In 1801 he won the Prix de Rome, but lack of funds prevented him from departing for Italy until 1806. During fourteen years in Rome and four in Florence, Ingres painted romantic troubadour themes and became an admirer of Raphael. In 1824 he returned to Paris and exhibited at the Salon, where a fierce debate erupted between his supporters and those of Delacroix (q.v.). The controversial Salon of 1824 signaled Ingres's emergence as the leader of the neoclassical movement in France. At that point he effectively assumed the role of his former teacher David, now in exile. In 1833 the French government appointed Ingres vice president of the \u00c9cole des Beaux-Arts and president the following year. In 1834 he accepted the directorship of the French Academy in Rome and spent the next seven years painting and studying antique art in Italy. In 1841 he returned to Paris, where his paintings were greeted with thunderous critical acclaim. A major retrospective at the Exposition Universelle of 1855 confirmed his reputation but also aroused the hostility of young artists opposed to academic rules and conventions. During his later years Ingres continued his bitter rivalry with Delacroix, successfully blocking the latter's admission to the academy until 1857. Ingres died in 1867, leaving behind a circle of followers and a remarkable drawing style that was to inspire later artists, including Degas (q.v.) and Pablo Picasso (1881-1973).", "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1780", "death_year": "1867", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1966-01-03T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1833, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 1838", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Antiochus and Stratonice (The Sickness of Antiochus)"], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:04:45.434000"}, {"id": 129300, "accession_number": "1952.17", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "George III, 1783. Benjamin West (American, 1738\u20131820). Oil on canvas; framed: 152 x 127 x 9.5 cm (59 13/16 x 50 x 3 3/4 in.); unframed: 126.5 x 101 cm (49 13/16 x 39 3/4 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Gift of Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence S. Robbins, 1952.17", "current_location": "204 Colonial American", "title": "George III", "creation_date": "1783", "creation_date_earliest": 1783, "creation_date_latest": 1783, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["America"], "technique": "oil on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "American Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "American - Painting", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 152 x 127 x 9.5 cm (59 13/16 x 50 x 3 3/4 in.); Unframed: 126.5 x 101 cm (49 13/16 x 39 3/4 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 1.52, "width": 1.27, "depth": 0.095}, "unframed": {"height": 1.265, "width": 1.01}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "Signed lower right: \"B. West. 17[?]3\"", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 445018, "title": "Heritage Kingston", "description": "<i>Heritage Kingston</i>. Agnes Etherington Art Center/ Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (organizer) (June 3-October 27, 1973).", "opening_date": "1973-06-03T04:00:00"}, {"id": 444306, "title": "The Dye is Now Cast, 1774 - 1776", "description": "<i>The Dye is Now Cast, 1774 - 1776</i>. National Portrait Gallery, Washington, DC, Washington, DC (organizer) (April 19-November 16, 1975).", "opening_date": "1975-04-19T04:00:00"}, {"id": 311444, "title": "Object Lessons: Cleveland Creates an Art Museum", "description": "<i>Object Lessons: Cleveland Creates an Art Museum</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 7-September 8, 1991).", "opening_date": "1991-06-07T04:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "London, The Royal Academy of Arts, (1783 (73?)). see Algernon Graves, The Royal Academy of Arts: A Complete Dictionary of Contributors and Their Work from its Foundation in 1769 to 1904; see von Erffa and Staley's entry on painting for citation; if 1783, no. 73, p. 214.", "opening_date": "1904-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>The Inaugural Exhibition</em>, The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (6 June - 20 September 1916). listed p. 44, cat. no. 163, mistitled Portrait of the Duke of York.", "opening_date": "1916-06-06T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Heritage Kingston</em>, Agnes Etherington Art Centre, Queen's University at Kingston, Ontario (3 June - 28 October 1973). cat. no. 26, pp. 34-35, illus. p. 34.", "opening_date": "1973-06-03T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em> \"The Dye is Now Cast\" The Road to American Independence, 1774-1776,</em> The National Portrait Gallery, Washington, D.C. (19 April - 16 November 1975). cat. no. 92, illus. p. 146.", "opening_date": "1975-04-19T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>The World Turned Upside Down</em>, Yorktown Victory Center, Yorktown, VA (9 May - 31 December 1981).", "opening_date": "1981-05-09T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>British New York 1664-1783</em>, Museum of the City of New York, New York (15 April - 27 November 1983). illus. inside pamphlet in color.", "opening_date": "1983-04-15T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Dr. T. Fisher, Sidcup, Kent, England", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1910", "sortorder": null}, {"description": "(S.T. Smith & Son, London, England)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "(Vose Gallery, Boston, MA)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1914", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "Otto Miller, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1919", "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "Elsa Woolworth Miller, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": 5}, {"description": "(Sale: Kende Galleries at Gimbel Brothers, New York, October 14, 1944)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "October 14, 1944", "sortorder": 6}, {"description": "Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence S. Robbins, Shaker Heights, OH, gifted to the Cleveland Museum of Art", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "-1952", "sortorder": 7}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1952-", "sortorder": 8}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Over the king's shoulder is a cape trimmed with ermine, a fur associated with royalty.", "description": "King George III commissioned more than 80 paintings from West, including this portrait that celebrates his military leadership by presenting him in a suit of armor. Such an image likely was intended to bolster George III's reputation, which had been tarnished the previous year when he was forced to formally recognize American independence.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60515945"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1952.17-george-iii"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "\"A Check List: American Paintings and Watercolors of the Eighteenth, Nineteenth, and Early Twentieth Centuries in the Cleveland Museum of Art.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 60, no.1 (January 1973).", "page_number": "Reproduced: p.35, no.186", "url": "www-jstor-org.ingallslibrary.idm.oclc.org/stable/25152465?seq=15#metadata_info_contents"}, {"citation": "<em> \"The Dye is Now Cast\" The Road to American Independence, 1774-1776,</em> The National Portrait Gallery, Washington, D.C. (19 April - 16 November 1975). cat. no. 92, illus. p. 146.", "page_number": "", "url": ""}, {"citation": "\"Kende Sales.\" <em>The Art Digest</em> (October 1, 1944).", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p.20 (misidentified as \"Duke of York\")", "url": null}, {"citation": "Freed, Kenneth J. \"How George III Helped the U.S.\" <em>The Bridgeport Connecticut Post</em> (August 17, 1975).", "page_number": "Reproduced (unpaginated)", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lafayette, Marie Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de. <em>Lafayette in the Age of the American Revolution: Selected Letters and Papers 1776-1790</em>. Edited by Stanley J. Idzerda. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1977.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p.336", "url": null}, {"citation": "Sotheby's, London. <em>British Paintings</em>. July 10 and July 17, 1985.", "page_number": "Mentioned under Lot 54", "url": null}, {"citation": "Erffa, Helmut von, and Allen Staley. <em>The Paintings of Benjamin West</em>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1986.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p.466", "url": null}, {"citation": "Robertson, Bruce. \"Frederic A. Whiting: Founding the Museum with Art and Craft.\" In <em>Object Lessons: Cleveland Creates an Art Museum</em>. Edited by Evan H. Turner. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1991.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p.46", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bailyn, Bernard. <em>The Great Republic: A History of the American People</em>. Vol 1. Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath and Company, 1992.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p.224", "url": null}, {"citation": "Chong, Alan. <em>European &amp; American Painting in the Cleveland Museum of Art: A Summary Catalogue</em>. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1993.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p.258", "url": null}, {"citation": "Hedberg, Gregory.<em> Yanks Paint Brits: From Benjamin West to Nelson Shanks, from King George III to the Princess of Wales. </em>Exh. Cat. New York, N.Y.: Hirschl &amp; Adler Galleries, 1996.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p.8", "url": null}, {"citation": "Denver Art Museum. <em>600 Years of British Painting: The Berger Collection</em>. Exh. Cat. Denver, CO: Denver Art Museum, 1998.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p.140", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Griffin, Patrick. <em>America's Revolution</em>. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2013.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p.44", "url": null}, {"citation": "Ilchman, Frederick, Thomas S. Michie, C. D. Dickerson, and Esther Bell. <em>Casanova: The Seduction of Europe</em>. Boston, MA: MFA Publications, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, 2017.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 195, fig. 99", "url": null}, {"citation": "Gengler, Matthew. \"You Ask, We Answer.\" <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em> 59, no.5 (September/October 2019), 20.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: P. 20.", "url": "archive.org/details/CMAMM2019-05/page/n9/mode/2up"}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1952.17", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1952.17/1952.17_web.jpg", "width": "720", "height": "900", "filesize": "186452", "filename": "1952.17_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1952.17/1952.17_print.jpg", "width": "2720", "height": "3400", "filesize": "2497673", "filename": "1952.17_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1952.17/1952.17_full.tif", "width": "10021", "height": "12526", "filesize": "376597996", "filename": "1952.17_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1952.17/1952.17_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "710", "height": "893", "filesize": "445000"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1952.17/1952.17_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "2703", "height": "3400", "filesize": "5775389"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1952.17/1952.17_alt0_full.tif", "width": "3840", "height": "4831", "filesize": "55680244"}}, {"date_created": "2024-06-06T10:06:26", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1952.17/1952.17_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "720", "height": "900", "filesize": "193339"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1952.17/1952.17_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "2720", "height": "3400", "filesize": "3195416"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1952.17/1952.17_alt1_full.tif", "width": "10338", "height": "12921", "filesize": "400760748"}}, {"date_created": "2024-06-06T09:32:20", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1952.17/1952.17_alt2_web.jpg", "width": "732", "height": "900", "filesize": "234005"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1952.17/1952.17_alt2_print.jpg", "width": "2765", "height": "3400", "filesize": "2816852"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1952.17/1952.17_alt2_full.tif", "width": "9413", "height": "11573", "filesize": "326840264"}}], "creditline": "Gift of Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence S. Robbins", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Leigh and Mary Carter Gallery", "athena_id": 129300, "creators": [{"id": 2553, "description": "Benjamin West (American, 1738\u20131820)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1738", "death_year": "1820", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1952-01-18T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1783, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1783", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-26 23:59:47.677000"}, {"id": 93992, "accession_number": "1914.567", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Stele with Sakyamuni and Bodhisattvas, 537. China, Hebei province, Eastern Wei dynasty (534-550). Limestone; overall: 77.5 x 44.4 cm (30 1/2 x 17 1/2 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Gift of the John Huntington Art and Polytechnic Trust, 1914.567", "current_location": "241C Chinese Buddhist Sculptures", "title": "Stele with Sakyamuni and Bodhisattvas", "creation_date": "537", "creation_date_earliest": 537, "creation_date_latest": 537, "artists_tags": [], "culture": ["China, Hebei province, Eastern Wei dynasty (534-550)"], "technique": "limestone", "support_materials": [], "department": "Chinese Art", "collection": "China - Northern Dynasties", "type": "Sculpture", "measurements": "Overall: 77.5 x 44.4 cm (30 1/2 x 17 1/2 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"height": 0.775, "width": 0.444}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "Fully inscribed on reverse", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 302145, "title": "Traditions and Revisions: Themes from the History of Sculpture", "description": "<i>Traditions and Revisions: Themes from the History of Sculpture</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (September 24-November 16, 1975).", "opening_date": "1975-09-24T04:00:00"}, {"id": 220914, "title": "Images of Enlightenment:  Gems from Buddhist Art of Asia", "description": "<i>Images of Enlightenment:  Gems from Buddhist Art of Asia</i>. Art Museum, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (September 26-December 15, 1998).", "opening_date": "1998-09-26T00:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>In the Footsteps of Buddha: An Iconic Journey from India To China</em>. University Museum and Art Gallery, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (September-December 1998). cat. no. 93", "opening_date": "1998-09-01T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "(Edgar Worch [1880\u20131972], New York, NY and Berlin, Germany, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "?\u20131914", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1914-", "sortorder": 2}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": ["420.1914"], "did_you_know": "Traces of polychrome paints remaining in the interstices of the carving, particularly on the foliate carving around Shakyamuni, suggest the stele was originally brightly colored.", "description": "According to the inscription, this stele was commissioned in 537 by Yuan'ning, prince of the Gaoping branch of the imperial Wei family, in memory of his deceased consort, in the hope that it would bring her to the Western paradise. It was carved by one of the finest craftsmen in the Eastern Wei capital of Ye in Hebei province. <br><br>Here, the Buddha's robe shows a careful arrangement of patterned drapery (large U-shaped folds and scallop-shaped folds at the hem), combining linear rhythms with an ordered symmetry. Soaring flames edge the <em>mandorla </em>(almond-shaped halo), echoing the linear eloquence of Chinese painting.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60780798"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1914.567-stele-with-sakyamuni"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "\"Recent Accessions.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art </em>1, no. 2 (1914): 1-3.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 4; mentioned: p. 5", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25135978"}, {"citation": "MacLean, J. Arthur. \"A Buddhist Trinity.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 1, no. 3 (1914): 2-3.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 3; mentioned: pp. 2, 4,", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25135991"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1925.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 49", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook_80839/page/n50"}, {"citation": "Sizer, Theodore. \"Chinese Sculpture.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>, vol. 13, no. 9, 1926, pp. 196-203", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 203", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25136972"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1928.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 62", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1928/page/n66"}, {"citation": "Sire\u0301n, Osvald. <em>A History of Early Chinese Art</em>. London: E. Benn, Limited, 1929.", "page_number": "Reproduced:  II, pl. 200, A.B.", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Handbook.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 815", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1958/page/n144"}, {"citation": "Saburo\u0304, Matsubara \u677e\u539f\u4e09\u90ce. \"Eastern Wei Sculpture-its characteristics and its connection with Japanese Tori Style sculpture of the Asuka Period [\u6771\u9b4f\u96d5\u523b\u8ad6]\" <em>Bijutsu Kenkyu\u0304</em> [ \u7f8e\u8853\u784f\u7a76 = The journal of art studies], no. 202 (Jan. 1959), pp. 17-33.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pl. 5", "url": null}, {"citation": "Matsubara, Saburo\u0304. <em>Chu\u0304goku Bukkyo\u0304 cho\u0304koku shi kenkyu\u0304</em> [= Chinese Buddhist sculpture: a study based on bronze and stone statues other than works from cave temples]. Tokyo: Yoshikawa Kobunkan,1961.", "page_number": "Reproduced:  p. 111, 112, fig. 86A and B", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lee, Sherman E. <em>A History of Far Eastern Art</em>. New York: H.N. Abrams, 1964.", "page_number": "Mentioned:  p. 143; Reproduced: fig. 166, p. 142", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 250", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n274"}, {"citation": "<em>Selected Works: Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1967.", "page_number": "Reproduced:  pl. 53", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 250", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n274"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 330", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n350"}, {"citation": "Berthier, Fran\u00e7ois. <em>Genesis of Japanese Buddhist sculpture</em> . [Paris]: Publications orientalistes de France, 1979.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pl. 95", "url": null}, {"citation": "Linduff, Katheryn M. <em>Tradition, Phase, and Style of Shang and Chou Bronze Vessels</em>. New York: Garland Pub, 1979.", "page_number": "Reproduced: plate 5, p. 254", "url": null}, {"citation": "Guo li gu gong bo wu yuan National Palace Museum. <em>Hai wai yi zhen. fo xiang</em> [\u5916\u5275\u73ce. \u4f5b\u50cf= Chinese art in overseas collections. Buddhist sculpture]. Taibei Shi: Guo li gu gong bo wu yuan, 1990.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 37", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lee, Sherman E., and Naomi Noble Richard. <em>A History of Far Eastern Art</em>. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1994.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 160, fig. 203", "url": null}, {"citation": "Wilson, J. Keith, and Anne E. Wardwell. \"New Objects/New Insights: Cleveland's Recent Chinese Acquisitions.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art </em>vol. 81, no. 8 (1994): 270-347.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 318; Mentioned: p. 317-18, 320", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25161465"}, {"citation": "Watson, William. <em>The Arts of China to AD 900</em>. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995.", "page_number": "Reproduced:  fig. 236, p. 144", "url": null}, {"citation": "Ghose, Rajeshwari, Puay-peng Ho, and Chuntang Yang. <em>Fa xiang chuan zhen: gu dai fo jiao yi shu</em> [\u6cd5\u76f8\u50b3\u771f : \u53e4\u4ee3\u4f5b\u6559\u517f\u8853; In the footsteps of the Buddha: an iconic journey from India to China]. Hong Kong: Xianggang da xue mei shu bo wu guan, 1998.", "page_number": "Reproduced: cat. no. 93, p. 301", "url": null}, {"citation": "May, Sally Ruth, Jane Takac, and Barbara J. Bradley. <em>Knockouts: A Pocket Guide</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 2001.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 78, p. 74; Mentioned: p. 119", "url": null}, {"citation": "Sun, Di, editor. Z<em>hongguo liu shi hai wai Fo jiao zao xiang zong he tu mu </em>[\u4e2d\u56fd\u6d41\u5931\u6d77\u5916\u4f5b\u6559\u9020\u50cf\u603b\u5408\u56fe\u76ee = Comprehensive Illustrated Catalogue of Chinese Buddhist Statues in Overseas Collections]. Beijing: Wai wen chu ban she, 2005.", "page_number": "vol. 2, pp. 404-405", "url": null}, {"citation": "Franklin, David and C. Griffith Mann. <em>Treasures from the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 2012.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pp. 56-57", "url": null}, {"citation": "Chung, Anita. \"Re-Emergence: New Chinese Galleries and Art Acquisitions of The Cleveland Museum of Art.\" <em>Orientations</em> 44, no. 8 (November/December 2013): 64-75.", "page_number": "Reproduced:  p. 64, fig 1", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lin, Nancy. \"5000 Years of Korean Art: Exhibitions abroad as cultural diplomacy.\" <em>Journal of the History of Collections </em>Vol. 28, no. 3 (2016): 383-400.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 396, fig. 9", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Giuffrida, Noelle. <em>Separating Sheep from Goats: Sherman E. Lee and Chinese Art Collecting in Postwar America</em>. Oakland, California: University of California Press, 2018.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 78, fig. 39", "url": null}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1914.567", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1914.567/1914.567_web.jpg", "width": "635", "height": "893", "filesize": "379677", "filename": "1914.567_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1914.567/1914.567_print.jpg", "width": "2416", "height": "3400", "filesize": "6045194", "filename": "1914.567_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1914.567/1914.567_full.tif", "width": "4139", "height": "5824", "filesize": "72351244", "filename": "1914.567_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1914.567/1914.567_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "699", "height": "893", "filesize": "475990"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1914.567/1914.567_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "1536", "height": "1963", "filesize": "2466420"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1914.567/1914.567_alt0_full.tif", "width": "1536", "height": "1963", "filesize": "9048828"}}, {"date_created": "2011-08-15T13:18:07", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1914.567/1914.567_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "700", "height": "893", "filesize": "399078"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1914.567/1914.567_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "2667", "height": "3400", "filesize": "6363036"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1914.567/1914.567_alt1_full.tif", "width": "4389", "height": "5594", "filesize": "73694480"}}], "creditline": "Gift of the John Huntington Art and Polytechnic Trust", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": "ead841ad0125426b8de404924e7dfa9b", "sketchfab_url": "https://sketchfab.com/models/ead841ad0125426b8de404924e7dfa9b", "gallery_donor_text": "Clara T. Rankin Galleries of Chinese Art", "athena_id": 93992, "creators": [], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1914-05-01T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 537, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "537", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Buddha Group in Mica Stone", "Buddhist Trinity", "Shakyamuni Trinity", "Votive Stele", "Stele: Sakyamuni Trinity"], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-04-17 19:30:55.337000"}, {"id": 145473, "accession_number": "1971.102", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "The Kiss of Peace and Justice, 1654. Laurent de La Hyre (French, 1606\u20131656). Oil on canvas; framed: 68.5 x 89 x 6.5 cm (26 15/16 x 35 1/16 x 2 9/16 in.); unframed: 54.9 x 76.2 cm (21 5/8 x 30 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, John L. Severance Fund, 1971.102", "current_location": "212 Baroque Painting and Sculpture", "title": "The Kiss of Peace and Justice", "creation_date": "1654", "creation_date_earliest": 1654, "creation_date_latest": 1654, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["France, 17th century"], "technique": "oil on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "P - French 17th Century", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 68.5 x 89 x 6.5 cm (26 15/16 x 35 1/16 x 2 9/16 in.); Unframed: 54.9 x 76.2 cm (21 5/8 x 30 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 0.685, "width": 0.89, "depth": 0.065}, "unframed": {"height": 0.549, "width": 0.762}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "signed lower right:  L. De La Hyre. / in. & F. 1654 [inscribed on stone in center:  IVSTITIA ET PAX / OSCULATAE SUNT / Psal. 84]", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 301427, "title": "Year in Review: 1971", "description": "<i>Year in Review: 1971</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (December 28, 1971-February 6, 1972).", "opening_date": "1971-12-28T05:00:00"}, {"id": 304414, "title": "Idea to Image: Preparatory Studies from the Renaissance to Impressionism", "description": "<i>Idea to Image: Preparatory Studies from the Renaissance to Impressionism</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art (organizer) (February 19-March 23, 1980).", "opening_date": "1980-02-19T05:00:00"}, {"id": 441434, "title": "Laurent De La Hyre", "description": "<i>Laurent De La Hyre</i>. Mus\u00e9e de Grenoble, Grenoble, France (organizer) (January 14-April 10, 1989).", "opening_date": "1989-01-13T05:00:00"}, {"id": 213380, "title": "The Splendor of Ruins in French Landscape Painting, 1640-1800", "description": "<i>The Splendor of Ruins in French Landscape Painting, 1640-1800</i>. Allen Memorial Art Museum, Oberlin, OH (organizer) (March 19-June 19, 2005); Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, Houston, TX (July 15-October 15, 2005).", "opening_date": "2005-03-19T00:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "CMA, 1972: \"Year in Review for 1971,\" Bull., LIX (Jan., 1972), p. 42, no. 53, repr. p. 12.", "opening_date": "1972-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "New York Metropolitan Museum of Art, May 26-August 22, 1982: \"French Painting in the 17th Century,\" cat. # 34, pp. 251-252, repr. clr. p. 158 Also to: Chicago, IL, The Art Institute of Chicago, 9/18-11/28/82", "opening_date": "2011-09-18T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Grenoble, France, Musee de Grenoble, January 13-April 3, 1989: \"Laurent de La Hyre,\" cat. #", "opening_date": "1989-01-13T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Allen Memorial Art Museum, Oberlin, OH (6/19/2005 - 6/19/2005) and the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, TX (7/15/2005 - 10/15/2005):  \"The Splendor of Ruins in French Landscape Painting, 1640-1800\"", "opening_date": "2005-06-19T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Evrard Titon du Tillet, Paris, probably 1762; Randon de Boisset, Receveur General des Finances, Paris (sale: Paris, February 27\u2014March 25, 1777, no. 170); Joulin [Joullain?]; Marquis de Sabran; purchased by J. B. P. Lebrun in 1796 for Mr. Codman (see Literature, 1935); (sale: Christie's, London, November 27,1970, no. 52, illus., and dated 1659); Lady Nathan; [Cyril Humphris, London). John L. Severance Fund, 1971.", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": null}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "While the figures of Peace and Justice may refer to Psalm 85:10, the peaceful, pastoral landscape is described in Psalm 85:12.", "description": "The figures of Peace (burning the weapons of war) and Justice (holding a sword and scales) embrace in a quiet landscape. The Latin inscription under the antique urn reads \u201cJustice and Peace kissed\u201d (referring to an Old Testament verse, Psalms 85:10). The subject may have had political significance: the painting\u2019s date coincides with the end of the Fronde, a period of civil war in France during which the <em>parlement </em>(courts of appeal) and the nobility sought\u2014unsuccessfully\u2014to limit the power of the monarchy", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60471254"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1971.102-the-kiss-of-peace-an"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Mireur, Hippolyte. <em>Dictionnaire des V entes d'Art Faites en France et a\u0300 l'\u00c9tranger Pendant les XVIIIme &amp; XIXme Sie\u0300cles</em>. Paris: Maison D'E\u0301ditions d'\u0152uvres Artistiques, Ch. de Vincenti, 1911.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 517", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Wolcott, Cora Codman. <em>A History of the Codman Collection of Pictures. </em>Brookline, Massachusetts: Twin Pines Farm, 1935.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 2", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Duvaux, Lazare. <em>Livre-journal de Lazare Duvaux</em>. Paris: F. de Nobele (Mayenne, impr. J. Floch), 1965.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 322 (CCCXXII)", "url": ""}, {"citation": "\"Alphabetical Classification of Paintings, Watercolours, Pastels, and Drawings Including Supplement.\" <em>World Collectors Annuary </em>22 (1970): 1-667", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 259", "url": ""}, {"citation": "\"Reproductions.\" <em>World Collectors Annuary </em>22 (1970): 1-80", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 29, no. 2538", "url": ""}, {"citation": "De\u0301zallier d'Argenville, Antoine-Nicolas. <em>Voyage Pittoresque de Paris</em>. Gene\u0300ve, Minkoff Reprint, 1972.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 291", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Rosenberg, Pierre, and Jacques Thuillier. \"Laurent de La Hyre: The Kiss of Peace and Justice.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art </em>61, no. 9 (November 1974): 300-308", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 300-301, 304, 305, 307; Mentioned p. 302-308", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25152548"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 173", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n193"}, {"citation": "Johnson, Mark M. <em>Idea to Image: Preparatory Studies from the Renaissance to Impressionism.</em> Cleveland, Ohio: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1980.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p, 12-13", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Salerno, Luigi. <em>Pittori di Paesaggio del Seicento a Roma III Landscape Painters of the Seventeenth Century in Rome.</em> Roma: Ugo Bozzi Editore, 1980.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 948, pl. 33", "url": ""}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Catalogue of Paintings, Part 3: European Paintings of the 16th, 17th, and 18th Centuries</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1982.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 76-78; Reproduced: p. 77", "url": null}, {"citation": "Rosenberg, Pierre. <em>France in the Golden Age: Seventeenth-Century French Paintings in American Collections.</em> New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1982.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 158; Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 251-252", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Wright, Christopher. <em>The French Painters of the Seventeenth Century</em>. London: Orbis, 1985.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 192", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Sandoz, Marc. <em>Cahiers du Paysage de Montagne: Et de Quelques Sujets Relatifs al la Montagne</em>. Paris: Editart-Les Quatre Chemins, 1987.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 30, fig. 19; Mentioned: p. 33", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Rosenberg, Pierre, and Jacques Thuillier. L<em>aurent de La Hyre, 1606-1656: L'Homme et l'\u0152uvre. </em>Gene\u0300ve: Skira, 1988.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 332-333, no. 318", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Lavergne-Durey, Val\u00e9rie. \"Les Titon, M\u00e9c\u00e8nes et Collectionneurs \u00e0 Paris \u00e0 la fin du XVII et au XVIII Si\u00e8cles.\" <em>Bulletin de la Socie\u0301te\u0301 de l'Histoire de l'Art Franc\u0327ais </em>(1989): 77-102", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 88, fig. 11", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, Ohio: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1991.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 98", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1991/page/n113/mode/1up"}, {"citation": "Chong, Alan. <em>European and American Painting in the Cleveland Museum of Art. </em>Cleveland, Ohio: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1993.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 123", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Borys, Stephen. <em>The Splendor of Ruins in French Landscape Painting, 1630-1800</em>. Oberlin College, Ohio : Allen Memorial Art Museum, 2005.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 116-117", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1971.102", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1971.102/1971.102_web.jpg", "width": "1260", "height": "893", "filesize": "797732", "filename": "1971.102_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1971.102/1971.102_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2410", "filesize": "5363068", "filename": "1971.102_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1971.102/1971.102_full.tif", "width": "5500", "height": "3899", "filesize": "64366164", "filename": "1971.102_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2008-06-23T18:20:51", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1971.102/1971.102_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "1154", "height": "893", "filesize": "910899"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1971.102/1971.102_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2630", "filesize": "6802386"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1971.102/1971.102_alt0_full.tif", "width": "4173", "height": "3228", "filesize": "40457948"}}], "creditline": "John L. Severance Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Reinberger Gallery", "athena_id": 145473, "creators": [{"id": 1882, "description": "Laurent de La Hyre (French, 1606\u20131656)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1606", "death_year": "1656", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1971-09-08T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1654, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1654", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": true, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-26 23:59:58.456000"}, {"id": 130360, "accession_number": "1953.125", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Torso of a Kouros, c. 550 BCE. Greece, Archaic period. Marble; overall: 62.5 cm (24 5/8 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Gift of the Hanna Fund, 1953.125", "current_location": "102B Greek", "title": "Torso of a Kouros", "creation_date": "c. 550 BCE", "creation_date_earliest": -555, "creation_date_latest": -545, "artists_tags": [], "culture": ["Greece, Archaic period"], "technique": "marble", "support_materials": [], "department": "Greek and Roman Art", "collection": "GR - Greek", "type": "Sculpture", "measurements": "Overall: 62.5 cm (24 5/8 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"height": 0.625}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 301477, "title": "In Memoriam: Leonard C. Hanna, Jr.", "description": "<i>In Memoriam: Leonard C. Hanna, Jr.</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (March 4-April 7, 1958).", "opening_date": "1958-03-04T05:00:00"}, {"id": 300779, "title": "Juxtapositions", "description": "<i>Juxtapositions</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (September 11-October 10, 1965).", "opening_date": "1965-09-11T04:00:00"}, {"id": 302145, "title": "Traditions and Revisions: Themes from the History of Sculpture", "description": "<i>Traditions and Revisions: Themes from the History of Sculpture</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (September 24-November 16, 1975).", "opening_date": "1975-09-24T04:00:00"}, {"id": 442299, "title": "Das Meschenbuild in der europ\u00e4ischen Kunst (Images of Man in Western Art)", "description": "<i>Das Meschenbuild in der europ\u00e4ischen Kunst (Images of Man in Western Art)</i>. Antikenmuseum, Charlottenburg, Germany (July 5-September 28, 1980).", "opening_date": "1980-07-05T04:00:00"}], "legacy": []}, "provenance": [{"description": "(Mrs. Paul Mallon, New York, NY, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "?-1953", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1953-", "sortorder": 2}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "In antiquity, brightly colored paint would probably have rendered this <em>kouros </em>more lifelike.", "description": "<br>Known as a <em>kouros</em>, the ancient Greek word for a youth, this fragmentary statue belongs to a relatively rare type of large-scale stone sculpture made for little more than a century\u2014shortly before 600 BCE to soon after 500 BCE. A nude youth standing with arms to the sides and one foot slightly advanced, the type probably originated under Egyptian influence, but then developed along entirely Greek lines. Found in sanctuaries as well as cemeteries across the ancient Greek world, <em>kouroi</em> may represent gods\u2014especially Apollo\u2014as well as mortals. Although incomplete, this kouros retains much of its beautifully finished and patterned surface.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60754379"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1953.125-torso-of-a-kouros"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "<em>Archaeology</em>. \u201cArchaeological News.\u201d <em>Archaeology</em>, Vol. 7, No. 4 (December 1954): 252.", "page_number": "Reproduced and mentioned p. 252", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/41663252"}, {"citation": "Lee, Sherman E. \u201cThe Cleveland Kouros.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 41, no. 3 (1954): 43\u201351.", "page_number": "", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25141946"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Handbook.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 11", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1958/page/n18"}, {"citation": "Cahn, H.A. \"Der kuros von Cleveland.\" <em>Antike Kunst, </em>Vol. 1, No. 2 (1958): 75-76.", "page_number": "Reproduced and mentioned: pp. 75-76, pl. 32-33.", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/41318490"}, {"citation": "Richter, Gisela M. A. <em>Kouroi, Archaic Greek Youths; A Study of the Development of the Kouros Type in Greek Sculpture. </em>London: Phaidon Press, 1960.", "page_number": "Mentioned, p. 112 (Melos Group).", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Schefold, Karl. <em>Meisterwerke griechischer Kunst.</em> Basel. Kunsthalle. Catalogues. 1960-1961. Basel: B. Schwabe, 1960.", "page_number": "Pp. 170, 173, cat. VIII 163", "url": null}, {"citation": "Carter, Martha L. <em>Classical Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1961.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 2; Plate 2", "url": "https://archive.org/details/ClassicalArt/page/n5"}, {"citation": "Hoffmann, H. (1961). [Review of <em>Kouroi. Archaic Greek Youths, a Study of the Development of the Kouros Type in Greek Sculpture</em>, by Gisela M. A. Richter]. <em>American Journal of Archaeology</em>, <em>65</em>(3), 319\u2013321 (Cleveland kouros mentioned).", "page_number": "", "url": "https://doi.org/10.2307/501702"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 20", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n44"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 20", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n42"}, {"citation": "Kenfield, John F. \"The Question of the Cleveland Kouros.\" <em>American Journal of Archaeology</em> 78, no. 1 (1974): 70-71.", "page_number": "Reproduced and mentioned: pp. 70-71, pl. 21.", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/503762"}, {"citation": "Ridgway, Brunilde Sismondo. <em>The Archaic Style in Greek Sculpture</em>. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1977.", "page_number": "pp. 36, 81; pl. 3-4.", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 22", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n42"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1991.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 9", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1991/page/n24"}, {"citation": "May, Sally Ruth. <em>Knockouts: a pocket guide.</em> Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2001.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 9, p. 14 - 15", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Spivey, Nigel. <em>Greek Sculpture</em>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013. Fig. 5.7, p. 134.", "page_number": "Ill. p. 134, Fig. 5.7.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. 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Mexico, Gulf Coast, Classic Veracruz style (600-1100). Stone; overall: 49.2 x 23.5 x 11.4 cm (19 3/8 x 9 1/4 x 4 1/2 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Purchase from the J. H. Wade Fund, 1973.3", "current_location": "233 Mesoamerican and Intermediate Region", "title": "Ballgame Palma", "creation_date": "c. 900\u20131100", "creation_date_earliest": 900, "creation_date_latest": 1100, "artists_tags": [], "culture": ["Mexico, Gulf Coast, Classic Veracruz style (600-1100)"], "technique": "stone", "support_materials": [], "department": "Art of the Americas", "collection": "AA - Mesoamerica", "type": "Sculpture", "measurements": "Overall: 49.2 x 23.5 x 11.4 cm (19 3/8 x 9 1/4 x 4 1/2 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"height": 0.492, "width": 0.235, "depth": 0.114}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 301878, "title": "Year in Review: 1973", "description": "<i>Year in Review: 1973</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (January 30-March 17, 1974).", "opening_date": "1974-01-30T05:00:00"}, {"id": 441986, "title": "Ulama : het balspel bij de Maya's en Azteken, 2000 v. Chr.--2000 n. Chr.: van mensenoffer tot sport (The ballgame of the Mayas and Aztecs, 2000 BC--AD 2000: from human sacrifice to sport)", "description": "<i>Ulama : het balspel bij de Maya's en Azteken, 2000 v. Chr.--2000 n. Chr.: van mensenoffer tot sport (The ballgame of the Mayas and Aztecs, 2000 BC--AD 2000: from human sacrifice to sport)</i>. Rijksmuseum voor Volkenkunde, Leiden, Netherlands (organizer) (June 18-September 12, 1988).", "opening_date": "1988-06-18T04:00:00"}, {"id": 441882, "title": "Treasures of the New World", "description": "<i>Treasures of the New World</i>. Mus\u00e9es Royaux d'Art et d'Histoire, 1000 Bruxelles, Belgium (organizer) (September 15-December 25, 1992).", "opening_date": "1992-09-15T04:00:00"}, {"id": 224436, "title": "The Sport of Life and Death: The Mesoamerican Ballgame", "description": "<i>The Sport of Life and Death: The Mesoamerican Ballgame</i>. Mint Museum, Charlotte, NC (September 24-December 30, 2001); New Orleans Museum of Art, New Orleans, LA (February 16-April 28, 2002); Newark Museum, Newark, NJ (October 1-December 29, 2002).", "opening_date": "2001-09-24T00:00:00"}], "legacy": []}, "provenance": [{"description": "Update on pre-acquisition history pending.", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1973-", "sortorder": 3}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "The Mesoamerican ballgame was played with a hard rubber ball that players bounced off their hips.", "description": "Stone palmas\u2014so-called today for their palm frond-like shape\u2014are ceremonial sculptures that may replicate lightweight gear worn over the chest during the ballgame. 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Mexico: Imprenta Mundial, 1937.", "page_number": "pp. 34-36, 72", "url": null}, {"citation": "Ekholm, Gordon. \" Is American Indian Culture Asiatic?\" <em>Natural History</em> (1950).", "page_number": "pp. 344-51, 382", "url": null}, {"citation": "Proskouriakoff, Tatiana. \" Classic Central Veracruz Sculpture.\" <em>Contributions to American Archaeology and History</em>. 11 (1954).", "page_number": "pp. 63-90", "url": null}, {"citation": "Covarrubias, Miguel. <em>Indian Art of Mexico and Central America</em>. New York: Knopf, 1957.", "page_number": "pl. XZII", "url": null}, {"citation": "Willey, Gordon R. <em>An Introduction to American Archaeology</em>... 2, 2. 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Leiden: SMD Informatief, 1988.", "page_number": "p. 61 & 175, pl. 2, fig. 71", "url": null}, {"citation": "Deletaille, Emile, and Lin Deletaille. <em>Tre\u0301sors du nouveau monde.</em> Bruxelles: Muse\u0301es royaux d'art et d'histoire, 1992.", "page_number": "fig. 99 a, b", "url": null}, {"citation": "Solis, Felipe. \" La Costa del Golfo: El Arte del Centro de Veracruz y del Mundo Huasteco.\"<em> Mexico en el Mundo de las Colecciones de Arte</em>. <em>Mesoamerica </em>1 (1994.)", "page_number": "pp. 196-7", "url": null}, {"citation": "Whittington, E. Michael. <em>The Sport of Life and Death: The Mesoamerican Ballgame. </em>London: Thames &amp; Hudson, 2001.", "page_number": "p. 259, no. 130", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, David Franklin, and C. Griffith Mann. <em>Treasures from the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2012.", "page_number": "pp. 78-9", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Mexican Art Abroad Series</em>. 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H. Wade Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": "5c5227e077e04654bcffa15002b9b51a", "sketchfab_url": "https://sketchfab.com/models/5c5227e077e04654bcffa15002b9b51a", "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 147519, "creators": [], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1973-02-12T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 900, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 900\u20131100", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": true, "updated_at": "2026-04-17 19:32:55.739000"}, {"id": 165154, "accession_number": "2007.155", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Brahma-Shiva, late 900s\u20131000s. South India, Tamil Nadu, Chola dynasty, late 10th - early 11th century. Granite; overall: 162.6 x 48 cm (64 x 18 7/8 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund, this work was accepted in honor of Stanislaw Czuma in recognition of his long service to the CMA, 2007.155", "current_location": "244 Indian and Southeast Asian", "title": "Brahma-Shiva", "creation_date": "late 900s\u20131000s", "creation_date_earliest": 975, "creation_date_latest": 1100, "artists_tags": [], "culture": ["South India, Tamil Nadu, Chola dynasty, late 10th - early 11th century"], "technique": "granite", "support_materials": [], "department": "Indian and Southeast Asian Art", "collection": "Indian Art - Chola", "type": "Sculpture", "measurements": "Overall: 162.6 x 48 cm (64 x 18 7/8 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"height": 1.626, "depth": 0.48, "length": 0.8}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 676976, "title": "Reinstallation of \u201cKrishna Lifting Mount Govardhan\u201d", "description": "<i>Reinstallation of \u201cKrishna Lifting Mount Govardhan\u201d</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 12, 2024-November 2, 2025).", "opening_date": "2024-10-12T04:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>Exhibition of Hindu, Khmer, Chinese Sculptures and Early Chinese Bronzes</em>. Wildenstein Galleries, New York, NY (1927).", "opening_date": "1927-01-01T05:00:00Z"}, {"description": "<em>Manifestations of Shiva</em>. Philadelphia Museum of Art, Philadelphia, PA; Kimbell Art Museum, Fort Worth, TX; Seattle Art Museum, Seattle, WA; Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles, CA (1981\u20131982).", "opening_date": "1981-01-01T05:00:00Z"}, {"description": "<em>Shiva and His Many Incarnations. </em>The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (June 24, 2007-March 5, 2008).", "opening_date": "2007-06-24T04:00:00Z"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "(C. T. Loo & Co., New York, NY, sold to Mrs. George A. [Lucie Matter] Forman [c. 1883\u20131952] for gift to the Albright Knox Art Gallery)", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->Lucie Matter (c. 1883\u20131952) married George Alfred Forman (1875\u20131923). Mr. Forman was the founder, president, and principal stockholder of \"Southwestern Petroleum Company.\" Later after his death, she married Harry Blanchard Spaulding (1881\u20131955).</div>"], "date": "?\u20131927", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "Albright Knox Art Gallery, Buffalo, NY, deaccessioned and consigned to Sotheby's, New York for sale", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1927\u20132007", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "(Sotheby's, New York, NY, March 23, 2007 sale, Lot 27, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "March 23, 2007", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "2007\u2013", "sortorder": 4}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "The back of the sculpture retains the original textured surface from a pointed chisel, suggesting it was in a niche or near a wall, protected from worshippers\u2019 touches.", "description": "In the Hindu pantheon Brahma is in charge of carrying out the work of creation. In this tour-de-force of South Indian temple sculpture, he is in a special regal aspect, with the only elements of his typical priestly appearance being the prayer beads and the matted dreadlocks piled on his head. <br><br>Four arms connote superhuman power, and four heads convey the idea that his creative activities spread in all four directions. His upper right hand enjoins freedom from fear, and the lower holds a lotus bud associated with birth and the process of creation. His lowered left hand is held in the gift-giving gesture, suggestive of the gift of creation he will bestow upon the world.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60757898"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-2007.155-brahma", "https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-2007.155-brahma-shiva"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "O. C. Gangoly, \u201cSome Images of Brahma of the Chola Period,\u201d <em>Rupam</em>, Nos. 35-36, July-October 1928, pp. 29-30.", "page_number": "Reproduced: fig. A", "url": null}, {"citation": "Eastman, Alvan C. \u201cA Brahma Image of the X-XI Century.\u201d <em>Bulletin of the Detroit Institute of Arts of the City of Detroit</em>, vol. 10, no. 3, 1928, pp. 34\u201336", "page_number": "Reproduced: cover; Mentioned: pp. 34\u201336", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/41501157"}, {"citation": "<em>Buffalo Fine Arts Academy Notes</em>. vol. 21, no. 1 (May 1930).", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 4", "url": ""}, {"citation": "<em>Buffalo Fine Arts Academy Notes</em>. vol. 22, no. 1 (September 1930).", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 40", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Ritchie, Andrew Carnduff ed. <em>Catalogue of the Paintings and Sculpture in the Permanent Collection</em>. [Buffalo]: Buffalo Fine Arts Academy, Albright Art Gallery, 1949.", "page_number": "p. 154, no. 70", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lippe, Aschwin. \u201cDivine Images in Stone and Bronze,\u201d <em>Metropolitan Museum Journal</em>, Vol. 4, 1971, pp. 29-79.", "page_number": "Reproduced: figs. 10-11, p. 38", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/1512615"}, {"citation": "Nash, Steven A., Katy Kline, Charlotta Kotik, and Emese Wood. <em>Painting and Sculpture from Antiquity to 1942</em>. New York: Rizzoli International Publications in association with the Albright-Knox Art Gallery, Buffalo, New York,1979.", "page_number": "pp. 90-91", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kramrisch, Stella. <em>Manifestations of Shiva</em>. Philadelphia: Philadelphia Museum of Art, 1981.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 45, p. 54", "url": null}, {"citation": "Sotheby's New York. <em>Indian &amp; Southeast Asian Art: Including Property of the Albright-Knox Art Gallery, Buffalo, New York</em>. March 23, 2007.", "page_number": "Reproduced: Lot 27", "url": null}, {"citation": "Failing, Patricia. \"The Hard Sell?,\" <em>ARTnews</em>, vol. 106 no. 6 (June 2007).", "page_number": "p. 55", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em> 47 (September 2007): 3-4.", "page_number": "Reproduced: cover and pp. 3-4", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2007-07/page/2"}, {"citation": "Andrews, Isabel, John Mallet, and Samson Spanier. \"To Sell-Or Not to Sell\" <em>Apollo: The International Magazine for Collectors</em>, September 2007, Vol. 166, pp. 34-39.", "page_number": "p. 38", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em> 47 (October 2007): back cover.", "page_number": "Reproduced: back cover", "url": null}, {"citation": "\u201cArt of Asia Acquired by North American Museums, 2006-2008.\u201d <em>Archives of Asian Art</em>, vol. 58, 2008, pp. 137\u2013185.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 152, fig.9.", "url": "www.jstor.org/stable/20542572"}, {"citation": "Franklin, David. \u201cRecent Acquisitions (2005\u201411) at the Cleveland Museum of Art.\u201d <em>The Burlington Magazine</em>, vol. 154, no. 1312, 2012, pp. 525\u2013532.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 527, fig. VI", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/23232806"}, {"citation": "Bidwell, Frederick E. and Leslie Cade. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. 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Hanna Jr. Fund, this work was accepted in honor of Stanislaw Czuma in recognition of his long service to the CMA", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Nancy F. & Joseph P. Keithley Gallery", "athena_id": 165154, "creators": [], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "2007-06-04T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 975, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "late 900s\u20131000s", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Shiva as Brahma", "Brahma"], "is_highlight": true, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:08:27.188000"}, {"id": 125101, "accession_number": "1946.80", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Figural Pendant, 400\u2013700. Panama, Dari\u00e9n or Venado Beach region, Openwork style, 5th-8th Century. Cast gold; overall: 7.8 x 5.3 x 2.3 cm (3 1/16 x 2 1/16 x 7/8 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Gift of Mrs. Benjamin P. Bole, 1946.80", "current_location": "233 Mesoamerican and Intermediate Region", "title": "Figural Pendant", "creation_date": "400\u2013700", "creation_date_earliest": 400, "creation_date_latest": 700, "artists_tags": [], "culture": ["Panama, Dari\u00e9n or Venado Beach region, Openwork style, 5th-8th Century"], "technique": "cast gold", "support_materials": [], "department": "Art of the Americas", "collection": "AA - Intermediate Region", "type": "Metalwork", "measurements": "Overall: 7.8 x 5.3 x 2.3 cm (3 1/16 x 2 1/16 x 7/8 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"height": 0.078, "width": 0.053, "depth": 0.023}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 300804, "title": "Treasures of Peruvian Gold", "description": "<i>Treasures of Peruvian Gold</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (February 23-April 3, 1966).", "opening_date": "1966-02-23T05:00:00"}, {"id": 517921, "title": "The Gold of Ancient America", "description": "<i>The Gold of Ancient America</i>. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Boston, MA (organizer) (December 1, 1968-January 18, 1969); The Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL (February 1-March 9, 1969); Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, Richmond, VA (March 24-April 20, 1969).", "opening_date": "1968-12-01T05:00:00"}, {"id": 357417, "title": "Shamanism", "description": "<i>Shamanism</i>. Museo Chileno de Arte Precolombino, Santiago, Chile (organizer) (December 1, 2022-June 30, 2023) https://museo.precolombino.cl/2022/12/12/chamanismo-visiones-fuera-del-tiempo-la-nueva-exposicion-del-museo-chileno-de-arte-precolombino/.", "opening_date": "2022-12-01T05:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art; November 19 1945-January 6 1946.  \"Art of the Americas,\" repr. in catalogue, black and white, p. 47.", "opening_date": "1945-11-19T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Cincinnati, OH: The Taft Museum; October 6 -November 19, 1950.  \"Ancient American Gold and Jade.\" cat. no. 119, pg. 20, no repr.", "opening_date": "1950-10-06T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Munich, Germany: Haus der Kunst; October 17-Decmeber 12, 1958. Zurich, Switzerland: Kunsthaus; January 1- February 28, 1959.  circulating exhibition of \"Pre-Columbian Art from Mexico and Central America.\"", "opening_date": "1959-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art; Feburuary 23-April 3, 1966. \"Treasures of Peruvian Gold.\"", "opening_date": "1966-04-03T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Boston, MA: The Boston Museum of Fine Arts; December 5, 1968- January 12, 1969. Chicago, IL: The Art Institute of Chicago; February 1, 1969- March 9, 1969. Richmond, VA: Virginia Museum of Fine Art; March 24, 1969- April 20, 1969.  \"The Gold of Ancient America: Masterpieces from the Pre-Columbian World.\" cat. no.93, pg.112, black and white repr.", "opening_date": "1968-12-05T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "This ornament was made with the lost-wax casting technique.", "description": "This emphatically male figure combines a human body with a composite animal head. The antlers are the stag's; the snout, perhaps a snarling feline's; and the hair is formed of braided serpents whose heads hiss from the figure's shoulders. The extended tongue may convey aggression or perhaps death because dying animals are depicted with lolling tongues. Either condition is in keeping with the creature's ferocity.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60758964"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1946.80-figure-with-deer-ant", "https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1946.80-figural-pendant"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Milliken, William. \"Exhibition of Gold.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art </em>34, no. 9 (November 1947): 211-212.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 211-212; Reproduced: p. 233", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25141408"}, {"citation": "Milliken, William. \"New Accessions in Pre-Columbian Art.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art </em>35, no. 8 (October 1948): 190-192.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 191; Reproduced: p. 193", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25141498"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Handbook.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 380", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1958/page/n71"}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1946.80", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1946.80/1946.80_web.jpg", "width": "735", "height": "893", "filesize": "328272", "filename": "1946.80_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1946.80/1946.80_print.jpg", "width": "2493", "height": "3030", "filesize": "1602534", "filename": "1946.80_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1946.80/1946.80_full.tif", "width": "2493", "height": "3030", "filesize": "22694888", "filename": "1946.80_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1946.80/1946.80_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "694", "height": "893", "filesize": "361958"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1946.80/1946.80_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "1536", "height": "1977", "filesize": "1794887"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1946.80/1946.80_alt0_full.tif", "width": "1536", "height": "1977", "filesize": "9113364"}}, {"date_created": "2011-11-07T13:57:51", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1946.80/1946.80_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "824", "height": "893", "filesize": "386999"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1946.80/1946.80_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "3139", "height": "3400", "filesize": "6440062"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1946.80/1946.80_alt1_full.tif", "width": "2443", "height": "2646", "filesize": "19431872"}}], "creditline": "Gift of Mrs. Benjamin P. Bole", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": "bb5d1a75ed0e4068b9b965e4b6eb5945", "sketchfab_url": "https://sketchfab.com/models/bb5d1a75ed0e4068b9b965e4b6eb5945", "gallery_donor_text": "Jon A. Lindseth and Virginia M. Lindseth, PhD, Galleries of the Ancient Americas", "athena_id": 125101, "creators": [], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1946-01-22T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 400, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "400\u2013700", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Figurine Pendant"], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-04-17 19:31:01.811000"}, {"id": 93984, "accession_number": "1914.561", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Coffin of Bakenmut, c. 1000\u2013900 BCE. Egypt, Thebes, Third Intermediate (1069\u2013715 BCE), Dynasties 21\u201322. Gessoed and painted sycamore fig; overall: 208 x 68 cm (81 7/8 x 26 3/4 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Gift of the John Huntington Art and Polytechnic Trust, 1914.561", "current_location": "107 Egyptian", "title": "Coffin of Bakenmut", "creation_date": "c. 1000\u2013900 BCE", "creation_date_earliest": -1000, "creation_date_latest": -900, "artists_tags": [], "culture": ["Egypt, Thebes, Third Intermediate (1069\u2013715 BCE), Dynasties 21\u201322"], "technique": "gessoed and painted sycamore fig", "support_materials": [], "department": "Egyptian and Ancient Near Eastern Art", "collection": "Egypt - Third Intermediate", "type": "Funerary Equipment", "measurements": "Overall: 208 x 68 cm (81 7/8 x 26 3/4 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"height": 2.08, "width": 0.68, "length": 2.08}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 317001, "title": "Inaugural Exhibition", "description": "<i>Inaugural Exhibition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (co-organizer) (June 6-September 20, 1916).", "opening_date": "1916-06-06T05:00:00"}, {"id": 311444, "title": "Object Lessons: Cleveland Creates an Art Museum", "description": "<i>Object Lessons: Cleveland Creates an Art Museum</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 7-September 8, 1991).", "opening_date": "1991-06-07T04:00:00"}, {"id": 281475, "title": "Pharaoh: King of Ancient Egypt", "description": "<i>Pharaoh: King of Ancient Egypt</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (March 13-June 12, 2016).", "opening_date": "2016-03-13T05:00:00"}], "legacy": []}, "provenance": [{"description": "Thebes, probably Deir el-Bahri", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "Purchased from Joseph Hassan Ahmed, Luxor, by Lucy Olcott Perkins through Henry W. Kent", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "?-1914", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1914-", "sortorder": 3}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Originally another smaller coffin was placed inside this outer coffin and in that the deceased with a mummy board would have rested.", "description": "The coffin of Bakenmut is one of the finest examples of painted wooden coffins made for the priests of Amen and their families at Thebes during Dynasty 21 and early Dynasty 22. The pharaohs of this time were no longer buried in the Valley of the Kings, but instead built tombs in the Delta, far to the north, where they resided. Security was lax in the Theban necropolis. The coffins and funerary goods of the wealthy citizens of Thebes were placed in unmarked and undecorated family tombs cut into the cliffs on the west bank of the Nile. All the care and detail that in more prosperous times were devoted to the decoration of the tomb chapel were now lavished on the elaborately painted coffins. Every available surface is crowded with religious scenes, images of funerary gods and goddesses, protective spells, and magical symbols. The deceased appears mummiform. An elaborate floral collar entirely covers the upper body, exposing only the separately attached hands (now lost). A pair of red \"mummy braces\" are crossed over the chest, their point of intersection marked by a winged sun disk. The lower body is covered with tiny figures modeled in gesso against a yellow background, which gives the effect of gold inlaid with glass or semiprecious stone. The decoration on the interior features two deified dead kings of Dynasty 18. Although these rulers had lived centuries before, memory of their greatness was still very much alive. The main scene near the top depicts Tuthmosis III, the great military pharaoh, who lived 500 years before Bakenmut. Posed as a mummy, the ruler wears a brilliant feathered garment enfolding him with falcon\u2019s wings. The scene below features back-to-back seated images of Amenhotep I, regarded as the patron of the Theban cemetery and worshiped as a local god there.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60740279"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1914.561-coffin-of-bakenmut"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Williams, Caroline Ransom. \"The Egyptian Collection in the Museum of Art at Cleveland, Ohio,\" <em>Journal of Egyptian Archaeology </em>5 (1918).", "page_number": "pp.177-8, No. 15, pl. XXXI", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/030751331800500123"}, {"citation": "Porter, Bertha, and Rosalind L. B. Moss. Topographical Bibliography of Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic Texts, Reliefs, and Paintings. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1960.", "page_number": "Part 2, p. 637", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, and Martha L. Carter. <em>Egyptian Art, the Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> Cleveland, Ohio: The Museum, 1963.", "page_number": "pp. 12-13, pls. 15-16", "url": "https://archive.org/details/EgyptianArt_80670/page/n15"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced (detail): p. 4", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n28"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced (detail): p. 4", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n26"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced (detail): p. 15", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n34"}, {"citation": "Johnson, Mark M. \"An Introduction to the Art of Egypt,\" <em>Arts and Activities</em> 83, no. 2 (March 1978).", "page_number": "pp. 34-6, figs. 2-4", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kozloff, Arielle P. \u201cGuessing the Unseen from the Seen.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 66, no. 9 (December 1979): 334\u2013346.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 343-344, fig. 20", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25159651"}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, and Arielle P. Kozloff. <em>An Introduction to the Art of Egypt in the Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> [Cleveland]: [The Museum], 1983.", "page_number": "p. 13", "url": null}, {"citation": "Armstrong, A. H. <em>Classical Mediterranean Spirituality: Egyptian, Greek, Roman</em>. New York: Crossroad, 1986.", "page_number": "pl. 2", "url": null}, {"citation": "Mys\u0301liwiec, Karol. <em>Royal portraiture of the dynasties XXI-XXX</em>. Mainz am Rhein: Ph. von Zabern, 1988.", "page_number": "pls. I, II", "url": null}, {"citation": "Niwinski, Andrzej. <em>21st Dynasty Coffins from Thebes: Chronological and Typological Studies</em>. Mainz am Rhein: P. von Zabern, 1988.", "page_number": "p. 134, no. 160", "url": null}, {"citation": "Walsem, Reijer van. <em>The Coffin of Djedmonthuiufankh in the National Museum of Antiquities at Leiden</em>. Leiden: [Rijksuniversiteit te Leiden], 1988.", "page_number": "pp. 55n.31, 57n.44, 59n.57, 61-62, 64-65, 68-69, 84, 90-91, 93-94, 96, 101, 103, 108 (erroneously for Cl 2 [255]), 109, 112-14 and n. 141, 115 nn. 146 and 147, 118-19, 124, 130n.204, 135, 138, 142n.265, 148-49, 151, 155, 159n.326, 167n.364, 169, 173, 175, 177n.375, 187, 194-95, 197n.452, 210, 256, 259, 262, 264, 270n.820, 271, 273, 287, 289, 290, 292, 293nn.903, 905, and 911, 294nn.921-23, 297, 304-6 and n. 982, 309-10, 314n.1034, 315 and nn. 1035, 1036, and 1040, 317- 18, 320 and n. 1087, 338, 346 n. 1286, 360n.1437, figs. 43, 45, 46, 60, 153, 173, 205, 209, 211, 434, 477, 484", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1991.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 4", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1991/page/n20"}, {"citation": "Berman, Lawrence M. \"La Collection Egyptienne du Cleveland Museum of Art,\" <em>Bulletin de la Socie\u0301te\u0301 franc\u0327aise d'e\u0301gyptologie (BSFE) </em>134 (October 1995).", "page_number": "p. 17, fig. 2", "url": null}, {"citation": "Berman, Lawrence M. \"Royal Allegory,\" <em>Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em> 36, no. 3 (March 1996).", "page_number": "p. 8", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM1996-03/page/8/"}, {"citation": "Berman, Lawrence M., and Kenneth J. Boha\u010d.<em> Catalogue of Egyptian Art: The Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1999", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 314-324, cat. no. 251; reproduced: P. 58-59", "url": null}, {"citation": "Berman, Lawrence M., \"New Look at Ancient Egypt\", Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Cleveland Art: The Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em>. Vol. 39 no. 01, January 1999", "page_number": "Mentioned & reproduced: p. 7", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM1999-01/page/6"}, {"citation": "Gleisser, Benjamin, \" Mystery of the Nile,\" <em>Northern Ohio Live</em> (September 1999).", "page_number": "p. 22", "url": null}, {"citation": "Mys\u0301liwiec, Karol. <em>The twilight of ancient Egypt: first millennium B.C.E</em>. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2000.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 5, fig. 3", "url": null}, {"citation": "May, Sally Ruth, Jane Takac, and Barbara J. Bradley.<em> Knockouts: A Pocket Guide</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2001.", "page_number": "No. 8, pp. 12-13, cover", "url": null}, {"citation": "Ma\u0301lek, Jaromi\u0301r. <em>Egypt: 4000 Years of Art</em>. 2003.", "page_number": "p. 116 & 227", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 74-75", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Vandenbeusch, Marie, Aude Semat, and Margaret Maitland. <em>Pharaoh: King of Ancient Egypt</em>. Cleveland: The Cleveland Museum of Art ; London : The British Museum, 2016.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p.86, p. 160; Reproduced: p. 87, fig.50", "url": null}, {"citation": "Tedbury, Imogen. \"Our Woman in Cairo: Lucy Olcott Perkin's Work as an Agent for the Cleveland Museum of Art.\" In <em>The Art Market and the Museum: Institutional Collecting, Display and Patronage since the Mid-Nineteenth Century. </em>Edited by Frances Fowle, and MaryKate Cleary, 167-183. London: Bloomsbury Visual Arts, 2025.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 173; Reproduced: pl. 13", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1914.561", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1914.561/1914.561_web.jpg", "width": "738", "height": "893", "filesize": "330837", "filename": "1914.561_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1914.561/1914.561_print.jpg", "width": "2810", "height": "3400", "filesize": "5897546", "filename": "1914.561_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1914.561/1914.561_full.tif", "width": "5301", "height": "6413", "filesize": "102017220", "filename": "1914.561_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [], "creditline": "Gift of the John Huntington Art and Polytechnic Trust", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 93984, "creators": [], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1914-01-01T00:00:00", "sortable_date": -1000, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 1000\u2013900 BCE", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "cover", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Coffin of Bekenmut"], "is_highlight": true, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:01:35.012000"}, {"id": 149105, "accession_number": "1977.37.1", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Scenes of Witchcraft: Morning, c. 1645\u20131649. Salvator Rosa (Italian, 1615\u20131673). Oil on canvas; framed: 76.2 x 9.6 cm (30 x 3 3/4 in.); unframed: 54.5 cm (21 7/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Purchase from the J. H. Wade Fund, 1977.37.1", "current_location": "217 Italian Baroque", "title": "Scenes of Witchcraft: Morning", "creation_date": "c. 1645\u20131649", "creation_date_earliest": 1640, "creation_date_latest": 1654, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["Italy, 17th century"], "technique": "oil on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "P - Italian 16th & 17th Century", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 76.2 x 9.6 cm (30 x 3 3/4 in.); Unframed: 54.5 cm (21 7/16 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"width": 0.762, "depth": 0.096}, "unframed": {"width": 0.545}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "Signed: \"SR [monogram]\"", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 212949, "title": "Hot Dry Men, Cold Wet Women:  The Theory of Humor and Depictions of Men and Women in Western European Art of the 1600s", "description": "<i>Hot Dry Men, Cold Wet Women:  The Theory of Humor and Depictions of Men and Women in Western European Art of the 1600s</i>. Joslyn Art Museum, Omaha, NE (September 13-November 2, 1997); Arkansas Museum of Fine Arts, Little Rock, AR (November 20, 1997-February 6, 1998); John and Mable Ringling Museum of Art, Sarasota, FL (February 27-April 24, 1998).", "opening_date": "1997-09-13T00:00:00"}, {"id": 213572, "title": "Salvator Rosa (1615-1673): Bandits, Wilderness, and Magic", "description": "<i>Salvator Rosa (1615-1673): Bandits, Wilderness, and Magic</i>. Kimbell Art Museum, Fort Worth, TX (organizer) (December 12, 2010-March 27, 2011).", "opening_date": "2010-12-12T00:00:00"}, {"id": 205152, "title": "The Novel and the Bizarre: Salvator Rosa\u2019s Scenes of Witchcraft", "description": "<i>The Novel and the Bizarre: Salvator Rosa\u2019s Scenes of Witchcraft</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (February 15-June 14, 2015).", "opening_date": "2015-02-15T00:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "CMA, January 1978: Year in Review, cat. no. 42. Omaha, NE: Joslyn Art Museum 9/13 - 11/2/97.  Little Rock, AR: Arkansas Art Center 11/20/97 - 2/6/98.  Sarasota, FL: John and Mable Ringling Museum of Art 2/27 - 4/26/98. \"Hot Dry Men, Cold Wet Women: The Theory of Humor and Depictions of Men and Women in Western European Art of the 1600s.\"pp. 180-181, no. 62.", "opening_date": "1997-11-02T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Kimbell Art Museum (12/12/2010 - 3/27/2011):  \"Salvator Rosa (1615-1673): Bandits, Wilderness, and Magic\", ex. cat. no. 21a, p. 170-173.", "opening_date": "2010-12-12T00:00:00"}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art (2/15/2015 - 6/14/2015); \"The Novel and the Bizarre: Salvator Rosa's Scenes of Witchcraft\"", "opening_date": "2015-02-15T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Niccolini Family (Florence, Italy) by 1657", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": null}, {"description": "Private collection (Florence, Italy)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": null}, {"description": "Heim Gallery (London, England), sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art, 1977.", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": null}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": ["1977.39"], "did_you_know": "The artist chose the painting's shape to reference the foundational role of the circle in practicing magic.", "description": "Rosa's first scene depicts a young witch who plunges her knife into a writhing amphibian at dawn. The dark clouds of daybreak and anthropomorphic crags provide a gloomy atmosphere, while malevolent birds with piercing beaks hover around the central stabbing, focusing the viewer's attention on the witch's vicious act. The only beautiful enchantress Rosa ever painted, her elegance and ability to transform men into animals evokes the goddess Circe. But Rosa wasn't interested in classical imagery; he inverted expectations by transforming Circe into an explicitly violent sorceress. Her calm expression makes the terrifying gesture of upraised human hands among the birds even more disturbing.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60473369"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1977.37.1-scenes-of-witchcraft"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Langdon, Helen. Salvator Rosa Paint and Performance. 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Salvator Rosa (Italian, 1615\u20131673). Oil on canvas; framed: 76.2 x 9.6 cm (30 x 3 3/4 in.); unframed: 54.5 cm (21 7/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Purchase from the J. H. Wade Fund, 1977.37.3", "current_location": "217 Italian Baroque", "title": "Scenes of Witchcraft: Evening", "creation_date": "c. 1645\u201349", "creation_date_earliest": 1640, "creation_date_latest": 1654, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["Italy, 17th century"], "technique": "oil on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "P - Italian 16th & 17th Century", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 76.2 x 9.6 cm (30 x 3 3/4 in.); Unframed: 54.5 cm (21 7/16 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"width": 0.762, "depth": 0.096}, "unframed": {"width": 0.545}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "Signed: \"SR [monogram]\"", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 220717, "title": "The Night", "description": "<i>The Night</i>. Haus der Kunst, Munich (organizer) (November 1, 1998-February 17, 1999).", "opening_date": "1998-11-01T00:00:00"}, {"id": 213572, "title": "Salvator Rosa (1615-1673): Bandits, Wilderness, and Magic", "description": "<i>Salvator Rosa (1615-1673): Bandits, Wilderness, and Magic</i>. Kimbell Art Museum, Fort Worth, TX (organizer) (December 12, 2010-March 27, 2011).", "opening_date": "2010-12-12T00:00:00"}, {"id": 205152, "title": "The Novel and the Bizarre: Salvator Rosa\u2019s Scenes of Witchcraft", "description": "<i>The Novel and the Bizarre: Salvator Rosa\u2019s Scenes of Witchcraft</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (February 15-June 14, 2015).", "opening_date": "2015-02-15T00:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "CMA, January 1978: Year in Review, cat. no. 42. The Night, Haus der Kunst, Munich, November 1, 1998- February 7, 1999.", "opening_date": "1998-11-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Kimbell Art Museum (12/12/2010 - 3/27/2011):  \"Salvator Rosa (1615-1673): Bandits, Wilderness, and Magic\", ex. cat. no. 21c, p. 170-173.", "opening_date": "2010-12-12T00:00:00"}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art (2/15/2015 - 6/14/2015); \"The Novel and the Bizarre: Salvator Rosa's Scenes of Witchcraft\"", "opening_date": "2015-02-15T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Family of the Marchese Giovanni Niccolini, Florence; [Heim Gallery, London].  Purchase from the J. H. Wade Fund, 1977.", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": null}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": ["1977.38"], "did_you_know": "The artist chose the painting's shape to reference the foundational role of the circle in practicing magic.", "description": "At dusk, Rosa's hags gather around a cauldron. Above their incantations soars a conjured skeleton holding an hourglass symbolizing the brevity of life. In its left hand, the demonic creature holds a capital letter <em>A</em> from which extends a plumb line; as ancient signs of the moon and judgment, this strange combination of symbols embodies the nocturnal judgment the witches are doling out below. Though more rare in paint, the detailed portrayal of witches at their spells enjoyed a long literary tradition. The wax effigy alludes to classical literature by Virgil and Horace that described love magic. Poets in the 1500s and 1600s continued the tradition, writing verse about witches concocting potions and performing love spells. In Rosa's own poem \"La Strega (The Witch),\" the jilted Phyllis vows to take revenge on her feeble lover, listing the ingredients for her black magic: \"ground powders, mystic gems, snakes and owls, stinking blood. . . .\" Painting was considered \"mute poetry\" in the 1600s, and Rosa often explored the same themes in his written and painted art\u2014a clever way to gain fame as a unique intellect.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60473376"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1977.37.3-scenes-of-witchcraft"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Langdon, Helen. Salvator Rosa Paint and Performance. London: Reaktion Books, Limited, 2022. .", "page_number": "Chapter 2", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Universita\u0300 di Urbino. Notizie da Palazzo Albani. Art &amp; Architecture Complete. Urbino: Argali\u0300a, 2009. pp. 81-104.", "page_number": "", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Fabbri, Sara. \u201c<em>Quattro Tondi con Incantesimi </em>di Salvator Rosa nella collezione del marchese Filippo Niccolini.\u201d <em>Notizie da Palazzo Albani</em> XXXVIII (2009): 81-104.", "page_number": "", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Catalogue of Paintings. Pt. 3. European Paintings of the 16th, 17th, and 18th Centuries. </em>Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1974.", "page_number": "Reproduced: cat. 176C, p. 398 - 403", "url": ""}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 138", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n158"}, {"citation": "Salerno, Luigi, and Ira Kohn. \"Four Witchcraft Scenes by Salvator Rosa.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 65, no. 7 (September 1978): 225-231.<br>Published as: <em>Witches' Sabbath</em>", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 224-231: Reproduced: P. 225, 229", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25159591"}, {"citation": "De Nile, Tania. Fantasmagorie: streghe, demoni e tentazioni nell'arte fiamminga e olandese del Seicento. 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Wade Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Donna and James Reid Gallery", "athena_id": 149107, "creators": [{"id": 2285, "description": "Salvator Rosa (Italian, 1615\u20131673)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1615", "death_year": "1673", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1977-05-10T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1640, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 1645\u201349", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "component", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": "1977.37", "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Scene with Witches: Evening", "Witches Scenes"], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:07:42.277000"}, {"id": 102549, "accession_number": "1921.1180", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Virgin and Child Enthroned with Saints Francis and Giovanni Gualberto, c. 1510\u201320. Benedetto Buglioni (Italian, 1461\u20131521). Glazed terracotta; overall: 174 x 96 x 27 cm (68 1/2 x 37 13/16 x 10 5/8 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Gift of J. H. Wade, 1921.1180", "current_location": "117A Italian Renaissance", "title": "Virgin and Child Enthroned with Saints Francis and Giovanni Gualberto", "creation_date": "c. 1510\u201320", "creation_date_earliest": 1505, "creation_date_latest": 1525, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["Italy, Florence, 16th century"], "technique": "glazed terracotta", "support_materials": [], "department": "European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "Sculpture", "type": "Sculpture", "measurements": "Overall: 174 x 96 x 27 cm (68 1/2 x 37 13/16 x 10 5/8 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"height": 1.74, "width": 0.96, "depth": 0.27}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [], "legacy": [{"description": "\"The World of Ceramics: Masterpieces from the Cleveland Museum of Art.\" Cleveland Museum of Art. June 29 to September 5, 1982.", "opening_date": "1982-06-29T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Raoul Heilbronner, died 1941 (Paris, France), by 1911\u20131914;", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": null}, {"description": "Confiscated by the French government, 1914;", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": null}, {"description": "Sold, Galerie George Petit, Paris, June 22-23, 1921, lot 144, through Jacques Seligman to P. W. French & Co, New York, to Jeptha Homer Wade;", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": null}, {"description": "Jeptha Homer Wade, 1857-1926, by gift to the Cleveland Museum of Art, 1921.", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": null}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "The unusual purple hue is particular to the artist.", "description": "The Madonna sits upon a throne with the Christ child standing on her knee. He is steadied by his mother, turning delicately to grasp her robe for support. On the left is Saint Francis, identified by his stigmata. On the right, Saint Giovanni Gualberto is identified by his monk's robe and distinctive processional cross. The brown robes of the saints, the purple of the Virgin's tunic, and the flesh tones of the figures contrast strongly against the bright blue background. In the semicircular sky behind the figures, three winged cherub heads emerge, representing a host of angels. Glazed terracotta is both durable and decorative and the gleaming white of this piece would have stood out in the darkness of a church. The medium was made popular by Renaissance artist Luca della Robbia and came into fashion as a substitute for expensive carved marble. A rounded arch frame embellished with fruit and flower garlands as well as egg-and-dart and cord moldings accompanied the work when it was acquired, but was later determined not to be original and removed. Buglioni's work bears the influence of the della Robbias, particularly in the simple color scheme. Buglioni likely worked in the studio of Luca's nephew, Andrea, where he would have learned the technique of glazing terracotta.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60756977"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1921.1180-virgin-and-child-ent"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "W. M. M. \"An Enthroned Madonna and Child with Saints by Benedetto Buglioni.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 9, no. 2 (February 1922): 22-26.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 22; Mentioned: P. 23-26", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25136546"}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, and Jenifer Neils. T<em>he World of Ceramics: Masterpieces from the Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> Cleveland: The Museum in cooperation with Indiana University Press, 1982.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 42; Reproduced: p. 43, fig. 45", "url": null}, {"citation": "Fliegel, Stephen N. \" Florentine Terracottas.\" <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em> 35, no. 10 (December 1995): 8-9.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 9", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM1995-10/page/n7/mode/2up"}, {"citation": "Cambareri, Marietta, et.al. <em>Della Robbia: Sculpting with Color in Renaissance Florence.</em> Boston: MFA Publications, 2016.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 122, fig, 85 Mention: p. 166, cat. # 85", "url": null}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1921.1180", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1921.1180/1921.1180_web.jpg", "width": "653", "height": "893", "filesize": "106482", "filename": "1921.1180_web.jpg"}, 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H. Wade", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 102549, "creators": [{"id": 8012, "description": "Benedetto Buglioni (Italian, 1461\u20131521)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1461", "death_year": "1521", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1921-10-27T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1505, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 1510\u201320", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "cover", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Madonna and Child Enthroned with Saints Francis and Anthony Abbot"], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:08:18.522000"}, {"id": 140139, "accession_number": "1964.142", "share_license_status": "Copyrighted", "tombstone": "Red Blue, 1962. Ellsworth Kelly (American, 1923\u20132015). Oil on canvas; framed: 230 x 178 x 4 cm (90 9/16 x 70 1/16 x 1 9/16 in.); unframed: 228.6 x 176.4 cm (90 x 69 7/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Contemporary Collection of The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1964.142. \u00a9 Ellsworth Kelly", "current_location": "224A Contemporary Corridor", "title": "Red Blue", "creation_date": "1962", "creation_date_earliest": 1962, "creation_date_latest": 1962, "artists_tags": ["male", "LGBTQ+ (after 1900)"], "culture": ["America"], "technique": "oil on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "Contemporary Art", "collection": "CONTEMP - Painting", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 230 x 178 x 4 cm (90 9/16 x 70 1/16 x 1 9/16 in.); Unframed: 228.6 x 176.4 cm (90 x 69 7/16 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 2.3, "width": 1.78, "depth": 0.04}, "unframed": {"height": 2.286, "width": 1.764}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": "\u00a9 Ellsworth Kelly", "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "Signed, dated and titled on back of cardboard backing", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 304723, "title": "Year in Review (1964)", "description": "<i>Year in Review (1964)</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (December 8, 1964-January 31, 1965).", "opening_date": "1964-12-08T05:00:00"}, {"id": 301294, "title": "Works from the Contemporary Collection", "description": "<i>Works from the Contemporary Collection</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (July 1-October 15, 1969).", "opening_date": "1969-07-01T04:00:00"}, {"id": 393229, "title": "Contemporary Installation", "description": "<i>Contemporary Installation</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art (organizer).", "opening_date": "2021-04-12T04:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>The Dunn International</em>. Beaverbrook Art Gallery, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada; (September 7\u2013 October 6, 1963); The Tate Gallery, London, England (November 14-December 22, 1963)", "opening_date": "1963-11-14T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "(Betty Parsons Gallery, New York, NY, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1964", "sortorder": null}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1964\u2013", "sortorder": 2}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Kelly's abstract shapes were often based on observed reality, such as the plants that he kept in his studio.", "description": "Red Blue is all about the relation of two different colors and two different forms. On the surface of the canvas, two elements come together, interact with each other, and affect each other\u2019s appearance. The arrangement of the two colors red and blue, which work to intensify one another, is one essential component of the work. The other is the confrontation of two different forms: The edges of one shape-the blue rectangle-are given by the edges of the canvas and are therefore logical and measurable, while the organic form of the red color field, despite the clean, precise rendering, seems to breathe and float, activating the composition as a whole. In this way, even though there is no trace of the artist\u2019s hand, the painting refers to very natural and organic forms and ways of perception.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60469125"], "internet_archive": []}, "citations": [{"citation": "Richardson, John. Dunn International; An Exhibition of Contemporary Painting Sponsored by the Sir James Dunn Foundation. Great Britain, Arts Council. Catalogues. 1963. Volume 2. [London]: Arts Council, 1963.", "page_number": "Reproduced: fig. 41", "url": null}, {"citation": "Greenberg, Clement. \u201cPost Painterly Abstraction,\u201d Art International 8 (Summer 1964).", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 64", "url": null}, {"citation": "Henning, Edward B. \u201cThe Language of Art,\u201d Bulletin of The Cleveland Museum of Art (November 1964).", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 226; Mentioned p. 227", "url": null}, {"citation": "\u201cYear in Review for 1964,\u201d Bulletin of The Cleveland Museum of Art (December 1964).", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 203", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n227"}, {"citation": "\u201cRecent Accessions in the American Field,\u201d Art in America 54 (May/June 1966).", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 48", "url": null}, {"citation": "Handbook of The Cleveland Museum of Art (1969).", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 203", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. Art of the Twentieth Century in the Cleveland Museum of Art. [Cleveland]: Dept. of Art History &amp; Education, CMA, 1969.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 5", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 203", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n227"}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Art of the Twentieth Century in the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: Dept. of Art History &amp; Education, CMA, 1969.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 5", "url": "https://archive.org/details/20thCenturyArtCMA/page/n5"}, {"citation": "Henning, Edward B. \u201cReconstruction: A Painting by Jasper Johns,\u201d Bulletin of The Cleveland Museum of Art (October 1973).", "page_number": "Mentioned p. 239; Reproduced: p. 241", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 254", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n274"}, {"citation": "Greenberg, Clement. \u201cAvant-Garde Attitudes: New Art in the Sixties,\u201d American Art-Readings from the Colonial Era to the Present (New York: Charles Scribner\u2019s Sons, 1980).", "page_number": "Mentioned p. 326; Reproduced: p. 327", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 116", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Paik, Tricia Y., Ellsworth Kelly, Gavin Delahunty, Gary Garrels, Richard Shiff, and Robert Storr. Ellsworth Kelly, 2015.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 183, 362", "url": null}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1964.142", "images": {}, "alternate_images": [], "creditline": "Contemporary Collection of The Cleveland Museum of Art", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Betty and Max Ratner Gallery", "athena_id": 140139, "creators": [{"id": 3488, "description": "Ellsworth Kelly (American, 1923\u20132015)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1923", "death_year": "2015", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1964-12-19T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1962, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1962", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:08:22.432000"}, {"id": 136217, "accession_number": "1960.117", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Christ and the Virgin in the House at Nazareth, c. 1640. Francisco de Zurbar\u00e1n (Spanish, 1598\u20131664). Oil on canvas; framed: 201 x 256 x 10 cm (79 1/8 x 100 13/16 x 3 15/16 in.); unframed: 165 x 218.2 cm (64 15/16 x 85 7/8 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund, 1960.117", "current_location": null, "title": "Christ and the Virgin in the House at Nazareth", "creation_date": "c. 1640", "creation_date_earliest": 1635, "creation_date_latest": 1645, "artists_tags": ["male", "Latine and Hispanic Artists"], "culture": ["Spain"], "technique": "oil on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "P - Spanish before 1800", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 201 x 256 x 10 cm (79 1/8 x 100 13/16 x 3 15/16 in.); Unframed: 165 x 218.2 cm (64 15/16 x 85 7/8 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 2.01, "width": 2.56, "depth": 0.1}, "unframed": {"height": 1.65, "width": 2.182}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 302015, "title": "Year in Review - Nineteen Hundred Sixty", "description": "<i>Year in Review - Nineteen Hundred Sixty</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (November 30, 1960-January 1, 1961).", "opening_date": "1960-11-30T05:00:00"}, {"id": 219705, "title": "Genie et folie en Occident: Une histoire de la m\u00e9lancolie", "description": "<i>Genie et folie en Occident: Une histoire de la m\u00e9lancolie</i>. Galeries Nationales du Grand Palais, 75008 Paris, France (September 22, 2005-January 2, 2006); Neue Nationalgalerie (February 17-May 7, 2006).", "opening_date": "2005-09-22T00:00:00"}, {"id": 222394, "title": "Masterpieces of European Painting from The Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Masterpieces of European Painting from The Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. Frick Collection, New York, NY (organizer) (November 8, 2006-January 28, 2007).", "opening_date": "2006-11-08T00:00:00"}, {"id": 179662, "title": "Masterpieces of European Painting from the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Masterpieces of European Painting from the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. Maltz Museum of Jewish Heritage, Beachwood, OH (March 29-July 8, 2007).", "opening_date": "2007-03-29T00:00:00"}], "legacy": []}, "provenance": [{"description": "Probably the Count of Walterstorff [1755-1820]1", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->1 The Count of Walterstorff was the Minister of Denmark to the French court.&nbsp; The 1987 Zurbar\u00e1n catalogue raisonn\u00e9 by Jeannine Baticle notes that \u201cit is not unlikely\u201d that the Cleveland picture is the one that appears in the Walterstorff sale due to the matching dimensions and description.&nbsp; However, the circumstances of his acquisition of the painting are unknown.</div>"], "date": "Until 1920", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "(Probably Walterstorff sale, Laneuville, Paris, March 26-27, 1821, no. 65, sold to Laneuville)1", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->1The Zurbar\u00e1n likely failed to sell and was effectively bought in by Jean-Louis Laneuville, a painter who also held auctions and compiled sale catalogues, including this one.&nbsp; This scenario is more likely than that which proposes that the painting was purchased by collector Ferdinand Laneuville, whose posthumous sale in 1866 at H\u00f4tel Drouot included no works by Zurbar\u00e1n.&nbsp;</div>"], "date": "1821", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "Various private collections in France", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "After 1821-1960", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "(Fran\u00e7ois Heim, Paris, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1960", "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, Ohio", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1960-", "sortorder": 5}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Zurbar\u00e1n, also a still-life painter, tilts the tabletop to emphasize the symbolic books and fruit.", "description": "Stories of Christ\u2019s childhood and adolescence became increasingly popular during the Counter-Reformation because they were easily understood by a broad public. Rather than taking a story from the Bible, Zurbar\u00e1n appears to have invented this subject, in which Jesus pricks himself on a crown of thorns he is weaving, foretelling his later torment at the Crucifixion. Despite the grand scale and monumental figures, the work has remarkable intimacy and quietness, emphasizing such details as the Virgin\u2019s tears.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5966034"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1960.117-christ-and-the-virgi"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Lurie, Ann Tzeutchler. \"Two Devotional Paintings by Sassoferrato and Carlo Dolci.\" <em>The Bulletin of The Cleveland Museum of Art</em> LV (1968): 224-227.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 227, fig. 10", "url": null}, {"citation": "Delenda, Odile, and Almudena Ros de Barbero.<em>  Francisco de Zurbar\u00e1n 1598-1664. </em> Madrid: Fundaci\u00f3n Arte Hisp\u00e1nico, 2009.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Iacono, Margaret. <em>Masterpieces of European Painting from the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. New York: The Frick Collection, 2006", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Baticle, Jeannine.  <em>Zurbar\u00e1n.  </em>New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1987", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "G\u00e1llego, Juli\u00e1n, and Jos\u00e9 Gudiol.  <em>Zurbar\u00e1n, 1598-1664.  </em>New York: Rizzoli, 1977.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Delenda, Odile, and Almudena Ros de Barbero.<em>  Francisco de Zurbar\u00e1n 1598-1664. </em> Madrid: Fundaci\u00f3n Arte Hisp\u00e1nico, 2009", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Iacono, Margaret. <em>Masterpieces of European Painting from the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. New York: The Frick Collection, 2006", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Fran\u00e7ois Heim, letter to Henry S. Francis, July 5, 1960, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "M. Laneuville, M. Moreau, M. Lacoste, and Coquille. <em>Tableaux du meilleur choix</em>. 1821.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Fran\u00e7ois Heim, letter to Henry S. Francis, July 5, 1960, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Valdivieso, Enrique. Bodegones, floreros y trampantojos en la pintura barroca sevillana. Valencina de la Concepcio\u0301n (Sevilla) : Renacimiento, 2021.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: pp. 61-69, fig. 76, 83, and 92.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Guinard, Paul. <em>Zurbara\u0301n et les peintres espagnols de la vie monastique</em>. Paris, France: E\u0301ditions du Temps, 1960.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 139; Reproduced: p. 217, fig. 29-30, fig. 67", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, \u201cRecent Acquisition Press Release,\u201d August 12, 1960, Cleveland Museum of Art Archives.", "page_number": null, "url": "https://archive.org/details/cmapr0594"}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, \u201cRecent Acquisition Press Release,\u201d November 2, 1960, Cleveland Museum of Art Archives.", "page_number": null, "url": "https://archive.org/details/cmapr0637"}, {"citation": "Francis, Henry S. \"Francisco de Zubaran: The House of Nazareth.\" <em>The Bulletin of The Cleveland Museum of Art</em> XLIII (1961) 46-50.", "page_number": "Reproduced: fig. 1", "url": null}, {"citation": "Vaughn, Malcom. \"The Connoisseur in America: Cleveland's Zubaran.\" <em>Connoisseur</em> CXLVIII (1961): 76-77.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 77", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, \u201cArt News Press Release,\u201d January 23, 1961, Cleveland Museum of Art Archives.", "page_number": null, "url": "https://archive.org/details/cmapr0683/"}, {"citation": "Jaffe. Michael. \"Cleveland Museum of Art: The Figurative Arts of the West ca. 1400-1800.\" <em>Apollo: The International Magazine for Collectors</em>, LXXVIII (December, 1963): 467.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 457, fig. 6", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Exposicio\u0301n Zurbara\u0301n en el III centenario de su muerte</em>. Madrid, Spain: Ministerio de Educacio\u0301n Nacional, Direccio\u0306n General de Bellas Artes, 1965.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 20", "url": null}, {"citation": "Gomez-Moreno, Carmen. <em>Spanish Painting: The Golden Century</em>, New York, New York, 1965.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 10, no. 39", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 130", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n154"}, {"citation": "Causa, Raffaello. <em>Zurbara\u0301n</em>. Milano, Italy: Fratelli Fabbri Editori, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 181", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Selected Works: Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, Ohio: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1967.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 152", "url": null}, {"citation": "Guinard, Paul. <em>Les Peintrees espagnols</em>. Paris, France: Le Livre de poche, 1967.", "page_number": "Reproduced: fig. 122", "url": null}, {"citation": "Valiz, Zahir. \"A Painter's Technique: Zubaran's The Holy House of Nazareth.\" <em>The Bulletin of The Cleveland Museum of Art </em>LXVIII, no. 10 (October, 1981): 271-283.", "page_number": "Reproduced: on cover", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 130", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n154"}, {"citation": "Frati, Tiziana. <em>L'opera completa di Zurbara\u0301n</em>. Milano, Italy: Rizzoli, 1973.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 90-91, vol. 69", "url": null}, {"citation": "Brown, Jonathan. <em>Francisco De Zurbara\u0301n</em>. New York, New York: H.N. Abrams, 1974.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 24; Reproduced: p. 80, pl. 11", "url": null}, {"citation": "Ga\u0301llego, Julia\u0301n, and Jose\u0301 Gudiol. <em>Zurbara\u0301n, 1598-1664</em>. New York, New York: Rizzoli, 1977.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 97, no. 247, figs. 257, 259", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 150", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n170"}, {"citation": "Thuillier, Jacques, Antoine Le Nain, Louis Le Nain, and Mathieu Le Nain. <em>Les fre\u0300res Le Nain: [exposition organise\u0301e par la Re\u0301union des muse\u0301es nationaux], Grand Palais, 3 octobre 1978-8 janvier 1979 : [catalogue re\u0301dige\u0301 par Jacques Thuillier]</em>. Paris, France: Ministe\u0300re de la culture et de la communication, E\u0301ditions de la Re\u0301union des muse\u0301es nationaux, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 281", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Trafalgar Galleries at the Royal Academy, II: [Catalogue]</em>. London, United Kingdom: Trafalgar Galleries, 1979.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 64; Reproduced: p. 67, fig. 1", "url": null}, {"citation": "Hindley, Geoffrey. <em>World Art Treasures</em>. New York, New York: Mayflower Books, 1979.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 182", "url": null}, {"citation": "Fromme, Babbette Brandt. <em>Curators' Choice: An Introduction to the Art Museums of the U.S</em>. New York, New York: Crown Publishers, 1981.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 115", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art<em>. The Cleveland Museum of Art Catalogue of Paintings, Part 3: European Paintings of the 16th, 17th, and 18th Centuries</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1982.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 514; Mentioned: p. 515-516", "url": null}, {"citation": "Veca, Alberto. <em>Simposio: cerimonie e apparati : [mostra]</em>. Bergamo, Italy: Galleria Lorenzelli, 1982.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 157; Reproduced: p. 156,fig. 121", "url": null}, {"citation": "Baticle, Jeannine. <em>Zurbara\u0301n</em>. New York, New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1987.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 258-262; Reproduced: p. 259", "url": null}, {"citation": "Decoin, Didier, and Marie-He\u0301le\u0300ne About. <em>L'enfant de Nazareth</em>. Paris, France: Nouvelle cite\u0301, 1989.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 122", "url": null}, {"citation": "Mu\u0308hlberger, Richard. <em>The Bible in Art: The New Testament</em>. New York, New York: Portland House, 1990.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 49", "url": null}, {"citation": "Berger, John. <em>Keeping a Rendezvous</em>. New York, New York: Pantheon Books, 1991.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 170-171", "url": null}, {"citation": "Brown, Jonathan. <em>Francisco De Zurbara\u0301n</em>. New York, New York: H.N. Abrams, 1991.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 65, pl. 9", "url": null}, {"citation": "Takahashi, Tatsushi. <em>Barokku no miryoku</em>. Kyo\u0304to, Japan: Do\u0304ho\u0304sha Shuppan, 1991.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 34", "url": null}, {"citation": "Boggs, Jean Sutherland, Brigitte Le\u0301al, and Marie-Laure Bernadac. <em>Picasso and Things: The Still Lifes of Picasso.</em> Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1992.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 12-13, fig. 1; P. 62, fig. 11a", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Boone, Danie\u0300le. <em>L'Age d'or espagnol</em>. Neucha\u0302tel, Switzerland: Ides et Calendes, 1993.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 139", "url": null}, {"citation": "Caturla, Mari\u0301a Luisa, and Odile Delenda. <em>Francisco de Zurbara\u0301n</em>. Paris, France: Wildenstein Institute, 1994.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 39", "url": null}, {"citation": "Grimm, Claus. <em>Stilleben: die italienischen, spanischen und franzo\u0308sischen Meister</em>. Stuttgart, Germany: Belser, 1995.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 35,46 detail: p. 234, no. 144", "url": null}, {"citation": "Trinidad de, Antonio. <em>Zurbara\u0301n al Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya</em>. Barcelona, Spain: El Museu, 1998.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 24", "url": null}, {"citation": "Navarrete Prieto, Benito. <em>La pintura andaluza del siglo XVII y sus fuentes grabadas</em>. Madrid, Spain: Fundacio\u0301n de Apoyo a la Historia del Arte Hispa\u0301nico, 1998.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 101-103: Reproduced: p. 248, fig. 518", "url": null}, {"citation": "Consejo Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes (Mexico), Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes (Mexico), Museo de San Carlos, and Saber Ver. <em>Zurbara\u0301n</em>. Me\u0301xico: Consejo Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes, 1999.", "page_number": "Reproduced: front cover, p. 2-3, 30-31", "url": null}, {"citation": "Minor, Vernon Hyde. <em>Baroque &amp; Rococo: Art &amp; Culture</em>. New York, New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1999.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 365, no. 10.6", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kemp, Martin. <em>The Oxford History of Western Art</em>. New York, New York: Oxford University Press, 2000.", "page_number": "Reproduced:. p. 234, no. 332", "url": null}, {"citation": "Heitz, Franc\u0327oise, and Annick Johnson. <em>Les figures du Christ dans l'art, l'histoire et la litte\u0301rature: colloque Universite\u0301 d'Artois, 3 et 4 mars 2000</em>. Paris, France: L'Harmattan, 2001.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 192-193, pl. 5", "url": null}, {"citation": "Harris, Ann Sutherland. <em>Seventeenth-Century Art &amp; Architecture</em>. London, United Kingdom: Laurence King, 2005.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 213, fig. 3.19", "url": null}, {"citation": "Klibansky, Raymond, and Jean Clair. <em>Me\u0301lancolie, ge\u0301nie et folie en occident: en hommage a\u0300 Raymond Klibansky, 1905-2005 : Galeries nationales du grand palais, Paris, 10 octobre 2005-16 janvier 2006 ; Neue Nationalgalerie, Berlin, 17 fe\u0301vrier-7 mai 2006</em>. Paris, France: Gallimard, 2005.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 250, no. 129", "url": null}, {"citation": "Iacono, Margaret. <em>Masterpieces of European Painting from the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. New York, New York: The Frick Collection, 2006.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 250, no. 129", "url": null}, {"citation": "Black, Charlene Villasen\u0303or. <em>Creating the Cult of St. Joseph: Art and Gender in the Spanish Empire</em>. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2006.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p, 105, fig. 65", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>30,000 Years of Art: The Story of Human Creativity Across Time and Space</em>. London, United Kingdom: Phaidon, 2007.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 777", "url": null}, {"citation": "Arikha, Avigdor. <em>El Museo del Prado y el arte contempora\u0301neo: la influencia de los grandes maestros del pasado en el arte de vanguardia</em>. Madrid, Spain: Fundacio\u0301n Amigos del Museo del Prado, 2007.", "page_number": "Reproduced: fig. IX", "url": null}, {"citation": "Quignard, Pascal. <em>La nuit sexuelle</em>. Paris, France: Flammarion, 2007.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 183-87; Reproduced: p. 246", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Old Masters Visit Beachwood\", Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Cleveland Art: The Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em>. Vol. 47 no. 03, March 2007", "page_number": "Mentioned & reproduced: p. 3", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2007-03/page/2"}, {"citation": "Alcolea, Santiago, and Francisco de Zurbara\u0301n. <em>Zurbara\u0301n</em>. Barcelona, Spain: Poli\u0301grafa, 2008.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 66, fig. 52", "url": null}, {"citation": "Senzoku, Nobuyuki. <em>Sugu wakaru seiyo\u0304 kaiga yomitoki 66 no ki\u0304wa\u0304do</em>. To\u0304kyo\u0304, Japan: To\u0304kyo\u0304 Bijutsu, 2008.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 123", "url": null}, {"citation": "Delenda, Odile, Francisco de Zurbara\u0301n, and Almudena Ros de Barbero. <em>Francisco de Zurbara\u0301n, 1598-1664: cata\u0301logo razonado y cri\u0301tico</em>. Madrid, Spain: Fundacio\u0301n Arte Hispa\u0301nico, 2009.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 546-548, pl. 14-15", "url": null}, {"citation": "Garci\u0301a Sanz, Ana. <em>El Nin\u0303o Jesu\u0301s en el Monasterio de las Descalzas Reales de Madrid</em>. Madrid, Spain: Patrimonio Nacional, 2010.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 312, fig. 225", "url": null}, {"citation": "Nooteboom, Cees. <em>Zurbara\u0301n: Selected Paintings 1625-1664</em>. Mu\u0308nchen, Germany: Schirmer/Mosel, 2011.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 13,, 14; Mentioned: p. 102-103", "url": null}, {"citation": "Tapie\u0301, Alain, and Re\u0301gis Cotentin. <em>Portraits de la pense\u0301e</em>. Lille, France: Palais des Beaux-Arts de Lille, 2011.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 30-31, 34-35; Reproduced: p. 16", "url": null}, {"citation": "Franklin, David. <em>Director's Choice: The Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, Ohio: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2012.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 36-37", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Treasures of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. London, United Kingdom: Scala Books, 2012.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 194-195", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>La couronne d'\u00e9pines: Cath\u00e9drale Notre-Dame de Paris.</em> Paris: Association Maurice du Sully, 2014.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 11", "url": null}, {"citation": "Quignard, Pascal, and Chris Turner, trans.. <em>The Sexual Night.</em> Calcutta: Seagull Books, 2014.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 146", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 185", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Wismer, Beat, Odile Delenda and Mar\u00eda del Mar Borobia Guerrero. <em>Zurbar\u00e1n</em>. Dusseldorf; Munchen: Museum Kunstpalais, 2015.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced:  p. 206-207, fig. 70", "url": null}, {"citation": "Giraudo, Lucien. <em>105 oeuvres d\u00e9cisives de la peinture occidentale montr\u00e9es par Michel Butor.</em> Paris Flammarion, 2015.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 104; Mentioned p. 105", "url": null}, {"citation": "Rogl\u00e1n, Mark A. <em>Spanish Art in America</em>. [Madrid, Spain]: Ediciones El Viso 2016.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p.79", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Masterworks on Loan: Celebrating the 100th Anniversary of the Cleveland Museum of Art: April through June 2016</em>. [Cleveland]: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2016.", "page_number": "p. 27-28", "url": null}, {"citation": "Korkow, Cory. \u201cFour Figures on a Step: A masterwork by Bartolom\u00e9 Esteban Murillo on loan from the Kimball Art Museum.\u201d <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em> 56, no. 3 (May/June 2016): 20-21.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 21; Mentioned: p. 20", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2016-03"}, {"citation": "Camplin, Jamie,and Maria Ranauro. <em>The Art of Reading: An Illustrated History of Books in Paint. </em>Los Angeles, CA: Getty Publications, 2018.", "page_number": "Reproduced 7 Mentioned: p. 111", "url": null}, {"citation": "Hall-Van den Elsen, Catherine. <em>Luisa Rold\u00e1n.</em> London: Lund Humphries, 2021.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 30-31, fig. 15", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Svenningsen, Jesper. Samlingssteder: udenlandsk billedkunst i danske samlermilj\u00f8er 1690-1840. [Aarhus] : Aarhus Universitetsforlag, 2023.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: pp. 191-193, fig. 70", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Bonfait, Olivier. <em>L'art du XVIIe Sie\u0300cle</em>. Rennes: Presses Universitaires de Rennes 2023.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 322-323, fig. 74", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Hall-Van den Elsen, Catherine, and Luisa Ignacia Rold\u00e1n. <em>Luisa Rold\u00e1n, Escultora : Fuerza E Intimismo</em>. Segunda edici\u00f3n revisada. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas, 2024.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: pp. 31-32, fig. 8", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Ripoll\u00e9s, Carmen. <em>Josefa de \u00d3bidos</em>. London: Lund Humphries, 2025.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 20-22, fig. 11", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Verdon, Timothy. <em>Reading Christian Art and Architecture: Scriptural, Theological, Liturgical, Devotional and Cultural Background. </em>Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols Publishers, 2025.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 42-44, fig. 1-20", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1960.117", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1960.117/1960.117_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "668", "filesize": "177911", "filename": "1960.117_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1960.117/1960.117_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2524", "filesize": "1895552", "filename": "1960.117_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1960.117/1960.117_full.tif", "width": "11417", "height": "8474", "filesize": "290273048", "filename": "1960.117_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2007-02-13T20:48:55", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1960.117/1960.117_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "1201", "height": "893", "filesize": "653482"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1960.117/1960.117_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2529", "filesize": "5585421"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1960.117/1960.117_alt0_full.tif", "width": "6600", "height": "4911", "filesize": "97265636"}}], "creditline": "Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 136217, "creators": [{"id": 5148, "description": "Francisco de Zurbar\u00e1n (Spanish, 1598\u20131664)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1598", "death_year": "1664", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1960-06-18T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1635, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 1640", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": true, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["The Holy House of Nazareth"], "is_highlight": true, "updated_at": "2026-04-11 11:17:14.718000"}, {"id": 108541, "accession_number": "1926.247", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "The Holy Family with Mary Magdalen, c. 1590\u201395. El Greco (Spanish, 1541\u20131614). Oil on canvas; framed: 160 x 131 x 7.5 cm (63 x 51 9/16 x 2 15/16 in.); unframed: 130 x 100 cm (51 3/16 x 39 3/8 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Gift of the Friends of The Cleveland Museum of Art in memory of J. H. Wade, 1926.247", "current_location": "212 Baroque Painting and Sculpture", "title": "The Holy Family with Mary Magdalen", "creation_date": "c. 1590\u201395", "creation_date_earliest": 1590, "creation_date_latest": 1595, "artists_tags": ["male", "Latine and Hispanic Artists"], "culture": ["Spain"], "technique": "oil on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "P - Spanish before 1800", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 160 x 131 x 7.5 cm (63 x 51 9/16 x 2 15/16 in.); Unframed: 130 x 100 cm (51 3/16 x 39 3/8 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 1.6, "width": 1.31, "depth": 0.075}, "unframed": {"height": 1.3, "width": 1.0}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 312517, "title": "The Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition", "description": "<i>The Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 26-October 4, 1936).", "opening_date": "1936-06-26T04:00:00"}, {"id": 300859, "title": "The Venetian Tradition", "description": "<i>The Venetian Tradition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (November 8, 1956-January 1, 1957).", "opening_date": "1956-11-08T05:00:00"}, {"id": 205992, "title": "El Greco", "description": "<i>El Greco</i>. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY (organizer) (September 29, 2003-January 11, 2004).", "opening_date": "2003-09-29T00:00:00"}, {"id": 222394, "title": "Masterpieces of European Painting from The Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Masterpieces of European Painting from The Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. Frick Collection, New York, NY (organizer) (November 8, 2006-January 28, 2007).", "opening_date": "2006-11-08T00:00:00"}, {"id": 179662, "title": "Masterpieces of European Painting from the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Masterpieces of European Painting from the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. Maltz Museum of Jewish Heritage, Beachwood, OH (March 29-July 8, 2007).", "opening_date": "2007-03-29T00:00:00"}, {"id": 227483, "title": "El Greco and Modernism", "description": "<i>El Greco and Modernism</i>. Museum Kunst Palast, 40479 D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany (organizer) (April 28-August 13, 2012).", "opening_date": "2012-04-28T00:00:00"}, {"id": 205930, "title": "Masterworks - Portland", "description": "<i>Masterworks - Portland</i>. Portland Art Museum, Portland, OR (organizer) (December 13, 2014-April 5, 2015).", "opening_date": "2014-12-13T00:00:00"}, {"id": 318541, "title": "El Greco: Ambition and Defiance", "description": "<i>El Greco: Ambition and Defiance</i>. R\u00e9union des mus\u00e9es nationaux - Grand Palais, Paris cedex 12, France (organizer) (October 14, 2019-February 10, 2020); The Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL (March 5-October 19, 2020) https://www.artic.edu/exhibitions/2939/el-greco-ambition-and-defiance.", "opening_date": "2019-10-14T04:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "Budapest, mus\u00e9e des Beaux-Arts, no date: \" Dominico theotokopuli el Greco 1547-1614...  Collection marczell de Nemes,\" pl. 3.", "opening_date": null}, {"description": "Munich, Alte Pinakothek, 1911: \"Sammlung des kgl. Rates Marzcell von Nemes, Budapest,\" cat. no. 14.", "opening_date": "1911-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "D\u00fcsseldorf, St\u00e4dtische kunsthalle, 1912: \"Ausstellung der Galerie Marzcell v. Nemes,\" cat no. 65.", "opening_date": "1912-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Paris, Galerie manzi, Joyant, June 15-16, 1913: \"Tableaux anciens..compsant la collection de m. Marzcell de Nemes de Budapest,\" cat. no. 31., illus.", "opening_date": "2016-06-15T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Chicago, Art Insititute of Chicago, June 1-November 1, 1934: \"Century of Progress,\" cat. no. 73. pl. XV.", "opening_date": "1934-06-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "CMA, 1936: \"The Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition of CMA,\" cat. no. 156, pl. XXV.", "opening_date": "1936-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Museum of Art, March 17-April 26, 1937: \"Masters of Spanish Painting.\"", "opening_date": "1937-03-17T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Paris (exposition organized by the Gazette des Beaux-Arts), June 16-November 30, 1937: \"Domenico theotoc\u00f3puli, El Greco,\" cat. no. 25, illus.", "opening_date": "1937-06-16T00:00:00"}, {"description": "CMA, 1956: \"The Venetian Tradition,\" cat. no. 16, pl. XXXV.", "opening_date": "1956-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "The Toledo (Ohio) Museum of Art, 1982: \"El Greco of Toledo,\" (Boston: A New York Graphic Society Book, Little , Brown and Company, 1982), cat. no. 27, p. 239, repr. color plate 46. (Painting only exhibied in Toledo, Ohio, September 19-November 14, 1982.", "opening_date": "1982-09-19T00:00:00"}, {"description": "CMA, September 9-October 22, 1989: \"Holy Image, Holy Space: Icons and Frescoes from Greece.\" (Painting only exhibited in Cleveland0.", "opening_date": "1989-09-09T00:00:00"}, {"description": "The Metropolitan Musuem of Art (9/29/2003 - 1/11/2004): \"El Greco\" exh. cat. no. 31.", "opening_date": "2003-09-29T00:00:00"}, {"description": "The Frick Collection (November 8, 2006 - January 28, 2007):  \"Masterpieces of European Painting from The Cleveland Museum of Art\", exh. cat. no. 5, p. 32-35.", "opening_date": "2006-11-08T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Maltz Museum of Jewish Heritage (March 29, 2007 - July 8, 2007):  \"Masterpieces of European Painting from the Cleveland Museum of Art\"", "opening_date": "2007-03-29T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Museum Kunst Palast, D\u00fcsseldorf (4/28/2012 - 8/13/2-12): \"El Greco and Modernism\", no cat. no., p. 102-103.", "opening_date": "2012-03-02T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Portland Art Museum, OR (12/13/1014 - 4/5/2015):  \"Masterworks - Portland\"", "opening_date": "2015-04-05T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Convent of Esquivias, near Toledo", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "Juan Guti\u00e9rrez, Torrej\u00f3n de Velasco, Spain", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "-1899", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "Stanislas O'Rossen (1864-1933), Paris, France", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "-1908", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "Marczell von Nemes (1866-1930), Budapest, Hungary, sold, Paris", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "-1913", "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "Gentile di Giuseppe (1868-1940), Paris, France", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "-1917", "sortorder": 5}, {"description": "(D. Atri, Paris, France, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "-1926", "sortorder": 6}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1926-", "sortorder": 7}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "The nearly levitating body of the Christ child further emphasizes the ethereal setting of the Holy Family.", "description": "The seemingly weightless figures, the startling color combinations, and the moody, imprecise setting all show El Greco\u2019s interest in conveying the intense spirituality of these figures rather than their concrete reality. Above all, the painting addresses Mary\u2019s role as mediator between Christ and the viewer. She supports her son, but her faraway look indicates awareness of his fate. Mary feeds Jesus fruit held by Joseph that is full of symbolic meaning, with the apple representing the fall of man; cherries, the blood of Christ; peaches, salvation; and pears, the sweetness of Christ\u2019s virtue.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16621835"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1926.247-the-holy-family-with"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "W. M. M. \u201c\u2018The Holy Family,\u2019 by El Greco.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 14, no. 1 (January 1927): 3\u20136.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 3-6; reproduced: Cover", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25136989"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1928.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 32", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1928/page/n36"}, {"citation": "Milliken, William. \"Silver Jubilee Exhibition.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art </em>28, no.6 (June 1941): 88-108", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 90; Reproduced: p. 94", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25140932"}, {"citation": "<em>Paintings in the Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> [Cleveland]: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1945.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 44", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAPaintings1945/page/n52"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Handbook.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 419", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1958/page/n77"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 130", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n154"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 130", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n154"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 149", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n169"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art<em>. The Cleveland Museum of Art Catalogue of Paintings, Part 3: European Paintings of the 16th, 17th, and 18th Centuries</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1982.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 493-496; Reproduced: p. 494", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kitaj, R. B., and Timothy Hyman. \"A Return to London\" IN <em>Kitaj Paintings, Drawings, Pastels.</em> John Ashebury, Joe Shannon, Jane Livingston, 41. New York, N.Y.: Thames and Hudson, 1983.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 41", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Cleveland Art: The Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em>. Vol. 46 no. 10, December 2006", "page_number": "Mentioned & reproduced; cover-p.2", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2006-10"}, {"citation": "Molnos, Pe\u0301ter, et. al. <em>Lost Heritage: Hungarian Art Collectors in the Twentieth Century. </em>Budapest: Kieselbach Gallery and Auction House Ltd., 2018.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 180; Reproduced: p. 181", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kientz, Guillaume, and Greco. Greco. Paris : Re\u0301union des muse\u0301es nationaux : Muse\u0301e du Louvre ; Chicago : Art Institute of Chicago, 2019.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p.196, cat. 61", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Merle du Bourg, Alexis. \"1585-1614 L\u2019apothe\u0301ose d'un style.\" <em>Dossier de l'art </em>273, (October 2019): 50-63.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 53", "url": null}, {"citation": "Long, Rebecca J. <em>El Greco: Ambition &amp; Defiance.</em> Chicago, IL: Art Institute of Chicago, 2020.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 141", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Rowlands, Eliot W. \"An indefatigable intermediary: Harold Woodbury Parsons (1882-1967) and the formation of the European collections at the Cleveland Museum of Art: part 2.\" <em>Journal of the History of Collections </em>33, no.1 (2021): 93-109.", "page_number": "Reproduced p.96; mentioned p.96, 103", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Severance, John Long, and Leonard Colton Hanna. \u201cThe Friends of the Cleveland Museum of Art.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 17, no. 3, pt. 2 (March 1930): 49\u201356.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 50-51", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25137287"}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1926.247", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1926.247/1926.247_web.jpg", "width": "679", "height": "893", "filesize": "492406", "filename": "1926.247_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1926.247/1926.247_print.jpg", "width": "2586", "height": "3400", "filesize": "7326988", "filename": "1926.247_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1926.247/1926.247_full.tif", "width": "4203", "height": "5527", "filesize": "69724316", "filename": "1926.247_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [], "creditline": "Gift of the Friends of The Cleveland Museum of Art in memory of J. H. Wade", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Reinberger Gallery", "athena_id": 108541, "creators": [{"id": 2391, "description": "El Greco (Spanish, 1541\u20131614)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1541", "death_year": "1614", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1926-06-09T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1590, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 1590\u201395", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["The Holy Family"], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:06:14.136000"}, {"id": 108544, "accession_number": "1926.25", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Orpheus, c. 1903\u201310. Odilon Redon (French, 1840\u20131916). Pastel on brown paper; sheet: 68.8 x 56.8 cm (27 1/16 x 22 3/8 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Gift from J. H. Wade, 1926.25", "current_location": null, "title": "Orpheus", "creation_date": "c. 1903\u201310", "creation_date_earliest": 1898, "creation_date_latest": 1915, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["France"], "technique": "pastel on brown paper", "support_materials": [], "department": "Drawings", "collection": "DR - French", "type": "Drawing", "measurements": "Sheet: 68.8 x 56.8 cm (27 1/16 x 22 3/8 in.)", "dimensions": {"sheet": {"height": 0.688, "width": 0.568}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "inscribed, lower left, in black pastel: ODILON REDON", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 616624, "title": "Fifty Years of French Art", "description": "<i>Fifty Years of French Art</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 29-November 29, 1926).", "opening_date": "1926-10-29T05:00:00"}, {"id": 338065, "title": "French Art Since Eighteen Hundred", "description": "<i>French Art Since Eighteen Hundred</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (November 8-December 8, 1929).", "opening_date": "1929-11-08T05:00:00"}, {"id": 312517, "title": "The Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition", "description": "<i>The Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 26-October 4, 1936).", "opening_date": "1936-06-26T04:00:00"}, {"id": 312428, "title": "Expressionism and Related Movements", "description": "<i>Expressionism and Related Movements</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (January 26-February 28, 1939).", "opening_date": "1939-01-26T05:00:00"}, {"id": 312341, "title": "The Silver Jubilee Exhibition", "description": "<i>The Silver Jubilee Exhibition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 23-September 28, 1941).", "opening_date": "1941-06-23T04:00:00"}, {"id": 312333, "title": "French Drawings and Watercolors from French Public and Private Collections", "description": "<i>French Drawings and Watercolors from French Public and Private Collections</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (January 6-February 15, 1942).", "opening_date": "1942-01-06T05:00:00"}, {"id": 312176, "title": "19th and 20th Century French Art and Leonard C. Hanna, Jr. Loans", "description": "<i>19th and 20th Century French Art and Leonard C. Hanna, Jr. Loans</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 22-September 1, 1943).", "opening_date": "1943-06-22T04:00:00"}, {"id": 311904, "title": "Odilon Redon (1840-1916): Pastels and Drawings", "description": "<i>Odilon Redon (1840-1916): Pastels and Drawings</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (November 29, 1951-January 20, 1952); Walker Art Center, Minneapolis, MN (February 1-March 1, 1952).", "opening_date": "1951-10-22T04:00:00"}, {"id": 300904, "title": "Fifty Years of Modern Art", "description": "<i>Fifty Years of Modern Art</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 15-July 31, 1966).", "opening_date": "1966-06-15T04:00:00"}, {"id": 309840, "title": "Odilon Redon: Dream Creatures and Anemones", "description": "<i>Odilon Redon: Dream Creatures and Anemones</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (August 21-October 14, 1984).", "opening_date": "1984-08-21T04:00:00"}, {"id": 310042, "title": "Images of the Mind", "description": "<i>Images of the Mind</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (July 7-August 30, 1987).", "opening_date": "1987-07-07T04:00:00"}, {"id": 361099, "title": "La Reverie Esthetique: Symbolist Works on Paper", "description": "<i>La Reverie Esthetique: Symbolist Works on Paper</i>. Allen Memorial Art Museum, Oberlin, OH (organizer) (March 29-May 22, 1988).", "opening_date": "1988-03-29T05:00:00"}, {"id": 311444, "title": "Object Lessons: Cleveland Creates an Art Museum", "description": "<i>Object Lessons: Cleveland Creates an Art Museum</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 7-September 8, 1991).", "opening_date": "1991-06-07T04:00:00"}, {"id": 192019, "title": "Master Drawings from the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Master Drawings from the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (August 27-October 17, 2000).", "opening_date": "2000-08-27T00:00:00"}, {"id": 184132, "title": "Masterworks from The Phillips Collection", "description": "<i>Masterworks from The Phillips Collection</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (February 20-May 29, 2005).", "opening_date": "2005-02-20T00:00:00"}, {"id": 182153, "title": "Monet to Dal\u00ed: Modern Masters from the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Monet to Dal\u00ed: Modern Masters from the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 21, 2007-January 13, 2008).", "opening_date": "2006-05-27T00:00:00"}, {"id": 203744, "title": "Themes and Variations: Musical Drawings and Prints", "description": "<i>Themes and Variations: Musical Drawings and Prints</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (January 25-May 17, 2015).", "opening_date": "2015-01-25T00:00:00"}, {"id": 283693, "title": "Pure Color: Pastels from the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Pure Color: Pastels from the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (November 19, 2016-March 19, 2017).", "opening_date": "2016-11-19T05:00:00"}, {"id": 393854, "title": "Collecting Dreams: Odilon Redon", "description": "<i>Collecting Dreams: Odilon Redon</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (September 19, 2021-January 23, 2022).", "opening_date": "2021-09-19T04:00:00"}, {"id": 324628, "title": "Nineteenth-Century French Drawings from the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Nineteenth-Century French Drawings from the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (January 20-June 11, 2023).", "opening_date": "2023-01-19T05:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>International Exhibition of Modern Art</em>. Armory of the Sixty-Ninth Infantry, New York (February 17 - March 15, 1913); Art Institute of Chicago (March 24 - April 16, 1913); Copley Society, Boston (April 23 - May 14, 1913).", "opening_date": "1913-02-17T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Loan Exhibition of Impressionist and Post-Impressionist Paintings</em>. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York (May 3 - September 15, 1921).", "opening_date": "1921-05-03T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Odilon Redon</em>. Museum of French Art, New York (April 3 - May 1, 1922).", "opening_date": "1922-04-03T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Fifty Years of French Art</em>. Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (October 29 - November 28, 1926).", "opening_date": "1926-10-29T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>\"The Noble Buyer\": John Quinn, Patron of the Avant-Garde</em>. Washington, DC: Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden (1978).", "opening_date": "1978-01-01T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "purchased by Henri Matisse [1869\u20131954] for his father, \u00c9mile Hippolyte Matisse [1840\u20131910]", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->According to Walter Pach, \"...among the pictures which Matisse bought for his father were some by Redon, to whose color he gave the most eager study. He would have liked to retain the works himself when settling the estate. But it was too hard to distribute among the family, and so he sent the Redons to America for sale. One of them is the magnificent <em>Head of Orpheus</em> now in the Cleveland Museum, which acquired it from the heirs of John Quinn, that great collector having bought the work and others from the Matisse family.\" See <em>Queer Thing, Painting: Forty Years in the World of Art </em>(New York: Harper &amp; Brothers, 1938), p. 166.</div>"], "date": "after 1903-1910", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "Wilhelm Uhde [1874-1947], Paris", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "? - by 1915", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "(Carroll Galleries, New York, sold to John Quinn, New York)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1915 - 1917", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "John Quinn [1870-1924], New York, purchased from his estate by the Cleveland Museum of Art through Joseph Brummer", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1917-1924", "sortorder": 4}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Another version of this pastel (now in the collection of the Mus\u00e9e Fabre de Montpellier) was part of a group of later works by Redon shown at the 1913 International Exhibition of Modern Art\u2014better known as the Armory Show\u2014which introduced the artist to American audiences.", "description": "Drawn in vivid layers of pastel crayon, this work depicts the head of the poet and musician Orpheus. The story of the god of music, whose music carried on after his death through his lyre and head, fascinated Redon, who related to Orpheus's dedication to his art. The subject also aligned with Redon's broader interest in dreams and spirituality around this time and he represented Orpheus several times throughout his career, in various media. Here, the god's head floats as if in stasis while Mount Parnassus\u2014the home of Apollo and the Muses\u2014soars from behind.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60745842"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1926.25-orpheus"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "<em>Catalogue of International Exhibition of Modern Art: Association of American Painters and Sculptors : at the Armory of the Sixty-Ninth Infantry, Lexington Avenue, Twenty-Fifth and Twenty-Sixth Streets, New York, from February Fifteenth to March Fifteenth, Nineteen Hundred and Thirteen from Ten a.M. to Ten P.M. (Sundays Included)</em>. New York: Vreeland Advertising Press, 1913.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 32, no. 307", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Loan Exhibition of Impressionist and Post-Impressionist Paintings</em>. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1921.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: no. 96", "url": null}, {"citation": "Watson, Margaret W. \"Odilon Redon, A Great French Lyricist.\" <em>The Arts</em> 2, no. 5 (1922): 273-276.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 275", "url": null}, {"citation": "Pach, Walter. <em>The Masters of Modern Art</em>. New York: B.W. Huebsch, 1924.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: no. 14", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>John Quinn, 1870-1925: Collection of Paintings, Water Colors, Drawings &amp; Sculpture</em>. Huntington, NY: Pidgeon Hill, 1926.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 14; Reproduced: p. 107", "url": null}, {"citation": "Milliken, W. M. \"Orpheus, by Odilon Redon.\" <em>Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 13, no. 6 (June 1926): 139-141.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 139-141.", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Cleveland Museum Buys a Redon.\" <em>The Art News</em> (January 1, 1927): 1-2.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 2", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Cleveland's New Redon.\" <em>Art Digest</em> 1, no. 5 (January 1, 1927): 12.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 12", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1928.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 39", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1928/page/n43"}, {"citation": "Wilenski, R.H. <em>French Painting</em>. Boston: Hale, Cushman &amp; Flint, 1931.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 332; Reproduced: pl. 141", "url": null}, {"citation": "Pach, Walter. <em>Queer Thing, Painting: Forty Years in the World of Art</em>. New York: Harper &amp; Brothers, 1938.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 166", "url": null}, {"citation": "Holme, Bryan. <em>Master Drawings</em>. New York: The Studio, 1943.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pl. 114", "url": null}, {"citation": "Francis, Henry Sayles and Ary Leblond. <em>Odilon Redon, 1840-1916: Pastels and Drawings.</em> Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1951.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: no. 17", "url": null}, {"citation": "Sandstr\u00f6m, Sven. <em>Le monde imaginaire d'Odilon Redon</em>. Lund: CWK Gleerup, 1955.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 177; Reproduced: p. 175", "url": null}, {"citation": "Rewald, John. \"Quelques notes et documents sur Odilon Redon.\" <em>Gazette des Beaux-Arts</em> 48 (November 1956): 81-124.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 114", "url": null}, {"citation": "Berger, Klaus. \"The Pastels of Odilon Redon.\" <em>College Art Journal</em> 16, no. 1 (Autumn 1956): 23-33.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 32; Reproduced: p. 33", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Handbook.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 512", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1958/page/n94"}, {"citation": "Berger, Klaus. <em>Odilon Redon: Fantasy and Colour</em>. Trans. Michael Bullock. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1965.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 208, no. 365; Reproduced p. 35", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 181", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n205"}, {"citation": "Henning, Edward B. <em>Fifty Years of Modern Art, 1916-1966</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 7, 206; Reproduced: p. 7", "url": null}, {"citation": "Hamilton, George Heard. <em>Painting and Sculpture in Europe, 1880 to 1940</em>. London: Penguin Books, 1967.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 47; Reproduced: pl. 23B", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 181", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n205"}, {"citation": "Muehsam, Gerd. <em>French Painters and Paintings from the Fourteenth Century to Post-Impressionism</em>. New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing Co., 1970.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 490-491; Reproduced: p. 490", "url": null}, {"citation": "Berman, Greta. \"The Paradox of Odilon Redon.\" <em>Konsthistorisk Tidskrift</em>. 39, no. 1-2 (May 1970): 70-79.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 78.", "url": null}, {"citation": "Selz, Jean. <em>Odilon Redon</em>. Lugano: Uffici Press, 1971.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 68; Reproduced: p. 54", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cassou, Jean. <em>Odilon Redon</em>. Milan: Fratelli Fabbri, 1972.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 47", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lucie-Smith, Edward. <em>Symbolist Art</em>. London: Thames and Hudson, 1972.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 78; Reproduced: p. 70", "url": null}, {"citation": "Hobbs, Richard. <em>Odilon Redon</em>. London: Studio Vista, 1977.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 150", "url": null}, {"citation": "Christian, John. <em>Symbolists and Decadents</em>. London: Thames and Hudson, 1977.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 14, no. 4; Reproduced: p. 15", "url": null}, {"citation": "Keay, Carolyn, ed. <em>Odilon Redon. </em>London: Academy Editions, 1977.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 19", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 224", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n244"}, {"citation": "Wilson, Michael. <em>Nature and Imagination: The Work of Odilon Redon</em>. Oxford: Phaidon, 1978.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 56, 58; Reproduced: p. 57", "url": null}, {"citation": "Zilczer, Judith. <em>\"The Noble Buyer\": John Quinn, Patron of the Avant-Garde</em>. Washington, DC: Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, 1978.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 180", "url": null}, {"citation": "Canaday, John. <em>Mainstreams of Modern Art</em>. 2nd ed. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1981.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 370; Reproduced: p. 373", "url": null}, {"citation": "Coustet, Robert. <em>L'Univers d'Odilon Redon</em>. Paris: Carnets de Dessins, 1984.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 23", "url": null}, {"citation": "Nobuo Abe. Rudon = Redon. To\u0304kyo\u0304: Shu\u0304eisha, 1986.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 34", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bacou, Roseline. <em>Odilon Redon: Pastels</em>. Trans. Beatrice Rehl. New York: George Braziller, 1987.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 18, 122, no. 41; Reproduced: p. 123", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Images of the Mind.</em> Cleveland, Ohio: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1987.", "page_number": "Reproduced: front cover", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Zelanski, Paul and Mary Pat Fisher. <em>The Art of Seeing</em>. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1988.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 90; Reproduced: p. 91", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"'La R\u00eaverie esth\u00e9tique': Symbolist Works on Paper.\" <em>Allen Memorial Art Museum Bulletin</em> 43, no. 1 (Summer 1988): 3-47.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 34, no. 40; Reproduced: p. 45", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kosinski, Dorothy M. <em>Orpheus in Nineteenth-Century Symbolism</em>. Ann Arbor, MI: UMI Research Press, 1989.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 199", "url": null}, {"citation": "Mindell, Arnold. <em>Coma: Key to Awakening</em>. Boston: Shambhala, 1989.", "page_number": "Reproduced on cover", "url": null}, {"citation": "Robinson, William H. \"Puvis De Chavannes's \"Summer\" and the Symbolist Avant-Garde.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 78, no. 1 (1991): 2-27.", "page_number": "Reproduced and Mentioned: p. 14", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25161310"}, {"citation": "Strickland, Carol and John Boswell. <em>The Annotated Mona Lisa: A Crash Course in Art History from Prehistoric to Post-Modern</em>. Kansas City: Andrews and McMeel, 1992.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 125", "url": null}, {"citation": "Wildenstein, Alec. <em>Odilon Redon, catalogue raisonn\u00e9 de l'oeuvre peint et dessin\u00e9</em>. Paris: Wildenstein Institute, 1992.", "page_number": "Mentioned: vol. II, pp. 69-70, no. 885; Reproduced: p. 70", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kapos, Martha, ed. <em>The Post-Impressionists: A Retrospective</em>. New York: Hugh Lauter Levin, 1993.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 165", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Abschied vom Traum einer Heilen Welt.\" <em>Art, </em>no. 7 (July 1994): 14-17.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 16; Reproduced: p. 17", "url": null}, {"citation": "Druick, Douglas W., et al. <em>Odilon Redon: Prince of Dreams, 1840-1916</em>.Chicago: Art Institute of Chicago, 1994.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 230; Reproduced: p. 233", "url": null}, {"citation": "Jarrass\u00e9, Dominique. <em>Odilon Redon, le r\u00eave</em>. Paris: Herscher, 1996.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 46; Reproduced: p. 47", "url": null}, {"citation": "Orizet, Jean, ed. <em>Anthologie de la po\u00e9sie fran\u00e7aise: les po\u00e8tes et les oeuvres, les mouvements et les \u00e9coles</em>. Paris: Larousse, 1998.", "page_number": "Reproduced on cover", "url": null}, {"citation": "Dempsey, Amy. <em>Styles, Schools and Movements: An Encyclopaedic Guide to Modern Art</em>. London: Thames &amp; Hudson, 2002.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 43", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bamford, Christopher. <em>An Endless Trace: The Passionate Pursuit of Wisdom in the West</em>. New Paltz, NY: Codhill Press, 2003.", "page_number": "Reproduced on cover", "url": null}, {"citation": "Janson, H.W. and Anthony Janson. <em>History of Art: The Western Tradition</em>. Rev 6th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2004.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 778", "url": null}, {"citation": "Stefano, Eva di. \"Il colore fiorisce.\" <em>Art e Dossier </em>(2005): 33-46.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 37", "url": null}, {"citation": "Sturgis, Alexander, Rupert Christiansen, Lois Oliver, and Michael Wilson. <em>Rebels and Martyrs: The Image of the Artist in the Nineteenth Century</em>. London: National Gallery, 2006.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 25", "url": null}, {"citation": "Robinson, William. \"World Tour Comes to Cleveland.\" <em>Cleveland Art :</em> <em>Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em> (October 2007): 3-5.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 5", "url": null}, {"citation": "Robinson, William, \"World Tour Comes to Cleveland\", Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Cleveland Art: The Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em>. Vol. 47 no. 08, October 2007", "page_number": "Mentioned & reproduced: p. 5", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2007-08/page/4"}, {"citation": "Prettejohn, Elizabeth, Peter Trippi, Robert Upstone, and Patty Wageman. <em>J.W. Waterhouse: The Modern Pre-Raphaelite</em>. Groningen: Groninger Museum, 2008.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 59; Reproduced: p. 61", "url": null}, {"citation": "Yamamoto, Atsuko, and Akiya Takahashi. Motto shiritai rudon: sho\u0304gai to sakuhin. To\u0304kyo\u0304: To\u0304kyo\u0304bijutsu, 2011.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 64", "url": null}, {"citation": "Chevrier, Jean-Fran\u00e7ois. <em>L'Hallucination artistique de William Blake \u00e0 Sigmar Polke</em>. Paris: L'Arachneen, 2012.", "page_number": "Reproduced.", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lemonedes, Heather. \"Themes and Variations: Works on Paper from the Museum's Collection with a Musical Motif.\" <em>Cleveland Art :</em> <em>Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em> (January/February 2015): 4-5.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 4", "url": "http://clevelandart.org/magazine/cleveland-art-2015-highlights/themes-and-variations"}, {"citation": "Illiano, Roberto, ed. <em>Music and Figurative Arts in the Twentieth Century.</em> Turnhout: Brepols, 2016.", "page_number": "Reproduced: Appendix, no.4", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Homburg, Cornelia, \"Redon's Femmes aux Fleurs: Variations on a Theme.\" In <em>Odilon Redon: Literature and Music</em>, edited by Cornelia Homburg,175-95. Exh. Cat. Otterlo: Kr\u00f6ller-M\u00fcller Museum, 2018.", "page_number": "Mentioned: 184, 207, no. 183; Reproduced: p. 184", "url": null}, {"citation": "Henning, Edward B. <em>The Spirit of Surrealism</em>. Cleveland: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1979.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 44-45, 185; Reproduced: p.44, fig. 4; colorplate II", "url": null}, {"citation": "Salsbury, Britany. \u201cCollecting Dreams: An exhibition of the museum's outstanding collection of works by Odilon Redon.\" <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine </em>61, no. 3 (Summer 2021): 12-15.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 12; Mentioned: p. 14-15", "url": "https://archive.org/details/cmamm2021-03_202304/page/n11/mode/2up"}, {"citation": "Salsbury, Britany. <em>Nineteenth-Century French Drawings: The Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Lewes, UK, Cleveland, Ohio: GILES; Cleveland Museum of Art, 2023.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 188-191, no. 40", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Lemonedes, Heather. \u201cThemes and Variations: Works on paper from the museum's collection with a musical motif.\u201d <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em> 55, no. 1 (January/February 2015): Cover, 4-5.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 4; Mentioned: p. 5", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2015-01"}], "catalogue_raisonne": "Wildenstein 885", "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1926.25", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1926.25/1926.25_web.jpg", "width": "744", "height": "900", "filesize": "235146", "filename": "1926.25_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1926.25/1926.25_print.jpg", "width": "2812", "height": "3400", "filesize": "3366933", "filename": "1926.25_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1926.25/1926.25_full.tif", "width": "11795", "height": "14260", "filesize": "504617072", "filename": "1926.25_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2013-10-15T10:48:06", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1926.25/1926.25_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "735", "height": "893", "filesize": "125139"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1926.25/1926.25_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "1536", "height": "1872", "filesize": "2498462"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1926.25/1926.25_alt0_full.tif", "width": "1536", "height": "1872", "filesize": "8629356"}}], "creditline": "Gift from J. H. Wade", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 108544, "creators": [{"id": 1748, "description": "Odilon Redon (French, 1840\u20131916)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": "A leader of the symbolist movement in France, Odilon Redon was born in Bordeaux in 1840 and grew up in the surrounding region. During his early years he studied drawing, architecture, and the violin. A friendship with Armand Clavaud, a local botanist and philosopher, stimulated Redon's passion for romantic art and literature. In 1864, after a brief and discouraging period of instruction with G\u00e9r\u00f4me in Paris, Redon returned to Bordeaux, where he studied printmaking with Rodolphe Bresdin (1825-1885). Deploring the emphasis on rational, phenomenal experience in academic and naturalist art, Redon turned for inspiration to the imaginative paintings of Delacroix, the prints of Francisco Jos\u00e9 de Goya (1746-1828), and the poetry of Charles Baudelaire. In 1870, after military service in the Franco-Prussian War, Redon settled in Paris and produced his first <em>Noirs</em>. These visionary images, featuring floating eyes and severed heads born aloft on wings, reflect Redon's belief in the superiority of the imagination and fantasy, which he considered \"the messenger of the unconscious.\" After producing his initial <em>Noirs </em>in charcoal, Redon discovered a method of transferring his drawings to lithography in 1876. Throughout the 1880s he continued to use charcoal, etching, and lithography as his primary media, and he produced twelve lithography albums before abandoning the genre in the late 1890s. During the 1880s Redon emerged as a leader of the symbolist reaction against impressionism. The publication in 1879 of his first lithographic album, <em>Dans le r\u00eave</em>, followed by his first solo exhibition in 1881, attracted the admiration of J. K. Huysmans, who included illustrations by Redon in his novel <em>\u00c0 rebours</em> (1884). Around the same time, Redon developed a personal and artistic relationship with poet St\u00e9phane Mallarm\u00e9. Increasingly drawn into the public arena, Redon helped organize the Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 des Artistes Ind\u00e9pendants in 1884. In 1886 he participated in the last impressionist exhibition and began showing with Les XX in Brussels. Redon's antinaturalist, visionary, art inspired many symbolist and Nabi artists, including Gauguin and Vuillard. Maurice Denis praised Redon as \"our Mallarm\u00e9,\" and in 1892 critic Albert Aurier described Redon as a leader of the new \"idealistic\" tendency in art. After 1890 the focus of Redon's activity shifted from monochromatic drawings and prints toward exploring color in richly worked pastels. His innovations in luminous color, as seen in the pastel and oil paintings he exhibited at the Galeries Durand-Ruel in 1900 were greatly admired by Henri Matisse (1869-1954) and the Fauves. Awarded the Legion of Honor in 1903, Redon continued his leadership role in the avant-garde and in 1904 became a founding member of the Salon d'Automne. In 1913 forty of his works were selected for exhibition in the Armory Show, the most by any artist. Redon died at his home in Paris in the summer of 1916.", "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1840", "death_year": "1916", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1926-02-18T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1898, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 1903\u201310", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": true, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:07:29.113000"}, {"id": 137194, "accession_number": "1962.150", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Dish with King Hormizd II or Hormizd III Hunting Lions, 400\u2013600 CE. Iran, Sasanian Empire (224\u2013651 CE). Silver gilt; overall: 4.6 x 20.8 cm (1 13/16 x 8 3/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, John L. Severance Fund, 1962.150", "current_location": "116 Islamic", "title": "Dish with King Hormizd II or Hormizd III Hunting Lions", "creation_date": "400\u2013600 CE", "creation_date_earliest": 400, "creation_date_latest": 600, "artists_tags": [], "culture": ["Iran, Sasanian Empire (224\u2013651 CE)"], "technique": "silver gilt", "support_materials": [], "department": "Egyptian and Ancient Near Eastern Art", "collection": "Near Eastern Art", "type": "Metalwork", "measurements": "Overall: 4.6 x 20.8 cm (1 13/16 x 8 3/16 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"height": 0.046, "width": 0.208}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "On reverse, inside foot, an inscription in Pahlavi reads according to Dr. Frye, Harvard University:  \"Gozac, one pound (fifty) one drachms.\"", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 302276, "title": "Year in Review - 1962", "description": "<i>Year in Review - 1962</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 24-November 25, 1962).", "opening_date": "1962-10-24T04:00:00"}, {"id": 303499, "title": "The Royal Hunter: Art of the Sasanian Empire", "description": "<i>The Royal Hunter: Art of the Sasanian Empire</i>. Asia House Galleries (organizer) (January 12-March 11, 1978); The Dallas Museum of Art, Dallas, TX (April 10-May 21, 1978); The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (July 7-August 13, 1978).", "opening_date": "1978-01-12T05:00:00"}, {"id": 309887, "title": "The Twain Shall Meet", "description": "<i>The Twain Shall Meet</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 30, 1985-January 5, 1986).", "opening_date": "1985-10-30T05:00:00"}, {"id": 311637, "title": "All That Glitters: Great Silver Vessels in Cleveland's Collection", "description": "<i>All That Glitters: Great Silver Vessels in Cleveland's Collection</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (November 23, 1994-January 8, 1995).", "opening_date": "1994-11-23T05:00:00"}, {"id": 228427, "title": "Les Perses Sassanides ou les Fastes d'un empire oubli\u00e9", "description": "<i>Les Perses Sassanides ou les Fastes d'un empire oubli\u00e9</i>. Musee Cernuschi, Paris, France (organizer) (September 14-December 31, 2006).", "opening_date": "2006-09-14T00:00:00"}, {"id": 396857, "title": "Art of the Islamic World (Islamic art rotation)", "description": "<i>Art of the Islamic World (Islamic art rotation)</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art (organizer) (May 21, 2021-May 31, 2022).", "opening_date": "2021-05-21T04:00:00"}, {"id": 360330, "title": "Persia: Ancient Iran and the Classical World", "description": "<i>Persia: Ancient Iran and the Classical World</i>. Getty Villa, Pacific Palisades, CA (April 6-August 8, 2022) https://www.getty.edu/art/exhibitions/persia/index.html.", "opening_date": "2022-04-06T04:00:00"}], "legacy": []}, "provenance": [{"description": "(Mrs. Elsa Rabenou [1910\u20132000], New York, NY, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "?\u20131962", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1962\u2013", "sortorder": 2}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Hormizd II's crown is distinct with its eagle form and topped with the traditional <em>korymbos</em>,<em> </em>a fine, bejeweled fabric that encases the top hair in a globelike fashion.", "description": "Lion hunting was a traditional royal sport in ancient Near Eastern cultures and was frequently incorporated into artwork, such as Assyrian (about 912\u2013612 BCE) palace reliefs. Thematically, depictions of the hunt in royal artwork bridge the pre- and post-Islamic worlds. This dish features the Sasanian ruler Hormizd II (reigned 303\u2013309 CE), identifiable by his distinctive crown. The style of the king\u2019s and horse\u2019s equipment suggest that this dish was made long after he died, perhaps as a commemorative work by a much later successor, Hormizd III (reigned 457\u2013459 CE).", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60753828"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1962.150-dish-with-king-hormi"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Harper, Prudence O. and Pieter Meyers. <em>Silver Vessels of the Sasanian Period, Volume One: Royal Imagery</em>. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art (1981). pp. 171 and 215, pl. 14.", "page_number": "", "url": "https://archive.org/details/SilverVesselsoftheSasanianPeriodVol1RoyalImagery/page/n3/mode/2up"}, {"citation": "Shepherd, Dorothy G. \"Sasanian Art in Cleveland.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 51, no. 4 (1964): 66-92.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 73-79; Reproduced: P.  74", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25151993"}, {"citation": "Harper, Prudence Oliver. \u201cThe Heavenly Twins.\u201d <em>The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin</em>, vol. 23, no. 5, 1965, pp. 186\u201395.", "page_number": "", "url": "https://doi.org/10.2307/3258131"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 14", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n38"}, {"citation": "Lukonin, V. G., and James Hogarth. <em>Persia II.</em> Cleveland: World Publishing Company, 1967.", "page_number": "Plate 151", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Fukai, Shinji. <em>Study of Iranian Art and Archaeology; Glassware and Metalwork. </em>Tokyo: Yoshikawa Kobunkan, 1968.", "page_number": "Pl. 41, Pl. 120", "url": ""}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 14", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n36"}, {"citation": "Hanaway, William L. \u201cThe Concept of the Hunt in Persian Literature.\u201d <em>Boston Museum Bulletin</em>, vol. 69, no. 355/356, 1971, pp. 21\u201369.", "page_number": "p. 62, fig. 38.", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/4171549"}, {"citation": "Gibbons, D.F., K.C. Ruhl and L.S. Staikoff, \"Analysis of Sasanian Silver Objects: A Comparison of Techniques\" <em>Archaeological Chemistry</em>. June 1, 1974 , 11-21.", "page_number": "", "url": "https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ba-1974-0138.ch002"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 7", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n27"}, {"citation": "Harper, Prudence Oliver. <em>The Royal Hunter: Art of the Sasanian Empire</em>. New York: Asia Society, 1978.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 38, 39; reproduced: pl. 6, p.39", "url": null}, {"citation": "Gibbons, Donald F. et al. \u201cTechniques of Silversmithing in the Hormizd II Plate.\u201d <em>Ars Orientalis</em>, vol. 11, 1979, pp. 163\u201376.", "page_number": "", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/4629301"}, {"citation": "Neils, Jenifer. \u201cThe Twain Shall Meet.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>, vol. 72, no. 6, 1985, pp. 326\u2013359.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 338, fig. 22", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25159914"}, {"citation": "Fliegel, Stephen N.<em> Arms and Armor: The Cleveland Museum of Art. </em>[Cleveland, Ohio]: The Museum, 1998.", "page_number": "p. 28", "url": null}, {"citation": "Drayman Weisser, Terry. <em>Gilded Metals: History, Technology and Conservation.</em> London, England: Archetype Publications in association with the American Institute of Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works, 2000.", "page_number": "p. 179, fig. 10.11", "url": null}, {"citation": "May, Sally Ruth, Jane Takac, and Barbara J. Bradley. <em>Knockouts: A Pocket Guide. </em>Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 2001.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 116", "url": null}, {"citation": "Demange, F. <em>Les Perses sassanides: fastes d'un empire oublie\u0301, 224-642: Muse\u0301e Cernuschi, Muse\u0301e des arts de l'Asie de la ville de Paris, 15 septembre-30 de\u0301cembre 2006</em>. Paris: Paris muse\u0301es, 2006.", "page_number": "cat. no. 29, p. 89", "url": null}, {"citation": "Fliegel, Stephen N. <em>Arms &amp; Armor: The Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> [Cleveland, Ohio]: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2007.", "page_number": "p. 38", "url": null}, {"citation": "Demange, F. <em>Glass, Gilding, &amp; Grand Design: Art of Sasanian Iran (224-642).</em> New York: Asia Society, 2007.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 25, fig. 12", "url": null}, {"citation": "Spier, Jeffrey, Timothy F. Potts, and Sara E. Cole. <em>Persia: Ancient Iran and the Classical World.</em> Los Angeles : J. Paul Getty Museum, 2022.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 320-321; reproduced: p. 273 and 320, fig 171", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Hanson, Robin and Holly Witchey. \"Dorothy Shepherd and the Cleveland Museum of Art's Ancient Near Eastern and Islamic Art Collection.\" <em>Collections: A Journal for Museum and Archives Professionals</em> 20, n. 3 (September 2024): 461-473.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 469 (fig. 7)", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1962.150", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1962.150/1962.150_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "751", "filesize": "268544", "filename": "1962.150_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1962.150/1962.150_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2837", "filesize": "2575504", "filename": "1962.150_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1962.150/1962.150_full.tif", "width": "12472", "height": "10406", "filesize": "389380640", "filename": "1962.150_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2009-12-01T16:45:22", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1962.150/1962.150_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "976", "height": "893", "filesize": "651146"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1962.150/1962.150_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "3110", "filesize": "7706382"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1962.150/1962.150_alt0_full.tif", "width": "5162", "height": "4722", "filesize": "73161952"}}, {"annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1962.150/1962.150_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "1116", "height": "893", "filesize": "774978"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1962.150/1962.150_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "1920", "height": "1536", "filesize": "2386996"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1962.150/1962.150_alt1_full.tif", "width": "1920", "height": "1536", "filesize": "8850612"}}, {"date_created": "2009-12-01T18:16:56", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1962.150/1962.150_alt2_web.jpg", "width": "993", "height": "893", "filesize": "513188"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1962.150/1962.150_alt2_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "3059", "filesize": "6225225"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1962.150/1962.150_alt2_full.tif", "width": "5041", "height": "4536", "filesize": "68632484"}}, {"date_created": "2022-09-20T21:23:54", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1962.150/1962.150_alt3_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "434", "filesize": "132912"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1962.150/1962.150_alt3_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "1640", "filesize": "735534"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1962.150/1962.150_alt3_full.tif", "width": "13879", "height": "6694", "filesize": "278744780"}}, {"date_created": "2022-09-20T21:05:37", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1962.150/1962.150_alt4_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "749", "filesize": "187883"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1962.150/1962.150_alt4_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2831", "filesize": "1745428"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1962.150/1962.150_alt4_full.tif", "width": "12472", "height": "10386", "filesize": "388630556"}}], "creditline": "John L. Severance Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": "57ba611b823b4f9691262876d3ebb9a3", "sketchfab_url": "https://sketchfab.com/models/57ba611b823b4f9691262876d3ebb9a3", "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 137194, "creators": [], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1962-06-02T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 400, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "400\u2013600 CE", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Dish:  King Hormizd II or Hormizd III Hunting Lions"], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-04-17 19:31:15.461000"}, {"id": 149108, "accession_number": "1977.37.4", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Scenes of Witchcraft: Night, c. 1645\u20131649. Salvator Rosa (Italian, 1615\u20131673). Oil on canvas; framed: 76.2 x 9.6 cm (30 x 3 3/4 in.); unframed: 54.5 cm (21 7/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Purchase from the J. H. Wade Fund, 1977.37.4", "current_location": "217 Italian Baroque", "title": "Scenes of Witchcraft: Night", "creation_date": "c. 1645\u20131649", "creation_date_earliest": 1640, "creation_date_latest": 1654, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["Italy, 17th century"], "technique": "oil on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "P - Italian 16th & 17th Century", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 76.2 x 9.6 cm (30 x 3 3/4 in.); Unframed: 54.5 cm (21 7/16 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"width": 0.762, "depth": 0.096}, "unframed": {"width": 0.545}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "Signed: \"SR [monogram]\"", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 220717, "title": "The Night", "description": "<i>The Night</i>. Haus der Kunst, Munich (organizer) (November 1, 1998-February 17, 1999).", "opening_date": "1998-11-01T00:00:00"}, {"id": 213572, "title": "Salvator Rosa (1615-1673): Bandits, Wilderness, and Magic", "description": "<i>Salvator Rosa (1615-1673): Bandits, Wilderness, and Magic</i>. Kimbell Art Museum, Fort Worth, TX (organizer) (December 12, 2010-March 27, 2011).", "opening_date": "2010-12-12T00:00:00"}, {"id": 205152, "title": "The Novel and the Bizarre: Salvator Rosa\u2019s Scenes of Witchcraft", "description": "<i>The Novel and the Bizarre: Salvator Rosa\u2019s Scenes of Witchcraft</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (February 15-June 14, 2015).", "opening_date": "2015-02-15T00:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "CMA, January 1978: Year in Review, cat. no. 42. The Night, Haus der Kunst, Munich, November 1, 1998- February 7, 1999.", "opening_date": "1998-11-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Kimbell Art Museum (12/12/2010 - 3/27/2011):  \"Salvator Rosa (1615-1673): Bandits, Wilderness, and Magic\", ex. cat. no. 21d, p. 170-173.", "opening_date": "2010-12-12T00:00:00"}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art (2/15/2015 - 6/14/2015); \"The Novel and the Bizarre: Salvator Rosa's Scenes of Witchcraft\"", "opening_date": "2015-02-15T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Family of the Marchese Giovanni Niccolini, Florence; [Heim Gallery, London].  Purchase from the J. H. Wade Fund, 1977.", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": null}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": ["1977.37"], "did_you_know": "The artist chose the painting's shape to reference the foundational role of the circle in practicing magic.", "description": "In the pitch black of night, two groups of men are gathered in a forest. To the left, travelers apprehensively pause to watch a magician conjure terrifying apparitions. Since the Middle Ages, necromancy, the act of communing with the dead, was associated with male sorcerers. In Rosa's painting, the wizened necromancer who stands tall and resolute directly below a classical column is reminiscent of Moses, a predecessor to Renaissance depictions of sorcerers. Rosa's learned magicians not only invoke associations with philosophers and intellects, but they would have also referred to the artist himself and the intellectual elite with whom he associated in Florence. Just as a powerful magician could conjure strange creatures with his wand, so too could Rosa shape a strange world with his originality, intelligence, and the skillful use of paint and brush.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60473377"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1977.37.4-scenes-of-witchcraft"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Langdon, Helen. Salvator Rosa Paint and Performance. London: Reaktion Books, Limited, 2022. .", "page_number": "Chapter 2", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Fabbri, Sara. \u201c<em>Quattro Tondi con Incantesimi </em>di Salvator Rosa nella collezione del marchese Filippo Niccolini.\u201d <em>Notizie da Palazzo Albani</em> XXXVIII (2009): 81-104.", "page_number": "", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Catalogue of Paintings. Pt. 3. European Paintings of the 16th, 17th, and 18th Centuries. </em>Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1974.", "page_number": "Reproduced: cat. 176D, p. 398 - 403", "url": ""}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. 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Bouguereau 1879\r\n\r\n", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 444774, "title": "William-Adolphe Bouguereau", "description": "<i>William-Adolphe Bouguereau</i>. The New York Cultural Center, New York, NY (organizer) (December 13, 1974-January 26, 1975).", "opening_date": "1974-12-13T05:00:00"}, {"id": 311444, "title": "Object Lessons: Cleveland Creates an Art Museum", "description": "<i>Object Lessons: Cleveland Creates an Art Museum</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 7-September 8, 1991).", "opening_date": "1991-06-07T04:00:00"}, {"id": 307305, "title": "Bouguereau & America", "description": "<i>Bouguereau & America</i>. Milwaukee Art Museum, Milwaukee, WI (February 14-May 12, 2019); Memphis Brooks Museum of Art, Memphis, TN (organizer) (June 22-September 22, 2019).", "opening_date": "2019-02-14T05:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "New York Cultural Center. William-Adolphe Bouguereau (1975), no. 15, pl. 15.", "opening_date": "1975-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Gifu (Japan), Museum of Fine Arts; Kamakura, Museum of Modern Art. Paris autour de 1882 (1982-83), no. 13, pl. 13.", "opening_date": "1982-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Paris, Mus\u00e9e du Petit Palais; Montreal Museum of Fine Arts; Hartford, Wadsworth Atheneum. William Bouguereau 1825-1905 (1984-85), 64, 108, no. 90 (repr.).", "opening_date": "1905-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Norfolk, Chrysler Museum; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts; Memphis Brooks Museum of Art. Paris 1889: American Artists at the Universal Exposition (1989-90), 237-38 (repr.).", "opening_date": "1989-01-01T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": ["432.1915"], "did_you_know": null, "description": "One of the most celebrated academic painters of his time, Bouguereau underscores the moral virtues of the Italian peasants in this painting by depicting the dome of St. Peter's in the distance. The idealized figures and their triangular grouping recall the Holy Family paintings by Renaissance master Raphael 400 years earlier. The painting was purchased directly from the artist by Cleveland banker and philanthropist Hinman B. Hurlbut in July 1879.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117230251", "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36495969"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1915.722-rest"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "\u201cExhibitions.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 3, no. 4 (October 1916): 1\u20133.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 3", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25136053"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 170", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n194"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.<br>Published as: <em>Mother and Children.</em>", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 212", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n232"}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Cleveland Art: The Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em>. Vol. 36 no. 05, May 1996", "page_number": "Mentioned & reproduced: p. 8", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM1996-05/page/n7"}, {"citation": "Argencourt, Louise d', and Roger Diederen. <em>Catalogue of Paintings</em>. <em>Pt. 4. European Paintings of the 19th Century</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1974.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 80-82, Vol. I, no. 31", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Ross, Frederick C., and Kara Lysandra Ross. <em>William Bouguereau: The Essential Works</em>. Woodbridge, Suffolk, England: ACC Art Books, 2018.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 8, 201; Mentioned: p. 34, 171, 176", "url": null}, {"citation": "Paul, Tanya and Stanton Thomas, eds. <em>Bouguereau &amp; America.</em> Milwaukee, WI: Milwaukee Art Museum; Memphis, TN: Memphis Brooks Museum of Art ; New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2019.", "page_number": "Reproduced p. 2, p. 127, cat. 22; Mentioned: pp.37,43, 126", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Motherhood across Time</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2021.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 5", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Rikhof, Maaike. 2022. \u201cFortunata, an Italienne c\u00e9l\u00e8bre: Identifying the Model in Th\u00e9r\u00e8se Schwartze\u2019s Young Italian Woman With Puck the Dog\u201d. <em>The Rijksmuseum Bulletin</em> 70 (3):244-57.", "page_number": "p. 252", "url": "https://doi.org/10.52476/trb.12832"}, {"citation": "<em>Dessin Anciens &amp; Du XIXe Si\u00e8cle</em>. Paris: Artcurial, 2025, 107.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 107", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1915.722", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1915.722/1915.722_web.jpg", "width": "640", "height": "900", "filesize": "183452", "filename": "1915.722_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1915.722/1915.722_print.jpg", "width": "2416", "height": "3400", "filesize": "1688319", "filename": "1915.722_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1915.722/1915.722_full.tif", "width": "4452", "height": "6266", "filesize": "83719020", "filename": "1915.722_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1915.722/1915.722_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "630", "height": "893", "filesize": "393605"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1915.722/1915.722_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "1084", "height": "1536", "filesize": "1131847"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1915.722/1915.722_alt0_full.tif", "width": "1084", "height": "1536", "filesize": "4997012"}}, {"date_created": "2009-10-05T18:28:20", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1915.722/1915.722_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "668", "height": "893", "filesize": "428442"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1915.722/1915.722_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "2545", "height": "3400", "filesize": "5342740"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1915.722/1915.722_alt1_full.tif", "width": "4992", "height": "6668", "filesize": "99894236"}}, {"date_created": "2009-10-05T18:36:12", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1915.722/1915.722_alt2_web.jpg", "width": "668", "height": "893", "filesize": "385203"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1915.722/1915.722_alt2_print.jpg", "width": "2545", "height": "3400", "filesize": "5685688"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1915.722/1915.722_alt2_full.tif", "width": "4992", "height": "6668", "filesize": "99893484"}}, {"date_created": "2009-10-05T18:41:45", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1915.722/1915.722_alt3_web.jpg", "width": "640", "height": "893", "filesize": "432554"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1915.722/1915.722_alt3_print.jpg", "width": "2438", "height": "3400", "filesize": "6962774"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1915.722/1915.722_alt3_full.tif", "width": "4625", "height": "6450", "filesize": "89526428"}}], "creditline": "Hinman B. Hurlbut Collection", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Norma and Alfred Lerner Gallery", "athena_id": 173641, "creators": [{"id": 1571, "description": "William Adolphe Bouguereau (French, 1825\u20131905)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": "William Adolphe Bouguereau started drawing at an early age but did not take lessons until 1834, his first year in college in Pons, where his instructor was Louis Sage, who had been a pupil of Ingres (q.v.). In 1841 Bouguereau's father, a wine merchant, moved the family to Bordeaux. The following year he was allowed to attend the \u00c9cole Municipale de Dessin et de Peinture, where he studied under Jean-Paul Alaux. Bouguereau became a bookkeeper for another wine merchant in order to meet the cost of the school. By 1844 he had won the first prize for figure painting, which further encouraged him to pursue his art career. He lived with his uncle in Mortagne from 1845 until 1846, painted portraits of the local landowners, and saved enough money to move to Paris. In 1846 he entered the \u00c9cole des Beaux-Arts and studied under Fran\u00e7ois-\u00c9douard Picot (1786-1868). After several attempts, he finally won the Premier Grand Prix de Rome in 1850. He lived at the Villa Medici in Rome and studied Raphael, Andrea del Sarto, Giotto's Paduan frescos, and those at San Francesco in Assisi. The impact of these works appeared in Bouguereau's oeuvre in the form of classical poses, restraint, and a high degree of finish. After his return to France, Bouguereau exhibited regularly at the Salon, concentrating on classical, genre, and religious themes. In 1858 he was commissioned to decorate his first public building-the Chapel of St. Louis in St. Clotilde Church in Paris. Other public commissions followed, including the chapels of St. Pierre-Paul and St. Jean-Baptiste at St. Augustin Church in Paris, the cupola decorations in the cathedral in La Rochelle, and the ceiling of the Grand Theater of Bordeaux. Bouguereau remained in France during the Franco-Prussian War (1870-71), fighting in the National Guard. Afterward he taught at the Acad\u00e9mie Julian in Paris. In 1876 he fulfilled a lifelong goal, being elected to the Acad\u00e9mie des Beaux-Arts de l'Institut de France. He received the Legion of Honor in 1878 and was a professor at the \u00c9cole des Beaux-Arts in Paris in 1888. Bouguereau's support of the academy and his interest in classicism caused a fall in his popularity at the end of his life. Nevertheless, he died a successful, wealthy artist.", "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1825", "death_year": "1905", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1915-10-29T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1879, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1879", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Mother and Children"], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:06:07.152000"}, {"id": 97165, "accession_number": "1916.801", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Panel from a Cassone: The Race of the Palio in the Streets of Florence, 1418. Giovanni Francesco Toscani (Italian, c. 1380\u20131430). Tempera and gold on wood; framed: 46.5 x 143.5 x 7 cm (18 5/16 x 56 1/2 x 2 3/4 in.); unframed: 42.1 x 139.5 cm (16 9/16 x 54 15/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Holden Collection, 1916.801", "current_location": "117A Italian Renaissance", "title": "Panel from a Cassone: The Race of the Palio in the Streets of Florence", "creation_date": "1418", "creation_date_earliest": 1418, "creation_date_latest": 1418, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["Italy, Florence, 15th century"], "technique": "tempera and gold on wood", "support_materials": [], "department": "Medieval Art", "collection": "MED - Medieval Art", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 46.5 x 143.5 x 7 cm (18 5/16 x 56 1/2 x 2 3/4 in.); Unframed: 42.1 x 139.5 cm (16 9/16 x 54 15/16 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 0.465, "width": 1.435, "depth": 0.07}, "unframed": {"height": 0.421, "width": 1.395}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 317001, "title": "Inaugural Exhibition", "description": "<i>Inaugural Exhibition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (co-organizer) (June 6-September 20, 1916).", "opening_date": "1916-06-06T05:00:00"}, {"id": 312517, "title": "The Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition", "description": "<i>The Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 26-October 4, 1936).", "opening_date": "1936-06-26T04:00:00"}, {"id": 708844, "title": "Exhibition of Lorenzo Il Magnifico E Le Arti", "description": "<i>Exhibition of Lorenzo Il Magnifico E Le Arti</i>. Fondazione Palazzo Strozzi, Firenze, Italy (organizer) (May 4-October 31, 1949).", "opening_date": "1949-05-04T04:00:00"}, {"id": 300857, "title": "Art: The International Language", "description": "<i>Art: The International Language</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art (October 2-November 4, 1956).", "opening_date": "1956-10-02T04:00:00"}, {"id": 304213, "title": "Gothic Art 1360-1440", "description": "<i>Gothic Art 1360-1440</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (August 6-September 15, 1963).", "opening_date": "1963-08-06T04:00:00"}, {"id": 301412, "title": "Florence and the Arts: Five Centuries of Patronage", "description": "<i>Florence and the Arts: Five Centuries of Patronage</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (July 13-September 19, 1971).", "opening_date": "1971-07-13T04:00:00"}, {"id": 309851, "title": "Textiles in Daily Life in the Middle Ages", "description": "<i>Textiles in Daily Life in the Middle Ages</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (January 22-March 17, 1985).", "opening_date": "1985-01-22T05:00:00"}], "legacy": []}, "provenance": [{"description": "Marchese Bartolini-Salimbeni (1741); Pitti coll., Florence (1798); James Jackson Jarves (1884); Mrs. Liberty E. Holden", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": null}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": null, "description": "A cassone was a wooden chest used for the storage of clothing, an essential piece of furniture in Italian homes during the Renaissance and often produced in matched sets. The cassone was often made on the occasion of a marriage and elaborately decorated with painted scenes and gilded moldings. This panel comes from such a painted cassone. It was not uncommon for the painted decoration to represent a memorable event at the time of the marriage. This scene depicts the end of the Palio, a horse race held in the streets of Florence on the Feast of John the Baptist (June 24). The panel from the other side of the cassone is now preserved in the Bargello Museum in Florence and shows the procession of the Palii banners before the race. The cassone commemorates a wedding between members of the Fini and Aldobrandini families in 1418.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60502690"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1916.801-panel-from-a-cassone"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Rubinstein-Bloch, Stella. <em>Catalogue of a Collection of Paintings, Etc. Presented by Mrs. Liberty E. Holden to the Cleveland Museum of Art. </em>Cleveland: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1917.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 22-23, cat. no. 17; Reproduced: p. 56, No. 17", "url": "https://archive.org/details/Holden_80856/page/n32"}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, Louise d' Argencourt, and Roger Diederen. Catalogue of Paintings. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1974.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Catalogue of Paintings. Pt. 1. European Paintings before 1500. </em>Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1974.", "page_number": "Reproduced: fig. 45, p. 127 - 129", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Martin Nagy, Rebecca. Textiles in Daily Life in the Middle Ages. Cleveland, Ohio: Cleveland Museum of Art in cooperation with Indiana University Press, 1985.", "page_number": "p. 47, 59", "url": null}, {"citation": "Boskovits, Miklo\u0301s, ed. <em>Italian Paintings from the 13th to 15th Century.</em> Firenze, Italy: Polistampa, 2009.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 135-136, no. 3", "url": null}, {"citation": "Starnina, Gherardo, Roland Krischke, and Benjamin Rux. Gherardo Starnina: Cassone-Tafel mit dem Kampf orientalischer Reiter : Restaurierung und Forschung. Altenburg : Lindenau-Museum, 2017.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: pp. 30-31, fig. 3", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Jaser, Christian. \"Beyond Siena: The Palio Culture of Renaisance Italy.\" Ludica: annali di storia e civilta\u0300 del gioco. 23, (2017): 24-34.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 27, fig. 2", "url": null}, {"citation": "Dobson, Chris. <em>Beaten Black and Blue: The Myth of the Medieval Knight in Shining Armour</em>. Sant'Albano Stura, Italy: Chris Dobson, 2023.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 71, fig. 72", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Stinson, John. <em>Angels in Florentine Iconography and Trecento Musical Performance. </em>Baden-Baden: Georg Olms Verlag, 2024.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 132-134, fig. IV.3", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Leonardo, and Clos-Luce\u0301 (Amboise, France). <em>Leonardo Da Vinci and Perfumes in the Renaissance</em>. Edited by Nathalie Prat-Couadau. Paris: E\u0301ditions Skira Paris : Cha\u0302teau du Clos Luce\u0301, 2024.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: pp. 113-115, fig. 2", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1916.801", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1916.801/1916.801_web.jpg", "width": "1263", "height": "378", "filesize": "422980", "filename": "1916.801_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1916.801/1916.801_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "1018", "filesize": "2957068", "filename": "1916.801_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1916.801/1916.801_full.tif", "width": "9922", "height": "2971", "filesize": "88466080", "filename": "1916.801_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2007-06-11T17:45:11", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1916.801/1916.801_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "1116", "height": "893", "filesize": "799952"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1916.801/1916.801_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2720", "filesize": "5666280"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1916.801/1916.801_alt0_full.tif", "width": "", "height": "", "filesize": ""}}], "creditline": "Holden Collection", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 97165, "creators": [{"id": 2344, "description": "Giovanni Francesco Toscani (Italian, c. 1380\u20131430)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1380", "death_year": "1430", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1918-12-31T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1418, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1418", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:07:41.320000"}, {"id": 117824, "accession_number": "1938.431", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Plaque, c. 500\u2013200 BCE. Peru, North Coast, Chongoyape(?), Chav\u00edn style (900-200 BCE). Hammered and cut gold; overall: 12.5 x 13.8 cm (4 15/16 x 5 7/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Dudley P. Allen Fund, 1938.431", "current_location": "232 Andean", "title": "Plaque", "creation_date": "c. 500\u2013200 BCE", "creation_date_earliest": -500, "creation_date_latest": -200, "artists_tags": [], "culture": ["Peru, North Coast, Chongoyape(?), Chav\u00edn style (900-200 BCE)"], "technique": "hammered and cut gold", "support_materials": [], "department": "Art of the Americas", "collection": "AA - Andes", "type": "Jewelry", "measurements": "Overall: 12.5 x 13.8 cm (4 15/16 x 5 7/16 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"height": 0.125, "width": 0.138}, "thickness": {}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 312180, "title": "Art of the Americas", "description": "<i>Art of the Americas</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (March 19-April 11, 1943).", "opening_date": "1943-03-19T04:00:00"}, {"id": 312131, "title": "Art of the Americas", "description": "<i>Art of the Americas</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (November 9, 1945-January 6, 1946).", "opening_date": "1945-11-09T05:00:00"}, {"id": 361354, "title": "25 Centuries of Peruvian Art", "description": "<i>25 Centuries of Peruvian Art</i>. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Boston, MA (co-organizer) (October 3-November 3, 1961).", "opening_date": "1961-10-03T04:00:00"}, {"id": 300804, "title": "Treasures of Peruvian Gold", "description": "<i>Treasures of Peruvian Gold</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (February 23-April 3, 1966).", "opening_date": "1966-02-23T05:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>The Ancient Art of the North American Continent</em>, Toledo Museum of Art, Toledo, OH (January, 1944).", "opening_date": "1944-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Ancient Art of the Andes</em>, The Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY (January 26 - March 26,1954).", "opening_date": "1954-01-26T05:00:00Z"}, {"description": "<em>Twenty-five Centuries of Peruvian Art, 700B.C. - 1800 A.D.</em>, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA (October 4 - November 5, 1961).", "opening_date": "1961-10-04T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Treasures of Peruvian Gold</em>, The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (February 23 - April 3,1966).", "opening_date": "1966-02-23T05:00:00Z"}, {"description": "<em>Gold! The Eternal Quest for Riches</em>, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, CA (1987).", "opening_date": "1987-01-01T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Baron Walram von Schoeler, New York, NY, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "?-1938", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1938-", "sortorder": 2}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Hammered gold ornaments have been produced in the Andes since 1500 BCE.", "description": "These plaques showing a powerful Chav\u00edn deity may come from a group of gold objects found in a lavish tomb in the 1920s. One is shaped as the deity\u2019s fanged head, its fur transformed into sixteen serpents that edge the plaque. On the other, the deity\u2019s visually elusive body also appears: the clawed hands over the chest may clutch a horizontal staff, an emblem of authority; across the waist is a belt that sprouts serpents; and beneath are the legs and feet, which stand atop fanged masks.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60756989"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1938.431-plaque"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Milliken, William. \"Two Chavin Vessels.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art </em>42, no. 9 (November 1955): 203-205.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 204", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25142074"}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1938.431", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1938.431/1938.431_web.jpg", "width": "1019", "height": "893", "filesize": "543857", "filename": "1938.431_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1938.431/1938.431_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2979", "filesize": "7260856", "filename": "1938.431_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1938.431/1938.431_full.tif", "width": "4861", "height": "4260", "filesize": "62165004", "filename": "1938.431_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1938.431/1938.431_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "1059", "height": "893", "filesize": "686176"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1938.431/1938.431_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "1822", "height": "1536", "filesize": "2083504"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1938.431/1938.431_alt0_full.tif", "width": "1822", "height": "1536", "filesize": "8399028"}}, {"date_created": "2011-04-07T15:15:30", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1938.431/1938.431_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "1009", "height": "893", "filesize": "565119"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1938.431/1938.431_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "3008", "filesize": "7354577"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1938.431/1938.431_alt1_full.tif", "width": "4783", "height": "4232", "filesize": "60771828"}}], "creditline": "Dudley P. Allen Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": "26dee141e6024655b6cee75414203a1d", "sketchfab_url": "https://sketchfab.com/models/26dee141e6024655b6cee75414203a1d", "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 117824, "creators": [], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1938-12-19T00:00:00", "sortable_date": -500, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 500\u2013200 BCE", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": true, "updated_at": "2026-04-17 19:32:46.228000"}, {"id": 145960, "accession_number": "1971.166", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Terminus, the Device of Erasmus, c. 1532. Hans Holbein the Younger (German, active England and Switzerland, 1497/98\u20131543). Oil on wood; framed: 32.4 x 32.4 x 4.5 cm (12 3/4 x 12 3/4 x 1 3/4 in.); unframed: 21.6 x 21.6 cm (8 1/2 x 8 1/2 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Gift of Dr. and Mrs. Sherman E. Lee in memory of Milton S. Fox, 1971.166", "current_location": "114 Late Northern Renaissance", "title": "Terminus, the Device of Erasmus", "creation_date": "c. 1532", "creation_date_earliest": 1527, "creation_date_latest": 1537, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["Germany"], "technique": "oil on wood", "support_materials": [], "department": "European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "P - German before 1800", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 32.4 x 32.4 x 4.5 cm (12 3/4 x 12 3/4 x 1 3/4 in.); Unframed: 21.6 x 21.6 cm (8 1/2 x 8 1/2 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 0.324, "width": 0.324, "depth": 0.045}, "unframed": {"height": 0.216, "width": 0.216}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "Inscribed in the middle: \"CONCEDO NVLLI. [lower right: TERMI / NVS\"", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 301427, "title": "Year in Review: 1971", "description": "<i>Year in Review: 1971</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (December 28, 1971-February 6, 1972).", "opening_date": "1971-12-28T05:00:00"}, {"id": 309658, "title": "Portraiture: The Image of the Individual", "description": "<i>Portraiture: The Image of the Individual</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (November 22, 1983-January 22, 1984).", "opening_date": "1983-11-22T05:00:00"}, {"id": 227523, "title": "Erasmus in Spain:  Humanism in Spanish early Renaissance", "description": "<i>Erasmus in Spain:  Humanism in Spanish early Renaissance</i>. Universidad de Salamanca, Escuelas Menores, Salamanca, Spain (September 25, 2002-January 6, 2003).", "opening_date": "2002-09-25T00:00:00"}, {"id": 393196, "title": "Holbein: Capturing Character in the Renaissance", "description": "<i>Holbein: Capturing Character in the Renaissance</i>. J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, CA (organizer) (October 18, 2021-January 9, 2022) https://www.getty.edu/art/exhibitions/holbein/index.html; The Morgan Library & Museum, New York, NY (February 11-May 15, 2022) https://www.themorgan.org/exhibitions/holbein.", "opening_date": "2021-10-19T04:00:00"}], "legacy": []}, "provenance": [{"description": "Charlotte Frank (London, England)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": null}, {"description": "Dr. and Mrs. Sherman Lee, by gift to the Cleveland Museum of Art, 1971.", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "-1971", "sortorder": null}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1971-", "sortorder": 3}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Tree ring analysis helped determine the date of this painting.", "description": "In the spirit of the Italian Renaissance, Erasmus of Rotterdam (c. 1466\u20131536), the celebrated Dutch humanist and scholar, embraced ancient Greek and Roman literature and incorporated much of its moral and ethical messages into his own work. Holbein here conflates Erasmus\u2019s features with Terminus, the Roman god of boundaries, who defied Jupiter by maintaining his position atop Capitoline Hill. Erasmus adopted Terminus, along with the motto <em>concedo nulli </em>(I concede to no one), as a personal symbol for devotion and steadfastness.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60471858"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1971.166-terminus-the-device"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art.<em> The Cleveland Museum of Art Catalogue of Paintings, Part 3: European Paintings of the 16th, 17th, and 18th Centuries</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1982.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 170; Mentioned: p. 169-172", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lee, Sherman E. \u201cThe Year in Review for 1971.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 59, no. 1 (1972).", "page_number": "no. 52A, p. 42", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25152412"}, {"citation": "Holbein, Hans, and Hans Werner Grohn. <em>L'opera pittorica completa di Holbein il giovane</em>. Milano: Rizzoli, 1971.", "page_number": "", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Rowlands, John. \"Terminus, the Device of Erasmus of Rotterdam: A Painting by Holbein.\" The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art 67, no. 2 (1980): 50-54.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 51; Mentioned: p. 50-54", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25159663"}, {"citation": "Fredericksen, B. B. (1982). E cosi desio me mena. <em>The J. Paul Getty Museum Journal</em>, <em>10.</em>", "page_number": "p. 30", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/4166458"}, {"citation": "Rowlands, John, and Hans Holbein. <em>Holbein: The Paintings of Hans Holbein the Younger</em>. Oxford: Phaidon, 1985.", "page_number": "p. 136, cat. no. 35, repr. pl. 67", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Jensma, Goffe. <em>Erasmus, de actualiteit van zijn denken. </em>Zutphen: De Walburg Pers, 1986.", "page_number": "p. 176", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Holbein, Hans, and Hans Werner Grohn. <em>Tout l'\u0153uvre peint de Holbein le jeune</em>. Paris: Flammarion, 1987.", "page_number": "fig. 66, p. 99.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Ba\u0308tschmann, Oskar, and Pascal Griener. <em>Hans Holbein</em>. London: Reaktion Books, 1997.", "page_number": "fig. 215, p. 157", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Klinger, D. M., Ambrosius Holbein, Hans Holbein, and Antje Ho\u0308ttler. <em>Die Malerbru\u0308der Ambrosius und Hans d.J. Holbein: Werkverzeichnis, Gema\u0308lde und Miniaturen</em>. Cheb: H.B. Wilson, 1998.", "page_number": "cat. no. 35, p. 149", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Marti\u0301nez-Burgos Garci\u0301a, Palma, and Bart Fransen. <em>Erasmo en Espan\u0303a: la recepcio\u0301n del humanismo en el primer Renacimiento espan\u0303ol </em>: Escuelas Menores de la Universidad de Salamanca, 26 de septiembre de 2002-6 de enero de 2003. Madrid: Sociedad Estatal para la Accio\u0301n Cultural Exterior, 2002.", "page_number": "p. 202", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Coelen, Peter van der, and Marjolijn Bol. <em>Images of Erasmus. </em>Rotterdam: Museum Boijmans van Beuningen, 2008.", "page_number": "p. 69, fig. 14", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Ba\u0308tschmann, Oskar and Pascal Griener. <em>Hans Holbein</em>. London: Reaktion Books, 2014.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 230, fig. 228", "url": null}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1971.166", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1971.166/1971.166_web.jpg", "width": "907", "height": "893", "filesize": "534555", "filename": "1971.166_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1971.166/1971.166_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "3346", "filesize": "8070083", "filename": "1971.166_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1971.166/1971.166_full.tif", "width": "4495", "height": "4424", "filesize": "59691016", "filename": "1971.166_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2009-05-11T19:18:46", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1971.166/1971.166_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "896", "height": "893", "filesize": "629469"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1971.166/1971.166_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "3388", "filesize": "9438497"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1971.166/1971.166_alt0_full.tif", "width": "4133", "height": "4119", "filesize": "51105652"}}, {"date_created": "2009-05-11T19:13:57", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1971.166/1971.166_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "904", "height": "893", "filesize": "568273"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1971.166/1971.166_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "3360", "filesize": "8559806"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1971.166/1971.166_alt1_full.tif", "width": "4211", "height": "4162", "filesize": "105191620"}}], "creditline": "Gift of Dr. and Mrs. Sherman E. Lee in memory of Milton S. Fox", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 145960, "creators": [{"id": 2819, "description": "Hans Holbein the Younger (German, active England and Switzerland, 1497/98\u20131543)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1497", "death_year": "1543", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1971-12-11T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1527, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 1532", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": true, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:01:18.026000"}, {"id": 170235, "accession_number": "2012.41", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "The Artist's Studio, 1740s\u201350s. Johann Georg Platzer (Austrian, 1704\u20131761). Oil on copper; framed: 55.6 x 73.3 cm (21 7/8 x 28 7/8 in.); unframed: 41.9 x 60 cm (16 1/2 x 23 5/8 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Mr. and Mrs. William H. Marlatt Fund by exchange, 2012.41", "current_location": "215 French, German, and Dutch", "title": "The Artist's Studio", "creation_date": "1740s\u201350s", "creation_date_earliest": 1740, "creation_date_latest": 1759, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["Austria"], "technique": "oil on copper", "support_materials": [], "department": "European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "Paintings", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 55.6 x 73.3 cm (21 7/8 x 28 7/8 in.); Unframed: 41.9 x 60 cm (16 1/2 x 23 5/8 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 0.556, "width": 0.733}, "unframed": {"height": 0.419, "width": 0.6}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "Signed lower left \"JG Platzer\"; inscribed on print lower center left \"Spranger\"", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>Delikatesse der Malerei: Meisterwerke von Johann Georg Platzer.</em> Alte Galerie am Landesmuseum Joanneum, Graz (September 19, 2007 - January 13, 2008).", "opening_date": "2007-09-19T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Look closely\u2014there are 12 paintings within this painting!", "description": "Johann Georg Platzer specialized in small, highly detailed paintings scaled for a connoisseur\u2019s cabinet. At the center of this composition is an idealized portrait of the artist himself, clad in a fur-lined robe and holding a painting for the inspection of a visiting connoisseur. This work makes a statement about painting as a noble and intellectual pursuit, and the importance of rigorous training and practice: the artist at the easel is surrounded by a studio teeming with live models, pupils, assistants, and inspiring examples of art from earlier eras. The paintings on the wall, easel, and floor not only reference great artists of the past, but together present an allegory of the five senses.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60480966"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-2012.41-the-artist-s-studio"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Becker, Ulrich. <em>Delikatesse der Malerei: Meisterwerke von Johann Georg Platzer.</em> Alte Galerie am Landesmuseum Joanneum, 19. September 2007-13. Ja\u0308nner 2008. Graz: Landesmuseum Joanneum, 2007.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. [138]; pp.144-145. cat. #36", "url": null}, {"citation": "Krapf, Michael. J<em>ohann Georg Platzer: der Farbenzauberer des Barock 1704-1761. </em>Wien: Brandst\u00e4tte, 2014.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pp. 116-117; 314, cat. #128", "url": null}, {"citation": "Schaefer, Iris, Anna Bungenberg, and Caroline von Saint-George. Entdeckt!: Maltechniken von Martini bis Monet. 2021, 101.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 101 and 113; Reproduced: p. 101, Abb. 116 and p. 113, Abb. 135.", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/2012.41", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/2012.41/2012.41_web.jpg", "width": "1263", "height": "887", "filesize": "238893", "filename": "2012.41_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/2012.41/2012.41_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2388", "filesize": "1581309", "filename": "2012.41_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/2012.41/2012.41_full.tif", "width": "6277", "height": "4410", "filesize": "83068064", "filename": "2012.41_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2012-04-02T18:33:06", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2012.41/2012.41_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "1263", "height": "890", "filesize": "212629"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2012.41/2012.41_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2396", "filesize": "1788918"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2012.41/2012.41_alt0_full.tif", "width": "6613", "height": "4662", "filesize": "92512832"}}, {"date_created": "2012-04-02T18:49:26", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2012.41/2012.41_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "1147", "height": "893", "filesize": "260917"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2012.41/2012.41_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2646", "filesize": "2067110"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2012.41/2012.41_alt1_full.tif", "width": "6332", "height": "4928", "filesize": "93635668"}}], "creditline": "Mr. and Mrs. William H. Marlatt Fund by exchange", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Samuel Rosenthal Family Gallery", "athena_id": 170235, "creators": [{"id": 62091, "description": "Johann Georg Platzer (Austrian, 1704\u20131761)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1704", "death_year": "1761", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "2012-06-04T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1740, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1740s\u201350s", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:04:24.756000"}, {"id": 132367, "accession_number": "1954.834", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Virgin and Child Enthroned, 1419. Battista di Biagio Sanguigni (Italian, active 1393\u20131451). Tempera and gold on wood; framed: 196.2 x 68.6 x 9.5 cm (77 1/4 x 27 x 3 3/4 in.); unframed: 196.2 x 68.2 cm (77 1/4 x 26 7/8 in.); with original molding and pinnacle: 129 x 59 cm (50 13/16 x 23 1/4 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Gift of the Hanna Fund, 1954.834", "current_location": "117A Italian Renaissance", "title": "Virgin and Child Enthroned", "creation_date": "1419", "creation_date_earliest": 1419, "creation_date_latest": 1419, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["Italy, Tuscany"], "technique": "tempera and gold on wood", "support_materials": [], "department": "Medieval Art", "collection": "MED - Medieval Art", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 196.2 x 68.6 x 9.5 cm (77 1/4 x 27 x 3 3/4 in.); Unframed: 196.2 x 68.2 cm (77 1/4 x 26 7/8 in.); with original molding and pinnacle: 129 x 59 cm (50 13/16 x 23 1/4 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 1.962, "width": 0.686, "depth": 0.095}, "unframed": {"height": 1.962, "width": 0.682}, "with original molding and pinnacle": {"height": 1.29, "width": 0.59}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "Inscribed at bottom: \"QUESTA TAVOLA AFATO FARE ANTONIO DI DOMENICHO / GIUGNI P[ER] RIMEDIO DELA SUA ANIMA ANI DNO. MCCCCXVIIII\"", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 301477, "title": "In Memoriam: Leonard C. Hanna, Jr.", "description": "<i>In Memoriam: Leonard C. Hanna, Jr.</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (March 4-April 7, 1958).", "opening_date": "1958-03-04T05:00:00"}, {"id": 301412, "title": "Florence and the Arts: Five Centuries of Patronage", "description": "<i>Florence and the Arts: Five Centuries of Patronage</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (July 13-September 19, 1971).", "opening_date": "1971-07-13T04:00:00"}, {"id": 206256, "title": "Fra Angelico", "description": "<i>Fra Angelico</i>. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY (organizer) (October 24, 2005-January 30, 2006).", "opening_date": "2005-10-24T00:00:00"}, {"id": 230833, "title": "The Art of Devotion: Panel Painting in Early Renaissance Italy", "description": "<i>The Art of Devotion: Panel Painting in Early Renaissance Italy</i>. Middlebury College Museum of Art, Middlebury, VT (organizer) (September 17-December 13, 2009); Mount Holyoke College Art Museum, South Hadley, MA (February 9-May 31, 2010).", "opening_date": "2009-09-17T00:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY (10/24/2005 - 1/30/2006): \"Fra Angelico\"", "opening_date": "2005-10-24T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Middlebury College Museum of Art, Middlebury, VT (9/17/2009 - 12/13/2009) and Mount Holyoke College Art Museum, South Hadley, MA (2/9/2010 - 5/31/2010): \"The Art of Devotion: Panel Painting in Early Renaissance Italy\" exh. cat. no. 11, p. 96-97.", "opening_date": "2009-09-17T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": null, "description": "Rather than depicting a single moment in time, this gold-ground painting symbolically encapsulates Christ. Seated on a rich throne, the monumental Virgin holds the Christ child. Above, the risen Christ is seen in heaven holding a book, inscribed with the alpha and omega, the first and last letters of the Greek alphabet, signifying Christ\u2019s role as the beginning and end of all things. The Italian inscription states: \"This painting was made for Antonio di Domenicho Giugni for the repose of his soul, the year of our Lord 1419.\" In the 1300s, Italian painting focused on the heavenly aspects of Christian faith in order to convey abstract religious concepts. Depicted as specimens of formal beauty, sacred figures were placed against an ethereal gold background. Within a hundred years, artists began to highlight the earthly aspects of sacred figures, placing them within naturalistic landscapes. In this newer style of painting, the approachability of sacred figures fostered devotion among the faithful.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60516617"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1954.834-virgin-and-child-ent"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Nicolson, Benedict. \"The Master of 1419.\" <em>The Burlington Magazine</em> 96, No. 615 (1954): 181.", "page_number": "", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Pouncey, Philip. \"A New Panel by The Master of 1419.\" <em>The Burlington Magazine </em>96, No. 618 (1954): 291\u201392, 195.", "page_number": "", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Francis, Henry. \"Master of 1419.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art </em>43, no. 10 (December 1956): 211-213.", "page_number": "Reproduced: cover; Mentioned: p. 212", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25142169"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Handbook.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 399", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1958/page/n74"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 61", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n85"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 61", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n85"}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Catalogue of Paintings. Pt. 1. European Paintings before 1500. </em>Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1974.", "page_number": "Reproduced: fig. 33, p. 89 - 91; fig. 33b, p. 91", "url": ""}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 68", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n88"}, {"citation": "Kanter, Laurence. \"Zanobi Strozzi miniatore and Battista di Biagio Sanguigni.\" <em>Arte Cristiana</em> 90, No. 812 (2002): 321\u201331, 329.", "page_number": "", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Kanter, Laurence. <em>Fra Angelico</em>. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2005. pp. 233\u201334.", "page_number": "", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Gerardo, de Simone. \"3.8. Maestro Del 1419 (Battista di Biagio Sanguigni), Redentore Benedicente; Profeta Daniele, Roma, Museo di Palazzo Venezia.\" <em>Voglia d\u2019Italia. Il Collezionismo Internazionale nella Roma del Vittoriano</em>, edited by Emmanuele Pellegrini. Napoli: Prismi editrice politecnica. p. 210.", "page_number": "", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Strinati, Claudio, and Frank Dabell. The Madonna: Eternal Woman. 2019, 62-63.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: pp. 62-63", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Tartuferi, Angelo in <em>Fra Angelico</em>. Florence, Palazzo Strozzi and Museo di San Marco. 26 September 2025\u201325 January 2026. Fondazione Palazzo Strozzi; Marsilio Arte, 2025, cat. no. 1.5, p. 110.", "page_number": "", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1954.834", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1954.834/1954.834_web.jpg", "width": "480", "height": "900", "filesize": "118106", "filename": "1954.834_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1954.834/1954.834_print.jpg", "width": "1814", "height": "3400", "filesize": "1218330", "filename": "1954.834_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1954.834/1954.834_full.tif", "width": "4374", "height": "8198", "filesize": "107601076", "filename": "1954.834_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1954.834/1954.834_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "313", "height": "893", "filesize": "278634"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1954.834/1954.834_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "717", "height": "2048", "filesize": "1481358"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1954.834/1954.834_alt0_full.tif", "width": "717", "height": "2048", "filesize": "4406924"}}, {"date_created": "2014-05-19T14:01:19", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1954.834/1954.834_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "373", "height": "900", "filesize": "89145"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1954.834/1954.834_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "1408", "height": "3400", "filesize": "855929"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1954.834/1954.834_alt1_full.tif", "width": "3296", "height": "7958", "filesize": "78714612"}}], "creditline": "Gift of the Hanna Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 132367, "creators": [{"id": 282522, "description": "Battista di Biagio Sanguigni (Italian, active 1393\u20131451)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1954-12-04T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1419, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1419", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Madonna and Child Enthroned"], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:07:30.662000"}, {"id": 125103, "accession_number": "1946.82", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Saint Jerome and the Lion (From the former Church of St. Peter in Erfurt), c. 1495. Tilman Riemenschneider (German, active W\u00fcrzburg, c. 1460\u20131531). Alabaster, traces of polychromy; overall: 37.8 x 28.1 x 15.9 cm (14 7/8 x 11 1/16 x 6 1/4 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Purchase from the J. H. Wade Fund, 1946.82", "current_location": "111 German and Austrian Gothic", "title": "Saint Jerome and the Lion (From the former Church of St. Peter in Erfurt)", "creation_date": "c. 1495", "creation_date_earliest": 1490, "creation_date_latest": 1500, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["Germany, W\u00fcrzburg, late 15th Century"], "technique": "alabaster, traces of polychromy", "support_materials": [], "department": "Medieval Art", "collection": "MED - Gothic", "type": "Sculpture", "measurements": "Overall: 37.8 x 28.1 x 15.9 cm (14 7/8 x 11 1/16 x 6 1/4 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"height": 0.378, "width": 0.281, "depth": 0.159}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 311952, "title": "Art, A Means to World Understanding", "description": "<i>Art, A Means to World Understanding</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (March 16-April 10, 1949).", "opening_date": "1949-03-16T05:00:00"}, {"id": 302205, "title": "Art and Humanism in the Renaissance", "description": "<i>Art and Humanism in the Renaissance</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (January 23-February 25, 1962).", "opening_date": "1962-01-23T05:00:00"}, {"id": 519575, "title": "Work of Tilman Riemenschneider", "description": "<i>Work of Tilman Riemenschneider</i>. North Carolina Museum of Art, Raleigh, NC (organizer) (October 6-November 11, 1962).", "opening_date": "1962-10-06T04:00:00"}, {"id": 302145, "title": "Traditions and Revisions: Themes from the History of Sculpture", "description": "<i>Traditions and Revisions: Themes from the History of Sculpture</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (September 24-November 16, 1975).", "opening_date": "1975-09-24T04:00:00"}, {"id": 442325, "title": "Tilman Riemenschneider - Fr\u00fche Werke (Tilman Riemenschneider - Early Works)", "description": "<i>Tilman Riemenschneider - Fr\u00fche Werke (Tilman Riemenschneider - Early Works)</i>. Mainfrankisches Museum, Wurzburg, Germany (organizer) (September 4-November 1, 1981).", "opening_date": "1981-09-04T04:00:00"}, {"id": 311444, "title": "Object Lessons: Cleveland Creates an Art Museum", "description": "<i>Object Lessons: Cleveland Creates an Art Museum</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 7-September 8, 1991).", "opening_date": "1991-06-07T04:00:00"}, {"id": 177124, "title": "Tilman Riemenschneider:  Master Sculptor of the Late Middle Ages", "description": "<i>Tilman Riemenschneider:  Master Sculptor of the Late Middle Ages</i>. National Gallery of Art, Landover, MD (organizer) (October 3, 1999-January 9, 2000); The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY (February 7-May 14, 2000).", "opening_date": "1999-10-03T00:00:00"}, {"id": 180667, "title": "Sacred Gifts and Worldly Treasures: Medieval Masterworks from the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Sacred Gifts and Worldly Treasures: Medieval Masterworks from the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. National Museum of Bavaria, Munich, Germany (May 10-September 16, 2007); J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, CA (October 30, 2007-January 20, 2008); Frist Art Museum, Nashville, TN (February 13-June 7, 2009).", "opening_date": "2007-05-10T00:00:00"}, {"id": 231494, "title": "From Van Eyck to D\u00fcrer: Artistic Exchanges between the Netherlands and Central, Eastern and Northern Europe c.1420-1530", "description": "<i>From Van Eyck to D\u00fcrer: Artistic Exchanges between the Netherlands and Central, Eastern and Northern Europe c.1420-1530</i>. Groeningemuseum, Stedelijke Musea, Brugge, Belgium (October 28, 2010-January 30, 2011).", "opening_date": "2010-10-28T00:00:00"}, {"id": 441241, "title": "Alabaster. European Sculpture from the Middle Ages to the Baroque", "description": "<i>Alabaster. European Sculpture from the Middle Ages to the Baroque</i>. M Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (organizer) (October 14, 2022-February 26, 2023) https://www.mleuven.be/programma/albast.", "opening_date": "2022-10-14T04:00:00"}, {"id": 453138, "title": "Riemenschneider and Late Medieval Alabaster", "description": "<i>Riemenschneider and Late Medieval Alabaster</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (March 26-July 23, 2023).", "opening_date": "2023-03-26T04:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>Ausstellung f\u00fcr christliche Kunst, </em>Schloss, Mainz, Germany (August 20 - September 4, 1892).", "opening_date": "2020-08-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Meisterwerke der Bildhauerkunst in Frankfurter Privatbesitz, Deutsche und Franzosische Okastik des Mittelalters,</em> Frankfurt-am-Main, Germany (1921).", "opening_date": "1921-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Riemenschneider Ged\u00e4chtnis-Ausstellung 1931 des Museum f\u00fcr Kunst und Landesgeschichte im Provinzial</em>, Hannover, Germany (1931).", "opening_date": "1931-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Masterpieces of Sculpture,</em> Minneapolis Institute of Arts (November 1-December 11, 1949).", "opening_date": "1949-11-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Classical, Medieval, Renaissance and Modern Sculpture,</em> Dudley P. Allen Memorial Art Museum, Oberlin, OH (January 6-31, 1950).", "opening_date": "1931-01-06T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Sculptures of Tilman Riemenschneider,</em> North Carolina Museum, Raleigh, North Carolina (October 6 - November 11, 1962).", "opening_date": "1962-10-06T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Tilman Riemenschneider</em>, Mainfrankisches Museum Wurzburg, Germany (September 1-November 1, 1981).", "opening_date": "1981-09-01T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Private Collection, Paris", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "Aynard Collection, Lyons", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "?-1913", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "Harry Fuld, Frankfurt am Main", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "(Rosenberg & Steibel, New York, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "?-1946", "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1946-", "sortorder": 5}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "In the story Saint Jerome encounters a fearsome lion, here depicted as diminutive, gentle, and submissive.", "description": "According to legend, Saint Jerome (347\u2013420 bce) lived in the desert, where he removed a thorn from an injured lion. Jerome is venerated in the Catholic Church as a Church Father, an important early author of Christianity. Here, he wears cardinal\u2019s clothing from around 1500.<br><br>Tilman Riemenschneider focused on Jerome\u2019s relationship with the lion, creating empathy for the wounded animal. The delicacy of the depiction, which may have been partially painted to add highlights, is typical of alabaster, as is its fine polishing. The cord of the cardinal\u2019s hat, missing today, may have been supplemented from another material.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60749520"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1946.82-saint-jerome-and-the"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Generalversammlung der Katholiken Deutschlands. . <em>Katalog der Ausstellung fu\u0308r christliche Kunst: im ehem</em>. Kurfu\u0308rstl. Schlosse, 20. August - 4. September. 1892.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Lelong, C. <em>Catalogue des objets d'art et de haute curiosite\u0301, de l'antiquite\u0301, du Moyen-Age et de la Renaissance ..., ivories, e\u0301maux, tapisseries, tableaux ..., de\u0301pendant des collections de Mme C. Lelong</em> 8, 9 et 10 de\u0301cembre 1902. 1902.", "page_number": "no. 147", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Hessen-Kunst</em> (1909).", "page_number": "p. 29", "url": null}, {"citation": "Adelmann, C. \"Til Riemenschneider,\" <em>Walhalla</em> VI (1910).", "page_number": "p. 108", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Collection Aynard Lyon,</em> Sale cat. Georges Petit (1913).", "page_number": "no. 278", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Kunstblatt</em>, II (1918).", "page_number": "p. 85", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Meisterwerke Der Bildhauerkunst in Frankfurter Privatbesitz</em>. Band 1. Deutsche Und Franzs\u0332ische Plastik Des Mittelalters. Frankfurt and Main: Frankfurter Kunstverein, 1921.", "page_number": "no. 143", "url": null}, {"citation": "Swarzenski, George. \"Deutsche Alabasterplastik des 15 Jahfhunderts,\" <em>St\u00e4del-Jahrbuch</em> I (1921).", "page_number": "p. 169", "url": null}, {"citation": "Schrade, Hubert. <em>Tilman Riemenschneider</em>. Heidelberg: Hain, 1927.", "page_number": "no. 278", "url": null}, {"citation": "Provinzialmuseum Hannover, and Tilman Riemenschneider. <em>Riemenschneider Geda\u0308chtnis-Ausstellung 1931 des Museums fu\u0308r Kunst und Landesgeschichte im Provinzial-Museum Hannover</em>. Verzeichnis der ausgestellten Werke Riemenschneiders und seiner Schule. 1931.", "page_number": "Cat. No. 10a, p. 16.", "url": null}, {"citation": "Justus Bier, \" Riemenschneider - Ausstellung im Ged\u00e4chtnisjahr\" Pantheon VIII (1931).", "page_number": "p. 451", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bier, Justus. <em>Thieme-Becker</em>, Allegemeine Lexikon der Bildenden K\u00fcnstler (Leipzig, 1934).", "page_number": "XXVIII, p. 334", "url": null}, {"citation": "Schmitt, Otto.<em> Reallexikon zur deutschen Kunstgeschichte </em>I. Band, I. Band. Stuttgart: J.B. Metzlersche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1937.", "page_number": "pp. 310, 322, fig. 18", "url": null}, {"citation": "Habicht, Victor Curt. <em>T. Riemenschneiders Lehr- und Wanderjahre.</em> Niedersa\u0308chsisches Jahrbuch Fu\u0308r Landesgeschichte ; 14.1937. 1937.", "page_number": "r, pl. II, fig. 3", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bier, Justus. <em>Tilmann Riemenschneider. </em>Wien: Schroll, 1937.", "page_number": "p. 27, pl. 54", "url": null}, {"citation": "Ring, Grete. \"St. Jerome Extracting the Thorn from the Lion's Foot.\" <em>The Art Bulletin</em> 27, no. 3 (1945)", "page_number": "p. 188, fig. 5", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/3047012"}, {"citation": "Milliken, William M. \"\"St. Jerome and the Lion\" by Tilmann Riemenschneider.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>33, no. 10 (1946)", "page_number": "pp. 182-3", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25141320"}, {"citation": "Pope-Hennessy, John. \"Recent Research.\" <em>The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs</em> 89, no. 531 (1947)", "page_number": "p. 165", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/869378"}, {"citation": "Bier, Justus. <em>Tilmann Riemenschneider; ein Gedenkbuch</em>. Wien: A. Schroll, 1948.", "page_number": "p. 32, pl. 56", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Masterpieces of Sculpture: November 1-December 11, 1949,</em> Minneapolis Institute of Arts, 1949.", "page_number": "cat. no. 25, p. 158, repr. p. 153", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Minneapolis Institute of Art Bulletin</em> XXXVII, no. 29 (Nov. 5, 1949).", "page_number": "p. 153", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bier, Justus. \"Riemenschneider's St. Jerome and His Other Works in Alabaster.\" <em>The Art Bulletin</em> 33, no. 4 (1951)", "page_number": "pp. 226-234, fig. 1-4", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/3047371"}, {"citation": "Bier, Justus. \"Riemenschneider und die Schaum\u00fcngen des Lorenz von Bibra\" M<em>unchen Jahrbuch der Bildenden Kunst</em> 7, no. 3 (1956).", "page_number": "p. 100, fig. 19", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Handbook.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 188", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1958/page/n45"}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, and William Mathewson Milliken. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> New York: H.N. Abrams, 1958.", "page_number": "p. 32", "url": null}, {"citation": "Wixom, William D., and Henry S. Francis. <em>Two Lindenwood Sculptures by Tilmann Riemanschneider ; 'The Stag Hunt', Lucas Cranach the Elder and Lucas Cranach the Younger. </em>Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1959.", "page_number": "fig. 38", "url": null}, {"citation": "North Carolina Museum of Art. <em>Sculptures of Tilmann Riemenschneider: North Carolina Museum of Art, Raleigh, October 6-November 11, 1962. </em>[Raleigh, N.C.]: [North Carolina Museum of Art], 1962.", "page_number": "Cat. No. III, repr. p. 27, 28, 29", "url": null}, {"citation": "Werner, Alfred. \"Riemenschneider and the Gothic Genius\" <em>Arts Magazine</em> (October 1962).", "page_number": "pp. 41-42", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Exhibition Review\" <em>Emporium Rivista Mensile d'arte e di cultura</em> (March 1963).", "page_number": "pp. 137-8", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Mostre Museu Gallerie\" <em>Sele Arte</em> (March-April, 1963).", "page_number": "no. 93, p. 59", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 77", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n101"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 77", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n101"}, {"citation": "Cooper, Barbara, and Maureen Matheson. <em>The World Museums Guide</em>, Edited by Barbara Cooper &amp; Maureen Matheson. London: Threshold Books Ltd, 1973.", "page_number": "p. 78", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 87", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n107"}, {"citation": "Ley, Max, and Konrad Zwingmann. <em>Tilman Riemenschneider: fruhe Werke : Ausstellung im Mainfrankischen Museum Wurzburg</em>. Regensburg: F. Puster, 1981.", "page_number": "Cat. No. 57, p. 263-266", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, \"Tilmann Riemenschneider -- The Early Work,\" October 7, 1981, Cleveland Museum of Art Archives.", "page_number": null, "url": "https://archive.org/details/cmapr2927/"}, {"citation": "Bier, Justus, and Tilman Riemenschneider. <em>Tilmann Riemenschneider/; His Life and Work.</em> Lexington, KY.: Univ. Pr. of Kentucky, 1982.", "page_number": "p. 97, fig. 6", "url": null}, {"citation": "Krohm, Hartmut. <em>Zum Fru\u0308hwerk Tilman Riemenschneiders: eine Dokumentation.</em> Berlin: Staatliche Museen Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Skulpturengalerie, 1982.", "page_number": "p. 97 fig. 6", "url": null}, {"citation": "Sello, Gottfried, and Toni Schneiders. <em>Tilman Riemenschneider.</em> Munchen: Lexikographische Institut Munchen, 1983.", "page_number": "p. 53", "url": null}, {"citation": "Keblowski, Janusz \"Tylmana Riemenschneidera dziela wczesne (na marginesie wystawy w W\u00fcrzburgu)\" <em>Biuletyn Historii Sztuki</em> XLV, no. 2 (1983).", "page_number": "p. 199", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kalden-Rosenfeld, Iris, and Tilman Riemenschneider. <em>Tilman Riemenschneider - Werkstattleiter in Wu\u0308rzburg: Beitra\u0308ge zur Organisation einer Bildschnitzer- und Steinbildhauerwerkstatt im ausgehenden Mittelalter</em>. 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Palais des Beaux Arts de Lille, Lille, France (organizer) (March 8-June 9, 2002); Fondation Pierre Gianadda, Martigny, Switzerland (June 20-November 19, 2002).", "opening_date": "2002-03-08T00:00:00"}, {"id": 182153, "title": "Monet to Dal\u00ed: Modern Masters from the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Monet to Dal\u00ed: Modern Masters from the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. Beijing World Art Museum (May 26-August 27, 2006); Mori Art Center (September 16-November 26, 2006); Seoul Art Center, South Korea (December 22, 2006-March 28, 2007); Seoul Olympic Museum of Art, South Korea (April 7-May 20, 2007); Vancouver Art Gallery, Vancouver, Canada (June 9-September 16, 2007); The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 21, 2007-January 13, 2008); Frist Art Museum, Nashville, TN (February 15-June 1, 2008); Utah Museum of Fine Arts, Salt Lake City, UT (June 22-September 21, 2008); The Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit, MI (October 12, 2008-January 18, 2009).", "opening_date": "2006-05-27T00:00:00"}, {"id": 222021, "title": "Berthe Morisot, Woman of our Time", "description": "<i>Berthe Morisot, Woman of our Time</i>. Mus\u00e9e Marmottan Monet, 75016,  Paris, France (organizer) (March 7-July 1, 2012).", "opening_date": "2012-03-07T00:00:00"}, {"id": 202129, "title": "Admired from Afar: Masterworks of Japanese Painting from the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Admired from Afar: Masterworks of Japanese Painting from the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. Tokyo National Museum, Tokyo, Japan (January 15-February 23, 2014); Kyushu National Museum, Fukuoka, Japan (July 8-August 31, 2014).", "opening_date": "2014-01-15T00:00:00"}, {"id": 207482, "title": "Unfinished: Thoughts Left Visible", "description": "<i>Unfinished: Thoughts Left Visible</i>. The Met Breuer, New York, NY (March 18-September 4, 2016).", "opening_date": "2016-03-18T04:00:00"}, {"id": 295873, "title": "Berthe Morisot, Woman, Impressionist", "description": "<i>Berthe Morisot, Woman, Impressionist</i>. Mus\u00e9e national des beaux-arts du Qu\u00e9bec (organizer) (June 21-September 23, 2018); The Barnes Foundation, Philadelphia, PA (October 20, 2018-January 14, 2019); The Dallas Museum of Art (February 24-May 26, 2019); Mus\u00e9e d'Orsay, Paris, France (June 17-September 22, 2019); Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, Houston, TX (October 20, 2019-January 20, 2020).", "opening_date": "2018-06-21T04:00:00"}, {"id": 520718, "title": "Paris 1874: Inventing Impressionism", "description": "<i>Paris 1874: Inventing Impressionism</i>. Mus\u00e9e d'Orsay, Paris, France (organizer) (co-organizer) (March 25-July 12, 2024) https://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/whats-on/exhibitions/paris-1874-inventing-impressionism; National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. (September 8, 2024-January 20, 2025).", "opening_date": "2024-03-25T04:00:00"}, {"id": 668924, "title": "Manet & Morisot", "description": "<i>Manet & Morisot</i>. Fine Arts Museum of San Francisco, Legion of Honor, San Francisco, CA (organizer) (October 11, 2025-February 15, 2026) https://www.famsf.org/exhibitions/manet-morisot; The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (co-organizer) (March 29-July 5, 2026).", "opening_date": "2025-10-11T04:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>Premi\u00e8re Exposition</em>. Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Anonyme. 35 Boulevard des Capucines, Paris, France (1874).", "opening_date": null}, {"description": "<em>Vom Kaiserreich zur Republik: eine franzo\u0308sische Kulturgeschichte des 19. Jahrhunderts</em>. Possibly, Kunsthaus Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland (1917).", "opening_date": "1917-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Exposition d'oeuvres de Berthe Morisot</em>. Bernheim-Jeune, Paris, France (1917).", "opening_date": "1917-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Exposition d'oeuvres de Berthe Morisot</em>. Bernheim-Jeune, Paris, France (1929).", "opening_date": "1929-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>French Painting 1100-1900</em>. Carnegie Institute, Pittsburgh, PA (October 18-December 2, 1951).", "opening_date": "1951-10-18T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "\u00c9douard  Daliphard, Poissy", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->Daliphard, a landscape painter, was born in Rouen and studied with Gustave Morin and Joseph Quinaux.&nbsp; Salon catalogues throughout the 1860s and 1870s give his place of residence as Poissy.&nbsp; Little is known about his collection, and once the Morisot came into his possession, it appears to have disappeared from public view until the twentieth century.&nbsp; Sales of works in Daliphard\u2019s collection on April 6, 1875 and March 4, 1876 do not contain the Morisot.&nbsp;</div>"], "date": "?", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "Gabriel Thomas (1851-1932), Paris", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->A 1929 exhibition lists Gabriel Thomas, Morisot\u2019s first cousin, as the painting\u2019s current owner.&nbsp; Thomas died in 1932, but he is still cited as the painting\u2019s owner in Angoulvent\u2019s 1933 catalogue of Morisot\u2019s oeuvre.</div>"], "date": "By 1929-1932", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "\u00c9douard Molyneux [1891-1974], Paris", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "?", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "(C\u00e9sar de Hauke, Paris, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "Until 1950", "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1950-", "sortorder": 5}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "The Impressionists were mostly men with a few notable exceptions, including Berthe Morisot. While Morisot's work includes many of the hallmarks of Impressionism, such as her loose brushwork, the subject matter of her paintings often reflects the social constraints of her gender. Her paintings often depicted domestic tableaux or images of her friends and family, such as this painting of her sister.", "description": "Morisot\u2019s sister, Edma, posed for this painting of a woman seated on her shawl in a field, her eyes on the pages of a book, with a parasol and fan discarded on the grass. Her white dress reflects the light and shadows of the outdoor setting; its delicate floral pattern echoes the meadow\u2019s wildflowers.<br><br>X-ray examination reveals that Morisot revised Edma\u2019s eyes, which previously looked directly at the beholder, in a manner more typical of Manet\u2019s figures (see The Railway on view in this gallery). Whereas women in Manet\u2019s paintings often return the viewer\u2019s look, Morisot\u2019s figures are usually absorbed in tasks or private reflection.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60515791"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1950.89-reading"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Bodelsen, Merete.  \u201cEarly Impressionist Sales 1874-94 in the light of some unpublished \u2018proc\u00e8s-verbaux\u2019,\u201d <em>Burlington Magazine </em>CX, no. 783 (June 1968): 335.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Lindsay, Suzanne Glover.  \u201cBerthe Morisot: Nineteenth-Century Woman as Professional,\u201d <em>Perspectives on Morisot.  </em>New York: Hudson Hills Press, 1990.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "d'Argencourt, Louise, Roger Diederen, and Alisa Luxenberg. <em>European Paintings of the 19th Century</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1999.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Clairet, Alain, Delphine Montalant, and Yves Rouart.  <em>Berthe Morisot: 1841-1895 : Catalogue Raisonne\u0301 de l'oeuvre peint</em>. Montolivet: CERA-nrs e\u0301d, 1998.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Bataille, Marie Louise, and Georges Wildenstein. <em>Berthe Morisot: catalogue des peintures, pastels et aquarelles</em>. Paris: Les Beaux-Arts, 1961.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Angoulvent, Monique. <em>Berthe Morisot</em>. [Paris]: A. Morance\u0301, 1933.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "d'Argencourt, Louise, Roger Diederen, and Alisa Luxenberg. <em>European Paintings of the 19th Century</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1999.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Bataille, Marie Louise, and Georges Wildenstein. <em>Berthe Morisot: catalogue des peintures, pastels et aquarelles</em>. Paris: Les Beaux-Arts, 1961.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Clairet, Alain, Delphine Montalant, and Yves Rouart.  <em>Berthe Morisot: 1841-1895 : Catalogue Raisonne\u0301 de l'oeuvre peint</em>. Montolivet: CERA-nrs e\u0301d, 1998.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "d'Argencourt, Louise, Roger Diederen, and Alisa Luxenberg. <em>European Paintings of the 19th Century</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1999.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Clairet, Alain, Delphine Montalant, and Yves Rouart.  <em>Berthe Morisot: 1841-1895 : Catalogue Raisonne\u0301 de l'oeuvre peint</em>. Montolivet: CERA-nrs e\u0301d, 1998.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Boehn, Max von. <em>Vom Kaiserreich zur Republik: eine franzo\u0308sische Kulturgeschichte des 19. Jahrhunderts</em>. 1917.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 142", "url": null}, {"citation": "Fourreau, Armand. <em>Berthe Morisot</em>. Paris, France: F. Rieder, 1925.", "page_number": "Reproduced: fig. 4", "url": null}, {"citation": "Fourreau, Armand, and Hubert Wellington. <em>Berthe Morisot</em>. New York, NY: Dodd, Mead and Company, 1925.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 39, fig. 4", "url": null}, {"citation": "Angoulvent, Monique. <em>Berthe Morisot</em>. Paris, France: A. Morance\u0301, 1933.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Francis, Henry S. \"\"Sur la Falaise aux Petites Dales (Mme. Pontillon, Sister of the Artist).\" The Bulletin of The Cleveland Museum of Art XXXVII, no. 10 (December 1950): 205-211.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 207-210", "url": null}, {"citation": "Carnegie Institute. <em>French Painting, 1100-1900</em>. Pittsburgh, PA, 1951.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 107", "url": null}, {"citation": "Milliken, William M. \"Report for the Year 1950.\" The Bulletin of The Cleveland Museum of Art XXXVIII, no. 6 (June 1951): 153.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 153", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Exhibition of Masterpieces Honoring Hazel Barker King\" <em>Allen Memorial Art Museum Bulletin </em>9, Oberlin, OH (1952<em>). </em>", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 6", "url": null}, {"citation": "Palais des beaux-arts (Brussels, Belgium). <em>La femme dans l'art franc\u0327ais, [Exposition] mars-mai</em>, <em>1953. </em>", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 95", "url": null}, {"citation": "Muse\u0301e de l'Orangerie. <em>De David a\u0300 Toulouse-Lautrec; chefs-d'\u0153uvres des collections ame\u0301ricaines</em>. Paris, france: [Presses artistiques], 1955.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 20, no. 43, pl. 45", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, \u201cCleveland Owned Paintings Will Go to France,\u201d April 20, 1955, Cleveland Museum of Art Archives.", "page_number": null, "url": "https://archive.org/details/cmapr4556"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Handbook.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 504", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1958/page/n93"}, {"citation": "Bataille, Marie Louise, and Georges Wildenstein. <em>Berthe Morisot: catalogue des peintures, pastels et aquarelles</em>. Paris, France: Les Beaux-Arts, 1961.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 14", "url": null}, {"citation": "Rewald, John. <em>The History of Impressionism</em>. New York, NY: Museum of Modern Art, 1961.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 325", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bataille, Marie Louise, and Georges Wildenstein. <em>Berthe Morisot: catalogue des peintures, pastels et aquarelles</em>. Paris, France: Les Beaux-Arts, 1961.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Baltimore Museum of Art. <em>Paintings, Drawings and Graphic Works by Manet, Degas, Berthe Morisot and Mary Cassatt</em>. Baltimore, MD: The Museum, 1962.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 81", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 173", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n197"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 173", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n197"}, {"citation": "Minneapolis Institute of Arts. <em>The Past Rediscovered: French Painting, 1800-1900</em>. Minneapolis, MN, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 63", "url": null}, {"citation": "Muehsam, Gerd. <em>French Painters and Paintings from the Fourteenth Century to Post-Impressionism</em>. New York, NY: Ungar, 1970.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 523", "url": null}, {"citation": "Petersen, Karen, and J. J. Wilson. <em>Women Artists: Recognition and Reappraisal from the Early Middle Ages to the Twentieth Century</em>. New York, NY: Harper and Row, 1976.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 91", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 215", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n235"}, {"citation": "Monneret, Sophie. <em>L'impressionnisme et son e\u0301poque: dictionnaire international illustre\u0301</em>. Paris, France: Denoe\u0308l, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced:  p. 1297, vol. 2", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Phaidon Encyclopedia of Art and Artists</em>. Oxford, United Kingdom: Phaidon, 1978. N31 .P48 1978", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 460", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kelder, Diane. <em>The Great Book of French Impressionism</em>. New York, NY: Abbeville Press, 1980.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 139", "url": null}, {"citation": "Rey, Jean Dominique. <em>Berthe Morisot</em>. Norwalk, CT: Easton Press, 1982.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 12", "url": null}, {"citation": "Moffett, Charles S. <em>The New Painting, Impressionism, 1874-1886: An Exhibition Organized by the Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco with the National Gallery of Art, Washington</em>. Geneva, Switzerland: R. Burton, 1986.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 121, no. 105, Mentioned: p. 132", "url": null}, {"citation": "Charles F. Stuckey, William P. Scott, and Suzanne G. Lindsay. <em>Berthe Morisot, Impressionist</em>. New York, N : Hudson Hills Press: Distributed in the U.S. by Rizzoli International Publications, 1987.", "page_number": "Mentioned: 55-59; Reproduced: p. 61", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lucie-Smith, Edward. <em>Impressionist Women</em>. London: London, United Kingcom: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1989. .", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 37, fig. 26", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cachin, Franc\u0327oise, and E\u0301douard Manet. <em>Manet</em>. Paris, France: Che\u0302ne, 1990. .", "page_number": "Reproduced: in reverse", "url": null}, {"citation": "Witzling, Mara Rose. <em>Voicing Our Visions: Writings by Women Artists</em>. New York, NY: Universe, 1991. .", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 56", "url": null}, {"citation": "Nemett, Barry. <em>Images, Objects, and Ideas: Viewing the Visual Arts</em>. Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers, 1992..", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 115, fig. 148", "url": null}, {"citation": "Takahashi, Akiya, and Chikashi Kitazaki. <em>1874 nen -- Pari: (dai ikkai insho\u0304ha ten) to sono jidai = Paris en 1874 : l'anne\u0301e de l'impressionnisme</em>. To\u0304kyo\u0304, Japan: Yomiuri Shimbunsha, 1994.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 33", "url": null}, {"citation": "Berson, Ruth. <em>The New painting: impressionism, 1874-1886 : documentation</em>. San Francisco, CA: Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, 1996. .", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 25", "url": null}, {"citation": "Museo del Palacio de Bellas Artes (Mexico). <em>Maestros del impresionismo</em>. Me\u0301xico, D.F.: Istituto Nacional de Bellas Artes, 1998.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 126-127", "url": null}, {"citation": "Johnston, Sona.<em> Faces of Impressionism: Portraits from American Collections</em>. New York, NY : Rizzoli, 1999.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 129, cat. no. 45", "url": null}, {"citation": "D'Argencourt, Louise and Roger Diederen. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art: Catalogue of Paintings, Part Four; European Paintings of the 19th Century. </em>Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1999", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 166", "url": null}, {"citation": "Goldin, Marco. <em>La nascita dell'impressionismo</em>. Conegliano, Italy: Linea d'ombra libri, 2000.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 80", "url": null}, {"citation": "Jiminez, Jill Berk, and Joanna Banham. <em>Dictionary of Artists' Models</em>. London, United Kingdom: Fitzroy Dearborn, 2001. .", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 433", "url": null}, {"citation": "Grandazzi, Josette. <em>Berthe Morisot</em>. Martigny, France: Fondation Pierre Gianadda, 2002. .", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 130-131", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Berthe Morisot, 1841-1895: Lille, Palais des beaux-arts, 10 mars-9 juin 2002, Martigny, Fondation Pierre Gianadda, 20 juin-19 novembre 2002</em>. Paris, France: Re\u0301union des muse\u0301es nationaux, 2002. .", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 130-131", "url": null}, {"citation": "Sakagami, Keiko. <em>Beruto morizo: aru josei gaka no ikita kindai</em>. To\u0304kyo\u0304, Japan: Sho\u0304gakukan, 2006. .", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 86", "url": null}, {"citation": "Brodskai\ufe20a\ufe21, N. V. <em>Impressionism ; Post-Impressionism</em>.New York, NY : Parkstone Press, 2007.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 239", "url": null}, {"citation": "Inmann, Christiane. <em>Forbidden Fruit: A History of Women and Books in Art</em>. Munich, Germany ; New York, NY : Prestel, 2009.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 134-135", "url": null}, {"citation": "Mathieu, Marianne. <em>Berthe Morisot: 1841-1895</em>. 2012. Paris, France: \u00c9ditions Hazan, 2012.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 23, fig 5; p. 75. fig. 10", "url": null}, {"citation": "Brown, Kathryn. <em>Women Readers in French Painting 1870-1890: A Space for the Imagination</em>. 2012. Farnham, Surrey; Burlington, VT : Ashgate, 2012.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 26, no. 1.5", "url": null}, {"citation": "Mathieu, Marianne. <em>Berthe Morisot: 1841-1895</em>. 2012. Paris, France : \u00c9ditions Hazan, 2012.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 23, fig. 5; p. 75, fig. 10", "url": null}, {"citation": "Rubin, James Henry. <em>How to Read Impressionism: Ways of Looking</em>. Antwerp, Belgium: Ludion ; New York, NY: Abrams, 2013. .", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 229", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Admired from afar: masterworks of Japanese painting from the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> [\u30af\u30ea\u30fc\u30d6\u30e9\u30f3\u30c9\u7f8e\u8853\u9928\u5c55 : \u540d\u753b\u3067\u305f\u3069\u308b\u65e5\u672c\u306e\u7f8e Kur\u012bburando Bijutsukan ten: meiga de tadoru Nihon no bi ]. Tokyo: T\u014dky\u014d Kokuritsu Hakubutsukan, 2014.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 132", "url": null}, {"citation": "To\u0304kyo\u0304 Kokuritsu Hakubutsukan, Frederick E. Bidwell, and Masato Matsushima. <em>Admired from afar: masterworks of Japanese painting from the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Tokyo, Japan: T\u014dky\u014d Kokuritsu Hakubutsukan, 2014. .", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 132, fig. 6", "url": null}, {"citation": "Wat, Pierre. \"Procession des '-ismes' ou parade des individus? Comment s'ecrit l'histoire de l'art du XIX siecle.\" In <em>L'art du XIXe sie\u0300cle: l'heure de la modernite\u0301 1789-1914. </em>Bertrand Tillier, 21-76. Paris: Citadelles &amp; Mazenod, 2016.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 60", "url": null}, {"citation": "Klein, Jacques-Sylvain. <em>L'impressionnisme se le\u0300ve en Normandie: 1820-1886.</em> Rennes: Ouest-France, 2016.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 130", "url": null}, {"citation": "Camplin, Jamie, and Maria Ranauro. <em>The Art of Reading: An Illustrated History of Books in Paint. </em>Los Angeles, CA: Getty Publications, 2018.", "page_number": "Reproduced & Mentioned: p. 177", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Berthe Morisot: Woman Impressionist.</em> New York, NY: Rizzoli Electa; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: In association with the Barnes Foundation; Dallas, TX: Dallas Museum of Art; Qu\u00e9bec, Canada: Mus\u00e9e national des beaux-arts du Qu\u00e9bec, 2018.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 70, cat. no. 20", "url": null}, {"citation": "Michael, Cora. \"Gauguin in the the Buckeye and Hoosier States: Portrait of Teuraheimata and its Midwestern Collectors.\" In <em>Paul Gauguin: Teuraheimata a Potoru, a Rediscovery, </em>11-19. New York: Jill Newhouse Gallery; [Akron, Ohio]: Thomas French Fine Art, 2019.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 14", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Toscano, Franca. \"Previews &amp; Reviews: Not-to-be-missed Shows this Month.\" <em>Modern Painters: A Quarterly Journal of the Fine Arts </em>32, no. 6 (Summer 2019)<em>: 94-96. </em>", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 95", "url": null}, {"citation": "Patry, Sylvie. <em>Berthe Morisot</em>. Paris: Flammarion: Mus\u00e9e d\u2019Orsay, 2019.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 60, no. 21", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cotentin, Re\u0301gis. <em>Wonder Women: Ni Muses, Ni Mode\u0300les: Artistes! </em>Paris: E\u0301ditions de la Re\u0301union des muse\u0301es nationaux-Grand Palais, 2021.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 44-45", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Morisot, Berthe. <em>Berthe Morisot</em>. Lyon: Fage Editions, 2019.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 9", "url": ""}, {"citation": "<em>Paintings in the Cleveland Museum of Art: Picture Book No. 4 .</em> [Cleveland]: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1952.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 37, 38", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAPaintings1952"}, {"citation": "Patry, Sylvie, Anne Robbins, Kimberly A. Jones, Mary G. Morton, Muse\u0301e d\u2019Orsay, and National Gallery of Art (U.S.). <em>Paris 1874: The Impressionist Moment</em>. Paris, Washington: Muse\u0301e d\u2019Orsay; National Gallery of Art, 2024.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 158, no. 119", "url": ""}, {"citation": "\"Les 150 Ans de l'Impressionnisme.\" <em>\u85dd\u8853\u5bb6.Yi shu jia </em>588 (May 2024): 82-95.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 93", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Overmars, Sterre. \"Het Begin van het Moderne.\" <em>Tableau</em> 46, nr. 2 (Summer 2024): 26-31.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 26-27; Mentioned p. 28-29", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Beeny, Emily A. \"Manet &amp; Morisot.\" In <em>Manet &amp; Morisot</em>. Emily Beeny, Heather Lemonedes Brown, Anne Higonnet, Kimberly A. Jones, Nicole R. Myers, et al., 11-71. San Francisco, New Haven: Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco; Yale University Press, 2025.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 54; Reproduced: p. 4, 113, no. 33", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1950.89", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1950.89/1950.89_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "575", "filesize": "246885", "filename": "1950.89_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1950.89/1950.89_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2174", "filesize": "2864695", "filename": "1950.89_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1950.89/1950.89_full.tif", "width": "13576", "height": "8679", "filesize": "353507400", "filename": "1950.89_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2007-10-15T19:24:26", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1950.89/1950.89_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "1263", "height": "800", "filesize": "720468"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1950.89/1950.89_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2154", "filesize": "5263022"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1950.89/1950.89_alt0_full.tif", "width": "6064", "height": "3841", "filesize": "69908932"}}, {"date_created": "2016-10-17T09:59:59", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1950.89/1950.89_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "569", "filesize": "213461"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1950.89/1950.89_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2150", "filesize": "3040950"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1950.89/1950.89_alt1_full.tif", "width": "14985", "height": "9478", "filesize": "426113016"}}, {"date_created": "2024-02-02T12:47:40", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1950.89/1950.89_alt2_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "671", "filesize": "258443"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1950.89/1950.89_alt2_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2534", "filesize": "2591707"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1950.89/1950.89_alt2_full.tif", "width": "11318", "height": "8436", "filesize": "286465472"}}, {"date_created": "2024-02-02T13:27:37", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1950.89/1950.89_alt3_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "577", "filesize": "283919"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1950.89/1950.89_alt3_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2181", "filesize": "3705456"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1950.89/1950.89_alt3_full.tif", "width": "14032", "height": "9003", "filesize": "379018640"}}, {"date_created": "2024-02-02T12:27:04", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1950.89/1950.89_alt4_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "711", "filesize": "322222"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1950.89/1950.89_alt4_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2685", "filesize": "3325744"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1950.89/1950.89_alt4_full.tif", "width": "11152", "height": "8808", "filesize": "294711304"}}], "creditline": "Gift of the Hanna Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "The Kelvin and Eleanor Smith Foundation Gallery", "athena_id": 128072, "creators": [{"id": 1865, "description": "Berthe Morisot (French, 1841\u20131895)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": "Born into a prosperous family, Berthe Morisot was encouraged at an early age to become an amateur artist. Along with her sister Edma, she began her studies with Geoffroy-Alphonse Chocarne (act. 1838-1857), a painter trained in the neoclassical tradition. In 1858 the sisters entered the studio of Joseph-Beno\u00eet Guichard (1806-1880), a student of Ingres (q.v.) and Delacroix (q.v.). Through Guichard they met Corot (q.v.) in 1861, under whose encouragement they began to paint out of doors near Pontoise as well as in Normandy and Brittany. Berthe Morisot exhibited at the Salon from 1864 until 1873. Fantin-Latour (q.v.) introduced her to Manet (q.v.) around 1867. They developed a close friendship, and Morisot modeled for him many times (see Manet, Berthe Morisot, no. 141). In 1874 she married his brother, Eug\u00e8ne, and that same year began participating in the impressionist exhibitions, never to show at the Salon again. Four years after their marriage, the couple's only child, Julie, was born on 14 November 1878 and would become a main source of artistic inspiration. Morisot matured as a central member of the group of impressionists. Her home became a meeting place for painters and writers alike, including Renoir (q.v.), Degas (q.v.), Mary Cassatt (1845-1926), and St\u00e9phane Mallarm\u00e9. She participated in the Drouot sale of 1875, where the artists were ridiculed extensively. Her paintings, however, fetched slightly higher prices than those of Renoir, Monet (q.v.), and Sisley (q.v.). Morisot made pastels and watercolors as well as oil paintings, and during the final years of her life she experimented with lithography and drypoint etching.", "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1841", "death_year": "1895", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1950-03-16T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1873, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1873", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": "During the most recent 2023 conservation treatment, yellowed varnish coatings were removed allowing the artist\u2019s original colors and tonality to become visible. Advanced imaging including infrared reflectography (IRR) revealed changes Morisot made within the composition. This includes the sitter, Edma, initially being painted with her eyes open toward the viewer.", "has_conservation_images": true, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": true, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["The Artist's Sister, Mme. Pontillon, Seated on the Grass"], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-04-10 11:44:47.298000"}, {"id": 146416, "accession_number": "1972.119", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Noah:  The Eve of the Deluge, 1848. John Linnell (British, 1792\u20131882). Oil on canvas; framed: 168.5 x 242.5 x 9.5 cm (66 5/16 x 95 1/2 x 3 3/4 in.); unframed: 146 x 221 cm (57 1/2 x 87 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Mr. and Mrs. William H. Marlatt Fund, 1972.119", "current_location": "203B British Painting and Decorative Arts", "title": "Noah:  The Eve of the Deluge", "creation_date": "1848", "creation_date_earliest": 1848, "creation_date_latest": 1848, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["England, 19th century"], "technique": "oil on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "Modern European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "Mod Euro - Painting 1800-1960", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 168.5 x 242.5 x 9.5 cm (66 5/16 x 95 1/2 x 3 3/4 in.); Unframed: 146 x 221 cm (57 1/2 x 87 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 1.685, "width": 2.425, "depth": 0.095}, "unframed": {"height": 1.46, "width": 2.21}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "Signed lower right: j. linnell / 1848 \r\n", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 301752, "title": "Year in Review: 1972", "description": "<i>Year in Review: 1972</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (February 27-March 18, 1973).", "opening_date": "1973-02-27T05:00:00"}, {"id": 220951, "title": "Landscape of the Bible: Sacred Scenes in European Master Paintings", "description": "<i>Landscape of the Bible: Sacred Scenes in European Master Paintings</i>. Israel Museum, 91710 Jerusalem, Israel (organizer) (September 5, 2000-January 31, 2001).", "opening_date": "2000-09-05T00:00:00"}, {"id": 306699, "title": "British Gallery Reinstallation  (June 2020)", "description": "<i>British Gallery Reinstallation  (June 2020)</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art (organizer).", "opening_date": "2020-06-30T04:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "Royal Academy, London, United Kingdom (1848).", "opening_date": null}, {"description": "Mechanic's Institute, Bradford, England (1873).", "opening_date": null}, {"description": "<em>Exhibition of Works by the Old Masters and by Deceased Masters of the British School.</em> Royal Academy, London, United Kingdom (1883).", "opening_date": null}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Sold to Joseph Gillott [1799-1872], Birmingham, United Kingdom, May 1847,  before the work was completed.", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1847-1872", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "(Christie's, London, United Kingdom, April 19-20 and 26-27, and May 3-4, 1872,  sale, lot 137, sold to J. Rhodes for Angus, 1st Lord Holden)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1872", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "Angus 1st Lord Holden [1833-1912], Nun Appleton House, Bolton Percy, England", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1872-1913", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "(Christie's, London, United Kingdom, July 18, 1913, Holden Sale, lot 64, sold to Bale. Mrs. C. Hunter)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1913", "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "(Sotheby's, London Belgravia sale, February 22, 1972,  lot 98, sold to Jeremy Maas, with Herner Wengraf, London)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1972", "sortorder": 5}, {"description": "(Herner Wengraf, London, United Kingdom, 1972, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1972", "sortorder": 6}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1972-", "sortorder": 7}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Linnell was an extremely versatile artist who worked in oils and watercolors, painted miniatures on ivory, and was skilled as an engraver.", "description": "This painting powerfully illustrates changes in taste over time. Before it was even completed, the painting was purchased for the considerable sum of \u00a31,000 by a newly wealthy industrialist who admired John Linnell\u2019s modern approach to religious subjects. In 1913, however, the painting was sold at auction for only \u00a3130. Victorian painting had fallen out of favor among collectors who did not appreciate Linnell\u2019s hotly colored landscapes that combined biblical stories and poetry (in this case Milton\u2019s <em>Paradise Lost</em>) with close study of the English landscape. Linnell was also known for financially supporting the destitute and elderly William Blake, whose mesmerizing painting of Saint Matthew is in the museum's collection.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60472087"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1972.119-noah-the-eve-of-the"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Lee, Sherman E. \u201cThe Year in Review for 1972.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 60, no. 3 (March 1973): 63\u2013115.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 82; Mentioned: p. 109, no. 121", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25093732"}, {"citation": "Firestone, Evan R. \u201cJohn Linnell: The Eve of the Deluge.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 62, no. 4 (April 1975): 131\u201339.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 131-132, fig. 1", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25152586"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 208", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n228"}, {"citation": "Talbot, William S. \u201cA Victorian Portrait by Frederick Sandys.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 67, no. 10 (December 1980): 299\u2013309.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 298, fig. 1", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25159700"}, {"citation": "Argencourt, Louise d', and Roger Diederen. <em>Catalogue of Paintings</em>. <em>Pt. 4. European Paintings of the 19th Century</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1974.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 399-401, Vol. II, no. 138", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1972.119", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1972.119/1972.119_web.jpg", "width": "1263", "height": "831", "filesize": "716287", "filename": "1972.119_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1972.119/1972.119_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2237", "filesize": "4795800", "filename": "1972.119_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1972.119/1972.119_full.tif", "width": "6000", "height": "3948", "filesize": "71095936", "filename": "1972.119_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [], "creditline": "Mr. and Mrs. William H. Marlatt Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Ellen and Bruce Mavec Gallery", "athena_id": 146416, "creators": [{"id": 2968, "description": "John Linnell (British, 1792\u20131882)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": "The precocious son of a Bloomsbury frame maker, John Linnell entered the Royal Academy schools in 1805 at the same time that he began studying with influential watercolor painter and drawing master John Varley (1778-1842). Under Varley's tutelage, but primarily in the company of fellow student William Mulready (1786-1863), Linnell mastered plein-air landscape painting. His studies at the Kensington gravel pits (ca. 1812) and other locales in and around London are remarkable for the intensity and novelty of their naturalistic observation. From 1807 Linnell was a regular contributor of landscape and portrait paintings at the Royal Academy, the British Institution, and the Society of Painters in Watercolours. His conversion to the Baptist faith in 1811 intensified his conviction that meticulous landscape realism was a moral act pursued as a duty to God's creation. Primarily for financial reasons, Linnell painted his first miniature portrait in 1816, after which portraiture in all media tended to dominate his professional production for several decades. In 1818 he befriended William Blake (1757-1827), virtually supporting that irascible genius during his last years with important commissions, including The Book of Job engravings and the 102 watercolor illustrations to Dante's Divine Comedy. Linnell's commitment to landscape painting as a spiritual art profoundly influenced the visionary early work of his pupil and future son-in-law, Samuel Palmer (1805-1881). In the 1840s, but especially after 1851, when he moved his family to Redhill in Surrey, Linnell resumed landscape painting. Many of his later pictures had literal or implied religious subject matter, and although they were not always successful commercially, they established Linnell as one of the masters of the pastoral landscape tradition in the nineteenth century.", "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1792", "death_year": "1882", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1972-07-31T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1848, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1848", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": true, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["The Eve of the Deluge"], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:07:43.023000"}, {"id": 130457, "accession_number": "1953.212", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Under the Trees (from \"The Public Gardens\"), 1894. \u00c9douard Vuillard (French, 1868\u20131940). Distemper on fabric; framed: 229.9 x 113 x 11.4 cm (90 1/2 x 44 1/2 x 4 1/2 in.); unframed: 214.2 x 96.3 cm (84 5/16 x 37 15/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Gift of the Hanna Fund, 1953.212", "current_location": "223 20th Century Avant-Garde", "title": "Under the Trees (from \"The Public Gardens\")", "creation_date": "1894", "creation_date_earliest": 1894, "creation_date_latest": 1894, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["France, 19th century"], "technique": "distemper on fabric", "support_materials": [], "department": "Modern European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "Mod Euro - Painting 1800-1960", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 229.9 x 113 x 11.4 cm (90 1/2 x 44 1/2 x 4 1/2 in.); Unframed: 214.2 x 96.3 cm (84 5/16 x 37 15/16 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 2.299, "width": 1.13, "depth": 0.114}, "unframed": {"height": 2.142, "width": 0.963}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "Signed lower right: E. Vuillard 94\r\n", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 300318, "title": "Work of Edouard Vuillard", "description": "<i>Work of Edouard Vuillard</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (January 27-March 14, 1954).", "opening_date": "1954-01-27T05:00:00"}, {"id": 301477, "title": "In Memoriam: Leonard C. Hanna, Jr.", "description": "<i>In Memoriam: Leonard C. Hanna, Jr.</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (March 4-April 7, 1958).", "opening_date": "1958-03-04T05:00:00"}, {"id": 302007, "title": "Paths of Abstract Art", "description": "<i>Paths of Abstract Art</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (October 5-November 13, 1960).", "opening_date": "1960-10-05T04:00:00"}, {"id": 191838, "title": "Object in Focus:  Under the Trees (Sous les arbres) by Edouard Vuillard", "description": "<i>Object in Focus:  Under the Trees (Sous les arbres) by Edouard Vuillard</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (September 29-November 29, 1998).", "opening_date": "1998-09-29T00:00:00"}, {"id": 216734, "title": "Beyond the Easel: Decorative Painting by Bonnard, Vuillard, Denis, Roussel, 1890-1930", "description": "<i>Beyond the Easel: Decorative Painting by Bonnard, Vuillard, Denis, Roussel, 1890-1930</i>. The Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL (organizer) (February 21-May 16, 2001); The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY (June 18-September 9, 2001).", "opening_date": "2001-02-21T00:00:00"}, {"id": 177023, "title": "Edouard Vuillard", "description": "<i>Edouard Vuillard</i>. National Gallery of Art, Landover, MD (organizer) (January 19-April 20, 2003); Montr\u00e9al Museum of Fine Arts, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (May 15-August 24, 2003).", "opening_date": "2003-01-19T00:00:00"}, {"id": 182153, "title": "Monet to Dal\u00ed: Modern Masters from the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Monet to Dal\u00ed: Modern Masters from the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 21, 2007-January 13, 2008).", "opening_date": "2006-05-27T00:00:00"}, {"id": 329533, "title": "Private Lives: Home and Family in the Art of the Nabis, Paris, 1889\u20131900", "description": "<i>Private Lives: Home and Family in the Art of the Nabis, Paris, 1889\u20131900</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (co-organizer) (July 1-September 19, 2021).", "opening_date": "2021-07-01T04:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "Paris, Bernheim-Jeune. Vuillard (1906), no. 26 (according to Jacques Salomon, who is preparing a catalogue raisonn\u00e9).", "opening_date": "1906-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Paris, Galerie des Beaux-Arts. Les \u00e9tapes de l'art contemporain II: Gauguin, ses amis, L'\u00c9cole de Pont-Aven et l'Acad\u00e9mie Julian (1934), no. 165 (according to Salomon, unpub.).", "opening_date": "1934-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Paris, Les Cadres. Peintres de la Revue blanche (1936), no. 79 (according to Salomon, unpub.).", "opening_date": "1936-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Paris, Mus\u00e9e des Arts D\u00e9coratifs. Exposition \u00c9. Vuillard (1938), no. 34b, Sous les arbres, 214 x 97 cm, \u00e0 Henri Blum (repr.).", "opening_date": "1938-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "cma; New York, Museum of Modern Art. \u00c9douard Vuillard (1954), 20, 34 (repr.), 101.", "opening_date": "1954-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "cma. Paths of Abstract Art (1960), no. 10, pl. II, 9 (repr.).", "opening_date": "1960-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Toronto, Art Gallery of Ontario; San Francisco, California Palace of the Legion of Honor; Art Institute of Chicago. \u00c9douard Vuillard 1868-1940 (1971-72), 39 (repr.), 49-50, 225.", "opening_date": "1940-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Cleveland, Ohio:  The Cleveland Museum of Art; September 29 - November 29, 1998.  \"Object in Focus:  Under the Trees (Sous les arbres) by Edouard Vuillard.\"", "opening_date": "1998-09-29T00:00:00"}, {"description": "The Art Institute of Chicago (2/21-5/27/01);  NY: The Metropolitan Museum of Art (6/18 - 9/9/01); \"Beyond the Easel: Decorative Painting by Bonnard, Vuillard, Denis, Roussel, 1890-1930\"exh. cat. no. 33, pp. 120-121.", "opening_date": "2001-09-09T00:00:00"}, {"description": "The National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC (1/19/2003-4/20/2003), Museum of Fine Arts, Montreal (5/15/2003-8/24/2003): \"Edouard Vuillard\", exh.cat.no. 118, p. 172-173.", "opening_date": "2003-01-19T00:00:00"}, {"description": "CMA (organizer). Cleveland Museum of Art, Oct. 21, 2007- January 13, 2008:  \"Modern Masters from the Cleveland Museum of Art\"", "opening_date": "2007-10-21T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Alexandre Natanson [1867-1936], Paris", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->This painting is one of nine canvases that Alexandre Natanson, director of <em>La Revue blanche, </em>commissioned from Vuillard in 1893 for his home in the Avenue du Bois de Boulogne.&nbsp; The decorative cycle, entitled <em>Jardins publics </em>(<em>Public Gardens</em>) was dismantled when the Natanson family moved to the Avenue des Champs-Elys\u00e9es, where it was reinstalled in 1908.&nbsp; Natanson\u2019s collection was sold at auction in 1929, and the cycle was dispersed: five paintings are now in the Mus\u00e9e d\u2019Orsay; the pendant to the CMA painting is at the Mus\u00e9es Royaux des Beaux-Arts de Belgique; one panel is in the collection of the Houston Museum of Fine Arts; and the current location of the ninth panel is unknown</div>"], "date": "1894-1929", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "(Natanson sale, H\u00f4tel Drouot, Paris, May 16, 1929, lot 122, sold to Georges B\u00e9nard)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1929", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "Georges B\u00e9nard, Paris", "citations": [], "footnotes": [""], "date": "1929-1933", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "(B\u00e9nard sale, H\u00f4tel Drouot, Paris, June 9, 1933, lot 90, sold to Henri Blum)", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->The Cleveland painting was sold together with <em>La promenade </em>(no. 89)<em>, </em>also from the <em>Jardins public</em> cycle, to Henri Blum.&nbsp; Modigliani's <em>Portrait of a Woman </em>(CMA 1951.358) also appeared in the B\u00e9nard sale (no. 67).</div>"], "date": "1933", "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "Henri Blum, Paris", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->Blum, a collector of Impressonist works who was active in Paris throughout the 1930s and 1940s, lent the CMA painting to a 1938 Vuillard exhibition at the Mus\u00e9e des Arts D\u00e9coratifs.</div>"], "date": "1933-", "sortorder": 5}, {"description": "(C\u00e9sar de Hauke, New York, sold to Knoedler & Co.)", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->This sale may have been brokered by Parisian dealer, Paul Brame.&nbsp; Galerie Hector Brame, at which Paul Brame worked, appears in the painting\u2019s provenance in the Salamon/Cogeval Vuillard catalogue raisonn\u00e9.&nbsp; However, according to the gallery, there is no reference to the painting in their stock books.&nbsp; Paul Brame and C\u00e9sar de Hauke were close acquaintances and often made purchases in conjunction with one another. &nbsp; The Knoedler inventory card, which makes no mention of Brame, does not specify the date de Hauke sold the painting (stock no. A5278) to Knoedler, but CMA records indicate the transaction took place in May 1953.&nbsp;</div>"], "date": "Until 1953", "sortorder": 6}, {"description": "(Knoedler & Co., New York, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1953", "sortorder": 7}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1953-", "sortorder": 8}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Vuillard's social circle included actors and directors. He often contributed to their theatrical pursuits by designing costumes, programs, and set pieces. In this panel from a nine-part series, a patterned landscape recalls scenery for the stage.", "description": "This painting is from a nine-panel decorative series showing children playing in two of Paris\u2019s most spacious parks: the Tuileries Gardens and the Bois de Boulogne. It depicts a game of hide-and-seek in which a girl conceals herself behind a tree. The stillness of the women resting on green chairs at the right is countered by children running at the left. Rather than a realistic rendering of the subject, \u00c9douard Vuillard arranged the composition in bands of colorful, decorative patterns so that the painting seems like a tapestry.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60516343"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1953.212-under-the-trees-from"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "d'Argencourt, Louise, Roger Diederen, and Alisa Luxenberg. <em>European Paintings of the 19th Century</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1999.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Salomon, Antoine, Guy Cogeval, and Mathias Chivot. <em>Vuillard, the Inexhaustible Glance: Critical Catalogue of Paintings and Pastels</em>. Milan: Skira, 2003.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Salomon, Jacques. <em>Vuillard</em>. [Paris]: A. Michel, 1945.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Salomon, Antoine, Guy Cogeval, and Mathias Chivot. <em>Vuillard, the Inexhaustible Glance: Critical Catalogue of Paintings and Pastels</em>. Milan: Skira, 2003.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Salomon, Antoine, Guy Cogeval, and Mathias Chivot. <em>Vuillard, the Inexhaustible Glance: Critical Catalogue of Paintings and Pastels</em>. Milan: Skira, 2003.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Exposition E. Vuillard: mai-juillet 1938</em>. [Paris]: Muse\u0301e des arts de\u0301coratifs, 1938.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Salomon, Antoine, Guy Cogeval, and Mathias Chivot. <em>Vuillard, the Inexhaustible Glance: Critical Catalogue of Paintings and Pastels</em>. Milan: Skira, 2003.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Salomon, Antoine, Guy Cogeval, and Mathias Chivot. <em>Vuillard, the Inexhaustible Glance: Critical Catalogue of Paintings and Pastels</em>. Milan: Skira, 2003.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "\u00c9douard Vuillard, Series IV Inventory Cards, M. Knoedler &amp; Co. records, box 140, Getty Research Institute.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Sylvie Brame, email to Victoria Sears Goldman, Jan. 29, 2015, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Sylvie Brame, email to Victoria Sears Goldman, Jan. 30, 2015, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Salomon, Antoine, Guy Cogeval, and Mathias Chivot. <em>Vuillard, the Inexhaustible Glance: Critical Catalogue of Paintings and Pastels</em>. Milan: Skira, 2003.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "\u00c9douard Vuillard, Series IV Inventory Cards, M. Knoedler &amp; Co. records, box 166, Getty Research Institute.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Ho\u0302tel Drouot. <em>Tableaux modernes, aquarelles, pastels, dessins, lithographies</em>. May 16, 1929.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Ho\u0302tel Drouot. <em>Tableaux modernes, aquarelles, gouaches, pastels. </em>June 9, 1933<em>.</em>", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Francis, Henry. \"Edouard Vuillard.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art </em>41, no. 1 (January 1954): 6-7.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 2; Mentioned: p. 6", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25141927"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Handbook.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 514", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1958/page/n95"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 182", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n206"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 182", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n206"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 225", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n245"}, {"citation": "Robinson, William H. \"Vuillard's <em>Under the Trees</em> from the Nabi Cycle <em>The Public Gardens</em>.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 79, no. 4 (1992): 111-27.", "page_number": "Reproduced: cover, p. 112, 119; Mentioned: p. 111-27", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25161356"}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Cleveland Art: The Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em>. Vol. 38 no. 08, October 1998", "page_number": "Mentioned & reproduced: p. 2", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM1998-08/page/n1"}, {"citation": "Argencourt, Louise d', and Roger Diederen. <em>Catalogue of Paintings</em>. <em>Pt. 4. European Paintings of the 19th Century</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1974.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 626-630, Vol. II, no. 219", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Salomon, Antoine, Guy Cogeval, and Mathias Chivot. <em>Vuillard: The Inexhaustible Glance: Critical Catalogue of Paintings and Pastels.</em> Milan: Skira, 2003.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: vol. 1, p. 394-396", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cahn, Isabelle. \"The Nabis: Decorative Painting and the New Sensibility.\" In J<em>apanese Connections: The Birth of Modern Deco</em>r, pp. 44-55. Isabelle Cahn, ed. Beirut: Kaph Books 2018.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 51; Reproduced: p. 53", "url": null}, {"citation": "Brown, Heather Lemonedes. \u201cThe Nabi City.\u201d In <em>Private Lives: Home and Family in the Art of the Nabis, Paris, 1889-1900</em>. Mary Weaver Chapin and Heather Lemonedes Brown, 222-261. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2021.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 225-226; Reproduced: P. 242, no. 154", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1953.212", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1953.212/1953.212_web.jpg", "width": "407", "height": "900", "filesize": "253047", "filename": "1953.212_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1953.212/1953.212_print.jpg", "width": "1538", "height": "3400", "filesize": "2042618", "filename": "1953.212_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1953.212/1953.212_full.tif", "width": "6302", "height": "13936", "filesize": "263499396", "filename": "1953.212_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2008-02-25T14:50:09", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1953.212/1953.212_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "398", "height": "893", "filesize": "303672"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1953.212/1953.212_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "1514", "height": "3400", "filesize": "3982770"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1953.212/1953.212_alt0_full.tif", "width": "2693", "height": "6049", "filesize": "48905216"}}, {"date_created": "2021-01-08T09:52:28", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1953.212/1953.212_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "453", "height": "900", "filesize": "153394"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1953.212/1953.212_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "1713", "height": "3400", "filesize": "1004536"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1953.212/1953.212_alt1_full.tif", "width": "7082", "height": "14058", "filesize": "298700764"}}, {"date_created": "2021-01-06T16:48:35", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1953.212/1953.212_alt2_web.jpg", "width": "494", "height": "900", "filesize": "262377"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1953.212/1953.212_alt2_print.jpg", "width": "1865", "height": "3400", "filesize": "2235151"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1953.212/1953.212_alt2_full.tif", "width": "7579", "height": "13820", "filesize": "314251488"}}], "creditline": "Gift of the Hanna Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Michael J. Horvitz Family Gallery", "athena_id": 130457, "creators": [{"id": 1833, "description": "\u00c9douard Vuillard (French, 1868\u20131940)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": "After attending the Lyc\u00e9e Condorcet, \u00c9douard Vuillard entered the studio of history painter Diog\u00e8ne Maillart (1840-1926). In 1886 he enrolled at the Acad\u00e9mie Julian, where he was taught by Tony Robert-Fleury (1837-1911) and Bouguereau (q.v.). The following year he was accepted into the \u00c9cole des Beaux-Arts and was briefly in the atelier of G\u00e9r\u00f4me (q.v.). At this time he also studied seventeenth-century Dutch painting and the works of Chardin (1699-1779). By 1889 Vuillard was persuaded by his friend painter and theorist Maurice Denis (1870-1943) to join the newly formed group of artists known as the Nabis. The Nabis based many of their ideas on synthetism, first developed by Gauguin (q.v.) and \u00c9mile Bernard (1868-1941), in which the artist was to work not from nature but from memory. Vuillard's initial synthetist works reveal a preoccupation with pattern and bright colors, denying the three-dimensionality of the object. By 1892, however, his colors were more subdued, reflecting his desire to mimic the unusual lighting effects that he had seen in symbolist theater. Vuillard's first major commissions date from this time, including nine panels for the dining room of Alexandre Natanson and four decorative panels for the library of Dr. Henri Vaquez. In 1898 Vuillard visited Venice and Florence, and the following year he and Bonnard (q.v.), a fellow member of the Nabis, made an excursion to London. Later they went to Milan and Venice and eventually to Spain. Vuillard also made trips to Brittany and Normandy. His first public commission came in 1912, when he was asked to paint panels for the foyer of the Com\u00e9die des Champs-Elys\u00e9es in Paris. During that period he moved beyond the synthetism of the Nabis and returned to a more traditional perspective. At the same time he was accepting commissions for portraits. In 1936 he was chosen to paint a mural at the Palais des Nations in Geneva and was subsequently elected to the Institut de France.", "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1868", "death_year": "1940", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1953-06-17T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1894, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1894", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": true, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:02:21.705000"}, {"id": 135007, "accession_number": "1957.61", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Wine Cup with Children at Play (\u6597\u5f69\u5a74\u620f\u676f), 1465\u201387. China, Jiangxi province, Jingdezhen, Ming dynasty (1368-1644), Chenghua mark and period (1465-1487). Porcelain with underglaze blue and overglaze enamel decoration, docai (\"joined colors\") ware; overall: 4.8 cm (1 7/8 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, John L. Severance Fund, 1957.61", "current_location": "238 Chinese Ceramics", "title": "Wine Cup with Children at Play", "title_in_original_language": "\u6597\u5f69\u5a74\u620f\u676f", "creation_date": "1465\u201387", "creation_date_earliest": 1465, "creation_date_latest": 1487, "artists_tags": [], "culture": ["China, Jiangxi province, Jingdezhen, Ming dynasty (1368-1644), Chenghua mark and period (1465-1487)"], "technique": "porcelain with underglaze blue and overglaze enamel decoration, docai (\"joined colors\") ware", "support_materials": [], "department": "Chinese Art", "collection": "China - Ming Dynasty", "type": "Ceramic", "measurements": "Overall: 4.8 cm (1 7/8 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"height": 0.048}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "\u5927\u660e\u6210\u5316\u5e74\u88fd", "inscription_translation": "Da Ming Chenghua nian zhi (Made in the Ming dynasty, Chenghua reign)", "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 309564, "title": "The World of Ceramics: Masterpieces from the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>The World of Ceramics: Masterpieces from the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 20-August 22, 1982).", "opening_date": "1982-06-20T04:00:00"}, {"id": 196054, "title": "Streams and Mountains Without End: Asian Art and the Legacy of Sherman E. Lee at the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Streams and Mountains Without End: Asian Art and the Legacy of Sherman E. Lee at the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 27-August 23, 2009).", "opening_date": "2009-06-27T04:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>Ming Porcelains</em>. China House Gallery, New York, NY (October 29, 1970-January 31, 1971).", "opening_date": "1970-10-29T05:00:00Z"}, {"description": "<em>Circa 1492: Art in the Age of Exploration</em>. The National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC (October 12, 1991-January 12, 1992).", "opening_date": "1991-10-12T04:00:00Z"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Men-Chu Wang, Beijing, China. Probably Palace Collection", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "(Frank Caro [1904\u20131980], New York, NY, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "?\u20131957", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1957\u2013", "sortorder": 3}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Chenghua ware demonstrates one of the high points of technological accomplishment in Chinese porcelain production.", "description": "This delicate wine cup, only two inches high, exhibits free, spontaneous drawing as well as perfect compositional balance over its small surface area. The motifs were outlined with cobalt blue; the piece was then glazed and fired in the normal way for making the blue-and-white ware. After firing, the outline painting was completed with colored enamels over the glaze. The piece was fired the second time. The pictorial decoration is refined and complicated; the porcelain body is of exceptionally high quality and is thin, translucent, and light in weight.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60763417"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1957.61-wine-cup-with-childr"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Handbook.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 865", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1958/page/n154"}, {"citation": "Lee, Sherman E. <em>A History of Far Eastern Art</em>. New York: H.N. Abrams, 1964.", "page_number": "Reproduced:  p. 409, colorplate #41", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 266", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n290"}, {"citation": "Lee, Sherman E. <em>Selected Works: Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Museum, 1967.", "page_number": "p. 67", "url": null}, {"citation": "Moore, Janet Gaylord. <em>The Many Ways of Seeing: An Introduction to the Pleasures of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: World Pub. Co., 1968.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 117", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 266", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n290"}, {"citation": "Valenstein, Suzanne G. <em>Ming Porcelains: A Retrospective: Catalogue of a Loan Exhibition from Museum and Private Collections in the United States, October 29, 1970 Through January 31, 1971</em>. New York: China House Gallery, China Institute in America, 1970.", "page_number": "Reproduced:  p. 52", "url": null}, {"citation": "Ayers, John. \"Ming Porcelains at China House Gallery, New York,\" <em>The Connoisseur</em>, November 1970.", "page_number": "Reproduced:  p. 189", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 354", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n374"}, {"citation": "Moore, Janet Gaylord. <em>The Eastern Gate: An Invitation to the Arts of China and Japan</em>. Cleveland: Collins, 1979.", "page_number": "Reproduced:  pp. 79 and 87", "url": null}, {"citation": "Neils, Jenifer. <em>The World of Ceramics: Masterpieces from the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Museum in cooperation with Indiana University Press, 1982.", "page_number": "Cat. no. 127", "url": null}, {"citation": "Franklin, David and C. Griffith Mann. <em>Treasures from the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. 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Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 288", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n308"}, {"citation": "Haesner, Chhaya, \u201cA Cultural Diffusion.\u201d In <em> India and Greece, Connections and Parallels</em>. Dr. Saryu Doshi, editor. Bombay: Marg Publications, 1985.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 110, fig. 9", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Neils, Jenifer. \u201cThe Twain Shall Meet.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>, vol. 72, no. 6, 1985, pp. 326\u2013359.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 334, fig. 13", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25159914"}, {"citation": "Czuma, Stanislaw J., and Rekha Morris. <em>Kushan Sculpture: Images from Early India</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art in cooperation with Indiana University Press, 1985.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 107, p. 196", "url": ""}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1991.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 15", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1991/page/n30"}, {"citation": "Cunningham, Michael R., Stanislaw J. Czuma, Anne E. Wardwell, and J. Keith Wilson. <em>Masterworks of Asian Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1998.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: pp. 112\u2013113", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Czuma, Stanislaw J., \"East Meets West\", Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Cleveland Art: The Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em>. Vol. 38 no. 05, May 1998", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 7", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM1998-05/page/n5"}, {"citation": "Parimoo, Ratan. <em>Essays in New Art History: Studies in Indian Sculpture : Regional Genres and Interpretations</em>. New Delhi: Books &amp; Books, 2000.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 38", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Franklin, David and C. Griffith Mann. <em>Treasures from the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. 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"https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1928.856/1928.856_alt7_full.tif", "width": "3732", "height": "4764", "filesize": "53365032"}}, {"date_created": "2010-08-09T18:43:10", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1928.856/1928.856_alt8_web.jpg", "width": "696", "height": "900", "filesize": "162077"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1928.856/1928.856_alt8_print.jpg", "width": "2631", "height": "3400", "filesize": "1564599"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1928.856/1928.856_alt8_full.tif", "width": "4474", "height": "5782", "filesize": "77632472"}}], "creditline": "Gift of the John Huntington Art and Polytechnic Trust", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "David and Inez Myers Foundation Gallery", "athena_id": 110232, "creators": [], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1928-01-06T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 100, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 100\u2013125 CE", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "cover", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Orestes Sarcophagus"], "is_highlight": true, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:03:23.068000"}, {"id": 162625, "accession_number": "2003.227", "share_license_status": "Copyrighted", "tombstone": "Celebration, 1960. Lee Krasner (American, 1908\u20131984). Oil on canvas; framed: 238.1 x 471.8 x 8.3 cm (93 3/4 x 185 3/4 x 3 1/4 in.); unframed: 234.3 x 468.6 cm (92 1/4 x 184 1/2 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Purchase from the J. H. Wade Fund, 2003.227. \u00a9  The Pollock-Krasner Foundation / Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York", "current_location": "227 Abstract Expressionism", "title": "Celebration", "creation_date": "1960", "creation_date_earliest": 1960, "creation_date_latest": 1960, "artists_tags": ["female", "Jewish artists"], "culture": ["America"], "technique": "oil on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "American Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "American - Painting", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 238.1 x 471.8 x 8.3 cm (93 3/4 x 185 3/4 x 3 1/4 in.); Unframed: 234.3 x 468.6 cm (92 1/4 x 184 1/2 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 2.381, "width": 4.718, "depth": 0.083}, "unframed": {"height": 2.343, "width": 4.686}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": "\u00a9  The Pollock-Krasner Foundation / Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York", "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "signed and dated lower right:  \"Lee Krasner '60\"", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [], "legacy": []}, "provenance": [{"description": "Christie's, New York", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": null}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Krasner repurposed this large canvas when she painted over an earlier composition that dissatisfied her.", "description": "After the death of her husband Jackson Pollock, Lee Krasner took over his studio located in a barn on their property. With this expansion of studio space, she began creating large-scale paintings like <em>Celebration</em>, using expansive gestures to express her feelings on canvas.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60479609"], "internet_archive": []}, "citations": [{"citation": "David Franklin, and C. Griffith Mann. <em>Treasures of the Cleveland Museum of Art. </em>Cleveland, OH, London: Cleveland Museum of Art ; in association with Scala Publishers, 2012.", "page_number": "Mentioned, p. 324; reproduced, p. 324 and p. 325 (detail).", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Rose, Barbara. <em>Lee Krasner: A Retrospective.</em> Houston: Museum of Fine Arts, 1983.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 112-114, fig. 109", "url": ""}, {"citation": "\"Major Acquisitions 2000-2005.\" <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em> 45, no. 6 (July/August 2005): 6-17.", "page_number": "Reproduced and Mentioned: p. 16-17", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2005-06/page/16/mode/2up"}, {"citation": "<em>Treasures of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. London, United Kingdom,Scala Books, 2012.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 324-325", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 63", "url": ""}, {"citation": "\u201cA Walking Tour: The entire new museum wing by wing, with curators calling out a few favorite works in the collection.\u201d <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em> 54, no. 1 (January/February 2014): 8-33.", "page_number": "Reproduced and Mentioned: p. 21", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2014-01/page/n19/mode/2up"}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Museum Masters: 2016-17 Companion Guide.</em> [Cleveland, Ohio]: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2016.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 23", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Anfam, David. <em>Lee Krasner: The Umber Paintings 1959-1962</em>. [New York]: Paul Kasmin Gallery, 2018.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 50; Reproduced p. 51, 53", "url": null}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/2003.227", "images": {}, "alternate_images": [], "creditline": "Purchase from the J. H. Wade Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Frank H. and Nancy L. Porter Gallery", "athena_id": 162625, "creators": [{"id": 15639, "description": "Lee Krasner (American, 1908\u20131984)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1908", "death_year": "1984", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "2003-12-01T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1960, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1960", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": true, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:01:10.300000"}, {"id": 117940, "accession_number": "1938.9", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Cranes and Serpents (\u86c7\u5ea7\u9cf3\u9ce5\u9f13\u67b6), 475\u2013221 BCE. China, reportedly from Hunan province, Changsha, Warring States period (475\u2013221 BCE), State of Chu (c. 1046\u2013223 BCE). Lacquered wood with polychromy; overall: 132.1 x 124.5 cm (52 x 49 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Purchase from the J. H. Wade Fund, 1938.9", "current_location": "241A Arts of Ancient China", "title": "Cranes and Serpents", "title_in_original_language": "\u86c7\u5ea7\u9cf3\u9ce5\u9f13\u67b6", "creation_date": "475\u2013221 BCE", "creation_date_earliest": -475, "creation_date_latest": -221, "artists_tags": [], "culture": ["China, reportedly from Hunan province, Changsha, Warring States period (475\u2013221 BCE), State of Chu (c. 1046\u2013223 BCE)"], "technique": "lacquered wood with polychromy", "support_materials": [], "department": "Chinese Art", "collection": "China - Zhou Dynasty", "type": "Sculpture", "measurements": "Overall: 132.1 x 124.5 cm (52 x 49 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"height": 1.321, "width": 1.245}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 312341, "title": "The Silver Jubilee Exhibition", "description": "<i>The Silver Jubilee Exhibition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 23-September 28, 1941).", "opening_date": "1941-06-23T04:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>Survey of Early Chinese Art</em>. Yamanaka &amp; Co., New York, NY (January 1938).", "opening_date": "1938-01-01T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "(Mr. Umekichi Asano [1877\u20131960], \u014csaka, Japan)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1934 or later\u2013before 1938", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "(Yamanaka and Company, New York, NY, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "?\u20131938", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1938\u2013", "sortorder": 3}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "The cranes' long necks allowed a lightweight drum to be suspended from strings through the beaks, while the densely intertwined snakes provided a weighty base to stabilize the object during musical performances.", "description": "A different style of ritual art developed in the state of Chu in South China. In addition to bronze vessels, lacquered wood artifacts expanded the repertory of ritual implements. <br><br>This extraordinary sculpture was probably a drum stand for supporting a suspended drum in ritual ceremonies. It is unique among other excavated drum stands of the Chu, which typically show two birds standing on tigers. The theme of the bird stepping on the serpent was common in the Chu visual culture. Yet the slender proportions and seemingly flimsy structure of this particular set raise the question of whether it was utilitarian or mostly served symbolic functions in the tomb. <br><br>The birds' and serpents' bodies have designs painted in red lacquer and yellow pigment against the black lacquer. Scientific analyses confirm the additional use of a blue or green pigment that has been discolored over time.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60757420"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1938.9-cranes-and-serpents"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Umehara Sueji \u6885\u539f\u672b\u6cbb and Mizuno Seiichi \u6c34\u91ce\u6e05\u4e00. \"Wooden Cranes and Snakes, decorated with Lacquer, said to have been discovered in Chang-sha, China\" [\u50b3\u9577\u6c99\u51fa\u571f\u306e\u6f06\u756b\u96d9\u9db4\u96d9\u86c7\u306b\u5c31\u3044\u3066]. <em>Bijutsu Kenkyu\u0304</em> [\u7f8e\u8853\u784f\u7a76 = Journal of the Japanese Art History Society] no. 72 (December 1937), pp. 487-491.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pp. 489, 490, pl. V-VII", "url": null}, {"citation": "\u201cAccessions.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>, vol. 25, no. 2, 1938, pp. 29\u201332.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 30", "url": "www.jstor.org/stable/25137905"}, {"citation": "Hollis, Howard C. \u201cCranes and Serpents.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>, vol. 25, no. 8, 1938, pp. 147\u2013151, 159.", "page_number": "Reproduced and Mentioned: pp. 147-151 and 159", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25137954"}, {"citation": "Morgan, Whitney. \u201cMuseum Accessions.\u201d <em>Parnassus</em>, vol. 11, no. 1, 1939, pp. 37\u201341.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 37", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/771774"}, {"citation": "Hollis, Howard. \u201cCorrections in Previous Articles on Oriental Objects.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 32, no. 7 (1945): 141.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 141", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25141228"}, {"citation": "\u201cArt and Archaeology at the Cleveland Museum of Art.\u201d <em>Archaeology</em>, vol. 6, no. 4, 1953, pp. 195\u2013202.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 200", "url": "www.jstor.org/stable/41663172"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Handbook.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 805", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1958/page/n143"}, {"citation": "Consten, Eleanor von Erdberg. <em>Das Alte China</em>. Stuttgart: G. Kilpper, 1958.", "page_number": "Reprodcued: pl. 71. p. 107, 244", "url": null}, {"citation": "Misugi, Takatoshi \u4e09\u6749\u9686\u654f. Chu\u0304goku kinseki to\u0304ji zukan [\u4e2d\u570b\u91d1\u77f3\u9676\u74f7\u5716\u9451 = Old Chinese Art]. O\u0304saka: Chu\u0304goku Kinseki To\u0304ji Zukan Kanko\u0304kai, 1961.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 33", "url": null}, {"citation": "Misugi, Takatoshi \u4e09\u6749\u9686\u654f. Chu\u0304goku kinseki to\u0304ji zukan [\u4e2d\u570b\u91d1\u77f3\u9676\u74f7\u5716\u9451 = Old Chinese Art]. O\u0304saka: Chu\u0304goku Kinseki To\u0304ji Zukan Kanko\u0304kai, 1961.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 33", "url": null}, {"citation": "Tucci, Giuseppe, and Antonio Gargano. <em>Le Civilta\u0300 dell'Oriente ... Sotto la dir. di Giuseppe Tucci</em> vol. 4 Arte [Roma]: G. Casini, 1962.", "page_number": "p. 1100", "url": null}, {"citation": "Jenyns, Soame, and William Watson. <em>Chinese Art: The Minor Arts</em>. New York: Universe Books, 1963.", "page_number": "p. 286", "url": null}, {"citation": "Fontein, Jan. \"The Oriental Collection of the Cleveland Museum of Art.\" <em>Apollo: A Journal of the Arts</em> 78 (December 1963): 468-469.", "page_number": "pp. 468-469", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lee, Sherman E. <em>A History of Far Eastern Art</em>. New York: H.N. Abrams, 1964.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pp. 52-53", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 246", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n270"}, {"citation": "<em>Selected Works: Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pl. 52", "url": null}, {"citation": "Luzzatto-Bilitz, Oscar. <em>Lacche orientali</em>. Milano: Fratelli Fabbri, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pl. 1", "url": null}, {"citation": "Watson, William. <em>Early Civilization in China</em>. London: Thames &amp; Hudson, 1966.", "page_number": "p. 129", "url": null}, {"citation": "Riviere, Jean Roger. \"El Arte de la China.\" <em>Summa artis, historia general del arte</em> 20 (1966)", "page_number": "p. 219", "url": null}, {"citation": "Alsop, Joseph. \"Treasures of the Cleveland Museum of Art.\" <em>Art in America </em>54 no. 3 (May-June 1966). pp. 21-44.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 22", "url": null}, {"citation": "Alsop, Joseph. \"Les Chefs-d'Oeuvre de Premiere Importance du Second Musee des Etats-Unis.\" <em>Connaissance des arts </em>172 (June 1966).", "page_number": "p. 63", "url": null}, {"citation": "Munsterberg, Hugo. <em>Der Ferne Osten</em>. Baden-Baden: Holle, 1968.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 33", "url": null}, {"citation": "Aida, Yu\u0304ji. <em>Sekai rekishi shiri\u0304zu </em>[\u4e16\u754c\u6b74\u53f2\u30b7\u30ea\u30fc\u30ba = World History Series]. Vol. 3 Kodai Ch\u016bgoku \u53e4\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd. To\u0304kyo\u0304: Sekai Bunkasha, 1968.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 80", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 246", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n270"}, {"citation": "Froncek, Thomas, ed. and Hugh Honour. <em>The Horizon Book of the Arts of China</em>. New York: American Heritage Pub. Co, 1969.", "page_number": "p. 265", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kadokawa Shoten, ed. <em>A Pictorial Encyclopedia of the Oriental Arts: China</em>. Vol.1. New York: Crown Publishers, 1969.", "page_number": "p. 10", "url": null}, {"citation": "Fricke, Berthold, editor. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Hannover: Knorr &amp; Hirth, 1970.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 94; Mentioned: p. 95", "url": null}, {"citation": "Barnard, Noel. \"Some Remarks upon the Origin and the Nature of the Art of Ch'u.\" in <em>Waikato University China Papers: Proceedings of the First New Zealand International Conference on Chinese Studies, University of Waikato, Hamilton New Zealand, 17-20 May 1972</em>. Dov Bing, ed. Hamilton, New Zealand: Conference on Chinese Studies, 1972.", "page_number": "Reproduced: fig. 6:12", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cooper, Barbara, and Maureen Matheson, editors. T<em>he World Museums Guide</em>. London: Threshold Books Ltd, 1973.", "page_number": "p. 78", "url": null}, {"citation": "Glubok, Shirley. <em>The Art of China</em>. New York: Macmillan, 1973.", "page_number": "p. 24", "url": null}, {"citation": "Ridley, Michael. <em>Treasures of China</em>. New York: Arco Pub. Co, 1974.", "page_number": "p. 36", "url": null}, {"citation": "T'an Tan-chiung. \"The <em>Fei-i</em> and the Paired Dragon and Phoenix\" [\u00ab\u80a5\u907a\u00bb \u548c \u00ab\u9f8d\u9cf3\u914d\u00bb]. <em>Dong Wu da xue Zhongguo yi shu shi ji kan </em>[\u6771\u5433\u5927\u5b78\u4e2d\u570b\u85dd\u8853\u53f2\u96c6\u520a = <em>Soochow University journal of Chinese art history </em>vol. 6 (September 1976): pp. 1-32.", "page_number": "Reproduced: Pl. XV", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 327", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n347"}, {"citation": "Watson, William. <em>L'art de l'ancienne Chine</em>. Paris: Mazenod, 1979.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pl. 180", "url": null}, {"citation": "Guo li gu gong bo wu yuan [National Palace Museum = \u570b\u7acb\u6545\u5bae\u535a\u7269\u9662].<em> Hai wai yi zhen. Qi qi </em>[Chinese art in overseas collections. Lacquerware = \u6d77\u5916\u907a\u73ce. \u6f06\u5668]. Taibei Shi Shilin qu Waishuangxi: Guo li gu gong bo wu yuan, 1987.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pl. 2", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1991.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 9", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1991/page/n24"}, {"citation": "Lee, Sherman E., and Naomi Noble Richard. <em>A History of Far Eastern Art</em>. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1994.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: pp. 52\u201353, fig. 65", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Watson, William. <em>The Arts of China to AD 900</em>. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995.", "page_number": "Reproduced: cover and figs. 122\u2013123", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cunningham, Michael R., Stanislaw J. Czuma, Anne E. Wardwell, and J. Keith Wilson. <em>Masterworks of Asian Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1998.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pp. 30-31", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kontler, Christine. <em>Arts et sagesses de la Chine</em>. [Saint-Le\u0301ger-Vauban]: Zodiaque, 2000.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pl. no. 24, pp. 71-72", "url": null}, {"citation": "Scarpari, Maurizio. <em>Ancient China: Chinese civilization from the origins to the Tang Dynasty</em>. Vercelli: White Star, 2000.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 214, p. 214", "url": null}, {"citation": "May, Sally Ruth, Jane Takac, and Barbara J. Bradley. <em>Knockouts: A Pocket Guide</em>. 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Oil on canvas; framed: 84.1 x 99.4 x 9.5 cm (33 1/8 x 39 1/8 x 3 3/4 in.); unframed: 64.5 x 81 cm (25 3/8 x 31 7/8 in.); former: 84 x 99 x 11.5 cm (33 1/16 x 39 x 4 1/2 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Purchase from the J. H. Wade Fund, 1939.524", "current_location": "208 American Gilded Age and Realism", "title": "The Drive, Central Park", "creation_date": "c. 1905", "creation_date_earliest": 1900, "creation_date_latest": 1910, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["America, early 20th Century"], "technique": "oil on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "American Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "American - Painting", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 84.1 x 99.4 x 9.5 cm (33 1/8 x 39 1/8 x 3 3/4 in.); Unframed: 64.5 x 81 cm (25 3/8 x 31 7/8 in.); Former: 84 x 99 x 11.5 cm (33 1/16 x 39 x 4 1/2 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 0.841, "width": 0.994, "depth": 0.095}, "unframed": {"height": 0.645, "width": 0.81}, "former": {"height": 0.84, "width": 0.99, "depth": 0.115}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "signed lower right:  W. Glackens", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 312153, "title": "The Eight", "description": "<i>The Eight</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (February 9-March 4, 1944).", "opening_date": "1944-02-09T05:00:00"}, {"id": 311898, "title": "35th Anniversary Exhibition", "description": "<i>35th Anniversary Exhibition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 20-September 30, 1951).", "opening_date": "1951-06-20T04:00:00"}, {"id": 520061, "title": "Modern American Painting 1915", "description": "<i>Modern American Painting 1915</i>. San Diego Museum of Art (organizer) (December 7, 1962-January 6, 1963).", "opening_date": "1962-12-07T05:00:00"}, {"id": 304210, "title": "What Was the Armory Show?", "description": "<i>What Was the Armory Show?</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (June 27-September 15, 1963).", "opening_date": "1963-06-27T04:00:00"}, {"id": 515965, "title": "Retrospective of Work by Richard Glackens", "description": "<i>Retrospective of Work by Richard Glackens</i>. Saint Louis Art Museum, St. Louis, MO (organizer) (November 18-December 31, 1966); Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, DC (February 1-April 2, 1967); Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, NY (April 25-June 11, 1967).", "opening_date": "1966-11-16T05:00:00"}, {"id": 516390, "title": "The Art of William Glackens", "description": "<i>The Art of William Glackens</i>. Jane Voorhees Zimmerli Art Museum, New Brunswick, NJ (organizer) (January 10-February 10, 1967).", "opening_date": "1967-01-10T05:00:00"}, {"id": 445649, "title": "The American Scene 1900 - 1970", "description": "<i>The American Scene 1900 - 1970</i>. Indiana University Art Museum, Bloomington, IN (organizer) (April 5-May 17, 1970).", "opening_date": "1970-04-05T05:00:00"}, {"id": 442840, "title": "American Paintings 1825 - 1915 from the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>American Paintings 1825 - 1915 from the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. Johnson-Humrickhouse Museum, Coshocton, OH (organizer) (July 7-November 1, 1979).", "opening_date": "1979-07-07T04:00:00"}, {"id": 223204, "title": "Visions of America: Urban Realism 1900-1945", "description": "<i>Visions of America: Urban Realism 1900-1945</i>. Columbus Museum of Art (January 5-March 3, 1996); Museo de Arte Moderno, Mexico City (April 5-June 2, 1996); The Butler Institute of American Art (organizer) (June 30-August 18, 1996).", "opening_date": "1996-01-05T00:00:00"}, {"id": 227084, "title": "Made in U.S.A., l'art am\u00e9ricain, 1908-1943, entre nationalisme et internationalisme [FRAME]", "description": "<i>Made in U.S.A., l'art am\u00e9ricain, 1908-1943, entre nationalisme et internationalisme [FRAME]</i>. Mus\u00e9e des Beaux-Arts de Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France (organizer) (October 5-December 31, 2001); Mus\u00e9e des Beaux-Arts de Rennes, Rennes, France (January 17-March 31, 2002); Mus\u00e9e Fabre, Montpellier, France (April 10-June 25, 2002).", "opening_date": "2001-10-05T00:00:00"}, {"id": 232210, "title": "William Glackens; Sensuous Modernism", "description": "<i>William Glackens; Sensuous Modernism</i>. Museum of Art, Fort Lauderdale, Fort Lauderdale, FL (organizer) (February 23-June 1, 2014); Parrish Art Museum, Water Mill, NY (July 19-October 12, 2014); The Barnes Foundation, Philadelphia, PA (November 8, 2014-February 16, 2015).", "opening_date": "2014-02-23T00:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "New York, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, La Pintura Contempor\u00e1nea Norteamericana (1941); traveled to Buenos Aires, Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes, (3 July-31 July 19410; to Montevideo, Galeria del Teatro Solis, (18 August-19 September 1941); to Rio de Janeiro, Museo de Bellas Artes (8 November-9 December 1941), illus. p. 51.", "opening_date": "1941-07-03T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Philadelphia, Philadelphia Museum of Art, Artists of the Philadelphia Press (14 October-18 November 1945), cat. no. 4, see The Philadelphia Museum Bulletin (November, 1945), vol. XLI, no. 207 for catalogue.", "opening_date": "1945-10-14T00:00:00"}, {"description": "New York, Kraushaar Galleries, Paintings and Drawings by William Glackens (3-29 January 1949), cat. no. 3.", "opening_date": "1949-01-03T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Dayton, Dayton Art Institute, American and Impressionism (19 October-11 November 1951); traveled to Columbus, Columbus Gallery of Fine Arts (18 November-16 December 1951).", "opening_date": "1951-10-19T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, The One Hundred and Fiftieth Anniversary Exhibition (15 January-13 March 1955), cat. no. 208, pp. 124-129, illus. p. 125.", "opening_date": "1955-01-15T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Sent from the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts on a good-will tour through the U.S. Information Agency, Washington, D.C. to: Madrid, Sala de la Direccion General de Belles Artes, (21 April-8 May 1955), illus. cat. no. 73, p. 43.", "opening_date": "1955-04-21T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Florence, Palazzo Strozzi, l'Esposizione per il 150 Anniversario della Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts di Filadelfia (June 1955), illus. cat. no 73, p. 43; Innsbruck, Ferdinandeum Museum (16 July-20 August 1955), illus. cat. no. 73.", "opening_date": "1955-07-16T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Ghent, Belgium, The Ghent Museum (3 September-2 October 1955), illus. cat. no. 81.", "opening_date": "1955-09-03T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Stockholm, Royal Academy of the Free Arts, (4-27 November 1955), illus. cat. no. 83, p. 24.", "opening_date": "1955-11-04T00:00:00"}, {"description": "San Diego, The Fine Arts Gallery of San Diego, Modern American Painting: 1915 (6 December 1962-6 January 1963), cat. no. 11.", "opening_date": "1962-12-06T00:00:00"}, {"description": "St. Louis, City Art Museum of Saint Louis, William Glackens in Retrospect (18 November-31 December 1966); traveled to Washington, D.C., National Collection of Fine Arts, Smithsonian Institution (1 February-2 April 1967); to New York, Whitney Museum of American Art (25 April-11 June 1967), illus. cat. no. 16.", "opening_date": "1966-11-18T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Bloomington, IN, Indiana University Art Museum, The American Scene 1900-1970: An Exhibition of Twentieth Century Painting Held in Honor of the Sesquicentennial of Indiana University (6 April-17 May 1970), illus. cat. no. 47.", "opening_date": "1970-04-06T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Coshocton, OH, The Johnson-Humrickhouse Memorial Museum, American Paintings 1825-1915 from The Cleveland Museum of Art (7 July-1 November 1979), illus. p. 11, fig. 14, listed p. 13.", "opening_date": "1979-07-07T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Tokyo, The National Museum of Modern Art, Japanese Artists Who Studied in U.S.A. and the American Scene (24 July-5 September 1982); traveled to Kyoto, The National Museum of Modern Art, (14 September-11 October 1982), cat. no. 65, pp. 93-94, illus. p. 94.", "opening_date": "1982-07-24T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Wilmington, DE, Delaware Art Museum, William Glackens: Illustrator in New York, 1897-1919 (15 March-28 April 1985); traveled to State College, PA, Pennsylvania State University Museum of Art (30 June-8 September 1985); to Yonkers, NY, Hudson River Museum (15 September-24 November 1985), cat. no. 3, illus.", "opening_date": "1985-03-15T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Kalamazoo, MI, Kalamazoo Institute of Arts, A Century of Caring: One Hundred Years of American Realism (18 May-3 August 1986), illus. p. 16, listed p. 49.", "opening_date": "1986-05-18T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Mrs. William J. Glackens, widow of the artist; (C. W. Kraushaar Art Gallery)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": null}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [{"id": 127065, "description": "The Drive, Central Park, c. 1905. William Glackens (American, 1870\u20131938). Gouache over pencil; sheet: 18.5 x 25.9 cm (7 5/16 x 10 3/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Gift of Mrs. William J. Glackens 1949.4", "relationship": null}], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Glackens\u2019s lifelong nickname \u201cButts\u201d was acquired when he wore a coat with prominent brass buttons.", "description": "Glackens derived much inspiration from New York\u2019s Central Park, painting it several times during his early career. In this canvas he recorded the weekday ritual of wealthy Manhattanites parading through the park in their elegant horse-drawn carriages. This tradition drew spectators eager to witness the pageantry, and for all involved, it was an opportunity to see and be seen.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19967594"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1939.524-the-drive-central-pa"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Francis, Henry S. \u201cAn Oil by William Glackens.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 27, no. 3 (March 1940): 35\u201336.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 35-36", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25138083"}, {"citation": "Prasse, Leona. \"A Drawing by William Glackens.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art </em>36, no. 6 (June 1949): 103-104.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 103", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25141561"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Handbook.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 544", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1958/page/n101"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 189", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n213"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 189", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n213"}, {"citation": "\u201cA Check List. American Paintings and Water Colors of the Eighteenth, Nineteenth, and Early Twentieth Centuries in the Cleveland Museum of Art.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 60, no. 1 (January 1973): 21\u201335.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 26, no. 67", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25152465"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 235", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n255"}, {"citation": "Corriveau, Bethany. \"The Art of Storytelling.\u201d <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em> 56, no. 1 (January/February 2016): 21.", "page_number": "Reproduced and Mentioned: p. 21.", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2016-01/page/20/mode/2up"}, {"citation": "Chassey, Eric de. Made in USA: l'art ame\u0301ricain, 1908-1947 : Bordeaux, Muse\u0301e des beaux-arts, 10 octobre-31 de\u0301cembre 2001, Renne, Muse\u0301e des beaux-arts, 18 janvier-31 mars 2002, Montpellier, Muse\u0301e Fabre, 12 avril-23 juin 2001. Paris: Re\u0301union des muse\u0301es nationaux, 2001.", "page_number": "illus. p. 44.", "url": null}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1939.524", "images": {}, "alternate_images": [], "creditline": "Purchase from the J. H. Wade Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "The Cleveland Foundation Gallery", "athena_id": 118490, "creators": [{"id": 3086, "description": "William Glackens (American, 1870\u20131938)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1870", "death_year": "1938", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1939-12-19T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1900, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 1905", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:04:50.812000"}, {"id": 99445, "accession_number": "1919.1018", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "British Manufactory; A Sketch, 1791. Benjamin West (American, 1738\u20131820). Oil on paper mounted on wood; framed: 67.4 x 80 x 5.2 cm (26 9/16 x 31 1/2 x 2 1/16 in.); unframed: 51 x 65 cm (20 1/16 x 25 9/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Gift of the John Huntington Art and Polytechnic Trust, 1919.1018", "current_location": "203B British Painting and Decorative Arts", "title": "British Manufactory; A Sketch", "creation_date": "1791", "creation_date_earliest": 1791, "creation_date_latest": 1791, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["America"], "technique": "oil on paper mounted on wood", "support_materials": [], "department": "American Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "American - Painting", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 67.4 x 80 x 5.2 cm (26 9/16 x 31 1/2 x 2 1/16 in.); Unframed: 51 x 65 cm (20 1/16 x 25 9/16 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 0.674, "width": 0.8, "depth": 0.052}, "unframed": {"height": 0.51, "width": 0.65}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "signed lower center: B. West 1791", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 312517, "title": "The Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition", "description": "<i>The Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 26-October 4, 1936).", "opening_date": "1936-06-26T04:00:00"}, {"id": 519256, "title": "The World of Benjamin West", "description": "<i>The World of Benjamin West</i>. Allentown Art Museum, Allentown, PA (organizer) (May 1-July 31, 1962).", "opening_date": "1962-05-01T04:00:00"}, {"id": 455290, "title": "The Age of Neoclassicism", "description": "<i>The Age of Neoclassicism</i>. Arts Council of Great Britain (organizer) (September 7-November 19, 1972).", "opening_date": "1972-09-07T04:00:00"}, {"id": 443389, "title": "Zwei Jahrhunderk Englische Malerei (British Painting and the European Continent)", "description": "<i>Zwei Jahrhunderk Englische Malerei (British Painting and the European Continent)</i>. Haus der Kunst, Munich, Munich, Germany (organizer) (November 20, 1979-January 27, 1980).", "opening_date": "1979-11-20T05:00:00"}, {"id": 306699, "title": "British Gallery Reinstallation  (June 2020)", "description": "<i>British Gallery Reinstallation  (June 2020)</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art (organizer).", "opening_date": "2020-06-30T04:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "Charitable Mechanics Association, Fine Arts Department, Boston, MA (1878).", "opening_date": null}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Raphael L. West [1769-1850] and Benjamin West, Jr. [1772-1849], the artist's sons, by descent", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": null}, {"description": "(London sale, 1829)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1829", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "Mrs. S.J. Tuttle, Boston, MA, 1878", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1878", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "(William Macbeth Gallery, New York, NY, 1919, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1919", "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1919-", "sortorder": 5}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Benjamin West was the first American artist to attain international fame.", "description": "As part of his work for the British court, Benjamin West produced several compositions celebrating the strength of the nation's economy. In this example, women in classical costumes paint vases, spin, and weave\u2014a comparison of British manufacturing with the accomplishments of antiquity. One of a series of nine related sketches, this design was copied as a large mural decorating the Queen's Lodge at Windsor Castle, a room eliminated by remodeling in 1823.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60503184"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1919.1018-british-manufactory"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Gottlieb, Rachel, <em>The Portland Vase:Mania and Muse,</em> exh. cat. (Sacramento, CA: Croker Art Museum, 2024).", "page_number": "Mentioned, p. 43; reproduced, p. 45, and pp. 107-108 (detail).", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Brayley, E. W, and J Britton. <em>The Beauties of England and Wales : Or, Original Delineations, Topographical, Historical, and Descriptive of Each Country</em>. London, United Kingdom: Vernor, 1801.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 260 vol. 1", "url": null}, {"citation": "Graves, Algernon. <em>The Royal Academy of Arts; A Complete Dictionary of Contributors and Their Work from Its Foundation in 1769 to 1904</em>. London, United Kingdom: H. Graves and Co, 1905.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 215, no. 167", "url": null}, {"citation": "Annmary Brown Memorial, Rush C. Hawkins, and C. H. Collins Baker. <em>Paintings in Oil &amp; Water Colours by Early &amp; Modern Painters</em>. London, United Kingdom: Printed for the owner by the Medici Society, 1913.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 52-53", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Accessions.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 6, no. 7/8 (1919): 132-34.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 132", "url": "www.jstor.org/stable/25136315"}, {"citation": "Barker, Virgil. <em>American Painting, History and Interpretation</em>. New York, NY: Macmillan, 1950.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 199-211", "url": null}, {"citation": "Galt, John. <em>The Life of Benjamin West (1816-1820)</em>. Gainesville, FL: Scholars' Facsimiles &amp; Reprints, 1960.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 214, 218", "url": null}, {"citation": "Croft-Murray, Edward. <em>Decorative Painting in England, 1537-1837</em>. London, United Kingdom: Country Life, 1962.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 290-292", "url": null}, {"citation": "Allentown Art Museum. <em>The World of Benjamin West: Being the Account, Ornamented by Reproductions, of the Art of a Native Pennsylvanian, from His Early Attempts at Face-Painting and the Painting of History to His Final Eminent Station As President of the Royal Academy, &amp; Followed by Notable Examples from the Most Eminent Painters of the British Realm and of the Continent and Those of the Most Assiduous Students of Mr. West's Instruction ... : to Be Freely Admired by the Lovers of Both Art and History, between May 1st and July 31st of This Bi-Centennial Year in Allentown</em>. Allentown, PA: Printed for the Allentown Art Museum, 1962.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Hawley, Henry H. <em>Neo-Classicism: Style and Motif</em>. Cleveland,<br>OH: Cleveland Museum of Art; distributed by H.N. Abrams, New York, 1964.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Skidmore College. <em>American Allegorical Paintings, Drawings and Prints</em>. Saratoga Springs, NY.: Hathorn Gallery, Skidmore College, 1968.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Council of Europe, Royal Academy of Arts (Great Britain), Victoria and Albert Museum, and Arts Council of Great Britain. <em>The Age of Neo-Classicism: [Catalogue of] The Fourteenth Exhibition of the Council of Europe [Held at] the Royal Academy and the Victoria &amp; Albert Museum, London, 9 September - 19 November, 1972</em>. London, United Kingdom: Arts Council of Great Britain, 1972.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Irwin, David G. <em>Neoclassicism</em>. London, United Kingdom: Phaidon, 1997.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 172-175; Reproduced: p.173", "url": null}, {"citation": "Maryland Historical Society, and John B. Boles. <em>Maryland Heritage: Five Baltimore Institutions Celebrate the American Bicentennial</em>. Baltimore, MD: The Society, 1976.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Gage, John, and Michael Kitson. <em>Zwei Jahrhunderte englische Malerei: britische Kunst und Europa 1680 bis 1880</em>. Mu\u0308nchen, Germany: Haus der Kunst, 1979.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Forty, Adrian. <em>Objects of Desire</em>. New York, NY: Pantheon Books, 1986.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 13-17; Reproduced: p. 15", "url": null}, {"citation": "Erffa, Helmut von, and Allen Staley. <em>The Paintings of Benjamin West</em>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1986.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 90, 93, 409-411; Reproduced: p.411", "url": null}, {"citation": "Boime, Albert. <em>Art in an Age of Revolution, 1750-1800</em>. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1987.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 370-382; Reproduced: p. 372", "url": null}, {"citation": "Reilly, Robin. <em>Wedgwood</em>. New York, NY: Stockton Press, 1989.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 663-684; Reproduced: p. 372", "url": null}, {"citation": "Chong, Alan. <em>European &amp; American Painting in the Cleveland Museum of Art: A Summary Catalogue</em>. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1993.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 259", "url": null}, {"citation": "Rouet, Philippe. <em>Approaches to the study of Attic vases: Beazley and Pottier</em>. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press, 2001.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 21-24", "url": null}, {"citation": "Fox, Celina. <em>The Arts of Industry in the Age of Enlightenment</em>. New Haven CT: Yale University Press for the Paul Mellon Centre for Studies in British Art, 2009.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 353-354", "url": null}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1919.1018", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1919.1018/1919.1018_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "711", "filesize": "397256", "filename": "1919.1018_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1919.1018/1919.1018_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2687", "filesize": "5114182", "filename": "1919.1018_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1919.1018/1919.1018_full.tif", "width": "9460", "height": "7475", "filesize": "212172044", "filename": "1919.1018_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1919.1018/1919.1018_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "1130", "height": "893", "filesize": "850521"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1919.1018/1919.1018_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2686", "filesize": "6760573"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1919.1018/1919.1018_alt0_full.tif", "width": "4366", "height": "3449", "filesize": "45205084"}}, {"date_created": "2023-03-06T16:50:38", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1919.1018/1919.1018_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "719", "filesize": "304712"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1919.1018/1919.1018_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2716", "filesize": "3457771"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1919.1018/1919.1018_alt1_full.tif", "width": "13892", "height": "11099", "filesize": "462596008"}}], "creditline": "Gift of the John Huntington Art and Polytechnic Trust", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Ellen and Bruce Mavec Gallery", "athena_id": 99445, "creators": [{"id": 2553, "description": "Benjamin West (American, 1738\u20131820)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1738", "death_year": "1820", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1919-06-30T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1791, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1791", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:00:57.747000"}, {"id": 142734, "accession_number": "1966.443", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Flower Study of a Lily of the Valley, c. 1885\u20131915. House of Faberg\u00e9 (Russian, 1842\u20131918). Pearls, diamonds, jade, rock crystal, silver, gold; overall: 12.1 x 3.1 cm (4 3/4 x 1 1/4 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, The India Early Minshall Collection, 1966.443", "current_location": "211 Faberg\u00e9", "title": "Flower Study of a Lily of the Valley", "creation_date": "c. 1885\u20131915", "creation_date_earliest": 1885, "creation_date_latest": 1915, "artists_tags": ["gender unknown"], "culture": ["Russia, St. Petersburg"], "technique": "pearls, diamonds, jade, rock crystal, silver, gold", "support_materials": [], "department": "Decorative Art and Design", "collection": "Decorative Arts", "type": "Miscellaneous", "measurements": "Overall: 12.1 x 3.1 cm (4 3/4 x 1 1/4 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"height": 0.121, "width": 0.031}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 301086, "title": "The India Early Minshall Collection: Faberge and his Contemporaries", "description": "<i>The India Early Minshall Collection: Faberge and his Contemporaries</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (March 15, 1967-January 21, 1968).", "opening_date": "1967-03-15T05:00:00"}, {"id": 301129, "title": "Year in Review: 1967", "description": "<i>Year in Review: 1967</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (November 29-December 31, 1967).", "opening_date": "1967-11-29T05:00:00"}, {"id": 310012, "title": "The Magic of Still Life", "description": "<i>The Magic of Still Life</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (November 4, 1986-February 1, 1987).", "opening_date": "1986-11-04T05:00:00"}, {"id": 208794, "title": "Faberg\u00e9 in America", "description": "<i>Faberg\u00e9 in America</i>. The Metropolitan Museum of Art (February 12-May 5, 1996); Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco (organizer) (May 25-July 28, 1996); Virginia Museum of Fine Arts (August 24-November 2, 1996); New Orleans Museum of Art (December 7, 1996-February 8, 1997); The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (March 12-May 11, 1997).", "opening_date": "1996-02-12T00:00:00"}, {"id": 194450, "title": "Artistic Luxury: Faberg\u00e9 Tiffany Lalique ", "description": "<i>Artistic Luxury: Faberg\u00e9 Tiffany Lalique </i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 19, 2008-January 18, 2009); Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (February 7-May 31, 2009).", "opening_date": "2008-10-19T04:00:00"}, {"id": 202597, "title": "Imagining the Garden", "description": "<i>Imagining the Garden</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 24, 2015-March 6, 2016).", "opening_date": "2015-10-24T00:00:00"}], "legacy": []}, "provenance": [{"description": "India Early Minshall [1885\u20131965], Cleveland, OH, bequest to the Cleveland Museum of Art", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "?-1966", "sortorder": null}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1966-", "sortorder": 2}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "The stems of Faberg\u00e9\u2019s flower studies are set into little basins carved from rock crystal to resemble pots of water.", "description": "This flower study resembles a stem of lily-of-the-valley. Faberg\u00e9\u2019s inspiration for his flower studies is said to have come from the floral brooches of precious stones that were made in the 1700s for Catherine the Great as well as from the Japanese art of flower arranging, known as ikebana. Small and delicate, Faberg\u00e9\u2019s flower studies were given as intimate gifts to friends by the tsarina and others in the court. She also liked to take them around to wherever the imperial family was residing as a reminder of spring during the harsh Russian winters.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60760986"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1966.443-flower-study-of-a-li"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Hawley, Henry H. <em>Faberge\u0301 and His Contemporaries: The India Early Minshall Collection of the Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1967.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 77; Mentioned: p. 79, cat. 36", "url": "https://ingallslibrary.on.worldcat.org/oclc/836254532"}, {"citation": "Habsburg, Ge\u0301za von, and David Park Curry. <em>Faberge\u0301 in America</em>. New York: Thames and Hudson, 1996.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: pp. 110-111, cat. 91.", "url": "https://ingallslibrary.on.worldcat.org/oclc/34433639"}, {"citation": "Swezey, Marilyn Pfeifer, Caroline de Guitaut, and Joyce Lasky Reed. <em>Faberge\u0301 Flowers</em>. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Publishers, 2004.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: pp. 74-75.", "url": "https://ingallslibrary.on.worldcat.org/oclc/54046274"}, {"citation": "Harrison, Stephen, Emmanuel Ducamp, and Jeannine J. Falino. <em>Artistic Luxury: Faberge\u0301 Tiffany Lalique.</em> Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art in association with New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2008.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: pp. 180-181, cat 72.", "url": "https://ingallslibrary.on.worldcat.org/oclc/230187932"}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1966.443", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1966.443/1966.443_web.jpg", "width": "680", "height": "900", "filesize": "147610", "filename": "1966.443_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1966.443/1966.443_print.jpg", "width": "2567", "height": "3400", "filesize": "1104974", "filename": "1966.443_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1966.443/1966.443_full.tif", "width": "4460", "height": "5907", "filesize": "79059800", "filename": "1966.443_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2008-05-28T18:18:38", "annotation": "", "web": 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Until 1881, the firm manufactured primarily jewelry for Saint Petersburg's aristocrats and wealthy elite. In 1885 the firm was awarded the coveted imperial warrant as goldsmith to the tsar and began to produce elaborate presentation Easter eggs as a gift for the tsarina from her husband every year. They also produced luxurious accessories, jewelry, and hardstone sculptures. At one point, Faberge employed over 300 workers including 22 workmasters who oversaw the production of the firm's jewelry and precious objects. A branch of the firm opened in Moscow in 1887, specializing in neo-Russian and pan-Slavic motifs in jewelry, silver, and enamel. Other branches followed in Kiev, London, and Odessa as well as new premises in Saint Petersburg. At the onset of the Russian Revolution, Peter Carl Faberge fled the country to Paris then Switzerland, where he died in 1920. His firm was nationalized by the Bolsheviks in 1918.", "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1842", "death_year": "1918", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1966-11-05T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1885, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 1885\u20131915", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:01:06.525000"}, {"id": 135931, "accession_number": "1959.43", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Saint Stephen, 1502\u20138. Tilman Riemenschneider (German, active W\u00fcrzburg, c. 1460\u20131531). Lindenwood with polychromy and gilding; overall: 93.5 x 35 x 23.5 cm (36 13/16 x 13 3/4 x 9 1/4 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund, 1959.43", "current_location": "111 German and Austrian Gothic", "title": "Saint Stephen", "creation_date": "1502\u20138", "creation_date_earliest": 1502, "creation_date_latest": 1508, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["Germany, W\u00fcrzburg, 16th century"], "technique": "lindenwood with polychromy and gilding", "support_materials": [], "department": "Medieval Art", "collection": "MED - Gothic", "type": "Sculpture", "measurements": "Overall: 93.5 x 35 x 23.5 cm (36 13/16 x 13 3/4 x 9 1/4 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"height": 0.935, "width": 0.35, "depth": 0.235}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 302145, "title": "Traditions and Revisions: Themes from the History of Sculpture", "description": "<i>Traditions and Revisions: Themes from the History of Sculpture</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (September 24-November 16, 1975).", "opening_date": "1975-09-24T04:00:00"}, {"id": 177124, "title": "Tilman Riemenschneider:  Master Sculptor of the Late Middle Ages", "description": "<i>Tilman Riemenschneider:  Master Sculptor of the Late Middle Ages</i>. National Gallery of Art, Landover, MD (organizer) (October 3, 1999-January 9, 2000); The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY (February 7-May 14, 2000).", "opening_date": "1999-10-03T00:00:00"}], "legacy": []}, "provenance": [{"description": "Richard von Passavant-Gontard, Frankfurt-am-Main, Germany", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "C. von Pannwitz, Bennebroek, The Netherlands", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "(Rosenberg & Stiebel, New York, NY, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "?-1959", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1959-", "sortorder": 4}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [{"id": 135920, "description": "Saint Lawrence, 1502\u20138. Tilman Riemenschneider (German, active W\u00fcrzburg, c. 1460\u20131531). Lindenwood with polychromy and gilding; overall: 93.8 x 38.5 x 21.8 cm (36 15/16 x 15 3/16 x 8 9/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund, 1959.42", "relationship": null}], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Tilman Riemenschneider (c. 1460\u20131531) is probably the most famous German sculptor of the period around 1500.", "description": "This sculpture, along with that of Saint Lawrence (1959.42) and two others in Germany, are believed to be the remaining fragments of a large altarpiece carved by Riemenschneider for the Dominican convent in Rothenburg in Franconia (demolished in 1813). Saints Stephen and Lawrence both wear the dalmatic to indicate their status as deacons in the early church. Each holds a symbol of his martyrdom; here, Saint Stephen cradles some stones to indicate his death by stoning. Art in Germany through the early 1500s remained firmly anchored in the late Gothic style with its associated interests in realism. Riemenschneider was one of the most prolific and versatile sculptors of this style, a recognized master in both stone and wood. His flourishing workshop employed as many as 40 apprentices in sculpting, woodcarving, and painting. His sculptures are noted for the dreamy, melancholy, and introspective quality in their expressions, as well as their remarkable attention to detail.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60761249"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1959.43-saint-stephen"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Feulner, Adolf, and Theodor Mu\u0308ller. G<em>eschichte der deutschen Plastik</em>. Mu\u0308nchen: F. Bruckmann, 1887.", "page_number": "p. 165", "url": null}, {"citation": "Riemenschneider, Tilman, and Carl Streit.<em> Tylmann Riemenschneider: 1460-1531 ;</em> Leben und Kunstwerke des fra\u0308nkischen Bildschnitzers. 1 (1888) 1 (1888). Berlin: Wasmuth, 1888.", "page_number": "pl. 23", "url": null}, {"citation": "T\u00f6nies,Eduard \"Leben und Werke des W\u00fcrzburger Bildscnitzers Tilmann Riemenschneider\" <em>Studien zur deutschen Kunstgeschichte</em> XXII (1900).", "page_number": "p. 261, nos. 2,3", "url": null}, {"citation": "Weber, Anton, and A. Schnizlein. T<em>il Riemenschneider: sein Leben und Wirken.</em> Regensburg: J. Habbel, 1911.", "page_number": "pp. 192, 247", "url": null}, {"citation": "Schmitt, Otto, and Georg Swarzenski. <em>Meisterwerke der bildhauerkunst in Frankfurter privatbesitz</em>. Frankfurt am Main: Frankfurter kunstverein, 1921.", "page_number": "p. 28, nos. 138-9, pl. 138-9", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bier, Justus, and Tilman Riemenschneider. <em>Tilmann Riemenschneider</em>. Augsburg: Filser, 1925.", "page_number": "p. 10", "url": null}, {"citation": "Sta\u0308delsches Kunstinstitut (Frankfurt am Main, Germany). <em>Sammlung R. von Passavant-Gontard.</em> Frankfurt am Main: Sta\u0308dtelsches Kunstinstitut, 1929.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Schilling, R. \"Ausstellung der Sammlung R. v. Passavant-Gontard im St\u00e4delschen Kunstinstitut,\" <em>Pantheon </em>III (April, 1929).", "page_number": "pp. 185, 187", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Allgemeines Lexikon der bildenden Kunstler von der Antike bis zur Gegenwart.</em> 28, 28. Allgemeines Lexikon Der Bildenden Kunstler Von Der Antike Bis Zur Gegenwart / Unter Mitwirkung Von 320 Fachgelehrten Des In- Und Auslandes ; Herausgegeben Von Ulrich Thieme Und Felix Becker. Leipzig: E.A. Seeman, 1934.", "page_number": "pp. 333-4", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, \u201cSaint Lawrence and Saint Stephen,\u201d September 14, 1959, Cleveland Museum of Art Archives.", "page_number": null, "url": "https://archive.org/details/cmapr0434"}, {"citation": "Wixom, William. \"Two Lindenwood Sculptures.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art </em>46, no. 9 (November 1959): 189-197.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 189; Reproduced: cover, p. 189, 192", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25142360"}, {"citation": "Bier, Justus, <em>Art Quarterly</em> XXIII, 3 (Autumn 1960).", "page_number": "pp. 215-227, figs 1, 6, 10, 12", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Suppl. \u00e0 la Gazette des Beaux-Arts</em> no. 1092 (January 1960).", "page_number": "p. 34, no. 113", "url": null}, {"citation": "Wixom, William D.<em> Two Lindenwood Sculptures by Tillmann Riemenschneider. </em>Thesis--New York University, February 1963, 1963.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 76", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n100"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 76", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n100"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 87", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n107"}, {"citation": "Bier, Justus, and Tilman Riemenschneider. <em>Tilmann Riemenschneider, His Life and Work.</em> Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 1982.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Riemenschneider, Tilman, Julien Chapuis, and Michael Baxandall. <em>Tilman Riemenschneider: Master Sculptor of the Late Middle Ages</em>. 1999.", "page_number": "pp. 199-202, Cat. no. 32A", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kalden-Rosenfeld, Iris. <em>Tilman Riemenschneider und seine Werkstatt: mit einem Katalog der allgemein als Arbeiten Riemenschneiders und seiner Werkstatt akzeptierten Werke</em>. Ko\u0308nigstein im Taunus: Langewiesche, 2001.", "page_number": "p. 127, no. 173, kat. 14", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, and Holger A. Klein.<em> Sacred Gifts and Worldly Treasures: Medieval Masterworks from the Cleveland Museum of Art. </em>Cleveland, Ohio: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2007.", "page_number": "p. 24", "url": null}, {"citation": "Eikelmann, Renate, Holger A. Klein, Stephen N. Fliegel, and Virginia Brilliant. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art: Meisterwerke von 300 bis 1550</em>. Mu\u0308nchen: Hirmer, 2007.", "page_number": "p. 19, fig. 12", "url": null}, {"citation": "Krohm, Hartmut, and Tobias Kunz.<em> Nicht die Bibliothek, sondern das Auge: westeuropa\u0308ische Skulptur und Malerei an der Wende zur Neuzeit</em> : Beitra\u0308ge zu Ehren von Hartmut Krohm. Petersberg: M. Imhof, 2008.", "page_number": "p. 263, abb. 1", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, David Franklin, and C. Griffith Mann. T<em>reasures from the Cleveland Museum of Art. </em>Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2012.", "page_number": "pp. 158-9", "url": null}, {"citation": "Fliegel, Stephen N., and Stephen N. Fliegel. <em>A Higher Contemplation: Sacred Meaning in the Christian Art of the Middle Ages. </em>Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 2012.", "page_number": "p. 48, fig. 39", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 281", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Gertsman, Elina, and Stephen N. Fliegel. Collectors, Commissioners, Curators: Studies in Medieval Art for Stephen N. Fliegel. Berlin ; Boston : De Gruyter ; [Kalamazoo, Michigan] : Medieval Institute Publications, 2023.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: pp. 9-10, Fig. 1.1.", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1959.43", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1959.43/1959.43_web.jpg", "width": "589", "height": "893", "filesize": "53570", "filename": "1959.43_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1959.43/1959.43_print.jpg", "width": "2244", "height": "3400", "filesize": "704325", "filename": "1959.43_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1959.43/1959.43_full.tif", "width": "3927", "height": "5949", "filesize": "70113496", "filename": "1959.43_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2005-10-26T16:58:07", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1959.43/1959.43_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "534", "height": "893", "filesize": 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Antonio Canova (Italian, 1757\u20131822). Marble; overall: 177.5 x 78.1 x 61 cm (69 7/8 x 30 3/4 x 24 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund, 1968.212", "current_location": "200 Rotunda", "title": "Terpsichore Lyran (Muse of Lyric Poetry)", "creation_date": "1816", "creation_date_earliest": 1816, "creation_date_latest": 1816, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["Italy, 19th century"], "technique": "marble", "support_materials": [], "department": "Modern European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "Mod Euro - Sculpture 1800-1960", "type": "Sculpture", "measurements": "Overall: 177.5 x 78.1 x 61 cm (69 7/8 x 30 3/4 x 24 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"height": 1.775, "width": 0.781, "depth": 0.61}, "No Extent Specified": {"height": 1.781, "width": 0.784, "depth": 0.613}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "inscribed on front of column:  \"Terpsichore Lyran\" [Terpsichore as the Muse of lyric poetry]; inscribed at base of column:  \"Canova Fact: 1816\"", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 301285, "title": "Year in Review for 1968", "description": "<i>Year in Review for 1968</i>. 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Clarke, 9th Bt., 1764-1832 (Oak Hill, East Barnet, England);", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": null}, {"description": "Alfred de Rothschild, 1842-1918 (Halton, Buckinghamshire, England), by inheritance to his nephew, Lionel de Rothschild, 1918;", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": null}, {"description": "Lionel Nathan de Rothschild, 1882-1942 (Exbury, Hampshire, England), 1918-1942, by inheritance to his first son, Edmund Leopold de Rothschild, 1942;", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": null}, {"description": "Edmund Leopold de Rothschild, born 1916 (Exbury, Hampshire, England), sold to Wildenstein & Co., 1963;", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": null}, {"description": "Wildenstein & Co. (New York, New York), sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art, 1968.", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": null}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1968-", "sortorder": 6}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Trained by his grandfather, an Italian stonemason, Canova began modeling clay and carving marble sculptures before age ten.", "description": "In Greek mythology, Terpsichore was one of the nine Muses, or goddesses of creative inspiration. The lyre, the Greek inscription on the short column, and the caduceus (entwined snakes) on the side identify the figure as Terpsichore Lyran, muse of lyric poetry. This sculpture began with a commission from Napoleon's brother, Lucien, for an idealized portrait of his wife, Alexandrine. Antonio Canova made this version for a British aristocrat and exhibited it in 1817 at the Royal Academy in London to great acclaim.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60780833"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1968.212-terpsichore-lyran-mu"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Teotochi Albrizzi, Isabella, Leopoldo Cicognara, and Henry Moses. <em>The Works of Antonio Canova: In Sculpture and Modelling</em>. London: S. Prowett, 1824.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Lee, Sherman E. \"The Year in Review for 1968.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 56, no. 1 (1969): 3-50.", "page_number": null, "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25152250."}, {"citation": "Honour, Hugh. \"Canova's Statue of a Dancer.\" <em>The National Gallery of Canada Bulletin</em> Vol. 6, no. 1 (November 1968): 4-31.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 7, fig. 4", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 164", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n188"}, {"citation": "<em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> LVI (September 1969): 287-302.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pp. 288-290, 292, 295", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>L'opera completa del Canova</em>. 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Hanna Jr. Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": "6827af1276ab407ebbfa1e7d0a4b9a19", "sketchfab_url": "https://sketchfab.com/models/6827af1276ab407ebbfa1e7d0a4b9a19", "gallery_donor_text": "Monte and Usha Ahuja Founders Rotunda", "athena_id": 143775, "creators": [{"id": 5801, "description": "Antonio Canova (Italian, 1757\u20131822)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1757", "death_year": "1822", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1968-10-30T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1816, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1816", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Terpsichore, Muse of Choral Song and Dance", "Terpsichore"], "is_highlight": true, "updated_at": "2026-04-17 19:31:44.535000"}, {"id": 144301, "accession_number": "1969.130", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Repository for the Great Perfection of Wisdom Sutra and Eleven Volumes of the Great Perfection of Wisdom Sutra (\u5927\u822c\u82e5\u7d4c\u53a8\u5b50\u53ca\u3073\u5927\u822c\u82e5\u7d4c\u518511\u5dfb), late 1100s. Japan, Heian period (794\u20131185). Lacquered wood with ink, color, gold, cut gold, and metalwork; height: 160 cm (63 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, John L. Severance Fund, 1969.130", "current_location": null, "title": "Repository for the Great Perfection of Wisdom Sutra and Eleven Volumes of the Great Perfection of Wisdom Sutra", "title_in_original_language": "\u5927\u822c\u82e5\u7d4c\u53a8\u5b50\u53ca\u3073\u5927\u822c\u82e5\u7d4c\u518511\u5dfb", "creation_date": "late 1100s", "creation_date_earliest": 1175, "creation_date_latest": 1185, "artists_tags": [], "culture": ["Japan, Heian period (794\u20131185)"], "technique": "lacquered wood with ink, color, gold, cut gold, and metalwork", "support_materials": [], "department": "Japanese Art", "collection": "Japanese Art", "type": "Lacquer", "measurements": "height: 160 cm (63 in.)", "dimensions": {"height": {"height": 1.6}, "painted surface": {"height": 1.005, "width": 0.39}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 301313, "title": "Year in Review: 1969", "description": "<i>Year in Review: 1969</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (January 27-February 22, 1970).", "opening_date": "1970-01-27T05:00:00"}, {"id": 211768, "title": "The Past Century of Nara National Museum - From Preaching Scene of Shakyamuni to Picture Scroll of Kusamakura", "description": "<i>The Past Century of Nara National Museum - From Preaching Scene of Shakyamuni to Picture Scroll of Kusamakura</i>. Nara National Museum (organizer) (April 26-June 1, 1997).", "opening_date": "1997-04-26T00:00:00"}, {"id": 196054, "title": "Streams and Mountains Without End: Asian Art and the Legacy of Sherman E. Lee at the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Streams and Mountains Without End: Asian Art and the Legacy of Sherman E. Lee at the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 27-August 23, 2009).", "opening_date": "2009-06-27T04:00:00"}, {"id": 383281, "title": "Stories from Storage", "description": "<i>Stories from Storage</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (February 7-May 16, 2021).", "opening_date": "2021-02-06T05:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>An Historical Reunion: Daihannyakyo Buddhist Tabernacles from The Cleveland Museum of Art and the Nara National Museum</em>. Nara National Museum, Nara, Japan. (April 29-May 21, 2000). Exhibition of the CMA repository newly conserved through the Research Institute for Cultural Properties program with the Nara National Museum's repository.", "opening_date": "2000-04-29T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Gallery 237 (Japanese and Korean Art)</em>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (April 23, 2013-November 17, 2015)", "opening_date": "2013-04-23T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Kamigamosha [Kamigamo Shrine], Kyoto, Japan", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "Jink\u014d'in, Kyoto, Japan", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "(Shogoro Yabumoto, Amagasaki, Hy\u014dgo Prefecture, Japan, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "?-1969", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1969-", "sortorder": 4}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "The mate to this object is in the Nara National Museum in Japan.", "description": "This repository is one of a pair that once contained the scrolls of a religious text called the <em>Great Perfection of Wisdom Sutra</em>. Two discs painted on the back have the sacred syllables representing the Buddha Shakyamuni and the Buddha Amida. Eight of the 16 benevolent but fierce looking deities who protect the text appear on the doors.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79921299"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1969.130-repository-for-the-g"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Lee, Sherman E. \u201cThe Year in Review for 1969.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>, vol. 57, no. 1, 1970, pp. 2\u201350.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 236, p. 35; Mentioned: p. 51", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25152307"}, {"citation": "\u201cArt of Asia Recently Acquired by American Museums, 1969.\u201d <em>Archives of Asian Art</em>, vol. 24, 1970, pp. 86\u2013117.", "page_number": "Reproduced: fig. 8, p. 88; Mentioned: p. 87", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/20111025"}, {"citation": "\"New Oriental art galleries at Cleveland.\" <em>Apollo: A Journal of the Arts. </em>August 1970, Vol. 92, pp. 148-151.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: fig. 4, p. 149", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 371", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n391"}, {"citation": "Yamane, Yu\u0304zo\u0304 \u5c71\u6839\u6709\u4e09. <em>Zaigai bijutsu</em> [\u5728\u5916\u7f8e\u8853 = Selections of Japanese Art from Western Collections]. To\u0304kyo\u0304: Sho\u0304gakukan, 1994.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pp. 223, 236, no. 134", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cunningham, Michael R., Stanislaw J. Czuma, Anne E. Wardwell, and J. Keith Wilson. <em>Masterworks of Asian Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1998.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pp. 188-189", "url": null}, {"citation": "May, Sally Ruth, Jane Takac, and Barbara J. Bradley. <em>Knockouts: A Pocket Guide</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2001.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 88, p. 82; Mentioned p. 119", "url": null}, {"citation": "Grossman, Nancy, James T. Ulak, Marjorie Williams, and Laurence Channing. <em>Art of Japan: Masterpieces from the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, Ohio: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2005.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 27", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Stories from Storage.\" <em>The Asian Art Newspaper: Monthly for Collectors, Dealers, Museums and Galleries </em>24, i. 5 (May 2021): 6\u20137.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: pp. 6\u20137", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1969.130", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1969.130/1969.130_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "608", "filesize": "191420", "filename": "1969.130_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1969.130/1969.130_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2295", "filesize": "1301792", "filename": "1969.130_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1969.130/1969.130_full.tif", "width": "13664", "height": "9223", "filesize": "378096024", "filename": "1969.130_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [], "creditline": "John L. Severance Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 144301, "creators": [], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1969-07-12T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1175, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "late 1100s", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "cover", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": true, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:09:13.691000"}, {"id": 136813, "accession_number": "1961.31", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Head Fragment, c. 900\u2013300 BCE. Mesoamerica, Mexico, Olmec. Jadeite; overall: 7.4 x 6.2 x 5 cm (2 15/16 x 2 7/16 x 1 15/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Purchase from the J. H. Wade Fund, 1961.31", "current_location": "233 Mesoamerican and Intermediate Region", "title": "Head Fragment", "creation_date": "c. 900\u2013300 BCE", "creation_date_earliest": -900, "creation_date_latest": -300, "artists_tags": [], "culture": ["Mesoamerica, Mexico, Olmec"], "technique": "jadeite", "support_materials": [], "department": "Art of the Americas", "collection": "AA - Mesoamerica", "type": "Jade", "measurements": "Overall: 7.4 x 6.2 x 5 cm (2 15/16 x 2 7/16 x 1 15/16 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"height": 0.074, "width": 0.062, "depth": 0.05}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 302039, "title": "Year in Review (1961)", "description": "<i>Year in Review (1961)</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (November 1-26, 1961).", "opening_date": "1961-11-01T05:00:00"}, {"id": 311444, "title": "Object Lessons: Cleveland Creates an Art Museum", "description": "<i>Object Lessons: Cleveland Creates an Art Museum</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 7-September 8, 1991).", "opening_date": "1991-06-07T04:00:00"}, {"id": 398482, "title": "The Art of the Olmec Civilization", "description": "<i>The Art of the Olmec Civilization</i>. National Gallery of Art (organizer) (June 30-October 20, 1996).", "opening_date": "1996-06-30T04:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>Pre-Columbian Art: The Native Art of America Before the Conquest</em>, The Society of the Four Arts, Palm Beach, FL (January 10\u2013February 1,1953).", "opening_date": "1953-01-10T05:00:00Z"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "(John Wise, New York, NY, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "?-1961", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1961-", "sortorder": 2}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [{"id": 137109, "description": "Drawing of Olmec Jade Head, 1930\u201357. Miguel Covarrubias (Mexican, 1904\u20131957). Pen and ink over graphite; image: 7.2 x 4.2 cm (2 13/16 x 1 5/8 in.); sheet: 9.9 x 10.7 cm (3 7/8 x 4 3/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Gift of John Wise, 1961.77", "relationship": null}, {"id": 137110, "description": "Drawing of Olmec Jade Head, mid-1900s. Miguel Covarrubias (Mexican, 1904\u20131957). Pen and ink over graphite; image: 14.8 x 6.5 cm (5 13/16 x 2 9/16 in.); sheet: 16.9 x 8.4 cm (6 5/8 x 3 5/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Gift of John Wise, 1961.78", "relationship": null}], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "In ancient Mesoamerica, jade was more valuable than gold.", "description": "This sensual head fragment may come from a seated or standing figure like those shown nearby, though much larger. The carving is exceptionally fine, from the slight under-eye puffiness to the delineation of the fleshy lips and the teeth. The profile face of supernatural being is incised just in front of each ear, perhaps indicating that the subject had special power.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60759174"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1961.31-head-fragment"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Society of the Four Arts (Palm Beach, Fla.), and Gordon F. Ekholm. Pre-Columbian Art, the Native Art of America Before the Conquest: Jan. 10-Feb. 1, 1953. Palm Beach: Society of the Four Arts, 1952.", "page_number": "Cat. No. 9", "url": null}, {"citation": "Hawley, Henry H. \"An Olmec Jade Head.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 48, no. 8 (1961).", "page_number": "pp. 212-215", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25142469"}, {"citation": "Lee, Sherman E. \"Year in Review 1961.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 48, no. 9 (1961).", "page_number": "p. 238, no. 16", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25142473"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 290", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n314"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 290", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n314"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 393", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n413"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1991.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 6", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1991/page/n21"}, {"citation": "Benson, Elizabeth P., Beatriz de la Fuente, and Marcia Castro-Leal Espino. <em>Olmec Art of Ancient Mexico</em>. Washington, D.C.: National Gallery of Art, 1996.", "page_number": "p. 221, Cat. No. 59", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bergh, Susan E. \"'The Art of Those Who Lived Here Before the White Man Came': Collecting the Ancient Americas at the Cleveland Museum of Art.\" In <em>Collecting the \u201cOther Americas\u201d: Ancient Americas Collections in American Art Museums, </em>edited by Victoria I. Lyall, and Ellen Hoobler, 67- 82. Denver, Colorado: Mayer Center for Ancient and Latin American Art at the Denver Art Museum, 2025.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 75-76, fig. 14", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1961.31", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1961.31/1961.31_web.jpg", "width": "872", "height": "900", "filesize": "114335", "filename": "1961.31_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1961.31/1961.31_print.jpg", "width": "3296", "height": "3400", "filesize": "1136944", "filename": "1961.31_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1961.31/1961.31_full.tif", "width": "8098", "height": "8354", "filesize": "202979392", "filename": "1961.31_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2011-10-12T18:10:39", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1961.31/1961.31_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "898", "height": "893", "filesize": 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H. Wade Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": "dfdf78ec92d84112837590f1c1da7eb4", "sketchfab_url": "https://sketchfab.com/models/dfdf78ec92d84112837590f1c1da7eb4", "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 136813, "creators": [], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1961-02-20T00:00:00", "sortable_date": -900, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 900\u2013300 BCE", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": true, "updated_at": "2026-04-17 19:32:57.376000"}, {"id": 131820, "accession_number": "1954.393", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "The Annunciation, 1380s. Netherlands, or possibly France, 14th century. Tempera and oil with gold on wood; framed: 40.3 x 31.4 x 4.8 cm (15 7/8 x 12 3/8 x 1 7/8 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Mr. and Mrs. William H. Marlatt Fund, 1954.393", "current_location": "109 Gothic Painting and Sculpture", "title": "The Annunciation", "creation_date": "1380s", "creation_date_earliest": 1380, "creation_date_latest": 1389, "artists_tags": [], "culture": ["Netherlands, or possibly France, 14th century"], "technique": "tempera and oil with gold on wood", "support_materials": [], "department": "Medieval Art", "collection": "MED - Medieval Art", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 40.3 x 31.4 x 4.8 cm (15 7/8 x 12 3/8 x 1 7/8 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 0.403, "width": 0.314, "depth": 0.048}, "image": {"height": 0.31, "width": 0.227}, "overall": {"height": 0.352, "width": 0.265, "depth": 0.016}, "back": {"height": 0.341, "width": 0.265}, "curvature": {"height": 0.022}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 304213, "title": "Gothic Art 1360-1440", "description": "<i>Gothic Art 1360-1440</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (August 6-September 15, 1963).", "opening_date": "1963-08-06T04:00:00"}, {"id": 300779, "title": "Juxtapositions", "description": "<i>Juxtapositions</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (September 11-October 10, 1965).", "opening_date": "1965-09-11T04:00:00"}, {"id": 300926, "title": "Treasures of Medieval France", "description": "<i>Treasures of Medieval France</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (November 16, 1966-January 29, 1967).", "opening_date": "1966-11-16T05:00:00"}, {"id": 304558, "title": "When Angels Bent Near the Earth to Touch Their Harps of Gold: The Christmas Story", "description": "<i>When Angels Bent Near the Earth to Touch Their Harps of Gold: The Christmas Story</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (December 1, 1981-January 17, 1982).", "opening_date": "1981-12-01T05:00:00"}, {"id": 186370, "title": "Dukes and Angels: Art from the Court of Burgundy (1364-1419)", "description": "<i>Dukes and Angels: Art from the Court of Burgundy (1364-1419)</i>. Mus\u00e9e des Beaux-Arts, Dijon, Dijon, France (May 27-September 15, 2004); The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 24, 2004-January 9, 2005).", "opening_date": "2004-05-27T00:00:00"}, {"id": 180667, "title": "Sacred Gifts and Worldly Treasures: Medieval Masterworks from the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Sacred Gifts and Worldly Treasures: Medieval Masterworks from the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. National Museum of Bavaria, Munich, Germany (May 10-September 16, 2007); J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, CA (October 30, 2007-January 20, 2008); Frist Art Museum, Nashville, TN (February 13-June 7, 2009).", "opening_date": "2007-05-10T00:00:00"}, {"id": 232915, "title": "Emperor Charles IV (1316-1378)", "description": "<i>Emperor Charles IV (1316-1378)</i>. National Gallery Prague, Prague, Czech Republic (organizer) (May 14-September 25, 2016); Germanisches Nationalmuseum, 90402 N\u00fcrnberg, Germany (October 20, 2016-March 5, 2017).", "opening_date": "2016-05-14T00:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "Fogg Art Museum, Cambridge, MA (1927).<em>", "opening_date": "1927-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "</em>", "opening_date": null}, {"description": "<em>French Painting 1100-1900</em>, Carnegie Institute, Pittsburgh, PA (Oct. 18th-Dec. 2, 1951).", "opening_date": "1951-12-02T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>La Vierge dans l'art Fran\u00e7ais</em>, Petit Palais, Paris, France (June 1950).", "opening_date": "1950-06-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Collection of Arthur Sachs</em>, Santa Barbara Museum of Art, CA (July 22-October 18, 1946).", "opening_date": "1946-07-22T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>French Art 1200-1900,</em> Royal Academy, London (January-March 1932).", "opening_date": "1932-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>French Gothic Art of the 13th to 15th Century</em>, Detroit Institute of Arts, MI (Nov. 16 to Dec. 5, 1928).", "opening_date": "1928-11-16T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>French Primitives and Objects of Art, </em>Kleinberger Galleries, New York, NY (Oct. 15 - Nov. 12, 1927).", "opening_date": "1927-10-15T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Religious Art</em>, Jacques Seligman &amp; Co. Gallery, New York, NY (March-April 1927).", "opening_date": "1927-03-01T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Duke of Anhalt-Dessau, Germany", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1863-1925", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "(C. A. de Burlet, Berlin, Germany)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "(R. Langton Douglas)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "?-1926", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "Arthur Sachs, New York sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1926-1954", "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1954-", "sortorder": 5}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "In this depiction of Gabriel, the angel's wings resemble the feathers of a peacock.", "description": "This small but opulent panel painting was once joined to another panel with hinges to form a diptych. Given its small size, its original function was for private devotional use. It could be folded like a book when not in use and was highly portable. The missing panel has not been positively identified but probably represented another biblical scene like the Crucifixion. The painting\u2019s refined and ornate style reflects the courtly aesthetic that appealed to royal and aristocratic patrons in the decades around 1400. On the panel\u2019s richly tooled reverse (not visible) are the arms of the house of Hainault quartered with those of Bavaria. While this coat of arms is certainly that of the work\u2019s patron, probably a member of the united dynasties of Hainault and Bavaria, their identity remains elusive.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60516485"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1954.393-the-annunciation"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Drummond, Sarah. <em>Divine Conception: The Art of the Annunciation</em>. London: Unicorn, an imprint of Unicorn Publishing Group, LLP, 2018.", "page_number": "Reproduced cover, pp. 62-63, mentioned 63-64.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Parthey, G. Deutscher Bildersaal: Verzeichniss der in Deutschland vorhandenen Oelbilder verstorbener Maler aller Schulen, in alphabetischer Folge zusammengestellt. Berlin: Nicolaische, 1863.", "page_number": "p. 216", "url": null}, {"citation": "Volbach, Wolfgang Fritz. Die Sammlung Silten. Berlin: Verlag fu\u0308r Kunstwissenschaft, 1923.", "page_number": "Cat. No. 204, p. 74", "url": null}, {"citation": "Sperling, Emil M. <em>Catalogue of a Loan Exhibition of French Primitives and Objects of Art: In Aid of the French Hospital in New York</em>. New York: Kleinberger Galleries, 1927.", "page_number": "Cat. No. 4.", "url": null}, {"citation": "Winkler, Friedrich \"Ein Unbehanntes franz\u00f6sisches Tafelbild\" <em>Belvedere</em> XI (1927).", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Masterpieces of Early Religious Art,\" <em>New York Harold Tribune</em> (March 20, 1927).", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Detroit Institute of Arts. The Seventh Loan Exhibition; <em>French Gothic Art of the 13th to 15th Century</em>. Nov. 16 to Dec. 5, 1928. [Detroit]: Institute of Arts, 1928.", "page_number": "cat. no. 1", "url": null}, {"citation": "Jacques Seligmann &amp; Co. Loan Exhibition of Religious Art: For the Benefit of the Basilique of the Sacre Coeur of Paris at the Galleries of Jacques Seligmann ... New York, March-April 1927. New York: The Gallery, 1928.", "page_number": "Cat. No. 1.", "url": null}, {"citation": "Valentiner, Wilhelm Reinhold, Ludwig Burchard, and Alfred Scharf. <em>Unknown Masterpieces in Public and Private Collections. </em>New York: E. Weyhe, 1930.", "page_number": "p. 70", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lemoisne, Paul-Andre\u0301, and Ronald Boothroyd. <em>Gothic painting in France, fourteenth and fifteenth centuries</em>. Firenze: Pantheon, casa editrice, 1931.", "page_number": "pl. 26", "url": null}, {"citation": "LABANDE, Le\u0301on Honore\u0301. <em>Les Primitifs Franc\u0327ais. Peintres Et Peintres-Verriers De La Provence Occidentale</em>. (Texte.-Planches.). 1932.", "page_number": "p. 220, vol. II, pl. 19", "url": null}, {"citation": "Tolnay, Charles de. Z<em>ur Herkunft des Stiles der Van Eyck.</em> Mu\u0308nchen: [s.n.], 1932.", "page_number": "p. 321-2", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Exhibition of French Art 1200-1900: Royal Academy of Arts. </em>London: Burlington House, 1932.", "page_number": "Cat. No. 196", "url": null}, {"citation": "Royal Academy of Arts (Great Britain). <em>Commemorative Catalogue of the Exhibition of French Art, 1200-1900.</em> London: Oxford University Press, H. Milford, 1933.", "page_number": "No. 1, Cat. No. 6, p. 2", "url": null}, {"citation": "Robb, David M. \"The Iconography of the Annunciation in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries\". Art Bulletin / Ed. John Shapley [U.a.]. (1936) 480-526.", "page_number": "p. 490, fig. 13", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bazin, Germain. <em>La Peinture Francaise, Des Origines Au XVIe Siecle</em>. Paris: Braun, 1937.", "page_number": "p. 17, pl. 16", "url": null}, {"citation": "Dupont, Jacques. <em>Les primitifs franc\u0327ais: 1350-1500.</em> Paris: Plon, 1937.", "page_number": "p. 23", "url": null}, {"citation": "Sterling, Charles.<em> La peinture franc\u0327aise: les primitifs. P</em>aris: Librairie Floury, 1938.", "page_number": "p. 36, footnote 20", "url": null}, {"citation": "Sterling, Charles.<em> La peinture franc\u0327aise les peintres du Moyen Age. </em>Paris: Editions Pierre Tisne\u0301, 1941.", "page_number": "no. 6, pl. X", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bouchage, Luc, \"Louvre to California: Today's Collectors: Arthur Sachs,\" <em>Art News</em> 45 (October 1946).", "page_number": "p. 74-5", "url": null}, {"citation": "Ring, Grete. <em>A Century of French Painting, 1400-1500. </em>London: Phaidon Press, 1949.", "page_number": "p. 24, 193, pl. 17, cat. no. 16", "url": null}, {"citation": "Muse\u0301e du Petit Palais (Paris, France). <em>La Vierge dans l'art franc\u0327ais.</em> Paris: Presses artistiques, 1950.", "page_number": "Cat. No. 6", "url": null}, {"citation": "Carnegie Institute. <em>French Painting, 1100-1900</em>. 1951.", "page_number": "Cat. No. 26.", "url": null}, {"citation": "Panofsky, Erwin. <em>Early Netherlandish Painting, Its Origins and Character. </em>1953.", "page_number": "p. 82", "url": null}, {"citation": "Dupont, Jacques, and C. Gnudi. T<em>he Great Centuries of Painting. </em>1954.", "page_number": "p. 126", "url": null}, {"citation": "Francis, Henry S. \"'A Fourteenth-Century \"Annunciation.'\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 42, no. 10 (1955).", "page_number": "pp. 215-219", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25142083"}, {"citation": "<em>Art Quartely</em> vol XVIII, no. 4 (Winter 1955).", "page_number": "p. 405", "url": null}, {"citation": "Winkler, review of Early Netherlandish Painting by Erwin Panofsky, <em>Kunstchronki</em>, VIII (1955).", "page_number": "p. 12", "url": null}, {"citation": "P\u00e4cht, Otto. \"Panofsky's 'Early Netherlandish Painting'-I.\" <em>The Burlington Magazine</em> 98, no. 637 (1956).", "page_number": "p. 113", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/871834"}, {"citation": "Francis, Henry, \u201cA Fourteenth-Century \"Annunciation<em> \u201c Art Quarterly</em> XIX, no. 1 (Spring 1956).", "page_number": "pp. 72, 84-7", "url": null}, {"citation": "Re\u0301au, Louis.<em> Iconographie De L'art Chretien</em>. Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1955.", "page_number": "p. 181, footnote 2", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Handbook.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 395", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1958/page/n73"}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, and William Mathewson Milliken. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> New York: H.N. Abrams, 1958.", "page_number": "p. 26", "url": null}, {"citation": "Musper, H. Theodor. <em>Gotische Malerei no\u0308rdlich der Alpen. </em>Ko\u0308ln: M. DuMont Schauberg, 1961.", "page_number": "p. 264, fig. 226", "url": null}, {"citation": "Walters Art Gallery (Baltimore, Md.). <em>The International Style: The Arts in Europe Around 1400</em>; [Exhibition]: October 23-December 2, 1962, / B. [Baltimore, Md.]: Walters Art Gallery, 1962.", "page_number": "p. 24", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Gothic Art 1360-1440.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 50, no. 7 (1963): 174-215.", "page_number": "Cat. No. 19, p. 157.", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25151960"}, {"citation": "\"Front Matter.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 50, no. 7 (1963).", "page_number": "Front Cover", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25151958"}, {"citation": "\"Gothic Art 1360-1440.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 50, no. 7 (1963): 174-215.", "page_number": "p. 203", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25151960"}, {"citation": "Bober, Harry, \"Medieval Art in Cleveland,\" <em>Apollo</em> LXXCIII (1963).", "page_number": "p. 456", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cha\u0302telet, Albert, and Jacques Thuillier. <em>French Painting: From Fouquet to Poussin</em>. Geneva: Skira, 1963.", "page_number": "p. 15", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. A Missal for a King. [Cleveland]: [The Museum], 1963.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 1", "url": "https://archive.org/details/GothicArt1963/page/n3"}, {"citation": "Eisler, Colin, \"Le Gothique International,\" <em>Art de France</em> IV (1964).", "page_number": "p. 290", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bazin, Germain. <em>Kindlers Malerei Lexikon</em>: 1000 Malersignaturen, 1200 farbige Reproducktionen, 3000 schwarzweisse Reproduktionen in sechs Ba\u0308nden. 1964.", "page_number": "p. 201", "url": null}, {"citation": "Frinta, Mojmi\u0301r Svatopluk. 1965. \"An Investigation of the Punched Decoration of Mediaeval Italian and Non-Italian Panel Paintings\".<em> Art Bulletin</em> / Ed. John Shapley [U.a.]. 261-265.", "page_number": "p. 264", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 63", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n87"}, {"citation": "Laclotte, Michel.<em> Primitifs franc\u0327ais</em>. [Paris]: Hachette, 1966.", "page_number": "p. 14-15", "url": null}, {"citation": "Castelnuovo, Enrico.<em> Il gotico internazionale in Europa. </em>Milano: Fratelli Fabbri, 1966.", "page_number": "p. 22, pl. 11", "url": null}, {"citation": "Wixom, William D. <em>Treasures from Medieval France.</em> [Cleveland]: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1967.", "page_number": "pp. 242-243", "url": "https://archive.org/details/TreasuresMedievalFrance/page/n269"}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Selected Works: Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> 1967.", "page_number": "p. 95", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Muse\u0301e du Louvre, and Council of Europe. <em>L'Europe gothique, XIIe XIVe sie\u0300cles. 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Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 71", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n91"}, {"citation": "Sutton, Denys, \"Dramatic Days\" <em>Apollo: A Journal of the Arts</em> (June 1979)", "page_number": "p. 454", "url": null}, {"citation": "Raeber-Keel, Ursula. <em>Spa\u0308tgotische Wandmalereien in St. </em>[i.e. Sankt] Peter zu Basel: Die Grabnische mit den Efringerwappen. Sigmaringen: J. Thorbecke, 1979.", "page_number": "p. 171, no. 109", "url": null}, {"citation": "Moench, Esther. \"Stefano da Verona: La Quete d'Une Double Paternite\" <em>Zeitschrift Fur Kunstgeschichte</em>. 2 (1986)", "page_number": "pp. 220-228", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. Interpretations: Sixty-Five Works from the Cleveland Museum of Art. 1991.", "page_number": "p. 8", "url": null}, {"citation": "S\u030cebkova\u0301-Thaller, Zuzana. S<em>u\u0308nde und Verso\u0308hnung in Jan van Eycks Hochzeitsbild. </em>Markt Berolzheim: Hernoul-le-Fin Verlag, 1992.", "page_number": "p. 181, Tafel 83, no. 2", "url": null}, {"citation": "Castelnuovo, Enrico. Vetrate medievali: officine, techniche, maestri. Torino: G. Einaudi, 1994.", "page_number": "pp. 170-171", "url": null}, {"citation": "Ko\u0308nig, Eberhard. <em>Die Tre\u0300s belles heures von Jean de France duc de Berry: ein Meisterwerk an der Schwelle zur Neuzeit.</em> Mu\u0308nchen: Hirmer, 1998.", "page_number": "no. 3, p. 244", "url": null}, {"citation": "Toman, Rolf, and Achim Bednorz. <em>The art of Gothic: architecture, sculpture, painting.</em> Ko\u0308ln: Ko\u0308nemann, 1999.", "page_number": "p. 396", "url": null}, {"citation": "Gratton, Marie. <em>Dessine-moi le myste\u0300re: regards sur l'art sacre\u0301. </em>[Montre\u0301al]: Fides, 2002.", "page_number": "pp. 32-33, 171", "url": null}, {"citation": "Fliegel, Stephen N., Sophie Jugie, and Virginie Barthe\u0301le\u0301my. Art from the Court of Burgundy: The Patronage of Philip the Bold and John the Fearless 1364-1419 : Muse\u0301e Des Beaux-Arts De Dijon, May 28-September 15, 2004, the Cleveland Museum of Art, October 24, 2004-January 9, 2005. [Dijon]: Muse\u0301e des beaux-arts, 2004.", "page_number": "Cat.No.18, p. 66", "url": null}, {"citation": "Nys, Ludovic, Dominique Vanwijnsberghe, Xavier Fontaine, and Jacques Debergh. Campin in context: peinture et socie\u0301te\u0301 dans la valle\u0301e de l'Escaut a\u0300 l'e\u0301poque de Robert Campin, 1375-1445. Valenciennes: Presses universitaires de Valenciennes, 2007.", "page_number": "pp. 186-187", "url": null}, {"citation": "Eikelmann, Renate, Holger A. Klein, Stephen N. Fliegel, and Virginia Brilliant. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art: Meisterwerke von 300 bis 1550.</em> Mu\u0308nchen: Hirmer, 2007.", "page_number": "p. 207, no. 76", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, and Holger A. Klein. S<em>acred Gifts and Worldly Treasures: Medieval Masterworks from the Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> Cleveland, Ohio: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2007.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 194-195, no. 96", "url": null}, {"citation": "Stroo, Cyriel, Dominique Deneffe, Famke Peters, and Wim Fremout. <em>Pre-Eyckian panel painting in the Low Countries. </em>Primitifs Flamands I, II and III. Brussels: [Brepols], 2009.", "page_number": "p. 198, 200, fig. 12-13", "url": null}, {"citation": "Fajt, Jir\u030ci\u0301, and Markus Ho\u0308rsch, eds. <em>Kaiser Karl IV., 1316-2016: erste Bayerisch-Tschechische Landesausstellung: Ausstellungskatalog</em>. Praha: N\u00e1rodn\u00ed Galerie v Praze, 2016.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 448; Reproduced: p. 449, fig. 10.8", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kosina, Elena and Ulf-Dietrich Korn. Die Mittelalterlichen Glasmalereien in Niedersachsen: Ohne Lu\u0308neburg und die Heideklo\u0308ster. Berlin: Deutscher Verlag fu\u0308r Kunstwissenschaft, 2017.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 56-57; Reproduced: p. 58, fig. 27", "url": null}, {"citation": "Fajt, Jir\u030ci\u0301. Nu\u0308rnberg als Kunstzentrum des Heiligen Ro\u0308mischen Reichs: ho\u0308fische und sta\u0308dtische Malerei in der Zeit Kaiser Karls IV. 1346-1378. Berlin : Deutscher Kunstverlag ; Prag : Nationalgalerie Prag 2019.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 122, Abb. 99, detail on p. 323, Abb. 352, detail on p. 407, abb. 455, detail on p. 514, Abb. 569", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1954.393", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1954.393/1954.393_web.jpg", "width": "675", "height": "893", "filesize": "599855", "filename": "1954.393_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1954.393/1954.393_print.jpg", "width": "2571", "height": "3400", "filesize": "8973914", "filename": "1954.393_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1954.393/1954.393_full.tif", "width": "4487", "height": "5932", "filesize": "79882912", "filename": "1954.393_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1954.393/1954.393_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "674", "height": "893", "filesize": "575696"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1954.393/1954.393_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "2566", "height": "3400", "filesize": "7088494"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1954.393/1954.393_alt0_full.tif", "width": "3580", "height": "4744", "filesize": "50984716"}}, {"date_created": "2011-06-13T19:46:37", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1954.393/1954.393_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "678", "height": "893", "filesize": "625860"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1954.393/1954.393_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "2583", "height": "3400", "filesize": "10195703"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1954.393/1954.393_alt1_full.tif", "width": "4512", "height": "5938", "filesize": "80408448"}}], "creditline": "Mr. and Mrs. William H. Marlatt Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 131820, "creators": [], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1954-06-04T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1380, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1380s", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:02:35.373000"}, {"id": 122920, "accession_number": "1943.179", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Tea Caddy, 1741\u20131742. Paul Jacques de Lamerie (British, 1688\u20131751). Silver gilt; overall: 13.4 x 9.6 x 5.8 cm (5 1/4 x 3 3/4 x 2 5/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, The Thomas S. Grasselli Memorial Collection, 1943.179", "current_location": "203A British Painting and Decorative Arts", "title": "Tea Caddy", "creation_date": "1741\u20131742", "creation_date_earliest": 1741, "creation_date_latest": 1742, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["England, London, 18th century"], "technique": "silver gilt", "support_materials": [], "department": "Decorative Art and Design", "collection": "Decorative Arts", "type": "Silver", "measurements": "Overall: 13.4 x 9.6 x 5.8 cm (5 1/4 x 3 3/4 x 2 5/16 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"height": 0.134, "width": 0.096, "depth": 0.058}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 704978, "title": "Three Centuries of English Silver", "description": "<i>Three Centuries of English Silver</i>. Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles, CA (organizer) (September 29-November 12, 1950).", "opening_date": "1950-09-29T05:00:00"}, {"id": 311898, "title": "35th Anniversary Exhibition", "description": "<i>35th Anniversary Exhibition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 20-September 30, 1951).", "opening_date": "1951-06-20T04:00:00"}, {"id": 703169, "title": "The Age of Excellence: Rococo and It's Effect", "description": "<i>The Age of Excellence: Rococo and It's Effect</i>. The Baltimore Museum of Art, Baltimore, MD (organizer) (April 25-June 14, 1959).", "opening_date": "1959-04-25T05:00:00"}, {"id": 311637, "title": "All That Glitters: Great Silver Vessels in Cleveland's Collection", "description": "<i>All That Glitters: Great Silver Vessels in Cleveland's Collection</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (November 23, 1994-January 8, 1995).", "opening_date": "1994-11-23T05:00:00"}, {"id": 306699, "title": "British Gallery Reinstallation  (June 2020)", "description": "<i>British Gallery Reinstallation  (June 2020)</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art (organizer).", "opening_date": "2020-06-30T04:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "No legacy exhibitions.", "opening_date": null}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Mrs. Thomas S. [Emilie Schmidt] Grasselli [1877-1953], Shaker Heights, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "?-1943", "sortorder": null}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1943-", "sortorder": 2}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "The curving shape of this tea caddy is echoed by the scrolling lines and swirling naturalistic ornament on all four sides.", "description": "In the 1600s and 1700s, silver played a significant role in projecting wealth, status, power, and ritual in British life. Tea was likewise a highly valued commodity, and as such, silver caddies like this one were designed to display the social distinction of its owner. This canister\u2019s prominently sloping shoulders were designed by Paul Jacques de Lamerie in the early 1730s and became a standard form for tea caddies by the end of the decade.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60778610"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1943.179-tea-caddy"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 152", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n176"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 152", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n176"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 192", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n212"}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1943.179", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1943.179/1943.179_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "826", "filesize": "189366", "filename": "1943.179_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1943.179/1943.179_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "3120", "filesize": "1532686", "filename": "1943.179_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1943.179/1943.179_full.tif", "width": "5891", "height": "5405", "filesize": "95548124", "filename": "1943.179_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2008-05-05T16:09:34", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1943.179/1943.179_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "695", "height": "900", "filesize": "131799"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1943.179/1943.179_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "2627", "height": "3400", "filesize": "1472133"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1943.179/1943.179_alt0_full.tif", "width": "3302", "height": "4273", "filesize": "42352796"}}, {"date_created": "2008-05-05T15:50:42", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1943.179/1943.179_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "695", "filesize": "110832"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1943.179/1943.179_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2627", "filesize": "1234624"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1943.179/1943.179_alt1_full.tif", "width": "4457", "height": "3444", "filesize": "46073564"}}], "creditline": "The Thomas S. Grasselli Memorial Collection", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 122920, "creators": [{"id": 8200, "description": "Paul Jacques de Lamerie (British, 1688\u20131751)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "fabricated by", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1688", "death_year": "1751", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1943-04-26T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1741, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1741\u20131742", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "cover", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:00:16.235000"}, {"id": 97166, "accession_number": "1916.802", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Virgin and Child with Angels, c. 1460. Follower of Fra Filippo Lippi (Italian, c. 1406\u20131469). Tempera and gold on wood panel; framed: 186.7 x 97.8 x 14 cm (73 1/2 x 38 1/2 x 5 1/2 in.); unframed: 95 x 53 cm (37 3/8 x 20 7/8 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Holden Collection, 1916.802", "current_location": "117A Italian Renaissance", "title": "Virgin and Child with Angels", "creation_date": "c. 1460", "creation_date_earliest": 1455, "creation_date_latest": 1465, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["Italy, Florence, 15th century"], "technique": "tempera and gold on wood panel", "support_materials": [], "department": "Medieval Art", "collection": "MED - Medieval Art", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 186.7 x 97.8 x 14 cm (73 1/2 x 38 1/2 x 5 1/2 in.); Unframed: 95 x 53 cm (37 3/8 x 20 7/8 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 1.867, "width": 0.978, "depth": 0.14}, "unframed": {"height": 0.95, "width": 0.53}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 317001, "title": "Inaugural Exhibition", "description": "<i>Inaugural Exhibition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (co-organizer) (June 6-September 20, 1916).", "opening_date": "1916-06-06T05:00:00"}, {"id": 312517, "title": "The Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition", "description": "<i>The Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 26-October 4, 1936).", "opening_date": "1936-06-26T04:00:00"}, {"id": 301412, "title": "Florence and the Arts: Five Centuries of Patronage", "description": "<i>Florence and the Arts: Five Centuries of Patronage</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (July 13-September 19, 1971).", "opening_date": "1971-07-13T04:00:00"}], "legacy": []}, "provenance": [{"description": "James Jackson Jarves (1818-1888)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "?-1884", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "Mrs. L.E. Holden, gifted to the Cleveland Museum of Art", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1884-1916", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1916-", "sortorder": 3}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": null, "description": "This painting, produced by one of Fra Filippo Lippi\u2019s many imitators in the city of Florence, is very close to the composition of the now lost central panel of the triptych commissioned by the Medici family in 1457. It was purchased by Mrs. L. E. Holden before the museum\u2019s acquisition of the two flanking panels of Saint Anthony Abbot and Saint Michael. It has been suggested that this painting is a copy of the original lost central panel of Fra Filippo\u2019s triptych of 1457.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60502700"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1916.802-virgin-and-child-wit"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Hollenden Gallery, James Jackson Jarves, and Liberty Emery Holden. <em>Handbook for Visitors to the Hollenden Gallery of Masters: Exhibited at the Boston Foreign Art Exhibition in 1883-4.</em> [Place of publication not identified]: [J.J. Jarves], 1883.", "page_number": "no. 8, p. 9", "url": null}, {"citation": "Berenson, Mary L. \"Dipinti Italiana in Cleveland, S.U.A.\" <em>Rassegna d'Arte </em>Vol. VII (Jan. 1907).", "page_number": "p. 2", "url": null}, {"citation": "Berenson, Bernard. <em>The Florentine Painters of the Renaissance. </em>New York: Putnam's Sons, 1909.", "page_number": "pp. 167, 192", "url": null}, {"citation": "Burroughs, Bryson. \"Early Italian Paintings: Lent by Mrs. Liberty Emery Holden.\" <em>The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin</em> 7, no. 10 (1912): 174-83.", "page_number": "p. 176-7, no. 9", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/3252821"}, {"citation": "Johnson, John Graver, Bernard Berenson, and Wilhelm Reinhold Valentiner. <em>Catalogue of a Collection of Paintings and Some Art Objects. </em>Philadelphia: J.G. Johnson, 1913.", "page_number": "Vol. 1, p. 26", "url": null}, {"citation": "Rubinstein-Bloch, Stella. <em>Catalogue of a Collection of Paintings, Etc. Presented by Mrs. Liberty E. Holden to the Cleveland Museum of Art. </em>Cleveland: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1917.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 19-20, cat. no. 14; Reproduced: p. 53, No. 14", "url": "https://archive.org/details/Holden_80856/page/n29"}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, Liberty Emery Holden, and Stella Rubinstein-Bloch. <em>Catalogue of a Collection of Paintings, Etc. Presented by Mrs. Liberty E. Holden to the Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1917.", "page_number": "Cat. no. 14", "url": null}, {"citation": "G. U. \"The Holden Collection.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 4, no. 2 (1917): 19-34.", "page_number": "p. 19", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25136067"}, {"citation": "Fogg Art Museum. <em>Collection of Mediaeval and Renaissance Paintings. </em>Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1919.", "page_number": "p. 70", "url": null}, {"citation": "Marle, Raimond van, and Charlotte van Marle. T<em>he Development of the Italian Schools of Painting. </em>The Hague: M. Nijhoff, 1923.", "page_number": "pp. 435, 459, 463, fig. 291", "url": null}, {"citation": "Fogg Art Museum.<em> Collection of Mediaeval and Renaissance Paintings. </em>Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1927.", "page_number": "p. 70", "url": null}, {"citation": "Oberschall, Magda. \"Un Eleve Inconnu de Fra Filipoo Lippi,\" <em>Gazette des Beaux-Arts, </em>6e periode, Tome 4 (1930).", "page_number": "p. 220", "url": null}, {"citation": "Berenson, Bernard. <em><u>I</u></em><em>talian Pictures of the Renaissance: A List of the Principal Artists and Their Works, with an Index of Places.</em>1932.", "page_number": "p. 450", "url": null}, {"citation": "H. S. F. \"A Tondo by Filippino Lippi.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 19, no. 9 (1932): 146-59.", "page_number": "p. 150", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25137502"}, {"citation": "Pudelks, Georg, \"Per la datazione delle opere di Fra Filippo Lippi,\" <em>Rivista D'Arte,</em> ser. II, Vol. VIII (1936)", "page_number": "p. 51, note 3", "url": null}, {"citation": "Oertel, Robert. <em>Fra Filippo Lippi.</em> Wien: A. Schroll &amp; Co, 1942.", "page_number": "p. 41", "url": null}, {"citation": "Pittaluga, Mary. <em>Filippo Lippi. </em>Firenze: Del Turco, 1949.", "page_number": "p. 206", "url": null}, {"citation": "National Gallery (Great Britain), and Martin Davies. <em>The Earlier Italian Schools</em>. London: Publications Dept., National Gallery, 1961.", "page_number": "p. 420", "url": null}, {"citation": "Berenson, Bernard.<em> Italian Pictures of the Renaissance: A List of the Principal Artists and Their Works, with an Index of Places : Florentine School</em>. London: Phaidon Press, 1963.", "page_number": "Vol. I, p. 172, Vol. II, pl. 840", "url": null}, {"citation": "Francis, Henry S. \"Fra Filippo Lippi: St. Michael and St. Anthony Abbot.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 51, no. 10 (1964).", "page_number": "p. 235, fig. 2, footnote 7", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 78", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n102"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 78", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n102"}, {"citation": "Fredericksen, Burton B., and Federico Zeri. <em>Census of Pre-Nineteenth-Century Italian Paintings in North American Public Collections. </em>Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1972.", "page_number": "pp. 134, 343", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, Louise d' Argencourt, and Roger Diederen. <em>Catalogue of Paintings. </em>Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1974.", "page_number": "pp. 84-5", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lippi, Filippo, and Giuseppe Marchini. Filippo Lippi. Milano: Electa, 1975.", "page_number": "pp. 211-12", "url": null}, {"citation": "Levi D'Ancona, Mirella. <em>The Garden of the Renaissance: Botanical Symbolism in Italian Painting.</em> Firenze: L.S. Olschki, 1977.", "page_number": "p. 126", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 90", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n110"}, {"citation": "Thomas, Stanton, \"Fragments of a Lost Altarpiece\", Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Cleveland Art: The Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em>. Vol. 42 no. 10, December 2002", "page_number": "Mentioned & reproduced: p. 8-9", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2002-10/page/n7"}, {"citation": "National Gallery of Art (U.S.), and Miklo\u0301s Boskovits.<em> Italian Paintings of the Fifteenth Century.</em> Washington: National Gallery of Art, 2003.", "page_number": "p. 394", "url": null}, {"citation": "Strehlke, Carl Brandon.<em> Italian Paintings, 1250-1450, in the John G. Johnson Collection and the Philadelphia Museum of Art</em>. Philadelphia: Philadelphia Museum of Art, 2004.", "page_number": "Fig. 70.2, p. 371", "url": null}, {"citation": "Sta\u0308dtische Galerie im Sta\u0308delschen Kunstinstitut Frankfurt am Main, and Rudolf Hiller von Gaertringen. <em>Italienische Gema\u0308lde im Sta\u0308del 1300-1550</em>. Mainz: Verlag Philipp von Zabern, 2004.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "BRIMO, Rene\u0301. <em>L'E\u0301volution Du Gou\u0302t Aux E\u0301tats-Unis D'apre\u0300s L'histoire Des Collections.</em> 1938.", "page_number": "p. 67", "url": null}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1916.802", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1916.802/1916.802_web.jpg", "width": "526", "height": "900", "filesize": "248985", "filename": "1916.802_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1916.802/1916.802_print.jpg", "width": "1987", "height": "3400", "filesize": "2980180", "filename": "1916.802_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1916.802/1916.802_full.tif", "width": "7947", "height": "13596", "filesize": "324171824", "filename": "1916.802_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2005-09-01T15:03:27", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1916.802/1916.802_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "479", "height": "893", "filesize": "396223"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1916.802/1916.802_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "1823", "height": "3400", "filesize": "4867646"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1916.802/1916.802_alt0_full.tif", "width": "2681", "height": "5000", "filesize": "40234128"}}, {"annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1916.802/1916.802_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "479", "height": "893", "filesize": "400980"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1916.802/1916.802_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "1823", "height": "3400", "filesize": "4722769"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1916.802/1916.802_alt1_full.tif", "width": "2681", "height": "5000", "filesize": "40228516"}}, {"date_created": "2025-07-21T17:39:57", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1916.802/1916.802_alt2_web.jpg", "width": "495", "height": "900", "filesize": "196708"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1916.802/1916.802_alt2_print.jpg", "width": "1871", "height": "3400", "filesize": "2192996"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1916.802/1916.802_alt2_full.tif", "width": "7703", "height": "13999", "filesize": "323531128"}}, {"date_created": "2025-07-21T19:55:06", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1916.802/1916.802_alt3_web.jpg", "width": "504", "height": "900", "filesize": "117228"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1916.802/1916.802_alt3_print.jpg", "width": "1905", "height": "3400", "filesize": "1944982"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1916.802/1916.802_alt3_full.tif", "width": "7835", "height": "13985", "filesize": "328743588"}}, {"date_created": "2025-07-21T21:08:27", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1916.802/1916.802_alt4_web.jpg", "width": "548", "height": "900", "filesize": "136367"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1916.802/1916.802_alt4_print.jpg", "width": "2070", "height": "3400", "filesize": "1497171"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1916.802/1916.802_alt4_full.tif", "width": "8133", "height": "13360", "filesize": "325997924"}}], "creditline": "Holden Collection", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 97166, "creators": [{"id": 2197, "description": "Fra Filippo Lippi (Italian, c. 1406\u20131469)", "extent": null, "qualifier": "follower of", "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1406", "death_year": "1469", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1918-12-31T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1455, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 1460", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Madonna and Child with Angels"], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:00:01.408000"}, {"id": 92936, "accession_number": "1922.1132", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Maine Coast, 1907. Rockwell Kent (American, 1882\u20131971). Oil on canvas; framed: 104.5 x 130.2 x 6.5 cm (41 1/8 x 51 1/4 x 2 9/16 in.); unframed: 86.4 x 111.7 cm (34 x 44 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Hinman B. Hurlbut Collection, 1922.1132", "current_location": "208 American Gilded Age and Realism", "title": "Maine Coast", "creation_date": "1907", "creation_date_earliest": 1907, "creation_date_latest": 1907, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["America"], "technique": "oil on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "American Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "American - Painting", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 104.5 x 130.2 x 6.5 cm (41 1/8 x 51 1/4 x 2 9/16 in.); Unframed: 86.4 x 111.7 cm (34 x 44 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 1.045, "width": 1.302, "depth": 0.065}, "unframed": {"height": 0.864, "width": 1.117}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "signed lower left:  Rockwell Kent / 1907.", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 616736, "title": "Second Exhibition of Contemporary American Painting", "description": "<i>Second Exhibition of Contemporary American Painting</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 8-July 10, 1922).", "opening_date": "1922-06-08T00:00:00"}, {"id": 312462, "title": "Exhibition of American Painting from 1860 Until Today", "description": "<i>Exhibition of American Painting from 1860 Until Today</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 23-October 4, 1937).", "opening_date": "1937-06-23T04:00:00"}, {"id": 312341, "title": "The Silver Jubilee Exhibition", "description": "<i>The Silver Jubilee Exhibition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 23-September 28, 1941).", "opening_date": "1941-06-23T04:00:00"}, {"id": 311898, "title": "35th Anniversary Exhibition", "description": "<i>35th Anniversary Exhibition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 20-September 30, 1951).", "opening_date": "1951-06-20T04:00:00"}, {"id": 300832, "title": "Western Landscape Painting and Drawing", "description": "<i>Western Landscape Painting and Drawing</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 29, 1954-January 6, 1955).", "opening_date": "1954-10-29T04:00:00"}, {"id": 310299, "title": "Reckoning with Winslow Homer: His Late Works and Their Influence", "description": "<i>Reckoning with Winslow Homer: His Late Works and Their Influence</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (September 19-November 25, 1990); Columbus Museum of Art, Columbus, OH (December 16, 1990-February 10, 1991); Corcoran Gallery of Art, Washington, DC (March 16-May 12, 1991).", "opening_date": "1990-09-19T04:00:00"}, {"id": 214577, "title": "Blanketed in Snow:  American Winter Scenes", "description": "<i>Blanketed in Snow:  American Winter Scenes</i>. Norton Museum of Art (December 6, 1997-February 22, 1998); Newark Museum (March 7-May 31, 1998); Columbus Museum of Art (July 10-September 13, 1998).", "opening_date": "1997-12-06T00:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>Rockwell Kent: A Retrospective Loan Exhibition of Paintings, Lithographs, and Woodcuts</em>. Syracuse Museum of Fine Arts, Syracuse, NY (January 6\u2013February 7, 1937)", "opening_date": "1937-01-06T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Made in the U.S.A.</em> Hackley Art Gallery, Muskegen, MI (\u2013November 29, 1950)", "opening_date": "1950-11-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Picture of the Month</em>. Thiel College, Greenville, PA (April 1\u201330, 1960)", "opening_date": "1960-04-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Maine: 100 Artists of the 20th Century</em>. Colby College Museum of Art, Waterville, ME(June 25\u2013September 30, 1964) illus. p. 3, listed p. 34.", "opening_date": "1964-06-25T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Rockwell Kent: The Early Years.</em> Walker Art Museum, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, ME (August 15\u2013October 15, 1969)", "opening_date": "1969-08-15T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>The American Landscape</em>. Mansfield, OH, The Mansfield Art Center,  (8 March-5 April 1981)", "opening_date": "1981-03-08T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara Museum of Art, \"An Enkindled Eye:\" The Paintings of Rockwell Kent: A Retrospective Exhibition (29 June-1 September 1985); traveled to Columbus, Columbus Museum of Art (12 October-13 November 1985); to Portland, ME, Portland Museum of Art (21 January-2 March 1986); to Syracuse, NY, Everson Museum of Art (11 April-18 May 1986), pp. 15-25, cat. no. 10, illus. p. 37.", "opening_date": "1985-06-29T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Cleveland, The Cleveland Museum of Art, Reckoning with Winslow Homer: His Late Paintings and Their Influence (19 September-18 November 1990); traveled to Columbus, Columbus Museum of Art (16 December 1990-10 February 1991); to Washington, D.C., The Corcoran Gallery of Art (16 March-12 May 1991), pp. 101-106, 182-183, cat. no. 74, illus. p. 102.", "opening_date": "1990-09-19T00:00:00"}, {"description": "New York, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, American Impressionism and Realism: The Painting of Modern Life, 1885-1915 (2 May-24 July 1994); traveled to Fort Worth, Amon Carter Museum (22 August-30 October 1994); to Denver, Denver Art Museum (28 November 1994-5 February 1995); to Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Art (6 March-14 May 1995).", "opening_date": "1994-05-02T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Richmond, VA, Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, America Around 1900: Impressionism, Realism, and Modern Life (12 June-17 September 1995 )", "opening_date": "1995-06-12T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "(Mrs. Albert (Marie) Sterner [1880-1953], New York, NY sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "-1922", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1922-", "sortorder": 2}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": ["1058.1922", "1132.1922"], "did_you_know": "Kent loved to paint landscapes in cold, remote areas, including Maine, Alaska, Newfoundland, and Greenland.", "description": "Located off the coast of Maine, Monhegan Island has long drawn artists attracted to its rugged headlands, brooding forests, and dramatic ocean vistas. Unlike most colleagues who visited during summer, Kent built a home and lived there year-round, working as a well digger, lobsterman, and carpenter from 1906\u20138. This boldly rendered winter scene was painted from his studio window.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q106799690"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1922.1132-maine-coast"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Brunswick, ME, Walker Art Museum, Bowdoin College, <em>Rockwell Kent: The Early Years</em> (15 August-15 October 1969)", "page_number": "cat. no. 4, illus.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Milliken, William M. \"The Second Exhibition of Contemporary American Painting.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 9:6 (June 1922): 95-98.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 97", "url": null}, {"citation": "Glasier, Jessie C. \"Museum Gets Prize-Winning Canvases: Bellows Subject, Kent Landscape Are Acquisitions.\" <em>The Plain Dealer </em>(Cleveland, OH), June 18, 1922.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 3", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Cleveland Museum Acquires Typical Pictures by Bellows and Kent.\" <em>American Art News</em> 20:37 (24 June 1922).", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 6", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Painter Exchanges Maine Pines for Scenes in South America.\" <em>The Plain Dealer </em>(Cleveland, OH), Sept. 2, 1922.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 48", "url": null}, {"citation": "Milliken, William M. \"Two Examples of Modern Painting: The Maine Coast, by Rockwell Kent.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. 9:10 (December, 1922). pp. 171-175.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 171-172", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1925.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 36", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook_80839/page/n38"}, {"citation": "<em>The American Magazine of Art</em>. 16 (July, 1925).", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 347", "url": null}, {"citation": "Isham, Samuel, and Royal Cortissoz. <em>The History of American Painting</em>. New York, NY: Macmillan Company, 1927.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 563-564, 588-589; Reproduced: pl. 136", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1928.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 44", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1928/page/n48"}, {"citation": "Neuhaus, Eugen. <em>The History and Ideals of American Art</em>. Stanford University, CA: Stanford University Press; London: Oxford University Press, 1931.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 358-359", "url": null}, {"citation": "Pollak, Frances M., and Greta A. Cornell. \"Rockwell Kent-Painter and Graver.\" <em>The Index of Twentieth Century Artists</em>. New York, NY: Research Institute of the College Art Association, 1934.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 97, 104-110", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Catalogue of an Exhibition of American Painting from 1860 until Today at the Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> [Cleveland]: [Printed by the Artcraft Printing Co.], 1937.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 30, no. 112", "url": ""}, {"citation": "<em>Rockwell Kent: A Retrospective Loan Exhibition of Paintings, Lithographs, and Woodcuts</em>. Syracuse Museum of Fine Arts, Syracuse, NY (January 6\u2013February 7, 1937)", "page_number": "cat. no. 5, not illus.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "<em>Maine: 100 Artists of the 20th Century</em>. Colby College Museum of Art, Waterville, ME (June 25\u2013September 30, 1964)", "page_number": "illus. p. 3, listed p. 34.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Young, Mahonri Sharp. <em>American Realists, Homer to Hopper</em>. New York, NY: Watson-Guptill Publications, 1977.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 182; Reproduced: p. 183", "url": null}, {"citation": "West, Richard V. \"Rockwell Kent Reconsidered.\" <em>American Art Review</em>. 4:3 (December, 1977).", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 84-93, 130-136", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>The American Landscape</em>. Mansfield, OH, The Mansfield Art Center,  (8 March-5 April 1981)", "page_number": "cat. no. 41, not illus", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Johnson, Fridolf. <em>Rockwell Kent: An Anthology of His Works</em>. New York, NY: Knopf, 1982.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 33-34, 107-115; Reproduced: p. 244", "url": null}, {"citation": "Clark, Jeff. \"The Return of Rockwell Kent: A Portland Retrospective Recalls an Adventurous and Controversial Life.\" <em>Down East</em>, March 1986.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 24-28; Reproduced: pl. 26.", "url": null}, {"citation": "Chong, Alan. <em>European &amp; American Painting in the Cleveland Museum of Art: A Summary Catalogue</em>. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1993.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 121", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Antiques</em>. vol. 143 (April, 1993).", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 503", "url": null}, {"citation": "Weinberg, H. Barbara, Doreen Bolger, and David Park Curry. <em>American Impressionism and Realism: The Painting of Modern Life, 1885-1915</em>. New York, NY: Metropolitan Museum of Art, distributed by H.N. Abrams, 1994.", "page_number": "Reproduced: fig. 73; Mentioned: p. 86", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cummer Gallery of Art, Jacksonville. \"Exhibition Reviews: Fort Worth: American Impressionsim and Realism.\" <em>The Burlington Magazine</em>. 136:1100 (November, 1994). pp. 786-787.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 787; Reproduced: p. 787", "url": null}, {"citation": "Ferris, Scott R. \"The Bestowal.\" In <em>Rockwell Kent's Forgotten Landscapes</em>. Camden, ME: Down East Books, 1998.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 22, 76-78.", "url": null}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1922.1132", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1922.1132/1922.1132_web.jpg", "width": "1175", "height": "893", "filesize": "642669", "filename": "1922.1132_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1922.1132/1922.1132_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2584", "filesize": "4664022", "filename": "1922.1132_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1922.1132/1922.1132_full.tif", "width": "4961", "height": "3771", "filesize": "56144648", "filename": "1922.1132_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2008-08-13T14:04:08", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1922.1132/1922.1132_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "1111", "height": "893", "filesize": "725097"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1922.1132/1922.1132_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2732", "filesize": "6618550"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1922.1132/1922.1132_alt0_full.tif", "width": "4336", "height": "3484", "filesize": "45361336"}}], "creditline": "Hinman B. Hurlbut Collection", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "The Cleveland Foundation Gallery", "athena_id": 92936, "creators": [{"id": 14219, "description": "Rockwell Kent (American, 1882\u20131971)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1882", "death_year": "1971", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1922-06-09T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1907, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1907", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:01:08.497000"}, {"id": 142738, "accession_number": "1966.447", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Parrot on a Perch , 1896\u20131903. House of Faberg\u00e9 (Russian, 1842\u20131918), Mikhail Evlampievich Perkhin (Russian, 1860\u20131903). Silver, enamel, jasper, agate, emeralds; overall: 15.3 x 7.4 cm (6 x 2 15/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, The India Early Minshall Collection, 1966.447", "current_location": "211 Faberg\u00e9", "title": "Parrot on a Perch ", "creation_date": "1896\u20131903", "creation_date_earliest": 1896, "creation_date_latest": 1903, "artists_tags": ["gender unknown", "male"], "culture": ["Russia, St. Petersburg"], "technique": "silver, enamel, jasper, agate, emeralds", "support_materials": [], "department": "Decorative Art and Design", "collection": "Decorative Arts", "type": "Miscellaneous", "measurements": "Overall: 15.3 x 7.4 cm (6 x 2 15/16 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"height": 0.153, "width": 0.074}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "88, Kokoshnik, tester's initials (in Cyrillic) [assay mark for St. Petersburg, 1896-1908]; initials of workmaster Mikhail Perkhin (in Cyrillic); Faberg\u00e9 (in Cyrillic); 6817 scratched.", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 301086, "title": "The India Early Minshall Collection: Faberge and his Contemporaries", "description": "<i>The India Early Minshall Collection: Faberge and his Contemporaries</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (March 15, 1967-January 21, 1968).", "opening_date": "1967-03-15T05:00:00"}, {"id": 301129, "title": "Year in Review: 1967", "description": "<i>Year in Review: 1967</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (November 29-December 31, 1967).", "opening_date": "1967-11-29T05:00:00"}, {"id": 208794, "title": "Faberg\u00e9 in America", "description": "<i>Faberg\u00e9 in America</i>. The Metropolitan Museum of Art (February 12-May 5, 1996); Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco (organizer) (May 25-July 28, 1996); Virginia Museum of Fine Arts (August 24-November 2, 1996); New Orleans Museum of Art (December 7, 1996-February 8, 1997); The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (March 12-May 11, 1997).", "opening_date": "1996-02-12T00:00:00"}, {"id": 211192, "title": "Faberg\u00e9's Menagerie: The Animal Creations of the Faberg\u00e9 Workshop", "description": "<i>Faberg\u00e9's Menagerie: The Animal Creations of the Faberg\u00e9 Workshop</i>. The Walters Art Museum, Baltimore, MD (organizer) (February 14-July 27, 2003); Columbus Museum of Art, Columbus, OH (October 12, 2003-January 4, 2004); Portland Art Museum, Portland, OR (February 8-May 2, 2004).", "opening_date": "2003-02-14T00:00:00"}, {"id": 194450, "title": "Artistic Luxury: Faberg\u00e9 Tiffany Lalique ", "description": "<i>Artistic Luxury: Faberg\u00e9 Tiffany Lalique </i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 19, 2008-January 18, 2009).", "opening_date": "2008-10-19T04:00:00"}], "legacy": []}, "provenance": [{"description": "(Christie's, London, November 25, 1958, lot 152)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "?-1958", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "India Early Minshall [1885\u20131965], Cleveland, OH, bequest to the Cleveland Museum of Art", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1958-1966", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1966-", "sortorder": 3}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Tsar Nicholas and his cousins in the British royal family kept parrots and parakeets throughout their many palaces.", "description": "In creating luxurious accessories for a desk or tabletop, Faberg\u00e9 often used native hardstones such as multicolored agate and jasper, green nephrite, pink rhodonite, and rock crystal found in the Ural Mountains of western Russia. By paying careful attention to the unique colors and textures of the stones, Faberg\u00e9 and his craftsmen brought them to life, turning milky agate into a begging poodle or green and black jasper into this parrot sitting on a perch. The use of native materials also promoted Russian nationalism, which appealed greatly to the tsar and his family.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60751811"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1966.447-parrot-on-a-perch"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Hawley, Henry H. <em>Faberge\u0301 and His Contemporaries: The India Early Minshall Collection of the Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1967.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: pp. 14-5, cat. 3.", "url": "https://ingallslibrary.on.worldcat.org/oclc/836254532"}, {"citation": "Habsburg, Ge\u0301za von, and David Park Curry. <em>Faberge\u0301 in America</em>. New York: Thames and Hudson, 1996.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 109, cat. 88", "url": "https://ingallslibrary.on.worldcat.org/oclc/34433639"}, {"citation": "Faberge\u0301, Peter Carl, and Deborah E. Horowitz. <em>The Faberge\u0301 Menagerie</em>. London: Philip Wilson Pub, 2003.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 130, cat. 64.", "url": "https://ingallslibrary.on.worldcat.org/oclc/196795062"}, {"citation": "Harrison, Stephen, Emmanuel Ducamp, and Jeannine J. Falino. <em>Artistic Luxury: Faberge\u0301 Tiffany Lalique.</em> Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art in association with New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2008.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 185, cat. 82.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Henry Hawley, <em>Faberg\u00e9 and His Contemporaries </em>(Cleveland: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1967), 14.", "page_number": "14", "url": null}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1966.447", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1966.447/1966.447_web.jpg", "width": "647", "height": "900", "filesize": "153538", "filename": "1966.447_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1966.447/1966.447_print.jpg", "width": "2445", "height": "3400", "filesize": "839126", "filename": "1966.447_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1966.447/1966.447_full.tif", "width": "5992", "height": "8331", "filesize": "149782884", "filename": "1966.447_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2007-08-06T19:33:19", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1966.447/1966.447_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "675", "filesize": "71834"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1966.447/1966.447_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2550", "filesize": "532095"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1966.447/1966.447_alt0_full.tif", "width": "5440", "height": "4080", "filesize": "66608528"}}, {"date_created": "2007-08-06T17:39:00", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1966.447/1966.447_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "675", "filesize": "165755"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1966.447/1966.447_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2550", "filesize": "795627"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1966.447/1966.447_alt1_full.tif", "width": "5440", "height": "4080", "filesize": "66616508"}}, {"date_created": "2021-09-08T20:04:22", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1966.447/1966.447_alt2_web.jpg", "width": "640", "height": "900", "filesize": "152184"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1966.447/1966.447_alt2_print.jpg", "width": "2417", "height": "3400", "filesize": "838120"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1966.447/1966.447_alt2_full.tif", "width": "5927", "height": "8339", "filesize": "148300628"}}, {"date_created": "2021-09-08T21:46:42", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1966.447/1966.447_alt3_web.jpg", "width": "640", "height": "900", "filesize": "155078"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1966.447/1966.447_alt3_print.jpg", "width": "2419", "height": "3400", "filesize": "850986"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1966.447/1966.447_alt3_full.tif", "width": "5927", "height": "8329", "filesize": "148122932"}}, {"date_created": "2021-09-08T20:24:02", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1966.447/1966.447_alt4_web.jpg", "width": "643", "height": "900", "filesize": "148685"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1966.447/1966.447_alt4_print.jpg", "width": "2430", "height": "3400", "filesize": "795106"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1966.447/1966.447_alt4_full.tif", "width": "5927", "height": "8293", "filesize": "147482620"}}], "creditline": "The India Early Minshall Collection", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 142738, "creators": [{"id": 55332, "description": "House of Faberg\u00e9 (Russian, 1842\u20131918)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "maker", "biography": "Peter Carl Faberge (1846-1920) took over the House of Faberge in 1870 from his father Carl Gustav Faberge who had founded the firm in 1842. Until 1881, the firm manufactured primarily jewelry for Saint Petersburg's aristocrats and wealthy elite. In 1885 the firm was awarded the coveted imperial warrant as goldsmith to the tsar and began to produce elaborate presentation Easter eggs as a gift for the tsarina from her husband every year. They also produced luxurious accessories, jewelry, and hardstone sculptures. At one point, Faberge employed over 300 workers including 22 workmasters who oversaw the production of the firm's jewelry and precious objects. A branch of the firm opened in Moscow in 1887, specializing in neo-Russian and pan-Slavic motifs in jewelry, silver, and enamel. Other branches followed in Kiev, London, and Odessa as well as new premises in Saint Petersburg. At the onset of the Russian Revolution, Peter Carl Faberge fled the country to Paris then Switzerland, where he died in 1920. His firm was nationalized by the Bolsheviks in 1918.", "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1842", "death_year": "1918", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}, {"id": 8914, "description": "Mikhail Evlampievich Perkhin (Russian, 1860\u20131903)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "workmaster", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1860", "death_year": "1903", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 2}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1966-11-05T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1896, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1896\u20131903", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "cover", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:06:07.632000"}, {"id": 149106, "accession_number": "1977.37.2", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Scenes of Witchcraft: Day, c. 1645\u20131649. Salvator Rosa (Italian, 1615\u20131673). Oil on canvas; framed: 76.2 x 9.6 cm (30 x 3 3/4 in.); unframed: 54.5 cm (21 7/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Purchase from the J. H. Wade Fund, 1977.37.2", "current_location": "217 Italian Baroque", "title": "Scenes of Witchcraft: Day", "creation_date": "c. 1645\u20131649", "creation_date_earliest": 1640, "creation_date_latest": 1654, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["Italy, 17th century"], "technique": "oil on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "P - Italian 16th & 17th Century", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 76.2 x 9.6 cm (30 x 3 3/4 in.); Unframed: 54.5 cm (21 7/16 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"width": 0.762, "depth": 0.096}, "unframed": {"width": 0.545}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "Signed: \"SR [monogram]\"", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 213572, "title": "Salvator Rosa (1615-1673): Bandits, Wilderness, and Magic", "description": "<i>Salvator Rosa (1615-1673): Bandits, Wilderness, and Magic</i>. Kimbell Art Museum, Fort Worth, TX (organizer) (December 12, 2010-March 27, 2011).", "opening_date": "2010-12-12T00:00:00"}, {"id": 205152, "title": "The Novel and the Bizarre: Salvator Rosa\u2019s Scenes of Witchcraft", "description": "<i>The Novel and the Bizarre: Salvator Rosa\u2019s Scenes of Witchcraft</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (February 15-June 14, 2015).", "opening_date": "2015-02-15T00:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "CMA, January 1978: Year in Review, cat. no. 42", "opening_date": "1978-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Kimbell Art Museum (12/12/2010 - 3/27/2011):  \"Salvator Rosa (1615-1673): Bandits, Wilderness, and Magic\", ex. cat. no. 21b, p. 170-173.", "opening_date": "2010-12-12T00:00:00"}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art (2/15/2015 - 6/14/2015); \"The Novel and the Bizarre: Salvator Rosa's Scenes of Witchcraft\"", "opening_date": "2015-02-15T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Family of the Marchese Giovanni Niccolini, Florence; [Heim Gallery, London].  Purchase from the J. H. Wade Fund, 1977.", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": null}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": ["1977.40"], "did_you_know": "The artist chose the painting's shape to reference the foundational role of the circle in practicing magic.", "description": "Rosa's scene at noon showcases several hoary hags that exemplify his treatment of witches. Clutching skulls, wielding brooms, and slicing lizards, the witches prepare to travel to the Sabbath, an orgy of witches. One witch flays the skin of a thrashing lizard to extract the innards needed to concoct magical unguents, while her companions brandish skulls. Goats were the common mode of transportation for witches, but Rosa substitutes an owl, a harbinger of evil. Although Rosa foregrounds the violent cruelty of witchcraft, situating the grotesque hags in the full light of day introduces a comic aspect to the scene. Rosa's use of comedy and the unexpected to critique the world around him stemmed from the satirical poetry he wrote throughout his stay in Florence and his return to Rome in 1649. By lightening the palette and mood of the painting, Day reflects his interest in satire and his self-appointed role to expose and critique human folly.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60473372"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1977.37.2-scenes-of-witchcraft"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Langdon, Helen. Salvator Rosa Paint and Performance. London: Reaktion Books, Limited, 2022. .", "page_number": "Chapter 2", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Fabbri, Sara. \u201c<em>Quattro Tondi con Incantesimi </em>di Salvator Rosa nella collezione del marchese Filippo Niccolini.\u201d <em>Notizie da Palazzo Albani</em> XXXVIII (2009): 81-104.", "page_number": "", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Catalogue of Paintings. Pt. 3. European Paintings of the 16th, 17th, and 18th Centuries. </em>Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1974.", "page_number": "Reproduced: cat. 176B, p. 398 - 403", "url": ""}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 138", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n158"}, {"citation": "Salerno, Luigi, and Ira Kohn. \"Four Witchcraft Scenes by Salvator Rosa.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 65, no. 7 (September 1978): 225-231.<br>Published as: <em>Witches' Scenes</em>", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 224-231: Reproduced: Cover; P. 224, 228-229", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25159591"}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1977.37.2", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1977.37.2/1977.37.2_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "895", "filesize": "223367", "filename": "1977.37.2_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1977.37.2/1977.37.2_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "3382", "filesize": "2654261", "filename": "1977.37.2_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1977.37.2/1977.37.2_full.tif", "width": "11438", "height": "11376", "filesize": "390389316", "filename": "1977.37.2_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2010-05-25T15:21:56", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1977.37.2/1977.37.2_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "893", "height": "893", "filesize": "459678"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1977.37.2/1977.37.2_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "3400", "filesize": "7098414"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1977.37.2/1977.37.2_alt0_full.tif", "width": "4831", "height": "4831", "filesize": "70053080"}}, {"date_created": "2007-01-30T18:28:05", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1977.37.2/1977.37.2_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "895", "height": "893", "filesize": "566329"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1977.37.2/1977.37.2_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "3394", "filesize": "7399050"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1977.37.2/1977.37.2_alt1_full.tif", "width": "3847", "height": "3840", "filesize": "44351044"}}, {"date_created": "2010-02-22T16:09:58", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1977.37.2/1977.37.2_alt2_web.jpg", "width": "891", "height": "893", "filesize": "600968"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1977.37.2/1977.37.2_alt2_print.jpg", "width": "3393", "height": "3400", "filesize": "9459245"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1977.37.2/1977.37.2_alt2_full.tif", "width": "4864", "height": "4874", "filesize": "71159272"}}, {"date_created": "2010-05-28T15:06:59", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1977.37.2/1977.37.2_alt3_web.jpg", "width": "903", "height": "893", "filesize": "547962"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1977.37.2/1977.37.2_alt3_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "3363", "filesize": "8946494"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1977.37.2/1977.37.2_alt3_full.tif", "width": "4680", "height": "4630", "filesize": "65037268"}}, {"date_created": "2014-11-17T15:53:11", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1977.37.2/1977.37.2_alt4_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "675", "filesize": "212020"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1977.37.2/1977.37.2_alt4_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2550", "filesize": "2573926"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1977.37.2/1977.37.2_alt4_full.tif", "width": "16000", "height": "12000", "filesize": "576032516"}}, {"date_created": "2010-05-28T15:15:31", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1977.37.2/1977.37.2_alt5_web.jpg", "width": "909", "height": "893", "filesize": "528919"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1977.37.2/1977.37.2_alt5_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "3339", "filesize": "8652871"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1977.37.2/1977.37.2_alt5_full.tif", "width": "4608", "height": "4526", "filesize": "62598052"}}], "creditline": "Purchase from the J. H. Wade Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Donna and James Reid Gallery", "athena_id": 149106, "creators": [{"id": 2285, "description": "Salvator Rosa (Italian, 1615\u20131673)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1615", "death_year": "1673", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1977-05-10T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1640, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 1645\u20131649", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "component", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": "1977.37", "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Scene with Witches: Day", "Witches Scenes"], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:02:49.054000"}, {"id": 172828, "accession_number": "1933.2291", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Holiday on the Hudson, c. 1912. George Luks (American, 1866\u20131933). Oil on canvas; framed: 96.5 x 111.5 x 6 cm (38 x 43 7/8 x 2 3/8 in.); unframed: 76.2 x 91.7 cm (30 x 36 1/8 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Hinman B. Hurlbut Collection, 1933.2291", "current_location": "208 American Gilded Age and Realism", "title": "Holiday on the Hudson", "creation_date": "c. 1912", "creation_date_earliest": 1907, "creation_date_latest": 1917, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["America"], "technique": "oil on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "American Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "American - Painting", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 96.5 x 111.5 x 6 cm (38 x 43 7/8 x 2 3/8 in.); Unframed: 76.2 x 91.7 cm (30 x 36 1/8 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 0.965, "width": 1.115, "depth": 0.06}, "unframed": {"height": 0.762, "width": 0.917}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "signed lower right:  George Luks", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 312517, "title": "The Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition", "description": "<i>The Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 26-October 4, 1936).", "opening_date": "1936-06-26T04:00:00"}, {"id": 312462, "title": "Exhibition of American Painting from 1860 Until Today", "description": "<i>Exhibition of American Painting from 1860 Until Today</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 23-October 4, 1937).", "opening_date": "1937-06-23T04:00:00"}, {"id": 312341, "title": "The Silver Jubilee Exhibition", "description": "<i>The Silver Jubilee Exhibition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 23-September 28, 1941).", "opening_date": "1941-06-23T04:00:00"}, {"id": 312153, "title": "The Eight", "description": "<i>The Eight</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (February 9-March 4, 1944).", "opening_date": "1944-02-09T05:00:00"}, {"id": 304210, "title": "What Was the Armory Show?", "description": "<i>What Was the Armory Show?</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (June 27-September 15, 1963).", "opening_date": "1963-06-27T04:00:00"}, {"id": 445223, "title": "George Luks 1866-1933: An Exhibition of Paintings and Drawings Dating from 1889 to 1931", "description": "<i>George Luks 1866-1933: An Exhibition of Paintings and Drawings Dating from 1889 to 1931</i>. Munson Museum of Art, Utica, NY (organizer) (April 1-May 20, 1973).", "opening_date": "1973-04-01T05:00:00"}, {"id": 302330, "title": "Heritage and Horizon: American Painting 1776 - 1976", "description": "<i>Heritage and Horizon: American Painting 1776 - 1976</i>. Buffalo AKG Art Museum, Buffalo, NY (organizer) (March 7-April 11, 1976); The Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit, MI (May 2-June 13, 1976); The Toledo Museum of Art, Toledo, OH (July 4-August 15, 1976); The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (September 8-October 10, 1976).", "opening_date": "1976-03-07T05:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>An Important Collection of Paintings and Bronzes by Modern Masters of American and European Art. </em>C.W. Kraushaar Art Galleries, New York(December 3\u2013December 31, 1921)", "opening_date": "1921-12-03T00:00:00"}, {"description": "New York, C.W. Kraushaar Art Galleries,<em> Retrospective Exhibition of Paintings by George Luks</em> (8 January-27 January 1923); cat. no. 28, not illus.", "opening_date": "1923-01-08T00:00:00"}, {"description": "New York, Radio City assembled by The College Art Association, (May, 1933) Cleveland, The Cleveland Museum of Art, Philadelphia, Philadelphia Museum of Art, <em>Artists of the Philadelphia Press </em>(14 October-18 November 1945), pp. 5-15, cat. no. 24, not illus., includes essays by John Sloan and Everett Shin; catalogue in The Philadelphia Museum Bulletin (November, 1945), vol. XLI, no. 207. (16 June-16 July 1933), The Bulletin of The Cleveland Museum of Art (June, 1933), pp. 98-102, listed p. 101.", "opening_date": "1933-06-16T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Milwaukee, Milwaukee Art Institute, <em>Sports and Adventure in American Art</em> (15 February-30 March 1947), cat. no. 50, not illus.", "opening_date": "1947-02-15T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Palm Beach, Fla, <em>The Society of the Four Arts</em>, From Plymouth Rock to the Armory (9 February-5 March 1950), cat. no. 45, not illus.", "opening_date": "1950-02-09T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Vancouver, Vancouver Art Gallery, <em>Two Hundred Years of American Painting </em>(8 March-3 April 1955), cat. no. 38, illus.", "opening_date": "1955-03-08T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Oxford, OH, Miami University, <em>Sesquicentennial Celebration </em>(15 May-15 June 1959)", "opening_date": "1959-05-15T00:00:00"}, {"description": "San Diego, The Fine Arts Gallery of San Diego, <em>Modern American Painting: 1915</em> (6 December 1962-6 January 1963), cat. no. 30, pp. 5-9, listed p. 18, illus. on back of catalogue.", "opening_date": "1962-12-06T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Utica, New York, Munson-Williams-Proctor Institute, <em>George Luks 1866-1933: An Exhibition of Paintings and Drawings Dating from 1889 to 1931</em> (1 April-20 May 1973); pp. 5-9, 14-19, cat. no. 83, listed p. 49, illus. p. 15.", "opening_date": "1973-04-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Buffalo, Albright-Knox Art Gallery, <em>Heritage and Horizon: American Painting, 1776-1976 </em>(6 March-11 April 1976); traveled to Detroit, Detroit Institute of Arts (5 May-13 June 1976); to Toledo, The Toledo Museum of Art (4 July-15 August 1976); to Cleveland, The Cleveland Museum of Art (8 September-10 October 1976); cat. no. 37.", "opening_date": "1976-03-06T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Milwaukee, Milwaukee Art Museum, <em>Painters of a New Century: The Eight &amp; American Art</em> (6 September-3 November 1991); traveled to Denver, The Denver Art Museum (7 December 1991-16 February 1992); to Ottawa, National Gallery of Canada (16 April-7 June 1992); to Brooklyn, The Brooklyn Museum (26 June-21 September 1992); cat. no. 82, listed p. 179, illus. p. 14.", "opening_date": "1991-09-06T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Philadelphia, Philadelphia Museum of Art, Artists of the Philadelphia Press (14 October-18 November 1945).", "opening_date": "1945-10-14T05:00:00Z"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "(C. W. Kraushaar Galleries, New York).", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": null}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": ["2231.1933", "2291.1933"], "did_you_know": "Luks often boasted about being an amateur boxing champion, but this was later revealed to be a tall tale.", "description": "A sun-dappled scene of middle-class leisure, <em>Holiday on the Hudson</em> is an atypical work by Luks, who more often turned to gritty tenement subjects for inspiration. Throughout his career, the painter fashioned himself as a brash, profane, and hard-drinking antagonist to New York\u2019s genteel art-world establishment. The museum purchased this work just four months before the artist was beaten to death in the wake of a speakeasy argument.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117230189", "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60482529"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1933.2291-holiday-on-the-hudso"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "C. Owen Lublin, \"Arts and Decoration,\" <em>Town and Country</em> (1 February 1916), vol. 39.", "page_number": "pp. 20-21, illus. p. 21", "url": null}, {"citation": "New York, C.W. Kraushaar Art Galleries, <em>An Important Collection of Paintings and Bronzes by Modern Masters of American and European Art </em>(December 3\u2013December 31, 1921)", "page_number": "cat. no. 6, illus.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Francis, Henry S. \"Memorial Note on a Picture by George Luks.\" <em>The</em> <em>Bulletin of The Cleveland Museum of Art XXXIII</em>, no.1 (January, 1934): 6-8.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 2", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25137592"}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. Catalogue of the Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition of the Cleveland Museum of Art: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition : June Twenty-Sixth to October Fourth 1936. [Cleveland, Ohio]: [Cleveland Museum of Art], 1936.", "page_number": "cat. no. 363, listed p. 134-135, not illus.", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. Catalogue of an Exhibition of American Painting from 1860 Until Today at the Cleveland Museum of Art. [Cleveland]: [Printed by the Artcraft Printing Co.], 1937.", "page_number": "cat. no. 127, listed p. 32, not illus.", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Catalogue of an Exhibition of American Painting from 1860 until Today at the Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> [Cleveland]: [Printed by the Artcraft Printing Co.], 1937.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 32, no. 127", "url": ""}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Handbook.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 547", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1958/page/n101"}, {"citation": "<em>The Beauty of America in Great American Art: With Selections from the Writings of Renowned American Authors</em>. Waukesha, WS. : Country Beautiful Foundation in association with W. Morrow, New York,1965.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 104", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 190", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n214"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 190", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n214"}, {"citation": "Adams, Celeste, Rita Myers, and Adele Z. Silver. <em>An Introduction to American Art in the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1972.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 16-17; Reproduced: p. 16", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"A Check List: American Paintings and Water Colors of the Eighteen, Nineteenth, and Early Twentieth Centuries in The Cleveland Museum of Art.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art LX</em>, no.1 (January, 1973): 21-35.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 30, fig. 125", "url": null}, {"citation": "\u201cA Check List. American Paintings and Water Colors of the Eighteenth, Nineteenth, and Early Twentieth Centuries in the Cleveland Museum of Art.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 60, no. 1 (January 1973): 21\u201335.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 30, no. 125", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25152465"}, {"citation": "Albright-Knox Art Gallery, Detroit Institute of Arts, and Toledo Museum of Art. <em>Heritage and Horizon: American Painting, 1776-1976 : </em>Toledo, OH: Toledo Museum of Art, 1976.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 51", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 237", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n257"}, {"citation": "Chong, Alan. <em>European &amp; American Painting in the Cleveland Museum of Art: A Summary Catalogue</em>. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1993", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 137", "url": null}, {"citation": "Gambone, Robert L. <em>Lusty Luks: The Art, Life and Times of George Benjamin Luks</em>. San Bernardino,CA : Robert L. Gambone, 2015.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 6, 72-73, 83; reproduced: fig. 2", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Paintings in the Cleveland Museum of Art: Picture Book No. 4 .</em> [Cleveland]: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1952.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 18", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAPaintings1952/page/n19/mode/2up"}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1933.2291", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1933.2291/1933.2291_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "752", "filesize": "389609", "filename": "1933.2291_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1933.2291/1933.2291_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2839", "filesize": "4821239", "filename": "1933.2291_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1933.2291/1933.2291_full.tif", "width": "11189", "height": "9344", "filesize": "313682428", "filename": "1933.2291_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2023-03-06T15:30:08", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1933.2291/1933.2291_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "680", "filesize": "304112"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1933.2291/1933.2291_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2570", "filesize": "3268186"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1933.2291/1933.2291_alt0_full.tif", "width": "14061", "height": "10627", "filesize": "448312512"}}, {"annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1933.2291/1933.2291_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "1066", "height": "893", "filesize": "745088"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1933.2291/1933.2291_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2849", "filesize": "2180193"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1933.2291/1933.2291_alt1_full.tif", "width": "4664", "height": "3908", "filesize": "54711780"}}], "creditline": "Hinman B. Hurlbut Collection", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "The Cleveland Foundation Gallery", "athena_id": 172828, "creators": [{"id": 4062, "description": "George Luks (American, 1866\u20131933)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1866", "death_year": "1933", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1933-06-19T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1907, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 1912", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:08:57.045000"}, {"id": 146147, "accession_number": "1971.46", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Black-Figure Dinos (Mixing Vessel): Warships (Int.); Heroic Scenes (Top), c. 520\u2013515 BCE. Circle of Antimenes Painter (Greek, Attic, active c. 530\u2013510 BCE). Ceramic; diameter: 50.8 cm (20 in.); overall: 33.6 cm (13 1/4 in.); diameter of rim: 34 cm (13 3/8 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, John L. Severance Fund, 1971.46", "current_location": "102B Greek", "title": "Black-Figure Dinos (Mixing Vessel): Warships (Int.); Heroic Scenes (Top)", "creation_date": "c. 520\u2013515 BCE", "creation_date_earliest": -520, "creation_date_latest": -515, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["Greek, Attic"], "technique": "ceramic", "support_materials": [], "department": "Greek and Roman Art", "collection": "GR - Greek", "type": "Ceramic", "measurements": "Diameter: 50.8 cm (20 in.); Overall: 33.6 cm (13 1/4 in.); Diameter of rim: 34 cm (13 3/8 in.)", "dimensions": {"diameter": {"width": 0.508}, "overall": {"height": 0.336}, "diameter of rim": {"width": 0.34}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 301427, "title": "Year in Review: 1971", "description": "<i>Year in Review: 1971</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (December 28, 1971-February 6, 1972).", "opening_date": "1971-12-28T05:00:00"}, {"id": 222852, "title": "Poseidon and the Sea: Myth, Cult, and Daily Life", "description": "<i>Poseidon and the Sea: Myth, Cult, and Daily Life</i>. Joslyn Art Museum, Omaha, NE (February 8-May 11, 2014); Tampa Museum of Art, Tampa, FL (organizer) (June 14-November 30, 2014).", "opening_date": "2014-02-08T00:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>The World of Ceramics: Masterpieces from the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>, Cleveland Museum of Art, (30 June-5 September 1982).", "opening_date": "1982-06-30T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1971-", "sortorder": 2}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Unable to stand on its own, this round-bottomed vessel probably once had a separately made base.", "description": "Designed for use at a symposium, or drinking party, this large <em>dinos</em> has a wide mouth allowing easy access to its contents\u2014wine mixed with water (and sometimes other ingredients for flavoring). While drinking, symposiasts would often recite poetry and celebrate the mythological exploits of gods and heroes, perhaps prompted by the images painted on their pottery. Here, the vase-painter clearly anticipated such use; when the vessel was full, the ships painted on the inside of the rim would appear to sail across the \u201cwine-dark sea\u201d (to borrow a phrase found frequently in Homer\u2019s <em>Iliad </em>and <em>Odyssey</em>)<em>.</em> Other heroic scenes, including Herakles wrestling the Nemean lion and Theseus battling the Minotaur, appear on top of the rim, interspersed with chariots and anonymous combats.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60760412"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1971.46-black-figure-dinos-m"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Beazley Archive. n.d. <em>Beazley Archive Pottery Database</em>. Oxford: Beazley Archive.", "page_number": "BAPD 5166", "url": "http://www.beazley.ox.ac.uk/record/C91A736F-1559-4362-B665-A861EB2165C6"}, {"citation": "Lee, Sherman E. \"The Year in Review for 1971.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 59, no. 1 (1972).", "page_number": "p. 40, No. 1", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25152412"}, {"citation": "Hoffmann, Herbert, and Marion True.<em> Corpus Vasorum Antiquorum. Boston: Museum of Fine Arts</em>, 1973.", "page_number": "p. 9, no. 13", "url": null}, {"citation": "Moon, Warren G. and Louise Berge. <em>Greek Vase-Painting in Midwestern Collections.</em> Chicago: The Art Institute of Chicago, 1979.", "page_number": "Reproduced & mentioned: pp. 110-111, cat. 63", "url": "https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0045%3Aentry%3D63"}, {"citation": "Kathman, Barbara. \"A Trio of Late Black-Figure Vase Painters.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 66, no. 2 (1979): 50-66.", "page_number": "pp. 54-57, figs. 8, 9, 11.", "url": "www.jstor.org/stable/25159617"}, {"citation": "Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae (LIMC). Zu\u0308rich: Artemis, 1981.", "page_number": "V, PL. 34, HERAKLES 1782", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, and Jenifer Neils. <em>The World of Ceramics: Masterpieces from the Cleveland Museum of Art. </em>Cleveland: The Museum in cooperation with Indiana University Press, 1982.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 11, fig. 13", "url": null}, {"citation": "Burow, Johannes, and Antimenes Painter. <em>Der Antimenesmaler. </em>Mainz/Rhein: P. von Zabern, 1989.", "page_number": "p. 26 n. 144", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1991.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 9", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1991/page/n24"}, {"citation": "Brownlee, Ann. \"Antimenean Dinoi,\" in Oakley, John Howard, William D. E. Coulson, and Olga Palagia (eds.). <em>Athenian potters and painters: the conference proceedings</em> (Oxford: Oxbow Books, 1997): 509-522.", "page_number": "Esp. pp. 513-517, figs. 6-8.", "url": null}, {"citation": "Stansbury-O'Donnell, Mark.<em> Pictorial Narrative in Ancient Greek Art. </em>Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.", "page_number": "pp. 129-32, fig. 54", "url": null}, {"citation": "Boulter, C. G., Jenifer Neils, and Gisela Walberg. <em>Corpus Vasorum Antiquorum.</em> Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2000.", "page_number": "pp. 27-29, pl. 63-65", "url": null}, {"citation": "Pevnick, Seth D., Robert I. Curtis, Nancy Thomson De Grummond, Angeliki Kokkinou, Jeffrey Maish, William Michael Murray, and Erika Simon. <em>Poseidon and the Sea: Myth, Cult, and Daily Life. </em>2014.", "page_number": "pp. 81,159, cat. no. 92", "url": null}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1971.46", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1971.46/1971.46_web.jpg", "width": "1152", "height": "893", "filesize": "93875", "filename": "1971.46_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1971.46/1971.46_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2635", "filesize": "652201", "filename": "1971.46_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1971.46/1971.46_full.tif", "width": "7147", "height": "5541", "filesize": "118836188", "filename": "1971.46_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2013-04-08T14:24:33", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1971.46/1971.46_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "1263", "height": "881", "filesize": "61789"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1971.46/1971.46_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2372", "filesize": "411170"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1971.46/1971.46_alt0_full.tif", "width": "7683", "height": "5361", "filesize": "123630784"}}, {"annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1971.46/1971.46_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "1066", "height": "893", "filesize": "536326"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1971.46/1971.46_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "1833", "height": "1536", "filesize": "1654613"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1971.46/1971.46_alt1_full.tif", "width": "1833", "height": "1536", "filesize": "8449716"}}, {"date_created": "2013-04-08T14:54:32", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1971.46/1971.46_alt2_web.jpg", "width": "1246", "height": "893", "filesize": "61767"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1971.46/1971.46_alt2_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2436", "filesize": "426220"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1971.46/1971.46_alt2_full.tif", "width": "7440", "height": "5331", "filesize": "119045384"}}, {"date_created": "2013-04-08T15:25:00", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1971.46/1971.46_alt3_web.jpg", "width": "1193", "height": "893", "filesize": "93791"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1971.46/1971.46_alt3_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2546", "filesize": "617503"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1971.46/1971.46_alt3_full.tif", "width": "7469", "height": "5594", "filesize": "125379940"}}, {"date_created": "2013-04-08T17:36:24", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1971.46/1971.46_alt4_web.jpg", "width": "949", "height": "893", "filesize": "113486"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1971.46/1971.46_alt4_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "3198", "filesize": "1017023"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1971.46/1971.46_alt4_full.tif", "width": "6378", "height": "6000", "filesize": "114832752"}}, {"date_created": "2013-04-08T18:03:09", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1971.46/1971.46_alt5_web.jpg", "width": "931", "height": "893", "filesize": "61170"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1971.46/1971.46_alt5_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "3262", "filesize": "698752"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1971.46/1971.46_alt5_full.tif", "width": "6122", "height": "5874", "filesize": "107910048"}}], "creditline": "John L. Severance Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 146147, "creators": [{"id": 10915, "description": "Antimenes Painter (Greek, Attic, active c. 530\u2013510 BCE)", "extent": null, "qualifier": "circle of", "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1971-05-13T00:00:00", "sortable_date": -520, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 520\u2013515 BCE", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": true, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:05:14.858000"}, {"id": 148301, "accession_number": "1975.3", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "The Birth and Naming of John the Baptist, 1496\u201399. Juan de Flandes (Netherlandish, c. 1460\u20131519). Oil on wood; framed: 99 x 60 x 7.5 cm (39 x 23 5/8 x 2 15/16 in.); unframed: 88.4 x 49.9 cm (34 13/16 x 19 5/8 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, John L. Severance Fund, 1975.3", "current_location": "110B Late Gothic", "title": "The Birth and Naming of John the Baptist", "creation_date": "1496\u201399", "creation_date_earliest": 1496, "creation_date_latest": 1499, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["Flanders, early 16th Century"], "technique": "oil on wood", "support_materials": [], "department": "Medieval Art", "collection": "MED - Renaissance", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 99 x 60 x 7.5 cm (39 x 23 5/8 x 2 15/16 in.); Unframed: 88.4 x 49.9 cm (34 13/16 x 19 5/8 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 0.99, "width": 0.6, "depth": 0.075}, "unframed": {"height": 0.884, "width": 0.499}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 227326, "title": "Jan van Eyck, Early Netherlandish Painting and the South of Europe", "description": "<i>Jan van Eyck, Early Netherlandish Painting and the South of Europe</i>. Groeningemuseum, Stedelijke Musea, Brugge, Belgium (March 15-June 30, 2002).", "opening_date": "2002-03-15T00:00:00"}, {"id": 228447, "title": "Juan de Flandes: The Miraflores Triptych", "description": "<i>Juan de Flandes: The Miraflores Triptych</i>. Museum Mayer Van den Bergh, Antwerp, Belgium (organizer) (September 11-November 7, 2010).", "opening_date": "2010-09-11T00:00:00"}, {"id": 668609, "title": "Creation, Birth, and Rebirth", "description": "<i>Creation, Birth, and Rebirth</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (August 17, 2024-July 16, 2025).", "opening_date": "2024-08-17T04:00:00"}], "legacy": []}, "provenance": [{"description": "Monastery of Miraflores, Spain", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "(Frederick Mont, New York, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "?-1975", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1975-", "sortorder": 3}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Flemish artists are famed for their attention to minute detail. Here the artist paints a domestic setting from his own time period, complete with details like a brazier for heating in the lower right corner and concave mirror above the bed.", "description": "Typical of Flemish art of the period, this scene suggests a comfortable home of the late 1400s in the Netherlands to frame the story of a biblical birth. Elizabeth, mother of Saint John the Baptist, rests after her labor, while her cousin, the Virgin Mary, presents the newborn to his father, Zacharias. Having lost his ability to speak when he doubted an angel\u2019s prophecy of the child\u2019s birth, Zacharias writes down his son\u2019s name. At this moment, his speech is restored. This painting was once part of an altarpiece commissioned by Queen Isabella I of Castile, known as the Catholic (1451\u20131504), for a monastery near Burgos.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60472845"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1975.3-the-birth-and-naming"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Lee, Sherman E. \u201cThe Year in Review for 1975.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 63, no. 2 (February 1976): 31\u201371.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 36; Mentioned: p. 67, no. 59", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25152624"}, {"citation": "Lurie, Ann Tzeutschler. \u201cBirth and Naming of St. John the Baptist Attributed to Juan de Flandes: A Newly Discovered Panel from a Hypothetical Altarpiece.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 63, no. 5 (May 1976): 119\u2013135.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 119-135, figs. 1,5,6,14, 27 and Cover", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25152638"}, {"citation": "Merrill, Ross M. \u201cA Technical Study: Birth and Naming of St. John the Baptist.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 63, no. 5 (May 1976): 136\u2013145.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 136-145", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25152639"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 83", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n103"}, {"citation": "Roberts-Jones, Philippe. <em>The History of Painting in Belgium: From the 14th Century Tot [Sic] the Present Day : from the Earliest Masters of the Old Southern Netherlands and the Principality of Lie\u0300ge to Our Contemporary Artists</em>. Brussels: Renaissance du Livre, 1995.", "page_number": "p. 99", "url": null}, {"citation": "Borchert, Till, and Andreas Beyer. <em>Age of Van Eyck: The Mediterranean World and Early Netherlandish Painting</em>, 1430-1530. New York, N.Y.: Thames &amp; Hudson, 2002.", "page_number": "cat. 116, fig. 245, p. 217", "url": null}, {"citation": "Elsig, Fre\u0301de\u0301ric.<em> La naissance des genres: la peinture des anciens Pays-Bas (avant 1620) au Muse\u0301e d'art et d'histoire de Gene\u0300ve</em>. Paris: Somogy, 2005.", "page_number": "p. 53, fig. 3", "url": null}, {"citation": "Silva Maroto, Pilar. <em>Juan de Flandes. </em>Salamanca: Caja Duero (Salamanca). Obra Social y Cultural, 2006.", "page_number": "p. 149", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, David Franklin, and C. Griffith Mann. <em>Treasures from the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2012.", "page_number": "pp. 148-9", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 280", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Harrison, Aidan. \"Posts, Rails, Ropes and Bed Bolts: The Early Development of the English Bed.\" <em>Regional Furniture: The Journal of the Regional Furniture Society</em> 38 (2024): p. 1-30.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 3; Reproduced: p. 4, fig. 1-2", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Haines, Claudia, Rebekkah Hart, and Emma Lazerson. \u201cBirth.\u201d In <em>Creation and (Re)birth, </em>edited by Gerhard Lutz, and Elina Gertsman, 8-12. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2024.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 9, fig. 8", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Rojewski, Oskar J. <em>Painter to the Queen: Michel Sittow, Courtier to Isabella of Castile and the Habsburg Dynasty.</em> Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols, 2025.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 170-173, fig. 5.45", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1975.3", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1975.3/1975.3_web.jpg", "width": "489", "height": "893", "filesize": "312887", "filename": "1975.3_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1975.3/1975.3_print.jpg", "width": "1862", "height": "3400", "filesize": "4245655", "filename": "1975.3_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1975.3/1975.3_full.tif", "width": "3285", "height": "6000", "filesize": "59161624", "filename": "1975.3_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [], "creditline": "John L. Severance Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 148301, "creators": [{"id": 2371, "description": "Juan de Flandes (Netherlandish, c. 1460\u20131519)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1460", "death_year": "1519", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1975-02-07T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1496, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1496\u201399", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": true, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": true, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:10:19.587000"}, {"id": 159976, "accession_number": "1997.246", "share_license_status": "Copyrighted", "tombstone": "Marilyn x 100, 1962. Andy Warhol (American, 1928\u20131987). Screenprint ink and synthetic polymer paint on canvas; framed: 210.2 x 573.2 x 6.4 cm (82 3/4 x 225 11/16 x 2 1/2 in.); unframed: 205.7 x 567.7 cm (81 x 223 1/2 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund, and Anonymous Gift, 1997.246. \u00a9 The Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts, Inc. / Licensed by Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York", "current_location": "229A Contemporary", "title": "Marilyn x 100", "creation_date": "1962", "creation_date_earliest": 1962, "creation_date_latest": 1962, "artists_tags": ["male", "LGBTQ+ (after 1900)"], "culture": ["America"], "technique": "screenprint ink and synthetic polymer paint on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "Contemporary Art", "collection": "CONTEMP - Painting", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 210.2 x 573.2 x 6.4 cm (82 3/4 x 225 11/16 x 2 1/2 in.); Unframed: 205.7 x 567.7 cm (81 x 223 1/2 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 2.102, "width": 5.732, "depth": 0.064}, "unframed": {"height": 2.057, "width": 5.677}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": "\u00a9 The Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts, Inc. / Licensed by Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York", "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 393229, "title": "Contemporary Installation", "description": "<i>Contemporary Installation</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art (organizer).", "opening_date": "2021-04-12T04:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>Art of Our Time</em>. Royal Scottish Academy, Edinburgh, 1980.", "opening_date": "1980-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Andy Warhol: A Retrospective</em>. Museum of Modern Art, New York (organizer) (February 5-May 2, 1989); The Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (Jun 3-August 13, 1989); the Hayward Gallery, London (September-November 1989); The Museum Ludwig, Cologne (November 1989-February 1990); Palazzo Reale, Milan (February-May 1990); Mus\u00e9e National d'Art Moderne, Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris (June 21-September 10 1990)", "opening_date": "1990-09-10T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Collection of the artist", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1962-1984", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "Saatchi Collection, London", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1984-1991", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "Private Collection, Japan", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1991-1997", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "Sold at auction to CMA, Sotheby's, New York, 1997.", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1997-present", "sortorder": 4}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "This work's palette suggests clashing representations of Marilyn Monroe: technicolor filmstrip and black-and-white newsreel footage of the 1940s and \u201950s.", "description": "The image of Marilyn Monroe in <em>Marilyn x 100,</em> the largest of Andy Warhol's many paintings featuring the celebrity, comes from a publicity still for the 1953 film <em>Niagara.</em> Warhol reproduces this iconic image through silk screening, a commercial printing technique from which the artist's hand is absent, on top of a unique underpainting made by Warhol. As was common throughout Warhol's work, <em>Marilyn x 100</em> explores the relationship\u2014and suggests overlaps\u2014among mass media, technology, pop culture, and fine art.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60477452"], "internet_archive": []}, "citations": [{"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Museum Masters: 2016-17 Companion Guide.</em> [Cleveland, Ohio]: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2016.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 25", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Baker, Kenneth. \"Report from London: the Saatchi Museum Opens\" <em>Art in America </em>73, no. 7 (July 1985): 23-27.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 24; mentioned: p. 25", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, \u201cMajor Andy Warhol Painting Added to CMA\u2019s Permanent Collection,\u201d December 3, 1997, Cleveland Museum of Art Archives.", "page_number": null, "url": "https://archive.org/details/cmapr4166"}, {"citation": "Bergman, Robert, \"A Defining Signifier\", Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Cleveland Art: The Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em>. Vol. 38 no. 09, November 1998", "page_number": "Mentioned & reproduced: p. 8-9", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM1998-09/page/8"}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 115", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Bergman, Robert P. \u201cA Defining Signifier.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art </em>(November 1998)", "page_number": "Reproduced p. 8-9.", "url": null}, {"citation": "McShine, Kynaston, ed. <em>Andy Warhol, a retrospective</em>. Exh. Cat. New York: Museum of Modern Art, 1989.", "page_number": "Reproduced p. 216, plate 205.", "url": null}, {"citation": "Franklin, David, and C. Griffith Mann. <em>Treasures from the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: The Cleveland Museum of Art; London Scala, 2012.", "page_number": "Reproduced p. 329; mentioned p. 328.", "url": null}, {"citation": "Frei, Georg and Neil Printz, eds. and Sponsored by the Thomas Ammann Fine Art Ag Zurich and The Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts, Inc., New York. <em>The Andy Warhol Catalogue Raisonn\u00e9: Paintings and Sculpture 1961-1963</em>. London: Phaidon, 2002", "page_number": "Reproduced p. 246, Plate 236; mentioned 234-235.", "url": null}, {"citation": "\u201cSotheby\u2019s Contemporary Art, Part 1, Andy Warhol\u2019s Marilyn x 100, Evening Session: Tuesday, November 17, 1992, Lot 25.\u201d New York: Sotheby\u2019s, 1992.", "page_number": "Reproduced on cover", "url": null}, {"citation": "Hicks, Alistair, ed. <em>Art of Our Time. Royal Scottish Academy</em>. Exh. Cat. Edinburgh: The Royal Scottish Academy, 1980.", "page_number": "Reproduced front and back covers and on p. 73", "url": null}, {"citation": "Arendsee, M., and M. Steinman-Arendsee. \"Take the CAN disability aesthetics tour, at the Cleveland Museum of art.\" <em>CAN Journal</em> (Winter 2019/20): 76-87.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p.87", "url": null}, {"citation": "Agee, William C., Max Weber, and Pamela N. Koob. Max Weber &amp; American Cubism. New York, NY : Rizzoli Electa, 2023.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 266, 268; Reproduced: p. 264-265, fig. 166", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1997.246", "images": {}, "alternate_images": [], "creditline": "Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund, and Anonymous Gift", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Toby's Gallery for Contemporary Art", "athena_id": 159976, "creators": [{"id": 3748, "description": "Andy Warhol (American, 1928\u20131987)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1928", "death_year": "1987", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1997-12-01T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1962, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1962", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": true, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:07:46.904000"}, {"id": 143152, "accession_number": "1967.134", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Descent from the Cross, 1653. Adam Lenckhardt (German, 1610\u20131661). Ivory; overall: 44.8 x 16.5 x 12.1 cm (17 5/8 x 6 1/2 x 4 3/4 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, John L. Severance Fund, 1967.134", "current_location": "215 French, German, and Dutch", "title": "Descent from the Cross", "creation_date": "1653", "creation_date_earliest": 1653, "creation_date_latest": 1653, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["Austria"], "technique": "ivory", "support_materials": [], "department": "European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "Sculpture", "type": "Sculpture", "measurements": "Overall: 44.8 x 16.5 x 12.1 cm (17 5/8 x 6 1/2 x 4 3/4 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"height": 0.448, "width": 0.165, "depth": 0.121}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "inscribed with monogram \"AL\" conjoined and dated 1653.", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 301129, "title": "Year in Review: 1967", "description": "<i>Year in Review: 1967</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (November 29-December 31, 1967).", "opening_date": "1967-11-29T05:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>Art Treasurers of the United Kingdom.</em> Manchester (1857).", "opening_date": null}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Prince Karl Eusebius von Liechtenstein, Vienna (1611-1684), 1653 - after 1678", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": null}, {"description": "Robert Napier, England, by 1857 - 1865", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": null}, {"description": "Fazackerley Collection, England", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": null}, {"description": "Sold by Cyril Humphris, Ltd., London, to the Cleveland Museum of Art, 1967", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": null}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Carved from a single elephant tusk, the artist took special care to ensure the ivory did not crack or break as he meticulously crafted each figure in this visually exciting sculpture. Look closely to find tools and small objects included near its base.", "description": "Carved from a single piece of ivory for Prince Karl Eusebius von Liechtenstein of Vienna, this work is a true tour-de-force. It took Lenckhardt seven years to complete; it is his last known sculpture and the pinnacle of his career. The biblical accounts of the descent from the cross found in the gospels are not consistent, which may contribute to the difficulty in precisely identifying the figures. The Virgin Mary, Saint John, Mary Magdalene, and others were said to be present, but undoubtedly there are other disciples here mourning Christ\u2019s death. The intense emotion registers on the faces of the figures in the scrupulous and exquisitely detailed work.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60781010"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1967.134-descent-from-the-cro"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Napier, Robert, and J. C. Robinson. <em>Catalogue of the Works of Art Forming the Collection of Robert Napier</em>. London, United Kingdom: Priv. Print, 1865.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 1085 (as Algardi)", "url": null}, {"citation": "Fleischer, Victor. <em>Fu\u0308rst Karl Eusebius von Liechtenstein als Bauherr und Kunstsammler (1611-1684)</em>. Vienna, Austria and Leipzig,Germany: C.W. Stern, 1910.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 36-37, p. 225-226", "url": null}, {"citation": "Braun-Troppau, E. W. \"Der Wiener Elfenbeinbildhauer Adam Lenckhardt.\" <em>Kunst und Kunsthandwerk </em>XVI (1913): 318-320.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 318", "url": null}, {"citation": "Born, Wolfgang. \"A Newly Discovered Masterpiece of Adam Lenckhardt.\" <em>Apollo</em> XXIII, no. 133 (January 1936): 41-45,", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 42", "url": null}, {"citation": "Schikola, Gertraut. \"Wiener Plastik der Renaissance und des Barocks.\"  In <em>Geschichte der Bildenden Kunst in Wien, </em>Verein fu\u0308r Geschichte der Stadt Wien, 85-162. Wien: Der Verein, 1955.", "page_number": "Mentioned: vol. 1, p. 99", "url": null}, {"citation": "Spaeth, Eloise. <em>American Art Museums and Galleries: An Introduction to Looking</em>. New York, NY: Harper &amp; Brothers, 1960.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 19", "url": null}, {"citation": "Theuerkauff, Christian. \"Der Elfenbeinbildhauer Adam Lenckhardt.\" <em>Jahrbuch der Hamburger Kunstsammlungen</em> X (1965): 27-70.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 30-31, 56-58, 62, 65, 68, 69, 70; reproduced: p. 59, figure 27.", "url": null}, {"citation": "Sch\u00e4dler, Alfred. \"Der Ulmer Bildhauer und Elfenbein-schnitzer David Heschler (1611-1667).\" . In <em>Studien zur Geschichte der europa\u0308ischen Plastik; Festschrift, Theodor Mu\u0308ller, zum 19, April 1965. </em>Kurt Martin, and Theodor Mu\u0308ller, 293-302. Mu\u0308nchen: Hirmer Verlag, 1965.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 99", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Year in Review.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 54, no. 10 (1967): 302-46.", "page_number": "Referenced: no. 13, p. 341, Reproduced: p. 311", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25152183"}, {"citation": "Hawley, Henry. \"An Ivory Deposition.\" <em>The Bulletin of The Cleveland Museum of Art LV</em>, no. 11 (November, 1968): 290-293.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 290, p. 292, p. 293", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"La Chronique des Arts.\" <em>Gazette des Beaux-Arts</em> LXXI, no. 1189 (February 1968): 1-140.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 61, no. 236", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Accessions of American and Canadian Museums.\" <em>Art Quarterly</em> XXXI, no. 2 (Summer 1968): 205-232.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 214", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 129", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n153"}, {"citation": "Theurerkauff, Christian. \"Scultura Barocca in Avorio: Nuove Attribuzioni ad Adam Lenckhardt e a Dominicus Stainhart.\"<em> Antichit\u00e0 Viva </em>X, no. 2 (February 1971): 33-51.", "page_number": "Mentioned:  p. 34, 35, 37-38, 46; reproduced: p. 42, figs. 15, 16", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 164", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n184"}, {"citation": "Ditner, David Charles. <em>Seventeenth and Eighteenth Century European Sculpture in the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Dissertation, Cleveland, OH: Cast Western Reserve University, 1986.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 372", "url": null}, {"citation": "Baumstark, Reinhold, and Peter Volk. <em>Apoll schindet Marsyas: u\u0308ber das Schreckliche in der Kunst ; Adam Lenckhardts Elfenbeingruppe ; </em>[Katalog zur Ausstellung des Bayerischen Nationalmuseums, Mu\u0308nchen, 15. Ma\u0308rz bis 18. Juni 1995]. 1995.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 138", "url": null}, {"citation": "Theurerkauff, Christian. \"Baroque Ivories from the Collection of Anselm Salomon van Rothschild in Vienna.\" <em>Apollo</em> 157 (February 2003): 15-25.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 16, no. 492", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Treasures of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. London, United Kingdom: Scala Books, 2012.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 202-203", "url": null}, {"citation": "\u201cA Walking Tour: The entire new museum wing by wing, with curators calling out a few favorite works in the collection.\u201d <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em> 54, no. 1 (January/February 2014): 8-33.", "page_number": "Reproduced and Mentioned: p. 17", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2014-01"}, {"citation": "\"Collections. 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Severance Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 143152, "creators": [{"id": 12907, "description": "Adam Lenckhardt (German, 1610\u20131661)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1610", "death_year": "1661", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1967-10-27T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1653, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1653", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:01:33.147000"}, {"id": 99443, "accession_number": "1919.1016", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Jeremiah Belknap, c. 1758. Joseph Badger (American, 1708\u20131765). Oil on canvas; framed: 121.9 x 97.2 x 7.6 cm (48 x 38 1/4 x 3 in.); unframed: 107 x 84 cm (42 1/8 x 33 1/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Gift of the John Huntington Art and Polytechnic Trust, 1919.1016", "current_location": "204 Colonial American", "title": "Jeremiah Belknap", "creation_date": "c. 1758", "creation_date_earliest": 1753, "creation_date_latest": 1763, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["America"], "technique": "oil on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "American Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "American - Painting", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 121.9 x 97.2 x 7.6 cm (48 x 38 1/4 x 3 in.); Unframed: 107 x 84 cm (42 1/8 x 33 1/16 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 1.219, "width": 0.972, "depth": 0.076}, "unframed": {"height": 1.07, "width": 0.84}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 312517, "title": "The Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition", "description": "<i>The Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 26-October 4, 1936).", "opening_date": "1936-06-26T04:00:00"}, {"id": 315762, "title": "Four Centuries of American Art", "description": "<i>Four Centuries of American Art</i>. Minneapolis Institute of Arts, MN (organizer) (co-organizer) (November 27, 1963-January 19, 1964).", "opening_date": "1963-11-27T05:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "Pittsburgh, Department of Fine Arts, Carnegie Institute, <em>Exhibition of Early American Portraits </em>(20 January-8 March 1925), cat. no. 1.", "opening_date": "1925-01-20T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Minneapolis, University Gallery, University of Minnesota,<em> Survey of Colonial and Provincial Painting</em> (1 February-1 March 1939), cat. no. 2, illus. p. 12.", "opening_date": "1939-02-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Palm Beach, FL, <em>The Society of the Four Arts, From Plymouth Rock to the Armory</em> (9 February-5 March 1950), cat. no. 1.", "opening_date": "1950-02-09T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Akron, OH, Akron Art Institute, <em>Survey of 19th Century American Paintings</em> (November 2\u2013December 15, 1959).", "opening_date": "1959-11-02T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Elrich Galleries, New York 1919", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": null}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": ["564.19"], "did_you_know": "Badger was also a glazier, a tradesman who fits glass into doors and windows.", "description": "Lacking formal training, Badger got his start painting houses and signs in Boston, then shifted his focus to accommodate the increasing market for portraits in the colonies. Jeremiah Belknap is shown here at about 7 years old, but his attire gives him the appearance of a miniature adult. The artist\u2019s portraits of children often include fruit and animals\u2014the ripening peach in Belknap\u2019s right hand suggests maturation, while the dog at his feet symbolizes loyalty.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60503170"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1919.1016-jeremiah-belknap"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Pittsburgh, Department of Fine Arts, Carnegie Institute, <em>Exhibition of Early American Portraits </em>(20 January-8 March 1925)", "page_number": "cat. no. 1.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "\"Accessions.\" <em>The Bulletin of The Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 6, no. 5 (1919): 97-98.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 97", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25136292"}, {"citation": "L. P. \"Portrait of Jeremiah Belknap by Joseph Badger.\" <em>The Bulletin of The Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 6, no. 7/8 (1919): 123-25.", "page_number": "Reproduced: Front Matter; Mentioned: pp.123-125", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25136307"}, {"citation": "Park, Lawrence. \"Report on the Department of Colonial Art.\" <em>The Bulletin of The Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 6, no. 7/8 (1919): 130-31.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p.130", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25136313"}, {"citation": "Park, Lawrence. \"Joseph Badger of Boston, and His Portraits of Children.\" <em>Old-Time New England</em> 13, no.3 (January 1923). Society for the Preservation of New England Antiquities, Boston, MA.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp.103-105", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Department of Fine Arts, Carnegie Institute.<em> Exhibition of Early American Portraits</em>. Exh. Cat. 1925.", "page_number": "Mentioned: Cat. No.1", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Bayley, Frank W. <em>Five Colonial Artists of New England: Joseph Badger, Joseph Blackburn, John Singleton Copley, Robert Feke, John Smibert</em>. Boston, MA: Privately Printed, 1929.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p.27 (as \"John Joy, Jr.\")", "url": ""}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Catalogue of the Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition of the Cleveland Museum of Art: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition: June Twenty-Sixth to October Fourth 1936</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1936.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 20; cat. no. 18", "url": ""}, {"citation": "University of Minnesota.<em> Survey of Colonial and Provincial Painting</em>. [Place of publication not identified]: [publisher not identified], 1939.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p.36; Reproduced: p.12", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Barker, Virgil. <em>American Painting, History and Interpretation</em>. New York, NY: The Macmillan Company, 1950.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p.124", "url": ""}, {"citation": "The Society of the Four Arts. <em>From Plymouth Rock to the Armory</em>. Exh. Cat. Palm Beach, FL: The Society of the Four Arts, 1950.", "page_number": "Mentioned: Ca. No.1", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Larkin, Oliver W. <em>Art and Life in America</em>. New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1960.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p.52; Reproduced: p.50", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Minneapolis Institute of Arts, and Forrest Selvig. <em>Four Centuries of American Art</em>. Minneapolis, MN: The Minneapolis Institute of Arts, 1963.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p.31", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Nylander, Richard C. \"Joseph Badger, American Portrait Painter.\" MA Thesis, State University of New York College at Oneonta at its Cooperstown Graduate Programs, 1972.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p.50", "url": ""}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. \"A Check List: American Paintings and Water Colors of the Eighteenth, Nineteenth, and Early Twentieth Centuries in The Cleveland Museum of Art.\" <em>The Bulletin of The Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 60, no.1 (January 1973).", "page_number": "Mentioned: p.22", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25152465"}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, and Alan <em>Chong. European &amp; American Painting in the Cleveland Museum of Art: A Summary Catalogue</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1993.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p.6", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1919.1016", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1919.1016/1919.1016_web.jpg", "width": "705", "height": "893", "filesize": "392926", "filename": "1919.1016_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1919.1016/1919.1016_print.jpg", "width": "2684", "height": "3400", "filesize": "5223306", "filename": "1919.1016_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1919.1016/1919.1016_full.tif", "width": "3592", "height": "4551", "filesize": "49056616", "filename": "1919.1016_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [], "creditline": "Gift of the John Huntington Art and Polytechnic Trust", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Leigh and Mary Carter Gallery", "athena_id": 99443, "creators": [{"id": 2547, "description": "Joseph Badger (American, 1708\u20131765)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1708", "death_year": "1765", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1919-03-14T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1753, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 1758", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:01:45.877000"}, {"id": 125247, "accession_number": "1947.207", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Portrait of Isabella Brant, c. 1620\u201325. Peter Paul Rubens (Flemish, 1577\u20131640). Oil on wood; framed: 83 x 73.5 x 9 cm (32 11/16 x 28 15/16 x 3 9/16 in.); unframed: 53 x 46 cm (20 7/8 x 18 1/8 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Mr. and Mrs. William H. Marlatt Fund, 1947.207", "current_location": "212 Baroque Painting and Sculpture", "title": "Portrait of Isabella Brant", "creation_date": "c. 1620\u201325", "creation_date_earliest": 1620, "creation_date_latest": 1625, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["Flanders"], "technique": "oil on wood", "support_materials": [], "department": "European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "P - Netherlandish-Flemish", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 83 x 73.5 x 9 cm (32 11/16 x 28 15/16 x 3 9/16 in.); Unframed: 53 x 46 cm (20 7/8 x 18 1/8 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 0.83, "width": 0.735, "depth": 0.09}, "unframed": {"height": 0.53, "width": 0.46}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 311953, "title": "Classic to Baroque: A Style Change in the Arts", "description": "<i>Classic to Baroque: A Style Change in the Arts</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (September 30-November 13, 1949).", "opening_date": "1949-09-30T04:00:00"}, {"id": 304248, "title": "Style, Truth and the Portrait", "description": "<i>Style, Truth and the Portrait</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (October 1-November 19, 1963).", "opening_date": "1963-10-01T04:00:00"}, {"id": 455460, "title": "Peter Paul Rubens", "description": "<i>Peter Paul Rubens</i>. Royal Museum of Fine Arts, Antwerp (organizer) (June 28-October 2, 1977).", "opening_date": "1977-06-28T04:00:00"}, {"id": 309658, "title": "Portraiture: The Image of the Individual", "description": "<i>Portraiture: The Image of the Individual</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (November 22, 1983-January 22, 1984).", "opening_date": "1983-11-22T05:00:00"}, {"id": 220890, "title": "Rubens", "description": "<i>Rubens</i>. Palais des Beaux Arts de Lille, Lille, France (organizer) (March 6-June 14, 2004).", "opening_date": "2004-03-06T00:00:00"}, {"id": 220345, "title": "Rubens in Private", "description": "<i>Rubens in Private</i>. Rubenshuis, Antwerpen, Belgium (organizer) (March 28-June 28, 2015).", "opening_date": "2015-03-28T00:00:00"}, {"id": 304921, "title": "The Early Celebrity of Peter Paul Rubens", "description": "<i>The Early Celebrity of Peter Paul Rubens</i>. Fine Arts Museum of San Francisco, Legion of Honor, San Francisco, CA (April 6-September 2, 2019); Art Gallery of Ontario, Ontario M5T 1G4, Canada (October 5, 2019-January 5, 2020).", "opening_date": "2019-04-06T04:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "Fifty Paintings by Old Masters, Art Gallery of Toronto, April 21- May 21, 1950, no. 40.", "opening_date": "1950-04-21T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Belgium, The Royal Museum of Fine Arts, Antwerp, 1977: \"P.P Rubens: Paintings, Oil Sketches, Drawings,\" cat. no. 58, repr.", "opening_date": "1977-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Style, Truth and the Portrait, The Cleveland Museum of Art, Oct. 1- Nov. 10, 1963, no. 21 (repr.) June 29- September 30, 1977.", "opening_date": "1963-10-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "P. P. Rubens Paintings, Oil Sketches, Drawings, Royal Museum of Fine Arts, Antwerp, 1977, cat. no. 58, illus.", "opening_date": "1977-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "A Tribute to Rubens: 400th anniversary of Peter Paul Rubens' Birth. The Cleveland Museum of Art, May- June 1977. (No catalogue: see label copy.)", "opening_date": "1977-05-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Portraiture: The Image of the Individual, November 22, 1983- January 1984, The Cleveland Museum of Art (checklist)", "opening_date": "1983-11-22T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Palais des Beaux-Arts, Lille \"Rubens\": (3/6/2004 - 6/14/2004), exh. cat. no. 68, p. 128,130.", "opening_date": "2004-03-06T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Rubenshuis, Antwerp, Belgium (3/28/2015 - 6/28/2015): \"Rubens in Private\"", "opening_date": "2015-03-28T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, Ohio", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1947-", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "Rosenberg and Stiebel and Pinakos, Inc./Rudolf Heinemann, New York, NY, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->Burchard and Raphael Rosenberg first began corresponding about the Rubens in March 1945, and it seems that Rosenberg and Stiebel made the decision to purchase the painting that month. Saemy Rosenberg mentions a letter of March 27, 1945 in which Raphael Rosenberg writes that Burchard\u2019s \u201cfavorable opinion\u201d of the Rubens \u201cencouraged [them] to buy the painting.\u201d&nbsp; Several photographs in the Rubenianum\u2019s file on the painting are marked with annotations stating that the painting was with Rosenberg and Stiebel beginning in November 1945, the month in which the purchase must have taken place.&nbsp; Pinakos, Inc., owned by Rudolf Heinemann, often partnered with Rosenberg and Stiebel in the purchase of paintings.&nbsp; Each firm owned a half-share in the Rubens painting, but because Pinakos is not mentioned in the above correspondence, Rosenberg and Stiebel may have sold the half-share following their initial purchase of the painting in November 1945.&nbsp; In the fall of 1946, CMA director William Milliken and curator Henry Sayles Francis saw the painting at Rosenberg and Stiebel in New York, but at the time, the museum was not in a position to purchase it.&nbsp; In April 1947, Francis writes to Saemy Rosenberg to say that the museum would like to consider the painting, if it was still available, for the collection.&nbsp; &nbsp;</div>"], "date": "1947", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "Heirs of Marcus Kappel, sold to Rosenberg and Stiebel with Pinakos, Inc./Rudolf Heinemann", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->It is unclear which Kappel heirs inherited the Rubens and ultimately sold it to Rosenberg and Stiebel, whose files apparently do not name the seller of the painting.&nbsp; In a letter to Raphael Rosenberg dated May 28th, 1946, Ludwig Burchard simply states: \u201cafter Marcus Kappel\u2019s death, the picture remained in the possession of the family.\u201d &nbsp; A notation on the back of photograph of the Rubens in the files of the Rubenianum reads, \u201cNov. 1945 in America den Kappel-Erben abgekauft von Rosenberg &amp; Stiebel, New York.\u201d&nbsp; The heir(s) may have been Ellen Rathenau-Ettlinger and/or Ernst Rathenau, Kappel\u2019s grandchildren, who inherited a number of works from their grandfather\u2019s collection.&nbsp; While there is no definitive confirmation that they were in possession of the painting throughout the war, there is also no indication that they were not, and no documentation suggests that the painting was seized by the Nazis. &nbsp;</div>"], "date": "1930-1947", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "(Kappel estate sale, Paul Cassirer und Hugo Helbing, Berlin, Nov. 25, 1930, no. 16, withdrawn)", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->An annotation in the Rubenianum's copy of this sale catalogue indicates that the painting was withdrawn because it failed to meet its reserve price: \"Limite R[eichs] M[ark] 150.000\".&nbsp; Rubens scholar Ludwig Burchard wrote on the back of one of the Rubenianum's file photographs of the Rubens, \u201cPhoto Erhalten 27. Febr. 1930 durch Caspari, M\u00fcnchen.\u201d The role Galerie Caspari played, if any, in the painting\u2019s provenance is unclear.&nbsp; The gallery may have merely supplied the photograph.&nbsp; However, Caspari and Cassirer do appear adjacent to one another in the provenances of several other paintings, and so some transaction involving the painting may have taken place; perhaps the Kappel heirs first consigned the painting to Galerie Caspari, and after it failed to sell, it was consigned to Cassirer/Helbing for sale at auction. &nbsp;</div>"], "date": "1930", "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "Estate of Marcus Kappel", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1919-1930", "sortorder": 5}, {"description": "Marcus Kappel [1839-1919], Berlin", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1914-1919", "sortorder": 6}, {"description": "(Hugh Blaker [1873\u20131936], Old Isleworth, Middlesex, England, sold to Marcus Kappel", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->It is not certain whether Blaker acted as owner or dealer in this case, but given that he dealt in Old Masters and had the painting for no more than a year, the latter is more likely.</div>"], "date": "1914", "sortorder": 7}, {"description": "(Glanusk sale, Sotheby's, London, April 29, 1914, no. 88, sold to Hugh Blaker)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1914", "sortorder": 8}, {"description": "Lord Glanusk", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1914", "sortorder": 9}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "First, Rubens painted Isabella\u2019s face, then at a later date he added hands.", "description": "Isabella Brant was Rubens\u2019s first wife. He painted her many times in many different ways before she died at the age of 35 (she is a model for a nymph in the other work by Rubens in this room). This intimate portrait, painted at least five years before her death, suggests the close relationship between the painter and sitter through the warm palette, the luscious brushstrokes, and her lively expression.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60515408"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1947.207-portrait-of-isabella"]}, "citations": [{"citation": null, "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Vlieghe, Hans, Ludwig Burchard, and Antoine Seilern. <em>Corpus Rubenianum Ludwig Burchard: An Illustrated Catalogue Raisonne\u0301 of the Work of Peter Paul Rubens Based on the Material Assembled by the Late Dr. Ludwig Burchard in Twenty-Six Parts ; Part 19</em>. London: H. Miller, 1987.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Jaff\u00e9, Michael.  <em>Rubens: catalogo completo. </em>Milano: Rizzoli, 1989.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Gerald Stiebel, email to Victoria Sears Goldman, March 15, 2014, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Bert Watteuw, email to Victoria Sears Goldman, Nov. 27, 2014, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Henry Sayles Francis, letter to Saemy Rosenberg, April 9, 1947, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Vlieghe, Hans, Ludwig Burchard, and Antoine Seilern. <em>Corpus Rubenianum Ludwig Burchard: An Illustrated Catalogue Raisonne\u0301 of the Work of Peter Paul Rubens Based on the Material Assembled by the Late Dr. Ludwig Burchard in Twenty-Six Parts ; Part 19</em>. London: H. Miller, 1987.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Gerald Stiebel, email to Victoria Sears Goldman, March 15, 2014, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Bert Watteuw, email to Victoria Sears Goldman, Nov. 27, 2014, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Bert Watteuw, email to Victoria Sears Goldman, April 13, 2015, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Bert Watteuw, email to Victoria Sears Goldman, April 23, 2015, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Walter Feilchenfeldt, email to Victoria Sears Goldman, Dec. 12, 2013, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Bert Watteuw, email to Victoria Sears Goldman, Nov. 27, 2014, in CMA curatorial file", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Gerald Stiebel, email to Victoria Sears Goldman, June 26, 2013, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Gerald Stiebel, email to Victoria Sears Goldman, Sept. 19, 2013, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Vlieghe, Hans, Ludwig Burchard, and Antoine Seilern. <em>Corpus Rubenianum Ludwig Burchard: An Illustrated Catalogue Raisonn\u00e9 of the Work of Peter Paul Rubens Based on the Material Assembled by the Late Dr. Ludwig Burchard in Twenty-Six Parts; Part 19</em>. London: H. Miller, 1987.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Jaff\u00e9, Michael.  <em>Rubens: catalogo completo. </em>Milano: Rizzoli, 1989.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Sotheby, Wilkinson and Hodge (London). <em>Catalogue of Ancient and Modern Pictures and Drawings in Water-Colours and Pastel Comprising Properties from Various Sources and Private Collections, and Including the Property of Lord Glanusk</em>.  April 29, 1914.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Sotheby, Wilkinson and Hodge (London). <em>Catalogue of Ancient and Modern Pictures and Drawings in Water-Colours and Pastel Comprising Properties from Various Sources and Private Collections, and Including the Property of Lord Glanusk</em>.  April 29, 1914.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Glu\u0308ck, Gustav. <em>Rubens, Van Dyck und ihr Kreis</em>. Wien, Austria: Schroll, 1933.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 95, 385", "url": null}, {"citation": "Gijsen, Marnix, and Julius S. Held. <em>Rubens in America</em>. New York, NY: Pantheon, 1947.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 26, pl. XI", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>The Bulletin of The Cleveland Museum of Art</em> XXXIV, (December, 1947): 247-249.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 247-249; Reproduced: p. 245 (cover)", "url": null}, {"citation": "Francis, Henry. \"'Portrait of Isabella Brant' by Peter Paul Rubens.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art </em>34, no. 10 (December 1947): 247-249.", "page_number": "Reproduced: front cover; Mentioned: p. 248", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25141417"}, {"citation": "Art Gallery of Toronto. <em>Fifty Paintings by Old Masters. The Art Gallery of Toronto. April 21-May 21, 1950</em>. Toronto, Ontario,1950.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 40", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bode, Wilhelm von, and Eduard Plietzsch. <em>Die Meister der holla\u0308ndischen und fla\u0308mischen Malerschulen</em>. Leipzig, Germany: E.A. Seemann, 1951.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 417; Mentioned: p. 425", "url": null}, {"citation": "Larsen, Erik. <em>P.P. Rubens</em>. Antwerp, Belgium: De Sikkel, 1952.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 148-149", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Handbook.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 442", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1958/page/n81"}, {"citation": "Milliken, William Mathewson. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. New York, NY: H.N. Abrams, 1958.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 40", "url": null}, {"citation": "Held, Julius S. <em>Rubens; Selected Drawings</em>. London, United Kingdom: Phaidon Press, 1959.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Francis, Henry. \"Diana and Her Nymphs Departing for the Chase.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art </em>47, no. 2 (February 1960): 19-27.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 21; Mentioned: p. 23", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25142378"}, {"citation": "Saisselin, Re\u0301my G. Style, Truth, and the Portrait. [Cleveland]: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1963.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: Cat. no. 21", "url": ""}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 119", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n143"}, {"citation": "Aymar, Gordon Christian. <em>The Art of Portrait Painting; Portraits Through the Centuries As Seen Through the Eyes of a Practicing Portrait Painter</em>. Philadelphia, PA: Chilton Book Co, 1967.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 129, pl. 62", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cabanne, Pierre. <em>Rubens</em>. London, United Kingdom : Thames &amp; Hudson. 1967.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 187", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 119", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n143"}, {"citation": "Rubens, Peter Paul, and Didier Bodart. <em>Rubens e la pittura fiamminga del Seicento nelle collezioni pubbliche fiorentine = Rubens et la peinture flamande du XVIIe\u0300me sie\u0300cle dans les collections publiques florentines : Firenze, Palazzo Pitti, 22. VII-9.X. 1977 : catalogo</em>. Firenze, Italy: Centro Di, 1977.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 204, no. 85", "url": null}, {"citation": "Koninklijk Museum voor Schone Kunsten. <em>P.P. Rubens: Paintings-Oilsketches-Drawings : [Exhibition], 29th June-30th September 1977</em>. Antwerp, Belgium: Royal Museum of Fine Arts, 1977.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 50", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 154", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n174"}, {"citation": "Morse, John D. <em>Old Master Paintings in North America: Over 3000 Masterpieces by 50 Great Artists</em>. New York, NY: Abbeville Press, 1979.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 244", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Catalogue of Paintings</em>. <em>Pt. 3. European paintings of the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries.</em> Cleveland Museum of Art Catalogue Series. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1974.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: P. 24-28, fig. 10", "url": null}, {"citation": "Heiden, Ru\u0308diger an der. <em>Peter Paul Rubens und die Bildnisse seiner Familie in der Alten Pinakothek</em>. Mu\u0308nchen, Germany: Hirmer, 1982.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 12; Reproduced: p. 13, pl 6", "url": null}, {"citation": "Larson, Dean M. <em>Studying with the Masters: Lessons from Rubens, Vela\u0301zquez, Turner, Degas, Monet, Sargent, Matisse</em>. New York, NY: Watson-Guptill Publications, 1986.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 15", "url": null}, {"citation": "Gema\u0308ldegalerie (Staatliche Museen Preussischer Kulturbesitz). <em>Masterworks of the Gema\u0308ldegalerie, Berlin: with a history of the collection</em>. New York, NY: Abrams, 1986.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 198", "url": null}, {"citation": "Burchard, Ludwig. <em>Corpus Rubenianum Ludwig Burchard: An Illustrated Catalogue Raisonne\u0301 of the Work of Peter Paul Rubens Based on the Material Assembled by the Late Dr. Ludwig Burchard in Twenty-Six Parts</em>. 1968.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 54-55, vol.2", "url": null}, {"citation": "Jaffe\u0301, Michael. <em>Rubens: catalogo completo</em>. Milano, Italy: Rizzoli, 1989.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 264-265; Reproduced: no, 786", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Interpretations: Sixty-Five Works from the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1991.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 18", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Masterpieces from East and West</em>. New York, NY: Rizzoli International, 1992.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 118", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bauman, Guy, and Walter A. Liedtke. <em>Flemish Paintings in America: A Survey of Early Netherlandish and Flemish Paintings in the Public Collections of North America</em>. Antwerp, Belgium: Fonds Mercator, 1992.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 359, fig. 391", "url": null}, {"citation": "Takahashi, Yu\u0304ko. <em>Ru\u0304bensu = Peter Paul Rubens</em>. To\u0304kyo\u0304, Japan: Asahi Shinbunsha, 1993.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 36, no. 33", "url": null}, {"citation": "Mallory, Nina A. <em>La pintura flamenca del siglo XVII</em>. Madrid, Spain: Alianza, 1995.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 136", "url": null}, {"citation": "Dalemans, Rene\u0301, and Peter Paul Rubens. <em>Rubens et son temps</em>. Brussels, Belgium: Editions Artis-Historia, 2000.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 70-71", "url": null}, {"citation": "Jiminez, Jill Berk, and Joanna Banham. <em>Dictionary of Artists' Models</em>. London, United Kingdom: Fitzroy Dearborn, 2001.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 80", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Rubens: Lille, Palais Des Beaux-Arts, 6 March-14 June 2004</em>. Gent, Belgium: Snoeck, 2004.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 128, no. 68; Mentioned: p.130", "url": null}, {"citation": "Schro\u0308der,Klaus Albrecht, Heinz Widauer, and Anne-Marie S. Logan. <em>Peter Paul Rubens</em>. Ostfildern-Ruit, Germany: Hatje Cantz, 2004.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 350, fig. 1", "url": null}, {"citation": "Tijs, Rutger J. <em>De andere Rubens: activiteiten, interesses, leefwereld</em>. Leuven, Belgium: Davidsfonds, 2004.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 216-217", "url": null}, {"citation": "Brejon de Lavergne\u0301e, Barbara, Miche\u0300le Moyne, and Annie Scottez-De Wambrechies. <em>Catalogue des dessins franc\u0327ais du XIXe sie\u0300cle: collection du Palais des beaux-arts de Lille</em>. Paris, France: Re\u0301union des muse\u0301es nationaux, 2004.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 128, 130", "url": null}, {"citation": "Wheelock, Arthur K. <em>Flemish Paintings of the Seventeenth Century</em>. Washington DC: National Gallery of Art, 2005.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 38, fig. 2", "url": null}, {"citation": "Franklin, David and C. Griffith Mann. <em>Treasures from the Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2012.", "page_number": "Reproduced: 186-187", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Treasures of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. London, United Kingdom: Scala Books, 2012.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 186-187", "url": null}, {"citation": "Vergara, Alexander, and Friso Lammertse. <em>The Young Van Dyck</em>. London, United Kingdom: Thames &amp; Hudson. 2013.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 330, fig. 113", "url": null}, {"citation": "Beneden, Ben van, and Nils Bu\u0308ttner. <em>Rubens in Private: The Master Portrays His Family</em>. London, United Kingdom: Thames &amp; Hudson Ltd., 2015.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Cuzin, Jean-Pierre, et. al. <em>Le Saint Joseph Charpentier de Georges de la Tour: Un Don au Louvre de Percy Moore Turner. </em>[Gent]: Snoeck, 2017.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 225 & 492, n. 2696; p. 230 & 493, n. 2773", "url": null}, {"citation": "Hauspie, Gunter. <em> The Peter Paul Rubens Atlas</em>. Tiel: Lannoo, 2018.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 87", "url": null}, {"citation": "Dijn, Rosine de. <em>De vrouwen van Rubens</em>. Kalmthout, Belgi\u00eb: Polis, 2018.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p.[9]; color plate section", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lyon, J. Vanessa. <em>Figuring Faith and Female Power in the Art of Rubens.</em> Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2020.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 74-75, fig. 1.22", "url": ""}, {"citation": "<em>Paintings in the Cleveland Museum of Art: Picture Book No. 4 .</em> [Cleveland]: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1952.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 27", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAPaintings1952/page/n27/mode/2up"}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1947.207", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1947.207/1947.207_web.jpg", "width": "756", "height": "893", "filesize": "411509", "filename": "1947.207_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1947.207/1947.207_print.jpg", "width": "2877", "height": "3400", "filesize": "5366387", "filename": "1947.207_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1947.207/1947.207_full.tif", "width": "3858", "height": "4560", "filesize": "52809164", "filename": "1947.207_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [], "creditline": "Mr. and Mrs. William H. Marlatt Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Reinberger Gallery", "athena_id": 125247, "creators": [{"id": 1251, "description": "Peter Paul Rubens (Flemish, 1577\u20131640)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1577", "death_year": "1640", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1947-07-18T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1620, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 1620\u201325", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Portrait of Isabella Brandt"], "is_highlight": true, "updated_at": "2026-03-26 23:59:23.856000"}, {"id": 157016, "accession_number": "1993.165", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Statuette of a Woman: \"The Stargazer\", c. 3000 BCE. Western Anatolia, early Bronze Age (c. 3300\u20131200 BCE). Marble; overall: 17.2 x 6.5 x 6.3 cm (6 3/4 x 2 9/16 x 2 1/2 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund; John L. Severance Fund, 1993.165", "current_location": "102A Ancient Near East", "title": "Statuette of a Woman: \"The Stargazer\"", "creation_date": "c. 3000 BCE", "creation_date_earliest": -3005, "creation_date_latest": -2995, "artists_tags": [], "culture": ["Western Anatolia, early Bronze Age (c. 3300\u20131200 BCE)"], "technique": "marble", "support_materials": [], "department": "Egyptian and Ancient Near Eastern Art", "collection": "Near Eastern Art", "type": "Sculpture", "measurements": "Overall: 17.2 x 6.5 x 6.3 cm (6 3/4 x 2 9/16 x 2 1/2 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"height": 0.172, "width": 0.065, "depth": 0.063}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>Thou Shalt Have No Other Gods Before Me</em>, The Jewish Museum, New York, NY (5/3/1964 - 9/6/1964).", "opening_date": "1964-05-03T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Permanent Gallery Display</em>, The Museum of Primitive Art (on loan from the Nelson Rockefeller Collection) (1962)", "opening_date": "1962-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Masterpieces of Cycladic Art</em>, Merrin Gallery, New York, NY (3/8/1990 - 4/12/1990)", "opening_date": "1990-03-08T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Said to have been found near K\u0131r\u015fehir, Turkey", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "Nelson Rockefeller", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "Before 1962", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "Melba Davis Whatley Greenlee, Austin, Texas", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "(Harmon Fine Arts Collection, Leonard Norman Stern, New York, NY)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, Oh", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1993-", "sortorder": 7}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "We can identify this mysterious figure as female by the inscribed pubic triangle below her waist.", "description": "\"The Stargazer\" moniker was given to this diminutive marble sculpture because its upturned head looks toward the heavens. Details carved into the stone are visible while painted features have been lost to time. We do not know how this object was used, but its enigmatic nature invites speculation.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60748615"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1993.165-statuette-of-a-woman"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Farkas, Ann. <em>Thou Shalt Have No Other Gods Before Me</em>: [May 3 to September 6, 1964, the Jewish Museum New York]. New York, NY: Jewish Museum, 1964.", "page_number": "No.118", "url": null}, {"citation": "Merrin Gallery. <em>Masterpieces of Cycladic Art from Private Collections</em>, Museums and the Merrin Gallery. 1989.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Kozloff, Arielle. \"Recent Acquisition: Stargazer.\" <em>Cleveland Museum of Art Member Magazine </em>33-34 (1993-1994).", "page_number": "p. 7", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, \u201cArt Museum Acquires Two Exceptional Works,\u201d December 20, 1993, Cleveland Museum of Art Archives.", "page_number": null, "url": "https://archive.org/details/cmapr3848"}, {"citation": "Litt, Steven. \"Museum Turns Loss into Gain via Insurance.\" <em>The Cleveland Plain Dealer, </em>January 1, 1994.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "\"1993 Annual Report.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 81, no. 6 (1994): 143-218.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 152; Mentioned: p. 158", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25161457"}, {"citation": "Kozloff, Arielle, K., \"Stargazer\", Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Cleveland Art: The Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em>. Vol. 35 no. 02, February 1995", "page_number": "Mentioned & produced: p. 7", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM1995-02/page/6"}, {"citation": "May, Sally Ruth, Jane Takac, and Barbara J. Bradley. <em>Knockouts: A Pocket Guide</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2001.", "page_number": "No. 1, p. 6 & 116", "url": null}, {"citation": "Franklin, David. <em>Director's Choice: The Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2012.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 10 - 11", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, David Franklin, and C. Griffith Mann. <em>Treasures from the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2012.", "page_number": "pp. 8, 14-15", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 66", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Mikolic, Amanda. <em>Statuette of a Woman: The Stargazer</em> is<em> a \u201cmust see\u201d at the CMA. </em>CMA Thinker Blog on Medium. Feb. 1, 2019.", "page_number": null, "url": "https://medium.com/cma-thinker/statuette-of-a-woman-the-stargazer-is-a-must-see-at-the-cma-3d2d64115c7d"}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1993.165", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1993.165/1993.165_web.jpg", "width": "611", "height": "893", "filesize": "165978", "filename": "1993.165_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1993.165/1993.165_print.jpg", "width": "2326", "height": "3400", "filesize": "2850837", "filename": "1993.165_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1993.165/1993.165_full.tif", "width": "3420", "height": "5000", "filesize": "51331136", "filename": "1993.165_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2006-01-04T13:58:45", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1993.165/1993.165_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "611", "height": "893", "filesize": "192505"}, 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"https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1993.165/1993.165_alt11_web.jpg", "width": "893", "height": "893", "filesize": "280557"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1993.165/1993.165_alt11_print.jpg", "width": "2808", "height": "2808", "filesize": "3087681"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1993.165/1993.165_alt11_full.tif", "width": "2808", "height": "2808", "filesize": "23674320"}}], "creditline": "Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund; John L. Severance Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": "84cd036f133e449ba7e67d33eb8047ee", "sketchfab_url": "https://sketchfab.com/models/84cd036f133e449ba7e67d33eb8047ee", "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 157016, "creators": [], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1993-12-06T00:00:00", "sortable_date": -3005, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 3000 BCE", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": true, "updated_at": "2026-04-17 19:30:55.722000"}, {"id": 147576, "accession_number": "1973.74", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Mirror with Phoenixes, Birds, Butterflies, and Floral Sprays (\u91d1\u9280\u5e73\u812b\u82b1\u9ce5\u93e1), 700s. China, Tang dynasty (618-907). Bronze with silver and gold inlaid lacquer; diameter: 19.2 cm (7 9/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund, 1973.74", "current_location": "239 Chinese Ceramics and Metalwork", "title": "Mirror with Phoenixes, Birds, Butterflies, and Floral Sprays", "title_in_original_language": "\u91d1\u9280\u5e73\u812b\u82b1\u9ce5\u93e1", "creation_date": "700s", "creation_date_earliest": 700, "creation_date_latest": 799, "artists_tags": [], "culture": ["China, Tang dynasty (618-907)"], "technique": "bronze with silver and gold inlaid lacquer", "support_materials": [], "department": "Chinese Art", "collection": "China - Tang Dynasty", "type": "Metalwork", "measurements": "Diameter: 19.2 cm (7 9/16 in.)", "dimensions": {"diameter": {"width": 0.192}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 309838, "title": "Mirrors: Art and Symbol", "description": "<i>Mirrors: Art and Symbol</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (July 3-November 18, 1984).", "opening_date": "1984-07-03T04:00:00"}, {"id": 193152, "title": "Circles of Reflection:  The Carter Collection of Chinese Bronze Mirrors", "description": "<i>Circles of Reflection:  The Carter Collection of Chinese Bronze Mirrors</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (September 17-November 26, 2000).", "opening_date": "2000-09-17T00:00:00"}, {"id": 222590, "title": "China: The Dawn of the Golden Age (200 - 750 AD)", "description": "<i>China: The Dawn of the Golden Age (200 - 750 AD)</i>. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY (organizer) (October 5, 2004-January 23, 2005).", "opening_date": "2004-10-05T00:00:00"}, {"id": 196054, "title": "Streams and Mountains Without End: Asian Art and the Legacy of Sherman E. Lee at the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Streams and Mountains Without End: Asian Art and the Legacy of Sherman E. Lee at the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 27-August 23, 2009).", "opening_date": "2009-06-27T04:00:00"}], "legacy": []}, "provenance": [{"description": "(Yamaoka Seibei, Kyoto, Japan, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "?-1973", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1973-", "sortorder": 2}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Mirrors like this have a polished side for viewing and a decorated side with a central knob for lifting.", "description": "This extremely rare <em>pingtuo </em>mirror is coated with a lacquer base inlaid with paper-thin sheets of silver and gold. The decorative patterns, especially the floral arabesques and the phoenixes and birds holding branches in their mouths, have a pronounced Persian and Central Asian flavor. Luxury items like this had been used by the Tang emperor as diplomatic gifts. A similar example from the Japanese imperial collection of Emperor Sh\u014dmu was donated by Empress K\u014dmy\u014d in 756 to the Sh\u014ds\u014d-in repository of the T\u014ddai-ji Temple, Nara, Japan.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60758209"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1973.74-mirror-with-phoenixe"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "\"The Year in Review for 1973.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 61, no. 2 (1974): 31-78.", "page_number": "Mentioned: no. 185, pp. 31 and 79; Reproduced: no. 185, p. 65", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25152513"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 333", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n353"}, {"citation": "Cunningham, Michael R., Stanislaw J. Czuma, Anne E. Wardwell, and J. Keith Wilson. <em>Masterworks of Asian Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1998.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pp. 42-43", "url": null}, {"citation": "Chou, Ju-hsi. <em>Circles of reflection: the Carter collection of Chinese bronze mirrors</em>. Cleveland, Ohio: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2000.", "page_number": "Reproduced: fig. 1, p. 1", "url": null}, {"citation": "Watt, James C. Y., and Prudence Oliver Harper. <em>China: Dawn of a Golden Age, 200-750 AD</em>. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2004.", "page_number": "Reproduced: cat. no. 217, p. 322", "url": "https://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p15324coll10/id/56691"}, {"citation": "Yen, Chuan-Ying. \"The Decorative Motifs on Tang Dynasty Mirrors.\" <em>Cleveland Studies in the History of Art</em> 9 (2005): 1-10.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 5,  fig. 8", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/20079750"}, {"citation": "Chung, Anita. \"A Connoisseur's Eye, A Scholar's Mind: The Legacy of Sherman Lee.\" <em>Orientations </em>vol. 40, no. 5 (2009).", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 30, fig. 4", "url": null}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1973.74", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1973.74/1973.74_web.jpg", "width": "930", "height": "893", "filesize": "621586", "filename": "1973.74_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1973.74/1973.74_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "3266", "filesize": "8283325", "filename": "1973.74_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1973.74/1973.74_full.tif", "width": "5026", "height": "4828", "filesize": "72818252", "filename": "1973.74_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1973.74/1973.74_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "1116", "height": "893", "filesize": "705845"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1973.74/1973.74_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "1920", "height": "1536", "filesize": "2227474"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1973.74/1973.74_alt0_full.tif", "width": "1920", "height": "1536", "filesize": "8850612"}}, {"date_created": "2009-06-05T12:46:51", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1973.74/1973.74_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "893", "filesize": "621484"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1973.74/1973.74_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "3373", "filesize": "8750472"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1973.74/1973.74_alt1_full.tif", "width": "5032", "height": "4992", "filesize": "75380752"}}], "creditline": "Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 147576, "creators": [], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1973-05-07T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 700, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "700s", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Mirror with Phoenixes and Floral Sprays"], "is_highlight": true, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:10:10.109000"}, {"id": 134843, "accession_number": "1957.40", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Brush Washer (\u6c5d\u74f7\u7b46\u6d17\u76e4), late 1000s\u20131127. China, Henan Province, Baofeng, Qingliangsi, Northern Song dynasty (960-1127). Porcelaneous stoneware, Ru ware; diameter: 12.8 cm (5 1/16 in.); overall: 3.8 cm (1 1/2 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, John L. Severance Fund, 1957.40", "current_location": "238 Chinese Ceramics", "title": "Brush Washer", "title_in_original_language": "\u6c5d\u74f7\u7b46\u6d17\u76e4", "creation_date": "late 1000s\u20131127", "creation_date_earliest": 1075, "creation_date_latest": 1127, "artists_tags": [], "culture": ["China, Henan Province, Baofeng, Qingliangsi, Northern Song dynasty (960-1127)"], "technique": "porcelaneous stoneware, Ru ware", "support_materials": [], "department": "Chinese Art", "collection": "China - Song Dynasty", "type": "Ceramic", "measurements": "Diameter: 12.8 cm (5 1/16 in.); Overall: 3.8 cm (1 1/2 in.)", "dimensions": {"diameter": {"width": 0.128}, "overall": {"height": 0.038}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 196054, "title": "Streams and Mountains Without End: Asian Art and the Legacy of Sherman E. Lee at the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Streams and Mountains Without End: Asian Art and the Legacy of Sherman E. Lee at the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 27-August 23, 2009).", "opening_date": "2009-06-27T04:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>The World of Ceramics - Masterpieces from The Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (June 30-September 5, 1982).", "opening_date": "1982-06-30T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Men-chu Wang, Beijing, China. Seller's No. 18", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "(Frank Caro [1904\u20131980], New York, NY, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "?\u20131957", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1957\u2013", "sortorder": 3}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "The little black spot in the glaze inside the dish is one of the slight imperfections characteristic of genuine Ru ware.", "description": "Ru ware is the rarest and most celebrated of all Chinese imperial wares. It was made for the late Northern Song court for a very short time and was therefore extremely rare and precious. Simplicity and refined elegance are Ru ware's hallmarks. Its graceful shape, soft luster, and subtle color variation of the glaze interact in perfect unity. Other physical characteristics include an ash-grey body, soft greyblue glaze with a fine crackle, as well as small sesame-seed spur marks on the base.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60741498"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1957.40-brush-washer"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Handbook.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 843", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1958/page/n148"}, {"citation": "Lee, Sherman E. <em>A History of Far Eastern Art</em>. New York: H.N. Abrams, 1964.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: pl. 36, p. 340", "url": ""}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 256", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n280"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 256", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n280"}, {"citation": "Valenstein, Suzanne G. <em>A Handbook of Chinese Ceramics</em>. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1975.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 75, fig. 30", "url": ""}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 338", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n358"}, {"citation": "Tichane, Robert.<em> Those Celadon Blues</em>. Painted Post, NY: New York State Institute for Glaze Research, 1978.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: fig. 3.14, p. 27.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Kleinhenz, Henry J. \"Porcelains for Imperial Use: The Sung Dynasty.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 65, no. 4 (1978): 135\u2013150h.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 140, fig. 6, a", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25159578"}, {"citation": "Ball, Victoria Kloss. <em>Architecture and Interior Design</em>. New York: Wiley, 1980.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: fig. 5.62, p. 204", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Lee, Sherman E. <em>A History of Far Eastern Art</em>. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1982.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 369; Reproduced: p. 340, color pl. 36", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Neils, Jenifer. <em>The World of Ceramics: Masterpieces from the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Museum in cooperation with Indiana University Press, 1982.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 106, p. 102", "url": null}, {"citation": "Guo li gu gong bo wu yuan \u570b\u7acb\u6545\u5bae\u535a\u7269\u9662 . <em>Hai wai yi zhen: taoci</em> [\u6d77\u5916\u907a\u73ce. \u9676\u74f7 = Chinese art in overseas collections, pottery &amp; porcelain]. Zhonghua min guo Taibei Shi Shilin qu \u4e2d\u83ef\u6c11\u570b\u53f0\u5317\u5e02\u58eb\u6797\u5340: Guo li gu gong bo wu yuan, 1986.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pl. 102, p. 102", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Mowry, Robert D. \"Koryo Celadons.\" <em>Orientations</em> vol. 17, no. 5 (May 1986), pp. 24\u201339.", "page_number": "Reproduced: fig. 11, p. 32", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cunningham, Michael R., Stanislaw J. Czuma, Anne E. Wardwell, and J. Keith Wilson. <em>Masterworks of Asian Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1998.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: pp. 54\u201355", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Chung, Anita. \"A Connoisseur's Eye, A Scholar's Mind: The Legacy of Sherman Lee.\" <em>Orientations </em>vol. 40, no. 5 (2009).", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 32, fig. 6", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Franklin, David and C. Griffith Mann. <em>Treasures from the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 2012.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: pp. 90\u201391", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: pp. 98\u201399", "url": ""}, {"citation": "\u201cA Walking Tour: The entire new museum wing by wing, with curators calling out a few favorite works in the collection.\u201d <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em> 54, no. 1 (January/February 2014): 8\u201333.", "page_number": "Reproduced and Mentioned: p. 31", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2014-01"}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Museum Masters: 2016-17 Companion Guide.</em> [Cleveland, Ohio]: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2016.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 33", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Giuffrida, Noelle. <em>Separating Sheep from Goats: Sherman E. Lee and Chinese Art Collecting in Postwar America</em>. Oakland, California: University of California Press, 2018.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 123, fig. 70", "url": null}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1957.40", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1957.40/1957.40_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "514", "filesize": "86253", "filename": "1957.40_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1957.40/1957.40_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "1942", "filesize": "890179", "filename": "1957.40_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1957.40/1957.40_full.tif", "width": "7551", "height": "4314", "filesize": "97752076", "filename": "1957.40_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2005-08-09T14:18:17", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1957.40/1957.40_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "1263", "height": "763", "filesize": "379067"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1957.40/1957.40_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2053", "filesize": "2470315"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1957.40/1957.40_alt0_full.tif", "width": "4252", "height": "2567", "filesize": "32772812"}}, {"date_created": "2008-11-25T14:57:35", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1957.40/1957.40_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "1263", "height": "653", "filesize": "412528"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1957.40/1957.40_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "1757", "filesize": "3131066"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1957.40/1957.40_alt1_full.tif", "width": "5434", "height": "2808", "filesize": "45813668"}}, {"date_created": "2005-08-09T14:42:08", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1957.40/1957.40_alt2_web.jpg", "width": "855", "height": "893", "filesize": "452942"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1957.40/1957.40_alt2_print.jpg", "width": "3257", "height": "3400", "filesize": "5345650"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1957.40/1957.40_alt2_full.tif", "width": "3339", "height": "3486", "filesize": "34948828"}}, {"date_created": "2017-06-19T10:43:16", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1957.40/1957.40_alt3_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "832", "filesize": "142533"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1957.40/1957.40_alt3_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "3143", "filesize": "1541163"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1957.40/1957.40_alt3_full.tif", "width": "6208", "height": "5738", "filesize": "106892752"}}, {"date_created": "2005-08-09T15:12:08", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1957.40/1957.40_alt4_web.jpg", "width": "1263", "height": "842", "filesize": "702156"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1957.40/1957.40_alt4_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2267", "filesize": "4338925"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1957.40/1957.40_alt4_full.tif", "width": "6144", "height": "4096", "filesize": "75526568"}}, {"date_created": "2017-06-19T11:10:26", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1957.40/1957.40_alt5_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "788", "filesize": "137114"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1957.40/1957.40_alt5_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2977", "filesize": "1501043"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1957.40/1957.40_alt5_full.tif", "width": "6210", "height": "5438", "filesize": "101338224"}}, {"date_created": "2005-08-09T15:01:47", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1957.40/1957.40_alt6_web.jpg", "width": "890", "height": "893", "filesize": "473011"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1957.40/1957.40_alt6_print.jpg", "width": "3313", "height": "3323", "filesize": "5643802"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1957.40/1957.40_alt6_full.tif", "width": "3313", "height": "3323", "filesize": "33057156"}}], "creditline": "John L. Severance Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 134843, "creators": [], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1957-01-17T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1075, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "late 1000s\u20131127", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Brush Washer, Ru Ware", "Brush Washer: Ru ware", "Circular washer: Ju ware (Northern Celadon?)", "Circular Brush Washer"], "is_highlight": true, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:09:59.090000"}, {"id": 148297, "accession_number": "1975.263", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "The Large Tree, 1891. Paul Gauguin (French, 1848\u20131903). Oil on fabric; framed: 92.4 x 112.7 x 6.4 cm (36 3/8 x 44 3/8 x 2 1/2 in.); unframed: 74 x 92.8 cm (29 1/8 x 36 9/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Gift of Barbara Ginn Griesinger, 1975.263", "current_location": null, "title": "The Large Tree", "creation_date": "1891", "creation_date_earliest": 1891, "creation_date_latest": 1891, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["France, 19th century"], "technique": "oil on fabric", "support_materials": [], "department": "Modern European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "Mod Euro - Painting 1800-1960", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 92.4 x 112.7 x 6.4 cm (36 3/8 x 44 3/8 x 2 1/2 in.); Unframed: 74 x 92.8 cm (29 1/8 x 36 9/16 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 0.924, "width": 1.127, "depth": 0.064}, "unframed": {"height": 0.74, "width": 0.928}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "Signed lower right: P Gauguin 91 \r\nInscribed lower left: Te raau rahi\r\n", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 221052, "title": "Masters of Impressionism", "description": "<i>Masters of Impressionism</i>. Museo del Palacio de Bellas Artes, Mexico (November 17, 1998-February 28, 1999).", "opening_date": "1998-11-17T00:00:00"}, {"id": 212256, "title": "Degas to Picasso:  The Painter, the Sculptor and the Camera\r\n", "description": "<i>Degas to Picasso:  The Painter, the Sculptor and the Camera\r\n</i>. San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, San Francisco, CA (organizer) (October 1, 1999-January 4, 2000); The Dallas Museum of Art, Dallas, TX (February 1-May 7, 2000); Museo Guggenheim Bilbao, 48001 Bilbao, Spain (June 12-September 10, 2000).", "opening_date": "1999-10-01T00:00:00"}, {"id": 222616, "title": "Verso l'Arte Moderna, da Puvis de Chavannes a Matisse e Picasso", "description": "<i>Verso l'Arte Moderna, da Puvis de Chavannes a Matisse e Picasso</i>. Palazzo Grassi spa, 30124 Venice, Italy (organizer) (February 10-June 16, 2002).", "opening_date": "2002-02-10T00:00:00"}, {"id": 182153, "title": "Monet to Dal\u00ed: Modern Masters from the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Monet to Dal\u00ed: Modern Masters from the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 21, 2007-January 13, 2008).", "opening_date": "2006-05-27T00:00:00"}, {"id": 231243, "title": "Gauguin and Polynesia: South Pacific Encounters", "description": "<i>Gauguin and Polynesia: South Pacific Encounters</i>. Seattle Art Museum, Seattle, WA (February 14-April 29, 2012).", "opening_date": "2011-09-24T00:00:00"}, {"id": 228199, "title": "Van Gogh Repetitions lend-back", "description": "<i>Van Gogh Repetitions lend-back</i>. Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna, Rome, Italy (October 12, 2013-June 1, 2014).", "opening_date": "2013-10-12T00:00:00"}, {"id": 224367, "title": "Paul Gauguin: Painting Like God", "description": "<i>Paul Gauguin: Painting Like God</i>. Fondation Beyeler, CH-4125 Riehen/Basel, Switzerland (organizer) (February 7-June 28, 2015).", "opening_date": "2015-02-07T00:00:00"}, {"id": 539508, "title": "Gauguin\u2019s World: T\u014dna Iho, T\u014dna Ao", "description": "<i>Gauguin\u2019s World: T\u014dna Iho, T\u014dna Ao</i>. National Gallery of Australia, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia (June 29-October 7, 2024) https://nga.gov.au/exhibitions/gauguins-world/; Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, Houston, TX (November 3, 2024-February 16, 2025).", "opening_date": "2024-06-29T04:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>Paintings from El Greco and Rembrandt to C\u00e9zanne and Matisse</em>. Reinhardt Galleries, New York, NY (1927).", "opening_date": "1927-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>French Art since 1800</em>. Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (1929).", "opening_date": "1929-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>A Loan Exhibition of Paul Gauguin.</em> Wildenstein Gallery, New York, NY (1946).", "opening_date": "1946-01-01T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "(Reinhardt Gallery, New York, NY, 1927)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1927-1929", "sortorder": null}, {"description": "(Leicester Galleries, London, United Kingdom, 1929, sold to Mr. Frank H. Ginn)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1929", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "Mr. Frank H. Ginn [1868-1938], Gates Mills,  OH, by descent to this daughter, Barbara Ginn", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1929-", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "Mr. and Mrs. Frank Griesinger (Barabara Ginn), Cleveland, OH, given to the Cleveland Museum of Art", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1976", "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1976-", "sortorder": 5}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": ["2550.29"], "did_you_know": "Gauguin positions four women in a friezelike sequence seeking shelter under the dark green leaves of a large tree while the leaves of the second tree add a decorative pattern to the pink thatched roof. With his brush, he captures contrasting elements of the tropical climate, sending the viewer into the cool shade to escape the hot sun.", "description": "Disgusted with the materialism of European society, Gauguin abandoned his family and career as a stockbroker and departed for Tahiti in 1891. This canvas is among the first paintings he completed on the island. Its rich colors and stylized figures were intended to be both symbolic and mysterious, evoking private thoughts and emotions. \u201cI obtain symphonies,\u201d he wrote, \u201charmonies that represent nothing real in the absolute sense of the word.\u201d", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60472839"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1975.263-the-large-tree"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Bulliet, C. J. <em>Apples &amp; Madonnas; Emotional Expression in Modern Art</em>. Chicago, IL: P. Covici, Inc, 1927.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 98", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Notes on the Color Plates.\" <em>ARTnews </em>25 (May 14, 1927): 50-64.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 50; reproduced: 61", "url": null}, {"citation": "Pemberton, Murdock. <em>Picture Book</em>. New York, NY: A.A. Knopf, 1930.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pl. 14", "url": null}, {"citation": "Malingue, Maurice. <em>Lettres de Gauguin a\u0300 Sa Femme et a\u0300 Ses Amis, Recueillies et Pre\u0301face\u0301es par Maurice Malingue.</em> Paris: B. Grasset, 1946.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 236", "url": null}, {"citation": "Scherman, Harry, ed. <em>Book-of-the-Month Club News </em>(May 1948): cover.", "page_number": "Reproduced: Cover", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Catalogue of Colour Reproductions of Painting from 1860 to 1949.</em> Paris: Unesco, 1949.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 77, no. 102", "url": null}, {"citation": "Coe, Nancy. T<em>he History of the Collecting of European Paintings and Drawings in the City of Cleveland</em>. Thesis M.A. Oberlin College, 1955.", "page_number": "Reproduced: vol.2, p. 58", "url": null}, {"citation": "Rewald, John. <em>Post-Impressionism: From Van Gogh to Gauguin</em>. New York, NY: Museum of Modern Art, 1956.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p, 505", "url": null}, {"citation": "Wildenstein, Georges. <em>Gauguin.</em> Paris: Les Beaux-Arts, E\u0301ditions d'E\u0301tudes et de Documents, 1964.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: vol. 1, p. 172-173", "url": null}, {"citation": "Mandel, Gabriele Mandel. <em>L'opera completa di Gauguin</em>. Milano, Iitaly: Rizzoli, 1972.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 255", "url": null}, {"citation": "Field, Richard S. <em>Paul Gauguin: The Paintings of the First Voyage to Tahiti</em>. New York, NY: Garland Pub, 1977.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 71, no. 16; Mentioned: p. 58", "url": null}, {"citation": "Henning, Edward B. \"Woman in the Waves.\" <em>ARTnews </em>83 (March 1984): 104-106.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 106", "url": null}, {"citation": "Griffin, Jonathan. <em>Noa Noa: Gauguin's Tahiti</em>. Oxford, UK: Phaidon, 1985.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 19, fig. 8", "url": null}, {"citation": "Hoog, Michel. <em>Paul Gauguin, Life and Work</em>. New York, NY: Rizzoli, 1987.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 192, pl. 133", "url": null}, {"citation": "Prather, Marla, and Charles F. Stuckey. <em>Gauguin: A Retrospective</em>. New York, NY: H.L. Levin Associates, 1987.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pl. 60", "url": null}, {"citation": "Barskai\ufe20a\ufe21, A. G., and M. A. Bessonova. <em>Paul Gauguin in Soviet Museums</em>. Leningrad, USSR: Aurora Art Publishers, 1988.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 99", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>The Bulletin of The Cleveland Museum of Art LXXVIII, </em>no.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 87", "url": null}, {"citation": "Schneeberger, Pierre-Francis. <em>Gauguin, Tahiti</em>. Paris, FR: Bibliothe\u0300que des Arts, 1991.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 16-17", "url": null}, {"citation": "Robinson, William H. \"Puvis De Chavannes's \"Summer\" and the Symbolist Avant-Garde.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 78, no. 1 (1991): 2-27.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 21-22", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25161310"}, {"citation": "Hinson, Tom E. \"Notable Acquisitions.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 78, no. 3 (1991): 63-147.", "page_number": "Reproduced and Mentioned: p. 87", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25161319"}, {"citation": "Metken, Gu\u0308nter. <em>Gauguin in Tahiti: The First Journey : Paintings 1891-1893</em>. New York, NY: Norton, 1992.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 5", "url": null}, {"citation": "Smith, Nigel J. H. <em>Tropical Forests and Their Crops.</em> Ithaca: Cornell Univ. Pr, 1992.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 299, fig. 6.7", "url": null}, {"citation": "Coven, Jeffrey, and Dore Ashton. <em>Baudelaire's Voyages: The Poet and His Painters</em>. Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Co, 1993.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 134", "url": null}, {"citation": "Chong, Alan. <em>European &amp; American Painting in the Cleveland Museum of Art: A Summary Catalogue.</em> Cleveland, Ohio: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1993.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 82", "url": null}, {"citation": "Zingg, Jean-Pierre. <em>Les e\u0301ventails de Paul Gauguin</em>. Paris, FR: Editions Avant &amp; Apre\u0300s, 1996.", "page_number": "Reproduced: o. 57; Mentioned: p. 56", "url": null}, {"citation": "Museo del Palacio de Bellas Artes (Mexico). <em>Maestros del Impresionismo.</em> Me\u0301xico, D.F.: Istituto Nacional de Bellas Artes, 1998.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 90-93", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kosinski, Dorothy M. <em>The Artist and the Camera: Degas to Picasso</em>. Dallas, TX: Dallas Museum of Art, 1999.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 134, no. 122", "url": null}, {"citation": "d' Argencourt, Louise, and Roger Diederen. <em>Catalogue of Paintings. Pt. 4. European Paintings of the 19th Century.</em> Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1974.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: v. 1, p. 280-282, no. 101", "url": null}, {"citation": "Salvesen, Britt. <em>Gauguin</em>. Chicago, IL: Art Institute of Chicago, 2001.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 63, fig. 24", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lemoine, Serge. <em>From Puvis De Chavannes to Matisse and Picasso: Toward Modern Art</em>. Milano, IT: Bompiani, 2002.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 332, fig. 37", "url": null}, {"citation": "Greub, Suzanne. <em>Gauguin, Polynesia</em>. Munich, Germany: Hirmer, 2011.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 195, fig. 169", "url": null}, {"citation": "Childs, Elizabeth C. <em>Vanishing Paradise: Art and Exoticism in Colonial Tahiti</em>. Berkeley, CA : University of California Press,2013.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pl. 7", "url": null}, {"citation": "National Gallery of Australia, and Museum of Fine Arts, Houston. <em>Gauguin\u2019s World: To\u0304Na Iho, To\u0304Na Ao.</em> Edited by Henri Loyrette. Parkes, ACT, The Rocks, NSW: National Gallery of Australia; Art Exhibitions Australia Limited, 2024.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 199", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1975.263", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1975.263/1975.263_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "713", "filesize": "336188", "filename": "1975.263_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1975.263/1975.263_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2695", "filesize": "4656287", "filename": "1975.263_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1975.263/1975.263_full.tif", "width": "14503", "height": "11494", "filesize": "500125892", "filename": "1975.263_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2008-09-05T15:32:52", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1975.263/1975.263_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "1116", "height": "893", "filesize": "854206"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1975.263/1975.263_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2721", "filesize": "8088524"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1975.263/1975.263_alt0_full.tif", "width": "5792", "height": "4635", "filesize": "80576012"}}, {"date_created": "2017-08-03T09:52:16", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1975.263/1975.263_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "680", "filesize": "315547"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1975.263/1975.263_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2568", "filesize": "4275960"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1975.263/1975.263_alt1_full.tif", "width": "15865", "height": "11982", "filesize": "570313388"}}, {"date_created": "2017-08-03T10:06:36", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1975.263/1975.263_alt2_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "676", "filesize": "329428"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1975.263/1975.263_alt2_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2552", "filesize": "4339859"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1975.263/1975.263_alt2_full.tif", "width": "15944", "height": "11968", "filesize": "572484204"}}, {"date_created": "2017-08-03T10:18:41", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1975.263/1975.263_alt3_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "665", "filesize": "364900"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1975.263/1975.263_alt3_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2512", "filesize": "4751126"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1975.263/1975.263_alt3_full.tif", "width": "15985", "height": "11808", "filesize": "566285004"}}, {"date_created": "2018-10-15T10:01:10", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1975.263/1975.263_alt4_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "723", "filesize": "190562"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1975.263/1975.263_alt4_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2732", "filesize": "2828446"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1975.263/1975.263_alt4_full.tif", "width": "6670", "height": "5359", "filesize": "107263928"}}], "creditline": "Gift of Barbara Ginn Griesinger", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 148297, "creators": [{"id": 1776, "description": "Paul Gauguin (French, 1848\u20131903)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": "Gauguin spent the first seven years of his life with his mother and great uncle in Peru. In 1855 his mother took him back to France where he attended boarding school. He joined the merchant marine when he was seventeen and began traveling around South America. When Gauguin's mother died in 1868, Gustave Arosa, an art collector and photographer, became his legal guardian. Arosa's collection included works by Corot (q.v.), Courbet (q.v.), Delacroix (q.v.), and the Barbizon painters, and it was he who would encourage Gauguin to start painting. In 1872 Arosa found a job for Gauguin at a brokerage firm, giving him financial security. The following year he married a Danish woman, Mette Gad. Gauguin had already started painting and sculpting in his spare time and first exhibited at the Salon in 1876 with a landscape.1 He was asked by Pissarro (q.v.) and Degas (q.v.) to participate in the fourth impressionist exhibition in 1879, where from then on he would exhibit regularly. Durand-Ruel began purchasing his paintings, and in turn Gauguin started to collect the works of his colleagues, such as Manet (q.v.) and Renoir (q.v.) and, in particular, C\u00e9zanne (q.v.) and Pissarro. He went to Pontoise in 1882, where he painted with C\u00e9zanne and Pissarro, who along with Degas continued to influence him at this period. In 1883 Gauguin decided to become a full-time artist. In 1884 he moved with his wife and children to Rouen and then to Copenhagen, but he failed to earn a comfortable living. He returned to Paris in 1886 and met ceramicist Ernest Chaplet (1835-1909), who introduced him to his m\u00e9tier. Gauguin distanced himself from impressionism and in 1888 worked in Pont-Aven with \u00c9mile Bernard (1868-1941), who had been experimenting with creating compositions using flat areas of color and dark outlines (cloissonism). Gauguin also studied Japanese prints and Indonesian art. The impact of these influences is evident in Gauguin's Vision after the Sermon: Jacob Wrestling with the Angel (1888, National Gallery of Scotland, Edinburgh), so far removed from his earlier impressionist style. Succumbing to van Gogh's (q.v.) many requests, Gauguin agreed to travel to Arles and paint with the artist; their characters, however, proved incompatible. Theo van Gogh, who worked for Boussod Valadon &amp; Cie, would in the meantime sell Gauguin's work. For the next two years, Gauguin traveled often around Brittany. In search of a more pure and unspoiled culture, he auctioned off his paintings in 1891 in order to finance a journey to Tahiti. Upon his arrival, he was disappointed to find many expatriates and developed areas, yet he was still able to capture in his works an uncultivated spirit. He not only made paintings but also created bold woodcuts and sculptures and was an avid writer. Gauguin returned to France in 1893, where he was given a solo exhibition by Durand-Ruel that was not particularly successful. He decided to leave Europe again in 1895, moving to Tahiti and later to Hivaoa, a more remote island in the Marquesas. Because he abandoned naturalistic colors and used formal distortions in order to achieve expressive compositions, Gauguin's work became an inspiration for many subsequent artists. 1. Possibly Wildenstein 1964, no. 12.", "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1848", "death_year": "1903", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1976-01-08T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1891, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1891", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:09:56.868000"}, {"id": 144338, "accession_number": "1969.15", "share_license_status": "Copyrighted", "tombstone": "Filtered Yellow, 1968. Julian Stanczak (American, 1928\u20132017). Acrylic on canvas; unframed: 182.8 x 243.8 cm (71 15/16 x 96 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Contemporary Collection of The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.15. \u00a9 Julian Stanczak", "current_location": "228A Cleveland Artists", "title": "Filtered Yellow", "creation_date": "1968", "creation_date_earliest": 1968, "creation_date_latest": 1968, "artists_tags": ["Cleveland School", "male", "Cleveland Institute of Art (alumni)"], "culture": ["America"], "technique": "acrylic on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "Contemporary Art", "collection": "CONTEMP - Painting", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Unframed: 182.8 x 243.8 cm (71 15/16 x 96 in.)", "dimensions": {"unframed": {"height": 1.828, "width": 2.438}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": "\u00a9 Julian Stanczak", "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 301313, "title": "Year in Review: 1969", "description": "<i>Year in Review: 1969</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (January 27-February 22, 1970).", "opening_date": "1970-01-27T05:00:00"}, {"id": 302349, "title": "Materials and Techniques of 20th-Century Artists", "description": "<i>Materials and Techniques of 20th-Century Artists</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (November 17, 1976-January 2, 1977).", "opening_date": "1976-11-17T05:00:00"}, {"id": 309579, "title": "The Cleveland Institute of Art: 100 Years", "description": "<i>The Cleveland Institute of Art: 100 Years</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (December 22, 1982-January 30, 1983).", "opening_date": "1982-12-22T05:00:00"}, {"id": 309861, "title": "Contemporary Art and Textiles Collection", "description": "<i>Contemporary Art and Textiles Collection</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (July 13-August 26, 1984).", "opening_date": "1984-07-13T04:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "Cleveland Museum of Art, (04//11/2011 - 02/26/2012); \"Op Art\"", "opening_date": "2012-02-26T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Purchased from Martha Jackson Gallery, New York, NY.", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1969", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH.", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1969\u2013", "sortorder": 2}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "After losing the use of his right arm in a Siberian labor camp during World War II, Julian Stanczak fled to a Polish refugee camp in Uganda where he learned how to paint and write left-handed.", "description": "For more than a half century, Julian Stanczak maintained a distinguished career as an abstract painter interested in how vision works. <em>Filtered Yellow</em> features hundreds of alternating reddish and greenish razor-sharp vertical bands that create the illusion of a yellow shape, despite the absence of pure yellow paint. As typical of his work, it emphasizes a high level of technical mastery rivaled by few.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60470411"], "internet_archive": []}, "citations": [{"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Art of the Twentieth Century in the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: Dept. of Art History &amp; Education, CMA, 1969.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 4", "url": "https://archive.org/details/20thCenturyArtCMA/page/n5"}, {"citation": "Lee, Sherman E. \"The Year in Review for 1969.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 57, no. 1 (1970): 26.", "page_number": "26", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25152307"}, {"citation": "McClelland, Elizabeth. \"Julian Stanczak.\" <em>Arts Magazine</em> 51, no. 1 (Jan 1976): 9.", "page_number": "9", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cole, Mark. \"Good Vibrations: A New Exhibition Celebrates the Dazzling Op Art Movement Centered in Cleveland.\" <em>Cleveland Art Members Magazine</em> (Mar/Apr 2011): 7.", "page_number": "7", "url": "http://www.clevelandart.org/magazine/cleveland-art-2011-highlights/good-vibrations"}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1969.15", "images": {}, "alternate_images": [], "creditline": "Contemporary Collection of The Cleveland Museum of Art", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "David and Helen Kangesser Gallery", "athena_id": 144338, "creators": [{"id": 3643, "description": "Julian Stanczak (American, 1928\u20132017)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1928", "death_year": "2017", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1969-12-13T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1968, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1968", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:07:26.178000"}, {"id": 138393, "accession_number": "1962.32", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Panel with Royal Woman, c. 795. Sculpted by K\u2019in Lakam Chahk, and Jun Nat Omootz. Limestone; overall: 60.4 x 69.8 cm (23 3/4 x 27 1/2 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Purchase from the J. H. Wade Fund, 1962.32", "current_location": "233 Mesoamerican and Intermediate Region", "title": "Panel with Royal Woman", "creation_date": "c. 795", "creation_date_earliest": 750, "creation_date_latest": 850, "artists_tags": ["Latine and Hispanic Artists"], "culture": ["Guatemala or Mexico, Usumacinta River region, Maya style"], "technique": "limestone", "support_materials": [], "department": "Art of the Americas", "collection": "AA - Mesoamerica", "type": "Sculpture", "measurements": "Overall: 60.4 x 69.8 cm (23 3/4 x 27 1/2 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"height": 0.604, "width": 0.698}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": null, "inscription_translation": "K\u2019in Lakam Chahk and Jun Nat Omootz", "inscription_remark": "Sculptors signature", "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 302276, "title": "Year in Review - 1962", "description": "<i>Year in Review - 1962</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 24-November 25, 1962).", "opening_date": "1962-10-24T04:00:00"}, {"id": 309959, "title": "The Blood of Kings: A New Interpretation of Maya Art", "description": "<i>The Blood of Kings: A New Interpretation of Maya Art</i>. Kimbell Art Museum, Fort Worth, TX (organizer) (May 17-August 24, 1986); The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (October 8-December 14, 1986).", "opening_date": "1986-05-17T04:00:00"}, {"id": 221002, "title": "Maya: Secrets of Their Ancient World", "description": "<i>Maya: Secrets of Their Ancient World</i>. Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto M5S 2C6, Canada (organizer) (November 19, 2011-April 9, 2012); Canadian Museum of Civilization, Gatineau, Canada (May 17-October 28, 2012).", "opening_date": "2011-11-19T00:00:00"}, {"id": 439182, "title": "Lives of the Gods: Divinity in Maya Art", "description": "<i>Lives of the Gods: Divinity in Maya Art</i>. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY (organizer) (November 14, 2022-April 2, 2023); Kimbell Art Museum, Fort Worth, TX (May 7-September 3, 2023).", "opening_date": "2022-11-14T05:00:00"}], "legacy": []}, "provenance": [{"description": "Stolper Galleries, New York, NY, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "?-1962", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1962-", "sortorder": 2}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "This panel, likely from a palace interior, depicts a royal Maya woman.", "description": "In this panel, probably from a palace interior, the woman\u2019s static posture contrasts with the liveliness of the creature she holds, a god of royalty with a serpent leg and a grotesque head with a smoking torch on its brow. (The same deity is shown in the nearby Eccentric Flint.) Other signs of high rank are her jade jewelry and costume, its beauty suggesting that textiles and featherwork were great Maya arts, now lost to a tropical climate. The hieroglyphics refer to an undefined ritual that the woman completed in 795.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60760303"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1962.32-panel-with-royal-wom"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Palenque Round Table, Merle Greene Robertson, and Elizabeth P. Benson. Fourth Palenque Round Table, 1980: <em>Proceedings of the Cuarta Mesa Redonda De Palenque, June 8-14, 1980. </em>San Francisco: Pre-Columbian Art Research Institute, 1985.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueolo\u0301gicas en Guatemala, Juan Pedro Laporte, He\u0301ctor L. Escobedo, and Sandra Villagra\u0301n de Brady. VI <em>Simposio de investigaciones arqueolo\u0301gicas en Guatemala, 1992:</em> Museo Nacional de Arqueologi\u0301a y Etnologi\u0301a. Guatemala: Ministerio de Cultura y Deportes, 1993.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Lee, Sherman E. \"Year in Review 1962.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 49, no. 9 (1962)", "page_number": "p. 215, 223", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25151915"}, {"citation": "Hawley, Henry H. \"A Maya Relief.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 50, no. 3 (1963).", "page_number": "p. 50", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25151941"}, {"citation": "Hawley, Henry. \"Pre-Columbian Art at Cleveland.\" Apollo: <em>A Journal for the Arts</em>, LXXVIII , (December, 1963).", "page_number": "pp. 489-493", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 293", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n317"}, {"citation": "Alsop, Joseph. \"Treasures of the Cleveland Museum of Art.\" <em>Art in America.</em> (May-June 1966).", "page_number": "p. 35", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art Picture Book (1967).", "page_number": "230", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Selected Works: Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> 1967.", "page_number": "no. 230", "url": null}, {"citation": "Wardwell, Allen. 1967. \"A Maya Ball Game Relief\".<em> Museum Studies /</em> the Art Institute of Chicago. 62-73.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 293", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n317"}, {"citation": "Coggins, Clemency. \"Illicit Traffic of Pre-Columbian Antiquities.\" <em>Art Journal</em> 29, no. 1 (1969).", "page_number": "pp. 94-98", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/775285"}, {"citation": "Dunning, Dieter. \"Hierogylphic Miscellanea.\" <em>Jan Zeitschrift fur Ethnologie.</em> (1970).", "page_number": "pp. 229-30", "url": null}, {"citation": "Dunning, Dieter. \"On the Inscription and Iconography of Kuna- Laanha Lintel 1.\" (1970).", "page_number": "p. 200 & 213", "url": null}, {"citation": "Coggins, Clemency. \"Displaced Maya Sculpture.\" <em>Estudios de Cultura Maya. Publicacion Annual del Centro de Estudios Mayas.</em> vol. VIII. (Mexico: Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, 1972.", "page_number": "p. 22", "url": null}, {"citation": "Marcus, Joyce. <em>Emblem and State in the Classic Maya Lowlands: An Epigraphic Approach to Territorial Organization</em>. Washington: Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees for Harvard University, 1976.", "page_number": "p. 171, 174", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 396", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n416"}, {"citation": "Mayer, Karl Herbert. <em>Maya Monuments: Sculptures of Unknown Provenance in Europe</em>. Ramona, Calif: Acoma Books, 1978.", "page_number": "p. 1-2, no. 5", "url": null}, {"citation": "Robicsek, Francis. <em>The Smoking Gods: Tobacco in Maya Art, History, and Religion</em>. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1978.", "page_number": "p. 86, fig. 93", "url": null}, {"citation": "Mayer, Karl Herbert. <em>Maya Monuments: Sculptures of Unknown Provenance in the United States</em>. Ramona, Calif: Acoma Books, 1980.", "page_number": "pl. 30", "url": null}, {"citation": "Yale University, George Kubler, and E. W. Faller.<em> Pre-Columbian art of Mexico and Central Americ</em>a. 1986.", "page_number": "no. 470, p. 167, 293, 326", "url": null}, {"citation": "Schele, Linda, Mary Ellen Miller, and Justin Kerr.<em> The Blood of Kings: Dynasty and Ritual in Maya Art</em>. New York: G. Braziller, 1986.", "page_number": "pp. 76, 85, pl. 1", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"The Blood of Kings - Historic Background.\" Press Release document. The Cleveland Museum of Art: 1986.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "\"The Blood of Kings - Cleveland Museum of Art Hosts Landmark Exhibition of Maya Art.\" Press Release document. The Cleveland Museum of Art: 1986.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Altman, Patricia B., and Caroline D. West. <em>Threads of Identity: Maya Costume of the 1960s in Highland Guatemala</em>. Los Angeles, Calif., USA: Fowler Museum of Cultural History, University of California, Los Angeles, 1992.", "page_number": "fig. 5", "url": null}, {"citation": "Montgomery, John Ellis. <em>Sculptors of the Realm: Classic Maya Artists' Signatures and Sculptural Style During the Reign of Piedras Negras Ruler 7</em>. 1995.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Jennings, Justin, Martha Cuevas Garci\u0301a, and Roberto Lo\u0301pez Bravo. <em>Maya: Secrets of Their Ancient World.</em> Toronto: Royal Ontario Museum Press, 2011.", "page_number": "p. 48", "url": null}, {"citation": "Jackson, Sarah E. <em>Politics of the Maya Court: Hierarchy and Change in the Late Classic Period. </em>Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2013.", "page_number": "p. 43, fig. 19", "url": null}, {"citation": "Ju\u00e1rez, Garcia and Sara Isabel, <em>La historia de Piedras Negras a trav\u00e9s de sus inscripciones jerogl\u00edficas: Auge y ocaso del linaje de las tortugas</em>. Tesis (licenciado en historia), Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de Mexico (2015).", "page_number": "discussed on various pages", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Chinchilla Mazariegos, Oswaldo Fernando, James A. Doyle, Joanne Pillsbury, Stephen D. Houston, Daniel Salazar Lama, Iyaxel Cojti\u0301 Ren, and Caitlin Earley. <em>Lives of the Gods: Divinity in Maya Art</em>. New York : The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2022.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 128, fig. 94", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Schumann, Katherine. \"Special Features: <em>Lives of the Gods: Divinity in Maya Art</em>, Metropolitan Museum of Art, November 21, 2022-April 2, 2023\" <em>ICMA News </em>no. 1 (Spring 2023)", "page_number": "fig 10, p. 44", "url": "https://mcusercontent.com/b2032e2c83e801ec4536d23d0/files/ba970f92-67ac-cd06-b592-8fc1e9e1b642/ICMA_MarchNewsletter_FINAL.pdf"}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1962.32", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1962.32/1962.32_web.jpg", "width": "1033", "height": "893", "filesize": "800566", "filename": "1962.32_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1962.32/1962.32_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2939", "filesize": "9450974", "filename": "1962.32_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1962.32/1962.32_full.tif", "width": "5099", "height": "4408", "filesize": "67460904", "filename": "1962.32_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [], "creditline": "Purchase from the J. H. Wade Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Jon A. Lindseth and Virginia M. Lindseth, PhD, Galleries of the Ancient Americas", "athena_id": 138393, "creators": [{"id": 541652, "description": "K\u2019in Lakam Chahk", "extent": "sculpted by", "qualifier": null, "role": "sculptor", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": true, "weight": 1}, {"id": 541655, "description": "Jun Nat Omootz", "extent": null, "qualifier": "and", "role": "sculptor", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 2}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1962-02-17T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 750, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 795", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Woman in Ceremonial Robes"], "is_highlight": true, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:04:18.121000"}, {"id": 105967, "accession_number": "1924.1046", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Statue of an Athlete, 1\u2013100 CE. Italy, Roman. Marble; overall: 173.9 cm (68 7/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Gift of the John Huntington Art and Polytechnic Trust, 1924.1046", "current_location": "103 Roman", "title": "Statue of an Athlete", "creation_date": "1\u2013100 CE", "creation_date_earliest": 1, "creation_date_latest": 100, "artists_tags": [], "culture": ["Italy, Roman"], "technique": "marble", "support_materials": [], "department": "Greek and Roman Art", "collection": "GR - Roman", "type": "Sculpture", "measurements": "Overall: 173.9 cm (68 7/16 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"height": 1.739}, "platform": {"height": 0.229, "width": 0.686, "depth": 0.533}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 311952, "title": "Art, A Means to World Understanding", "description": "<i>Art, A Means to World Understanding</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (March 16-April 10, 1949).", "opening_date": "1949-03-16T05:00:00"}, {"id": 441481, "title": "Gallery One 2012", "description": "<i>Gallery One 2012</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (December 12, 2012-March 5, 2017).", "opening_date": "2012-12-12T05:00:00"}, {"id": 383281, "title": "Stories from Storage", "description": "<i>Stories from Storage</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (February 7-May 16, 2021).", "opening_date": "2021-02-06T05:00:00"}], "legacy": []}, "provenance": [], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": ["486.1924"], "did_you_know": "For many years, this sculpture stood in the rotunda of the Cleveland Museum of Art.", "description": "This idealized athlete recalls Greek sculptural types invented and popularized during the 400s BC. Large-scale athletes and other sculptures like this were originally created by famous artists as sanctuary dedications. Centuries later, they were widely copied and adapted by Roman sculptors, whose clients sought their own versions of earlier masterpieces. Working in marble rather than bronze, these sculptors added certain elements for stability, such as the struts and the large tree trunk beside the right leg here. Sculptures like this one are profoundly complex, made by and for Romans but descended from Greek ancestors.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79892140"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1924.1046-statue-of-an-athlete"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "R. Howard. \"An Athlete Attributed to Myron.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 11, no. 9 (1924): 170-173, 180.", "page_number": "Illus. cover.", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25136793"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1925.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 61", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook_80839/page/n63"}, {"citation": "Amelung, W. \"Der Meister des Apollon auf dem Omphalos und seince Schule,\" <em>Jahrbuch des Deutschen Archa\u0308ologischen Instituts </em>XLI, Heft 3/4 (1926),", "page_number": "pp. 247-287. Ill Taf 6-7.", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1928.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 76", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1928/page/n80"}, {"citation": "Blu\u0308mel, Carl. <em>Der diskostra\u0308ger Polyklets</em>. Berlin: W. de Gruyter &amp; Co, 1930.", "page_number": "Ill, p. 10, Abb. 5.", "url": null}, {"citation": "Poulsen, Vagn Hager. \u201cMyron: Ein stilkritischer Versuch.\u201d In <em>Acta Archaeologica</em>, vol. 11. Copenhagen, 1940. p.1-42.", "page_number": "p. 28", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Bieber, Margarete. \"Greek Sculpture in the Cleveland Museum of Art,\" <em>Art in America </em>Vol. 31 No. 3 (July 1943).", "page_number": "Pp. 119-120, fig. 6.", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Handbook.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 20", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1958/page/n20"}, {"citation": "Carter, Martha L. <em>Classical Art.</em> Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1961.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p .11", "url": "https://archive.org/details/ClassicalArt/page/n15"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 25", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n49"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 25", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n47"}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1924.1046", "images": {"annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1924.1046/1924.1046_web.jpg", "width": "473", "height": "893", "filesize": "239950", "filename": "1924.1046_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1924.1046/1924.1046_print.jpg", "width": "1802", "height": "3400", "filesize": "2836949", "filename": "1924.1046_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1924.1046/1924.1046_full.tif", "width": "2171", "height": "4096", "filesize": "26688356", "filename": "1924.1046_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1924.1046/1924.1046_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "681", "height": "893", "filesize": "318166"}, "print": {"url": 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Hanna Jr. Fund, 1997.15", "current_location": "206 American Landscape", "title": "The Sleeping Faun", "creation_date": "modeled 1864, carved c. 1870", "creation_date_earliest": 1864, "creation_date_latest": 1870, "artists_tags": ["female", "LGBTQ+ (after 1900)"], "culture": ["America"], "technique": "marble", "support_materials": [], "department": "American Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "American - Sculpture", "type": "Sculpture", "measurements": "Overall: 127 cm (50 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"height": 1.27, "length": 1.524}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "Signed and inscribed on base: \"H HOSMER Fecit -- Romae\"; titled on base: \"THE SLEEPING FAUN\"", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 228305, "title": "Maest\u00e1 di Roma, da Napoleon all'Unita d'Italia: Universale ed Eterna", "description": "<i>Maest\u00e1 di Roma, da Napoleon all'Unita d'Italia: Universale ed Eterna</i>. 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Electa: Rome, 2003.", "page_number": "Fig. XII.10, p. 275.", "url": null}, {"citation": "Whiteley, Jon and Linda Whiteley. \"Majesty of Rome.\" <em>The Burlington Magazine </em>1205 (Aug. 2003), fig. 83, p. 610, repr. p. 610.", "page_number": "610", "url": null}, {"citation": "Adams, Henry. <em>What's American about American Art? A Gallery Tour in the Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> Cleveland, Cleveland Museum of Art, 2008. pg. 84-86.", "page_number": "84-86", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cole, Mark. \"New Spaces in the Cleveland Museum of Art,\" <em>American Art</em> 24, no. 2 (Summer 2010).illus. p. 16.", "page_number": "16", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cole, Mark. \"The Sleeping Faun.\" In <em>Treasures from the Cleveland Museum of Art, </em>edited by David Franklin and C. Griffith Mann. 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Hanna Jr. Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Baker & Hostetler LLP Gallery", "athena_id": 159838, "creators": [{"id": 6683, "description": "Harriet Goodhue Hosmer (American, 1830\u20131908)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "sculptor", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1830", "death_year": "1908", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1997-03-04T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1864, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "modeled 1864, carved c. 1870", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:06:19.453000"}, {"id": 135456, "accession_number": "1958.45", "share_license_status": "Copyrighted", "tombstone": "The Harem , spring\u2013summer 1906. Pablo Picasso (Spanish, 1881\u20131973). Oil and graphite on canvas; framed: 174 x 130.5 x 11.4 cm (68 1/2 x 51 3/8 x 4 1/2 in.); unframed: 154.3 x 110 cm (60 3/4 x 43 5/16 in.); former: 163.2 x 120 x 6.1 cm (64 1/4 x 47 1/4 x 2 3/8 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Bequest of Leonard C. 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Mus\u00e9e national Picasso-Paris, Paris, France (March 16-June 21, 2004).", "opening_date": "2004-03-16T00:00:00"}, {"id": 182153, "title": "Monet to Dal\u00ed: Modern Masters from the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Monet to Dal\u00ed: Modern Masters from the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. Vancouver Art Gallery, Vancouver, Canada (June 9-September 16, 2007); The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 21, 2007-January 13, 2008); Frist Art Museum, Nashville, TN (February 15-June 1, 2008); Utah Museum of Fine Arts, Salt Lake City, UT (June 22-September 21, 2008); The Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit, MI (October 12, 2008-January 18, 2009).", "opening_date": "2006-05-27T00:00:00"}, {"id": 220287, "title": "Picasso: Tradici\u00f3n y Vanguardia", "description": "<i>Picasso: Tradici\u00f3n y Vanguardia</i>. 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The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (March 4-April 7, 1958).", "opening_date": "1958-03-04T05:00:00Z"}, {"description": "<em>Pictures Collected by Yale Alumni. </em>Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven, CT (organizer) (May 8-June 18, 1956)", "opening_date": "1956-05-08T04:00:00Z"}, {"description": "<em>Picasso \"Blue\" and \"Rose\" Periods: 1901\u20131906. </em>Jacques Seligmann &amp; Co., New York (organizer) (November 2-November 26, 1936)", "opening_date": "1936-11-02T05:00:00Z"}, {"description": "<em>The Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition</em>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 26-October 4, 1936).", "opening_date": "1936-06-26T04:00:00Z"}, {"description": "<em>Century of Progress. </em>Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL (June 1-November 1, 1933) (as Figures [Pink])", "opening_date": "1933-06-01T04:00:00Z"}, {"description": "<em>French Art Since Eighteen Hundred</em>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (November 8-December 8, 1929). [as Figures [Pink])", "opening_date": "1929-11-08T05:00:00Z"}, {"description": "<em>Twenty-Seventh International Exhibition of Paintings, </em>Carnegie Institute, Pittsburgh, PA (October 18-December 9, 1928). [as Figure (pink)]", "opening_date": "1928-10-18T05:00:00Z"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "John Quinn [1870-1924], New York, NY", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "before 1924", "sortorder": null}, {"description": "(P. Rosenberg, New York, NY, 1928)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1928", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "Leonard C. Hanna, Jr. [1889-1957], Cleveland, OH, by bequest to the Cleveland Museum of Art", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1929-1958", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1958-", "sortorder": 4}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "This painting dates from Picasso's Rose Period, named for the rosy pink and orange hues that dominate many of his compositions during this time. The Rose Period followed his Blue Period, and the colors are reflective of his mood. The Blue Period is connected to a period of depression following the death of his close friend Carlos Casagemas, while the happier tones of the Rose Period coincide with his happiness in his relationship with Fernande Olivier.", "description": "In 1904, Pablo Picasso abandoned the cool palette and somber mood of his Blue Period (1901\u20134)\u2014 exemplified by La Vie of 1903\u2014for the warmer, more sensual imagery of the Rose Period (1904\u20136). In the summer of 1906, he and his romantic partner Fernande Olivier visited Spain. Picasso sketched Olivier, who often served as a model for the artist, in private moments bathing and combing her hair. Such studies came to life in The Harem, Picasso\u2019s first large-scale representation of nude figures. He added a seated man who clasps a flower in one hand and a porr\u00f3n (a phallic-shaped drinking vessel) in the other.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60465144"], "internet_archive": []}, "citations": [{"citation": "Watson, F. <em>John Quinn Collection of Paintings, Watercolors, Drawings and Sculpture. </em>Huntington: Pidgeon Hill Press, 1926.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 13; Reproduced: p. 89.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "<em>Twenty-Seventh International Exhibition of Paintings, Carnegie Institute, Pittsburgh October 18-December 9, 1928. </em>Pittsburgh: Carnegie Institute, 1928.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: cat. 201", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Steinberg, Leo. \"The Philosophical Brothel, Part 1.\" <em>Art News </em>71, no. 5 (September 1972): 20-29.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 29. fig. 28", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Henning, Edward. \"Pablo Picasso: Bouteille, Verre, et Fourchette.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art </em>59, no. 7 (September 1972): 194-203.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 196, fig. 4", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25152438"}, {"citation": "Daix, Pierre. \"Picasso's Time of Decisive Encounters.\" <em>Art News </em>(April 1987): 136-141.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced; p. 140", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Steinberg, Leo. \"The Philosophical Brothel.\" <em>October </em>44 (Spring 1988): 7-74.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 35; Reproduced: p. 34, fig. 30", "url": "985004319"}, {"citation": "Robert, Rosenblum. \"Picasso in G\u00f3sol: The Calm before the Storm.\" In <em>Picasso: The Early Years, 1892-1906. </em>Marilyn McCully, ed., 263-275. Washington: National Gallery of Art, 1997.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 265-266; Reproduced: p. 264, fig. 1", "url": ""}, {"citation": "<em>Picasso and Celestina: The Artist's Vision of the Procuress</em>. Newark, Delaware: Juan de la Cuesta, 2015.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 82, figure 17", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Steinberg, Leo. <em>Picasso: Selected Essays.</em> Edited by Sheila Schwartz. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2022.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 90-91, fig. 4.30", "url": ""}], "catalogue_raisonne": "Zervos I.321; Sutton/Lecaldano 274; Daix, Boudaille, Rosselet XV.40; Palau i Fabre 1266; PP 1906-073", "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1958.45", "images": {}, "alternate_images": [], "creditline": "Bequest of Leonard C. Hanna Jr.", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Michael J. Horvitz Family Gallery", "athena_id": 135456, "creators": [{"id": 2160, "description": "Pablo Picasso (Spanish, 1881\u20131973)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": "Pablo Ruiz Picasso (1881-1973), the most prolific and influential artist of the 20th century, shifted the emphasis of art from its traditional concern with beauty toward radical innovation. The son of an art teacher, Picasso demonstrated remarkable talents as a child and entered the royal art academy in Madrid at age sixteen. Less than a year later, he abandoned his studies and soon joined several avant-garde artist and anarchist groups in Barcelona and Paris. After passing through a succession of stylistic periods, most notably the Blue (1901-1904) and Rose (1904-1906) Periods, he collaborated with Georges Braque (1882-1963) in 1908 to invent Cubism, a revolutionary method of restructuring pictorial space. Picasso remained active until his death in 1973. Although his art still appears radical, many of his works are over one hundred years old. Cubism, perhaps the most important development in 20th-century art, was invented around 1908 by Pablo Picasso (1881-1973) and Georges Braque (1882-1963). The most revolutionary aspect of the style was not its obvious emphasis on geometric form; rather, it was the introduction of a radically new approach to configuring pictorial space. Since the Renaissance, artists had used various methods to create the illusion of distant space receding behind the canvas surface. The Cubists rejected that idea and collapsed space by compressing foreground, middle ground, and background into a continuous web of overlapping, intersecting planes. During the 1910s, other painters and sculptors embraced or adapted Cubism to their own ends. This revolutionary approach inspired a host of related movements and continues to influence the visual language of artists, architects, and designers throughout the world.", "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1881", "death_year": "1973", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1958-11-29T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1906, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "spring\u2013summer 1906", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Figures in Pink"], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-04-03 13:35:08.927000"}, {"id": 124092, "accession_number": "1944.93", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Portrait of a Woman, c. 1665. Gerard ter Borch (Dutch, 1617\u20131681). Oil on canvas; framed: 87.5 x 77 x 7 cm (34 7/16 x 30 5/16 x 2 3/4 in.); unframed: 63.3 x 52.7 cm (24 15/16 x 20 3/4 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, The Elisabeth Severance Prentiss Collection, 1944.93", "current_location": "215 French, German, and Dutch", "title": "Portrait of a Woman", "creation_date": "c. 1665", "creation_date_earliest": 1650, "creation_date_latest": 1670, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["Netherlands"], "technique": "oil on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "P - Netherlandish-Dutch", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 87.5 x 77 x 7 cm (34 7/16 x 30 5/16 x 2 3/4 in.); Unframed: 63.3 x 52.7 cm (24 15/16 x 20 3/4 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 0.875, "width": 0.77, "depth": 0.07}, "unframed": {"height": 0.633, "width": 0.527}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 312517, "title": "The Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition", "description": "<i>The Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 26-October 4, 1936).", "opening_date": "1936-06-26T04:00:00"}, {"id": 311898, "title": "35th Anniversary Exhibition", "description": "<i>35th Anniversary Exhibition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 20-September 30, 1951).", "opening_date": "1951-06-20T04:00:00"}, {"id": 335881, "title": "Great Portraits by Famous Painters", "description": "<i>Great Portraits by Famous Painters</i>. Minneapolis Institute of Art, Minneapolis, MN (organizer) (November 11-December 23, 1952).", "opening_date": "1952-11-11T05:00:00"}, {"id": 335889, "title": "Seventeenth Century Dutch Paintings and Drawings", "description": "<i>Seventeenth Century Dutch Paintings and Drawings</i>. Akron Art Museum (organizer) (October 10-November 11, 1956).", "opening_date": "1956-10-10T04:00:00"}, {"id": 519242, "title": "Masters of Seven Centuries", "description": "<i>Masters of Seven Centuries</i>. Wildenstein & Co., New York, NY (February 27-March 31, 1962).", "opening_date": "1962-02-27T05:00:00"}, {"id": 300779, "title": "Juxtapositions", "description": "<i>Juxtapositions</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (September 11-October 10, 1965).", "opening_date": "1965-09-11T04:00:00"}, {"id": 301805, "title": "Dutch Art and Life in the Seventeenth Century", "description": "<i>Dutch Art and Life in the Seventeenth Century</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (July 10-September 2, 1973).", "opening_date": "1973-07-10T04:00:00"}, {"id": 335858, "title": "Dutch Seventeenth-Century Portraiture, the Golden Age", "description": "<i>Dutch Seventeenth-Century Portraiture, the Golden Age</i>. John and Mable Ringling Museum of Art, Sarasota, FL (organizer) (December 4, 1980-February 8, 1981).", "opening_date": "1980-12-04T05:00:00"}, {"id": 218296, "title": "Gerard ter Borch", "description": "<i>Gerard ter Borch</i>. National Gallery of Art, Landover, MD (November 7, 2004-January 30, 2005); The Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit, MI (February 28-May 22, 2005).", "opening_date": "2004-11-07T00:00:00"}, {"id": 223369, "title": "Rembrandt exhibition - Reciprocal Loan", "description": "<i>Rembrandt exhibition - Reciprocal Loan</i>. The Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City, MO (organizer) (October 30, 2011-September 16, 2012).", "opening_date": "2011-10-30T00:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>Exhibition of Works by the Old Masters and Deceased Masters of the British School. </em>London: Royal Academy of Arts, 1877, cat. no. 277.", "opening_date": null}, {"description": "<em>The Prentiss Bequest. </em>Cleveland Museum of Art, 1944, cat. no. 15.", "opening_date": "1944-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Old Masters from Midwestern Museums</em>. Grand Rapids (Michigan) Art Gallery, December 1, 1948-January 2, 1949.", "opening_date": "1948-12-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Dutch Painting: The Golden Age</em>. Metropolitan Museum of Art (October 28-December 15, 1954); Toledo (Ohio) Museum of Art (January 2-February 12, 1955); Art Gallery of Toronto (Canada) (February 19-March 25, 1955), cat. no. 11.", "opening_date": "1954-10-28T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Masters of Seven Centuries</em>. Wildenstein &amp; Co, New York. (February 27-March 31, 1962), cat. no. 21.", "opening_date": "1962-02-27T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "(presumably) Jan Jacob [Jean-Jacques de] Faesch [1755-1831], Amsterdam)", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->Previous provenance erroneously identified the seller with the renowned collector Cardinal Joseph Fesch (1763\u20131839). Jan Jacob Faesch was one of the richest Amsterdammers of his day. His wealth was derived principally from the sugar and coffee trade; he owned multiple estates in Surinam. He is included in a list compiled of the wealthiest Dutch citizens in c. 1812, with an income of 50,000 frcs. (see: Eduard de Biema, \u201cAmsterdamsche Fortuinen onder het Fransche Keizerrijk,\u201d <em>De Navorscher</em> 54 [1904], p. 318).&nbsp; Faesch sold his business in 1827 and his country retreat, Westermeer, in 1828.&nbsp; The 1833 auction sale catalogue refers to the seller as \u201cJean-Jacques de Jean-Jacques de Faesch\u201d\u2014probably an indication that the seller was a similarly-named son of Faesch, who had died two years earlier</div>"], "date": null, "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "(de Vries \u2026 Roos, Amsterdam, sale Jean-Jacques de Jean-Jacques de Faesch, July 3, 1833, no. 56 [\u201cEen prachtig gekleed Dame, staande bij een tafel en stoel, beide met rood bekleedsel\u201d, canvas, 6p 3d x 5p 1d; fl. 90, to Chaplin or Chaplen or Chapplaen])", "citations": [], "footnotes": [""], "date": "1833", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "F. Austen, London", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->Possibly [John] Francis Austen (1817\u20131893) of Capel Manor, Horsmonden, Kent. No painting of this description was included in the sale of the late J. F. Austen, London (Christie\u2019s), March 18, 1921.&nbsp;</div>"], "date": "1877", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "[M. Knoedler & Co., New York];", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "Elisabeth Severance Prentiss, Cleveland, 1923, by bequest to the Cleveland Museum of Art, 1944.", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->The art dealer Ren\u00e9 Gimpel mentions seeing the painting on a visit to the Prentiss home on May 31, 1923; see: Ren\u00e9 Gimpel, <em>Diary of an Art Dealer</em> (New York: Farrar, Straus, Giroux, 1966), p. 227.</div>"], "date": "by 1923", "sortorder": 5}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "The pair to this painting (in the National Gallery, London), depicts a man in equally fashionable dress.", "description": "Every detail of his subject\u2019s elaborate costume is skillfully recorded: glittering jewels, filmy lace, knots of ribbons, heavy black silk, and shimmering white satin. The ability to recreate satin\u2019s luster was Gerard ter Borch\u2019s particular trademark: he used fine flicks and sweeps of the brush, occasionally adding and wiping away tiny bits of paint to make the white fabric appear to shine. Ter Borch offset the profusion of costume detail by deliberately isolating the figure within a spare setting, allowing us to appreciate the woman\u2019s cool composure. Although her identity is not known, she was undoubtedly a member of the wealthy Dutch elite.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48804408"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1944.93-portrait-of-a-woman"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Graves, Algernon.<em> Century of Loan Exhibitions 1813-1912</em>. London: Graves, 1913.", "page_number": "Mentioned: vol. 3, p. 1301", "url": null}, {"citation": "Hofstede de Groot, C. P. <em>A Catalogue Raisonne\u0301 of the Works of the Most Eminent Dutch Painters of the Seventeenth Century.</em> 8 vols London: Macmillan and Co, 1908-.", "page_number": "Mentioned: vol. 5, p. 78, no. 220; p. 128, no. 416f.", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Catalogue of the Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition of the Cleveland Museum of Art: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition : June Twenty-Sixth to October Fourth 1936</em>. [Cleveland, Ohio]: [Cleveland Museum of Art], 1936.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 97, pl. LIII, cat. no. 245", "url": null}, {"citation": "Hannema, Frans. <em>Gerard Terborch</em>. Amsterdam: \"De Gulden ster\", 1943.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 101; Reproduced: p. 163", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Catalogue of the Elisabeth Severance Prentiss Collection : Bequest of Elisabeth Severance Prentiss, 1944.</em> [Cleveland]: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1944.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. [19], Plate VII, cat. no. 15; Mentioned: p. 28, cat. no. 15", "url": "https://archive.org/details/Prentiss/page/n32"}, {"citation": "Francis, Henry A. \"Paintings in the Prentiss Bequest,\" T<em>he Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art </em>31, no. 6 (June, 1944): 88-89.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 86", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Paintings in the Cleveland Museum of Art. </em>Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1945.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 23", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Great Portraits by Famous Painters</em>. Exh. cat. Minneapolis, Minn.: Minneapolis Institute of Arts, 1952.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Coe, Nancy. <em>The History of the Collecting of European Paintings and Drawings in the City of Cleveland</em>. Thesis M.A. Oberlin College, 1955.", "page_number": "Mentioned: v. 2, p. 217, no. 22; Reproduced pl. XLIII", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Handbook.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 441", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1958/page/n81"}, {"citation": "Gudlaugsson, S. J. <em>Geraert ter Borch</em>. 2 vols The Hague: M. Nijhoff, 1959-60.", "page_number": "Mentioned: vol. 1, p. 140, 337, vol. 2, p. 190; Reproduced: vol. 2 fig. 194", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Masters of Seven Centuries: Paintings and Drawings from the 14th to 20th Century; Loan Exhibition for the Benefit of the Wellesley College Faculty Salary Advancement Fund, March 1 to 31, 1962</em>. Exh. cat. New York: Wildenstein, 1962.", "page_number": "Mentioned: cat. no. 21", "url": null}, {"citation": "Gimpel, Rene\u0301. <em>Journal d'un Collectionneur, Marchand de Tableaux.</em> [Paris]: Calmann-Le\u0301vy, 1963.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 236", "url": null}, {"citation": "Payne, Blanche. <em>History of Costume: From the Ancient Egyptians to the Twentieth Century.</em> New York, NY: Harper &amp; Row, 1965.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 398", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 126", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n150"}, {"citation": "<em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 126", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n150"}, {"citation": "<em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 162", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n182"}, {"citation": "Wilson, William Harry. <em>Dutch Seventeenth Century Portraiture, the Golden Age</em>. Exh. cat. Sarasota, FL: The John and Mable Ringling Museum of Art, 1980.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 23, cat. no. 10", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art.<em> The Cleveland Museum of Art Catalogue of Paintings, Part 3: European Paintings of the 16th, 17th, and 18th Centuries</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1982.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 222; Reproduced: p. 223", "url": null}, {"citation": "Tortora, Phyllis G., and Keith Eubank. <em>A Survey of Historic Costume</em>. New York, NY: Fairchild Publications, 1989.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 157, fig. 10.10", "url": null}, {"citation": "MacLaren, Neil, and Christopher Brown. T<em>he Dutch School, 1600-1900. </em>2 vols. London: National Gallery Publications, 1991.", "page_number": "Mentioned: vol. 1, p. 39-40", "url": null}, {"citation": "Chong, Alan.<em> European &amp; American Painting in the Cleveland Museum of Art: A Summary Catalogue.</em> Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1993.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 18", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kettering, Alison McNeil. \"Gerard Ter Borch's Portraits for the Deventer Elite.\" <em>Simiolus: Netherlands Quarterly for the History of Art</em> 27, no. 1/2 (1999): 46-69.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 51, no. 9", "url": null}, {"citation": "Wheelock, Arthur K.. <em>Gerard Ter Borch.</em> Washington, D.C.: National Gallery of Art, 2004.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 148", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Exhibition of Works by the Old Masters and Deceased Masters of the British School. </em>Exh. Cat. London: Royal Academy of Arts, in association with William Clowes and Sons, 1877.<em><br></em>", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 49, no. 277", "url": "https://www.royalacademy.org.uk/art-artists/exhibition-catalogue/1877-old-masters-and-deceased-masters-of-the-british-school"}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1944.93", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1944.93/1944.93_web.jpg", "width": "739", "height": "893", "filesize": "419762", "filename": "1944.93_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1944.93/1944.93_print.jpg", "width": "2814", "height": "3400", "filesize": "6953994", "filename": "1944.93_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1944.93/1944.93_full.tif", "width": "4417", "height": "5335", "filesize": "70722024", "filename": "1944.93_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1944.93/1944.93_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "739", "height": "893", "filesize": "409609"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1944.93/1944.93_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "2813", "height": "3400", "filesize": "6048904"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1944.93/1944.93_alt0_full.tif", "width": "3778", "height": "4567", "filesize": "51784672"}}, {"date_created": "2009-05-12T13:16:06", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1944.93/1944.93_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "736", "height": "893", "filesize": "397436"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1944.93/1944.93_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "2802", "height": "3400", "filesize": "6311752"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1944.93/1944.93_alt1_full.tif", "width": "4619", "height": "5605", "filesize": "77700796"}}, {"date_created": "2009-05-12T13:23:24", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1944.93/1944.93_alt2_web.jpg", "width": "732", "height": "893", "filesize": "479237"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1944.93/1944.93_alt2_print.jpg", "width": "2786", "height": "3400", "filesize": "7724472"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1944.93/1944.93_alt2_full.tif", "width": "4786", "height": "5841", "filesize": "83898472"}}, {"date_created": "2009-05-11T18:28:30", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1944.93/1944.93_alt3_web.jpg", "width": "785", "height": "893", "filesize": "463359"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1944.93/1944.93_alt3_print.jpg", "width": "2987", "height": "3400", "filesize": "6938625"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1944.93/1944.93_alt3_full.tif", "width": "4631", "height": "5271", "filesize": "73263760"}}], "creditline": "The Elisabeth Severance Prentiss Collection", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Samuel Rosenthal Family Gallery", "athena_id": 124092, "creators": [{"id": 2590, "description": "Gerard ter Borch (Dutch, 1617\u20131681)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1617", "death_year": "1681", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1944-03-17T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1650, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 1665", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Portrait of a Lady Standing"], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-04-01 14:34:44.925000"}, {"id": 111479, "accession_number": "1929.96", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "The Miracles of Saint James the Greater, 1726. No\u00ebl Nicolas Coypel (French, 1690\u20131734). Oil on canvas; framed: 129.5 x 107.5 x 10.5 cm (51 x 42 5/16 x 4 1/8 in.); unframed: 102 x 80.7 cm (40 3/16 x 31 3/4 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Gift of Felix Wildenstein, 1929.96", "current_location": "215 French, German, and Dutch", "title": "The Miracles of Saint James the Greater", "creation_date": "1726", "creation_date_earliest": 1726, "creation_date_latest": 1726, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["France, 18th century"], "technique": "oil on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "P - French 18th Century", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 129.5 x 107.5 x 10.5 cm (51 x 42 5/16 x 4 1/8 in.); Unframed: 102 x 80.7 cm (40 3/16 x 31 3/4 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 1.295, "width": 1.075, "depth": 0.105}, "unframed": {"height": 1.02, "width": 0.807}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "Signed lower left: \"N. Coypel / 1726\"", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 346817, "title": "Art of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries", "description": "<i>Art of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (November 9-December 2, 1934).", "opening_date": "1934-11-09T05:00:00"}, {"id": 312517, "title": "The Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition", "description": "<i>The Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 26-October 4, 1936).", "opening_date": "1936-06-26T04:00:00"}, {"id": 335745, "title": "H\u00e9ritage de France, French Painting 1610-1760", "description": "<i>H\u00e9ritage de France, French Painting 1610-1760</i>. Montr\u00e9al Museum of Fine Arts (organizer) (October 6-November 6, 1961); Mus\u00e9e national des beaux-arts du Qu\u00e9bec (November 16-December 6, 1961); National Gallery of Canada (January 4-February 4, 1962); Art Gallery of Ontario (February 16-March 18, 1962).", "opening_date": "1961-10-04T04:00:00"}, {"id": 519008, "title": "Heritage de France, French Painting 1610-1760", "description": "<i>Heritage de France, French Painting 1610-1760</i>. Montr\u00e9al Museum of Fine Arts, Montreal (October 6-November 6, 1961); Mus\u00e9e national des beaux-arts du Qu\u00e9bec,  Quebec City, Canada (November 16-December 16, 1961); National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Ont.,, Canada (January 4-February 4, 1962); Art Gallery of Ontario, Ontario M5T 1G4, Canada (organizer) (February 16-March 18, 1962).", "opening_date": "1961-10-06T04:00:00"}, {"id": 335753, "title": "Great Stories in Art", "description": "<i>Great Stories in Art</i>. Denver Art Museum, Denver, CO (organizer) (February 13-March 27, 1966).", "opening_date": "1966-02-13T05:00:00"}, {"id": 515898, "title": "Great Stories in Art", "description": "<i>Great Stories in Art</i>. Denver Art Museum, Denver, CO (organizer) (February 13-March 27, 1966).", "opening_date": "1966-02-13T05:00:00"}], "legacy": []}, "provenance": [{"description": "Elliott Gregory (New York, New York)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": null}, {"description": "Felix Wildenstein, by gift to the Cleveland Museum of Art, 1929.", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": null}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": null, "description": "No\u00ebl Nicolas Coypel combined two stories associated with Saint James the Greater, one of the twelve apostles of Christ. In the foreground is the magician Hermogenes, begging forgiveness. Hermogenes had cast a spell on James, but the saint turned the curse back on him. When James offered to protect Hermogenes against the demons assaulting him, the magician cast aside his pagan texts in favor of Christianity. According to the second legend, James miraculously cured a paralytic man (in the middle ground at right), thereby averting his own execution and causing the prosecutor to convert. Although this painting is relatively small, the clear composition, grand architectural setting, and dignified and expressive poses of the figures endow it with monumental presence.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60513326"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1929.96-the-miracles-of-sain"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "\"Cleveland.\" <em>ARTnews </em>(May 11, 1929): 22.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 22", "url": null}, {"citation": "Montreal Museum of Fine Arts. <em>He\u0301ritage De France; French Painting 1610-1760</em>. Montreal: Museum of Fine Arts, 1961.", "page_number": "Mentioned: cat. no. 20, Reproduced: p. 90", "url": null}, {"citation": "Argencourt, Louise d', and Roger Diederen. <em>Catalogue of Paintings. Pt. 3. European Paintings of the 16th, 17th, and 18th Centuries</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1974.", "page_number": "Reproduced and mentioned: p. 63-65, cat. no. 27", "url": null}, {"citation": "Talbot, W. S. \"Jean-Francois De Troy: Pan and Syrinx.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art </em>LXI, no. 8 (October, 1974): 250-259.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 254", "url": null}, {"citation": "Rosenberg, Pierre. <em>The Age of Louis XV: French Painting 1710-1774 </em>: [Exhibition] 1975-1976, the Toledo Museum of Art, October 26-December 7, the Art Institute of Chicago, January 10-February 22, the National Gallery of Canada, March 21-May 2. [Toledo, OH]: Toledo Museum of Art, 1975.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 31", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lomax, David. \"Noe\u0308l-Nicolas Coypel (1690-1734).\" <em>Revue De L'Art </em>57 (1982): 29-48.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 42", "url": null}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1929.96", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1929.96/1929.96_web.jpg", "width": "702", "height": "893", "filesize": "404167", "filename": "1929.96_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1929.96/1929.96_print.jpg", "width": "2673", "height": "3400", "filesize": "5404544", "filename": "1929.96_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1929.96/1929.96_full.tif", "width": "4596", "height": "5846", "filesize": "80638252", "filename": "1929.96_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1929.96/1929.96_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "708", "height": "893", "filesize": "438069"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1929.96/1929.96_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "2696", "height": "3400", "filesize": "5778208"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1929.96/1929.96_alt0_full.tif", "width": "3965", "height": "5000", "filesize": "59494248"}}, {"date_created": "2009-04-27T19:32:41", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1929.96/1929.96_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "721", "height": "893", "filesize": "434044"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1929.96/1929.96_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "2744", "height": "3400", "filesize": "6820571"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1929.96/1929.96_alt1_full.tif", "width": "4877", "height": "6042", "filesize": "88433088"}}, {"date_created": "2009-04-27T15:12:02", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1929.96/1929.96_alt2_web.jpg", "width": "758", "height": "893", "filesize": "564607"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1929.96/1929.96_alt2_print.jpg", "width": "2886", "height": "3400", "filesize": "7887658"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1929.96/1929.96_alt2_full.tif", "width": "4992", "height": "5881", "filesize": "88111480"}}], "creditline": "Gift of Felix Wildenstein", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Samuel Rosenthal Family Gallery", "athena_id": 111479, "creators": [{"id": 1907, "description": "No\u00ebl Nicolas Coypel (French, 1690\u20131734)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1690", "death_year": "1734", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1929-03-12T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1726, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1726", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["St. James the Greater and the Magician Hermogenes", "St. James the Great and the Magician"], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:09:41.943000"}, {"id": 93234, "accession_number": "1926.1653", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "On the Beach, No. 3, c. 1915\u201318. Maurice Prendergast (American, born Newfoundland [now Canada], 1858\u20131924). Oil on canvas; framed: 81 x 103 x 6.5 cm (31 7/8 x 40 9/16 x 2 9/16 in.); unframed: 66 x 85.1 cm (26 x 33 1/2 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Hinman B. Hurlbut Collection, 1926.1653", "current_location": "208 American Gilded Age and Realism", "title": "On the Beach, No. 3", "creation_date": "c. 1915\u201318", "creation_date_earliest": 1915, "creation_date_latest": 1915, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["America"], "technique": "oil on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "American Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "American - Painting", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 81 x 103 x 6.5 cm (31 7/8 x 40 9/16 x 2 9/16 in.); Unframed: 66 x 85.1 cm (26 x 33 1/2 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 0.81, "width": 1.03, "depth": 0.065}, "unframed": {"height": 0.66, "width": 0.851}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "signed lower left:  Prendergast; annotated on verso, \"The Beach.\"", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 354889, "title": "The Maurice Prendergast Memorial Exhibition", "description": "<i>The Maurice Prendergast Memorial Exhibition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (January 15-February 15, 1926).", "opening_date": "1926-01-15T05:00:00"}, {"id": 312517, "title": "The Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition", "description": "<i>The Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 26-October 4, 1936).", "opening_date": "1936-06-26T04:00:00"}, {"id": 312462, "title": "Exhibition of American Painting from 1860 Until Today", "description": "<i>Exhibition of American Painting from 1860 Until Today</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 23-October 4, 1937).", "opening_date": "1937-06-23T04:00:00"}, {"id": 312153, "title": "The Eight", "description": "<i>The Eight</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (February 9-March 4, 1944).", "opening_date": "1944-02-09T05:00:00"}, {"id": 444775, "title": "Puvis de Chavannes and The Modern Tradition", "description": "<i>Puvis de Chavannes and The Modern Tradition</i>. Art Gallery of Ontario, Ontario M5T 1G4, Canada (organizer) (October 24-November 30, 1975).", "opening_date": "1975-10-24T04:00:00"}, {"id": 222616, "title": "Verso l'Arte Moderna, da Puvis de Chavannes a Matisse e Picasso", "description": "<i>Verso l'Arte Moderna, da Puvis de Chavannes a Matisse e Picasso</i>. Palazzo Grassi spa, 30124 Venice, Italy (organizer) (February 10-June 16, 2002).", "opening_date": "2002-02-10T00:00:00"}, {"id": 184052, "title": "Cleveland Collects American Art of the Gilded Age", "description": "<i>Cleveland Collects American Art of the Gilded Age</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (February 23-May 18, 2003).", "opening_date": "2003-02-23T00:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "New York, C.W.Kraushaar Art Galleries, Memorial Exhibition of Paintings and Water Colors by Maurice Prendergast (16 February-4 March 1925), cat. no. 33, title given: Beach Scene, No. 3.", "opening_date": "1925-02-16T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Chicago, Art Insitute of Chicago, Special Exhibition: Sculpture by Nancy Cox-McCormack, Mural Paintings by Puvis de Chavvanes, Albert Besnard, and the National Society of Mural Painters, Decorative Paintings by Eduard Buk Ulreich, Drawings and Lithographs by C.O. Woodbury, Paintings by Maurice Prendergast (17 March-24 April 1925), cat. no. 22", "opening_date": "1925-03-17T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Cleveland, The Cleveland Museum of Art, The Maurice Prendergast Memorial Exhibition (16 January-15 February 1926), cat. no. 9.", "opening_date": "1926-01-16T00:00:00"}, {"description": "New York, Whitney Museum of American Art, Maurice Prendergast Memorial Exhibition (21 February-22 March 1934).", "opening_date": "1934-02-21T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Saginaw, MI, Saginaw Museum, An Exhibition of American Painting from Colonial Times Until Today (10 January-15 February 1948), no. 46.", "opening_date": "1948-01-10T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Boston, Museum of Fine Arts, Maurice Prendergast, 1859-1924 (26 October-4 December 1960); traveled to Hartford, Wadsworth Athenaeum (29 December 1960-5 February 1961); to New York, Whitney Museum of American Art (21 February-2 April 1961); to San Francisco, California Palace of the Legion of Honor (22 April-3 June 1961); to Cleveland, The Cleveland Museum of Art (20 June-30 July 1961); cat. no. 43, illus. p. 57.", "opening_date": "1960-10-26T00:00:00"}, {"description": "San Francisco, San Francisco Museum of Art; simultaneously held at San Francisco, M. H. de Young Memorial Museum, and San Francisco, California Palace of the Legion of Honor (see Foreword), Man: Glory, Jest, Riddle, A Survey of the Human Form Through the Ages (10 November 1964-3 January 1965), cat. no. 277.", "opening_date": "1964-11-10T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Grand Rapids, MI, Grand Rapids Museum, 20th Century American Painting (1-30 April 1967), cat. no. 7, illus. p. 7.", "opening_date": "1967-04-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Toronto, Art Gallery of Ontario, Puvis de Chavannes and The Modern Tradition (24 October-30 November 1970), cat. no. 84, illus. p. 188.", "opening_date": "1970-10-24T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "(Kraushaar Galleries, New York). (bought by CMA 1926)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": null}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": ["209.1926", "1653.1926"], "did_you_know": "Three modes of transportation appear in this composition: a ship, horse, and donkey cart.", "description": "Prendergast developed a distinctive painting style featuring rounded patches of thickly applied color. Like many of his works, <em>On the Beach, No. 3</em> visually approximates a densely woven tapestry.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107336327", "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60502128"], "internet_archive": []}, "citations": [{"citation": "Whitney Museum of American Art. Maurice Prendergast Memorial Exhibition, February Twenty-First to March Twenty-Second, Nineteen-Thirty-Four. New York: Whitney Museum of American Art, 1934.", "page_number": "cat. no. 63, listed p. 14.", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. Catalogue of the Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition of the Cleveland Museum of Art: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition : June Twenty-Sixth to October Fourth 1936. [Cleveland, Ohio]: [Cleveland Museum of Art], 1936.", "page_number": "cat. no. 365", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Catalogue of an Exhibition of American Painting from 1860 until Today at the Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> [Cleveland]: [Printed by the Artcraft Printing Co.], 1937.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 36, no. 154", "url": null}, {"citation": "Milliken, William M. \"Department of Paintings.\" <em>Annual Report</em>. 11. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1922.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 33-35", "url": null}, {"citation": "Milliken, William M. \"Two Recent American Paintings Acquired for the Hinman B. Hurlbut Collection.\" <em>The Bulletin of The Cleveland Museum of Art. </em>14:1 (January, 1927).", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 9-11; Reproduced: p. 15", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"The Story of American Painting is Retold in Cleveland Exhibition.\" <em>The Art Digest. </em>11:19 (1 August 1937). pp. 5-9.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>National Cyclopedia of American Biography</em>. New York: 1943.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 398-399", "url": null}, {"citation": "Rhys, Hadley Howell<em>. Maurice Prendergast: The Sources and Development of His Style.</em> Ph.D. dissertation,Harvard University, 1952.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 162", "url": null}, {"citation": "Simon, John. \"Maurice Prendergast.\" <em>The New York Times,</em> February 26, 1967.", "page_number": "Reproduced", "url": null}, {"citation": "Hamilton, George Heard. <em>19th and 20th Century Art: Painting, Sculpture, Architecture</em>. New York: H.N. Abrams, 1970.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 281, 283; Reproduced: p. 287", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. \"A Check List: American Paintings and Water Colors of the Eighteenth, Nineteenth, and Early Twentieth Centuries in The Cleveland Museum of Art.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. 60:1 (January, 1973). pp. 1-36.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 32", "url": null}, {"citation": "Argan, Giulio Carlo, and Rossana Bossaglia. <em>Die Kunst des 20. Jahrhunderts, 1880-1940</em>. Berlin: Propyla\u0308en-Verlag, 1977.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 115-116, 139; Reproduced: 38b", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Selection VII: American Paintings from the Museum's Collection, c.1800-1930.\" <em>Bulletin of Rhode Island School of Design. </em>63:5 (April, 1977).", "page_number": "Reproduced: cat. 100", "url": null}, {"citation": "Sims, Patterson. <em>Maurice B. Prendergast: A Concentration of Works from the Permanent Collection. </em>New York: Whitney Museum of American Art, 1979.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 3-9, 26, 30-31", "url": null}, {"citation": "Clark, Carol, Nancy Mowll Mathews, and Gwendolyn Owens. <em>Maurice Brazil Prendergast, Charles Prendergast: A Catalogue Raisonne\u0301</em>. Williamstown, MA: Williams College Museum of Art, 1990.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 308; Reproduced: cat. 430", "url": null}, {"citation": "Adams, Henry. \"Maurice Prendergast.\" <em>International Dictionary of Art and Artists,</em> ed. James Vinson. Chicago: St. James Press, 1990.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 751", "url": null}, {"citation": "Chong, Alan. <em>European &amp; American Painting in the Cleveland Museum of Art: A Summary Catalogue</em>. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1993.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 186", "url": null}, {"citation": "Wattenmaker, Richard J. <em>Maurice Prendergast</em>. New York: Harry N. Abrams in association with the National Museum of American Art, Smithsonian Institution, 1994. pp. 117-156", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 136, fig. 119", "url": null}, {"citation": "Clark, Carol. \"Prendergast, Maurice (Brazil).\" <em>The</em> <em>Dictionary of Art, </em>ed. J. S. Turner<em>. </em>25.New York: Grove, 1996.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 552-554; Reproduced: p. 553", "url": null}, {"citation": "Hughes, Robert. <em>American Visions: The Epic History of Art in America</em>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1997.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 266-269; Reproduced: p. 269", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lemoine, Serge. <em>From Puvis De Chavannes to Matisse and Picasso: Toward Modern Art.</em> Milano: Bompiani, 2002.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 450, fig. 156", "url": null}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1926.1653", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1926.1653/1926.1653_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "683", "filesize": "507062", "filename": "1926.1653_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1926.1653/1926.1653_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2581", "filesize": "5625392", "filename": "1926.1653_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1926.1653/1926.1653_full.tif", "width": "12613", "height": "9576", "filesize": "362380236", "filename": "1926.1653_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1926.1653/1926.1653_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "1164", "height": "893", "filesize": "1072006"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1926.1653/1926.1653_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2608", "filesize": "3340305"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1926.1653/1926.1653_alt0_full.tif", "width": "5000", "height": "3836", "filesize": "57580984"}}, {"date_created": "2023-08-14T14:07:05", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1926.1653/1926.1653_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "684", "filesize": "509897"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1926.1653/1926.1653_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2583", "filesize": "5306340"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1926.1653/1926.1653_alt1_full.tif", "width": "12619", "height": "9588", "filesize": "363007528"}}, {"date_created": "2023-08-14T14:17:50", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1926.1653/1926.1653_alt2_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "677", "filesize": "188328"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1926.1653/1926.1653_alt2_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2559", "filesize": "1565314"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1926.1653/1926.1653_alt2_full.tif", "width": "12917", "height": "9721", "filesize": "376725572"}}, {"date_created": "2023-08-14T10:13:29", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1926.1653/1926.1653_alt3_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "727", "filesize": "434526"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1926.1653/1926.1653_alt3_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2748", "filesize": "4646954"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1926.1653/1926.1653_alt3_full.tif", "width": "11058", "height": "8936", "filesize": "296475816"}}], "creditline": "Hinman B. Hurlbut Collection", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "The Cleveland Foundation Gallery", "athena_id": 93234, "creators": [{"id": 3246, "description": "Maurice Prendergast (American, born Newfoundland [now Canada], 1858\u20131924)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1858", "death_year": "1924", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1926-02-18T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1915, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 1915\u201318", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:01:58.705000"}, {"id": 108555, "accession_number": "1926.26", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Nymphs and a Satyr (Amor Vincit Omnia), c. 1625\u201327. Nicolas Poussin (French, 1594\u20131665). Oil on canvas; framed: 121 x 152 x 7 cm (47 5/8 x 59 13/16 x 2 3/4 in.); unframed: 97 x 127.5 cm (38 3/16 x 50 3/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Gift of J. H. Wade, 1926.26", "current_location": "212 Baroque Painting and Sculpture", "title": "Nymphs and a Satyr (Amor Vincit Omnia)", "creation_date": "c. 1625\u201327", "creation_date_earliest": 1625, "creation_date_latest": 1627, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["France, 17th century"], "technique": "oil on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "P - French 17th Century", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 121 x 152 x 7 cm (47 5/8 x 59 13/16 x 2 3/4 in.); Unframed: 97 x 127.5 cm (38 3/16 x 50 3/16 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 1.21, "width": 1.52, "depth": 0.07}, "unframed": {"height": 0.97, "width": 1.275}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 346817, "title": "Art of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries", "description": "<i>Art of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (November 9-December 2, 1934).", "opening_date": "1934-11-09T05:00:00"}, {"id": 312517, "title": "The Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition", "description": "<i>The Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 26-October 4, 1936).", "opening_date": "1936-06-26T04:00:00"}, {"id": 312341, "title": "The Silver Jubilee Exhibition", "description": "<i>The Silver Jubilee Exhibition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 23-September 28, 1941).", "opening_date": "1941-06-23T04:00:00"}, {"id": 300859, "title": "The Venetian Tradition", "description": "<i>The Venetian Tradition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (November 8, 1956-January 1, 1957).", "opening_date": "1956-11-08T05:00:00"}, {"id": 520844, "title": "Our Neighboring Museums", "description": "<i>Our Neighboring Museums</i>. Akron Art Museum, Akron, OH (organizer) (December 1, 1964-January 3, 1965).", "opening_date": "1964-12-01T05:00:00"}, {"id": 445802, "title": "Baroque Art, Era of Elegance", "description": "<i>Baroque Art, Era of Elegance</i>. Denver Art Museum, Denver, CO (organizer) (October 3-November 15, 1971).", "opening_date": "1971-10-03T04:00:00"}, {"id": 442676, "title": "Man and Nature: A View of the Seventeenth Century", "description": "<i>Man and Nature: A View of the Seventeenth Century</i>. Art Gallery of Hamilton, Hamilton, Canada (organizer) (August 17-September 28, 1980).", "opening_date": "1980-08-17T04:00:00"}, {"id": 220985, "title": "The First Roman Years of Nicolas Poussin", "description": "<i>The First Roman Years of Nicolas Poussin</i>. Palazzo delle Esposizioni, Rome (November 26, 1998-March 1, 1999).", "opening_date": "1998-11-26T00:00:00"}, {"id": 207318, "title": "Poussin and Nature", "description": "<i>Poussin and Nature</i>. Museo de Bellas Artes, Bilbao, 48011 Bilbao, Spain (October 8, 2007-January 13, 2008); The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY (organizer) (February 11-May 11, 2008).", "opening_date": "2007-10-08T00:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "Paris, Petit Palais, 1925: \"Exposiion du Paysage Francais de Poussin \u00e0 Corot,\" cat. no. 270.", "opening_date": "1925-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "CMA, 1936: \"the Twentieth Anniverary Exhibiton of the CMA,\" cat. no. 227, repr.", "opening_date": "1936-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Rochester, New York, Memoril Art Gallery, Dec. 4-Dec. 31, 1936: \"Rebels in Art,\" (no catalogue).", "opening_date": "1936-12-04T00:00:00"}, {"description": "New York, m. Knoedler &amp; co., April 10-may 6, 1939: \"Loan Exhibition, Pollaiuolo to Picasso-Classics of the Nude,\" cat. no. 12, repr. pl. 12.", "opening_date": "1939-04-10T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Columbus (Ohio) Gallery of Fine Art, October 5-November 5, 1939: \"A Concert of Masterpieces,\" catalogue: Colmbus Gallery of Fine Arts Monthly Bulletin, October, 1939, no. 8.", "opening_date": "1939-10-05T00:00:00"}, {"description": "New York, Durlacher Brothers, March 13-April 6, 1940: \"Exhibition of Paintings and Drawings by Nicolas Poussin,\" (no catalogue; for the benefit of the Institute of Fine Arts, New York University).", "opening_date": "1940-03-13T00:00:00"}, {"description": "New York, World's Fair, May 11-October 28, 1940: \"Masterpieces of Art,\" cat. no. 58,", "opening_date": "1940-05-11T00:00:00"}, {"description": "CMA, 1956: \"The Venetian Tradition,\" cat. no. 31, repr. (catalogue by Henry S Francis).", "opening_date": "1956-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Akron (Ohio) Art Institute, December 1, 1964-January 3, 1965: \"Our Neighboring Museum,\" (no catalogue).", "opening_date": "1964-12-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Paris 1960, no. 33", "opening_date": "1960-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Rome, Italy; Comune di Roma-Palazzo delle Esposizioni, 11/26/98 - 3/1/99 \"The first Roman Years of Nicolas Poussin\" (I primi anni romani.) Exhibition catalog no. 20, p. 72.", "opening_date": "1998-11-26T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Museo de Bellas Artes de Bilbao (10/8/2007 - 1/13/2008) and Metropolitan Museum of Art (2/11/2008 - 5/11/2008):  \"Poussin and Nature\", ex. cat. no. 14, p.158-159.", "opening_date": "2007-10-08T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Cassiano dal Pozzo (Rome, Italy) to Gabriele dal Pozzo (1695, 1740)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": null}, {"description": "Lord Radstock, sold, Christie's, London, May 13, 1826, lot 27)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": null}, {"description": "Private collection, sold Phillips, London, 1829)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": null}, {"description": "Lord Northwick, Thirlestane House, near Cheltenham, by 1837, sold, Phillips, London, August 24, 1859, lot 1809)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": null}, {"description": "J. S. W.S. Erle Drax, Esq., Olantigh Towers, Wye, Kent, sold Christie's,London, February 19 and 21, 1910, lot 105, to Cohen", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": null}, {"description": "Cohen", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": null}, {"description": "David Horner, London, by 1925", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": null}, {"description": "Durlacher Brothers (London, England), sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art, 1926.", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": null}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "After arriving in Rome and experiencing financial instability, Nicolas Poussin turned to painting more popular, lucrative mythological scenes, such as those depicting nymphs and satyrs.", "description": "Like his colleague Claude Lorrain, Poussin depicted historical and mythological subjects in landscapes inspired by the countryside around Rome. His themes were often complex, and frequently incorporated witty allusions to classical texts. Here, a playful cupid tugs Pan, the goatlegged Greek god of the woods, toward Venus, the goddess of love. The painting cleverly illustrates the Latin phrase amor vincit omnia, or \u201clove conquers all\u201d (in Greek, pan means \u201call\u201d). The woodland setting represents the idyllic paradise of Pan\u2019s home.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60503645"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1926.26-nymphs-and-a-satyr-a"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "\"The Last Gift of J. H. Wade: Landscape with Nymphs and Satyrs by Nicolas Poussin.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art </em>13, no.4 (April 1926): 86-89", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 88-89", "url": ""}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1928.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 34", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1928/page/n38"}, {"citation": "Milliken, William. \"Silver Jubilee Exhibition.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art </em>28, no.6 (June 1941): 88-108", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 90", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25140932"}, {"citation": "<em>Paintings in the Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> [Cleveland]: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1945.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 28", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAPaintings1945/page/n36"}, {"citation": "Francis, Henry. \"'Roman Campagna near Tivoli' by Claude Gell\u00e9e de Lorrain.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art </em>33, no. 10 (December 1946): 178-180.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 179", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25141321"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Handbook.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 479", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1958/page/n88"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 116", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n140"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Catalogue of Paintings, Part 3: European Paintings of the 16th, 17th, and 18th Centuries</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1982.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 118; Mentioned: p. 119-120", "url": null}, {"citation": "Coen, Paolo, ed. T<em>he Art Market in Rome in the Eighteenth Century: A Study in the Social History of Art. </em>Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2019.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 77; Reproduced: p.79", "url": null}, {"citation": "Albl, Stefan, and Pietro Testa. Pietro Testa: Maler in Rom und Lucca (1612-1650). 2021.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 270, A. 18.", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1926.26", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1926.26/1926.26_web.jpg", "width": "1177", "height": "893", "filesize": "665574", "filename": "1926.26_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1926.26/1926.26_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2580", "filesize": "5494409", "filename": "1926.26_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1926.26/1926.26_full.tif", "width": "4840", "height": "3672", "filesize": "53347080", "filename": "1926.26_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2006-07-27T14:47:51", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1926.26/1926.26_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "1177", "height": "893", "filesize": "670438"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1926.26/1926.26_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "4400", "height": "3338", "filesize": "8785047"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1926.26/1926.26_alt0_full.tif", "width": "4840", "height": "3672", "filesize": "53347080"}}, {"date_created": "2008-06-23T18:32:54", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1926.26/1926.26_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "1093", "height": "893", "filesize": "804443"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1926.26/1926.26_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2779", "filesize": "6937561"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1926.26/1926.26_alt1_full.tif", "width": "4237", "height": "3463", "filesize": "44063076"}}], "creditline": "Gift of J. H. Wade", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Reinberger Gallery", "athena_id": 108555, "creators": [{"id": 1946, "description": "Nicolas Poussin (French, 1594\u20131665)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1594", "death_year": "1665", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1926-02-18T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1625, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 1625\u201327", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:04:33.585000"}, {"id": 128838, "accession_number": "1951.453", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Altarpiece with The Passion of Christ, c. 1440s. Master of the Schl\u00e4gl Altarpiece (German). Oil and gold on wood; framed: 88.9 x 157.5 x 8.3 cm (35 x 62 x 3 1/4 in.); unframed: 74.3 x 69.8 cm (29 1/4 x 27 1/2 in.); part 1: 84.9 x 81.4 x 8.3 cm (33 7/16 x 32 1/16 x 3 1/4 in.); part 2: 84.6 x 152.2 x 8.3 cm (33 5/16 x 59 15/16 x 3 1/4 in.); part 3: 84.6 x 78.7 x 8.3 cm (33 5/16 x 31 x 3 1/4 in.); panel: 36.2 x 35 cm (14 1/4 x 13 3/4 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Mr. and Mrs. William H. Marlatt Fund, 1951.453", "current_location": "111 German and Austrian Gothic", "title": "Altarpiece with The Passion of Christ", "creation_date": "c. 1440s", "creation_date_earliest": 1440, "creation_date_latest": 1449, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["Germany"], "technique": "oil and gold on wood", "support_materials": [], "department": "Medieval Art", "collection": "MED - Medieval Art", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 88.9 x 157.5 x 8.3 cm (35 x 62 x 3 1/4 in.); Unframed: 74.3 x 69.8 cm (29 1/4 x 27 1/2 in.); Part 1: 84.9 x 81.4 x 8.3 cm (33 7/16 x 32 1/16 x 3 1/4 in.); Part 2: 84.6 x 152.2 x 8.3 cm (33 5/16 x 59 15/16 x 3 1/4 in.); Part 3: 84.6 x 78.7 x 8.3 cm (33 5/16 x 31 x 3 1/4 in.); Panel: 36.2 x 35 cm (14 1/4 x 13 3/4 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 0.889, "width": 1.575, "depth": 0.083}, "unframed": {"height": 0.743, "width": 0.698}, "part 1": {"height": 0.849, "width": 0.814, "depth": 0.083}, "part 2": {"height": 0.846, "width": 1.522, "depth": 0.083}, "part 3": {"height": 0.846, "width": 0.787, "depth": 0.083}, "panel": {"height": 0.362, "width": 0.35}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>Westfa\u0308lische Maler der Spa\u0308tgotik 1440-1490</em>, Landesmuseum, Munster, German (June 20 - September30, 1952).", "opening_date": "2020-06-01T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Schl\u00e4gl Abbey, Austria", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "-1930s", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "(Rosenberg & Stiebel, New York, NY, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "-1951", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1951-", "sortorder": 3}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "In 2012 the museum's conservation department created a new frame that was stylistically more appropriate for this altarpiece.", "description": "The visual focus of this altarpiece is the suffering and death of Christ on the cross. So-called Passion cycles in art include the events leading up to and following the Crucifixion, not only as single subjects but as scenes meant to be read in sequence. Passion cycles were promoted by the two great teaching orders, the Franciscans and the Dominicans, for whom this subject represented the main religious drama of their churches, and also by the German mystics who advocated private contemplation on the humanity and suffering of Christ. The original context for this altarpiece remains unknown, but it was probably made for a religious institution in Westphalia in the Rhine Valley. During the 1870s it was given to the Abbey of Schl\u00e4gl, near Linz in Upper Austria, from which both altarpiece and artist take their names. The altarpiece is not preserved today in its original format, and some of the individual scenes are missing. Scholars continue to debate the original number of scenes and their sequencing; nine of the original panels have survived.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60515888"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1951.453-altarpiece-with-the"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Tietze, Hans \"Ein Passionszyklus im Stift Schl\u00e4gl,\" <em>Jahrbuch des kunsthistorischen Instituts der Zentralkommission f\u00fcr Denkmalpflege</em> VII (1913).", "page_number": "pp. 173-81, 187", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Heise, Carl Georg. <em>Norddeutsche malerei: Studien zur ihrer Entwicklungsgeschichte im 15</em>. [i.e. fu\u0308nfzehnten] Jahrhundert von Ko\u0308ln bis Hamburg. Leipzig: K. Wolff, 1918.", "page_number": "pp. 68-69, fig. 62", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Hugelschofer, Walter \"Der Hochaltar von 1457 des Klosters Marienfeld in Westfalen,\" <em>Zeitschrift f\u00fcr bildende Kunst</em> n.s. XXXVI (1926-1927).", "page_number": "p. 184", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Hainisch, Erwin \"Schlagl, 2 in Georg Dehio,\" <em>Hanbuch der deutschen Kunstdenkmaler II: Osterreich</em> (Vienna and Berlin, 1935).", "page_number": "p. 584", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Sommer, Johannes \"Johann Koerbecke, der Meister des Marienfelder Altares von 1457,\" <em>Westfalen </em>XVI (1937).", "page_number": "p. 42", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Stange, Alfred. <em>Deutsche Malerei der Gotik 3</em>. Mu\u0308nchen u.a: Dt. Kunstverl, 1938.", "page_number": "figs. 273-74", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Busch, Harald<em>. Meister des Nordens; die Altniederdeutsche Malerei, 1450-1550</em>. Hamburg: Ellermann, 1943.", "page_number": "p. 66", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Rensing, Theodor \"Der Meister von Schoppingen,\" <em>Westfallen</em>, XXVII (1948).", "page_number": "pp. 224, 240-241", "url": ""}, {"citation": "<em>Allgemeines Lexikon der bildenden Ku\u0308nstler von der Antike bis zur Gegenwart</em> Bd. 37. Bd. 37. 1950.", "page_number": "pp. 301-02", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Landesmuseum fu\u0308r Kunst und Kulturgeschichte Mu\u0308nster, and Paul Pieper. <em>Westfa\u0308lische Maler der Spa\u0308tgotik 1440-1490: [Ausstellung] Landesmuseum fu\u0308r Kunst und Kulturgeschichte Mu\u0308nster Westfalen, 20. Juni-30. September 1952.</em> Mu\u0308nster: Das Museum, 1952.", "page_number": "cat nos. 76-84", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Francis, Henry S. \u201cThe Schlaegl Altarpiece.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 39, no. 8 (1952).", "page_number": "pp. 210-211", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25141826"}, {"citation": "Stange, Alfred. <em>Deutsche Malerei der Gotik: Bd 6 Nordwestdeutschland in der Zeit von 1450 bis 1515. </em>Munchen: Deutscher Kunstverlag, 1954.", "page_number": "pp. 75-6", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Francis, Henry S. \"Early German Painting in the Cleveland Museum of Art,\" <em>American-German Review </em>XXI/2 (1954-55).", "page_number": "p. 7", "url": ""}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Handbook.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 455", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1958/page/n83"}, {"citation": "Rensing, Theodor. <em>Der Meister von Scho\u0308ppingen</em>. [Mu\u0308nchen]: Deutscher Kunstverlag, 1959.", "page_number": "p. 36-37", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Francis, Henry. \"The Stag Hunt.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art </em>46, no. 9 (November 1959): 198-205.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 200", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25142361"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 67", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n91"}, {"citation": "Stange, Alfred.<em> Kritisches Verzeichnis der deutschen Tafelbilder vor Du\u0308rer.</em> (Mu\u0308nchen): Bruckmann, 1967.", "page_number": "p. 178, no. 579", "url": ""}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 67", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n91"}, {"citation": "Puttfarken, Thomas.<em> Meister Francke und die Kunst um 1400</em>. Ausstellung zur Jahrhundert-Feier der Hamburger Kunsthalle, 30. Aug. bis 19. Okt. 1969. (Hamburg: Hamburger Kunsthalle, 1969.", "page_number": "pp. 37-38", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Musper, H. Theodor.<em> Altdeutsche Malerei.</em> [Ko\u0308ln]: M. DuMont Schauberg, 1970.", "page_number": "p. 49-50, repr. no. 39", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>European Paintings Before 1500</em>. Cleveland: The Museum, 1974. .", "page_number": "pp. 31-33, color plate VIII, cat no. 11", "url": ""}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 75", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n95"}, {"citation": "Bologna, Ferdinando. <em>Napoli e le rotte mediterranee della pittura: da Alfonso il Magnanimo a Ferdinando il Cattolico.</em> Napoli: Societa\u0300 napoletana di storia patria, 1978.", "page_number": "figs. 47-49", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Real, William A. \u201cExploring New Applications for Infrared Reflectography.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 72, no. 8 (December 1985): 390\u2013412.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 409, pl. 1", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25159923"}, {"citation": "<em>Schlagler gemaldekatalog: geschichte der schlager gemaldesammlung und bildergalerie, verzeichnis der vorhandenen gemalde</em>. [LINZ, AUSTRIA]: [STIFT SCHLAGL], 1987.", "page_number": "pp. 49-51", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Mellinkoff, Ruth. <em>Outcasts: Signs of Otherness in Northern European Art of the Late Middle Ages</em>. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993.", "page_number": "vol 2, pl. IX.24", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Brunet, Jacqueline, Gennaro Toscano, and Sylvie Be\u0301guin. <em>Les Granvelle et l'Italie au XVIe sie\u0300cle: le me\u0301ce\u0301nat d'une famille : actes du colloque international.</em> Besanc\u0327on: Ce\u0302tre, 1996.", "page_number": "p. 32-33, repr. fig. 9, p. 35", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Be, Kenneth, \"The Case of the Altered Altarpiece\", Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Cleveland Art: The Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em>. Vol. 44 no. 03, March 2004", "page_number": "Mentioned & reproduced: cover, p. 4-5", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2004-03/page/n3"}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, and Holger A. Klein. <em>Sacred Gifts and Worldly Treasures: Medieval Masterworks from the Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> Cleveland, Ohio: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2007.", "page_number": "cat. no. 88, p. 238-9", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Eikelmann, Renate, Holger A. Klein, Stephen N. Fliegel, and Virginia Brilliant. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art: Meisterwerke von 300 bis 1550.</em> Mu\u0308nchen: Hirmer, 2007.", "page_number": "p. 256, repr. p. 257-59, no. 96", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Fliegel, Stephen N., and Stephen N. Fliegel.<em> A Higher Contemplation: Sacred Meaning in the Christian Art of the Middle Ages</em>. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 2012.", "page_number": "p. 84, fig. 65", "url": ""}, {"citation": "<em>Paintings in the Cleveland Museum of Art: Picture Book No. 4 .</em> [Cleveland]: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1952.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 47", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAPaintings1952"}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1951.453", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1951.453/1951.453_web.jpg", "width": "1263", "height": "515", "filesize": "173223", "filename": "1951.453_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1951.453/1951.453_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "1386", "filesize": "992114", "filename": "1951.453_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1951.453/1951.453_full.tif", "width": "5576", "height": "2274", "filesize": "38075724", "filename": "1951.453_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2006-10-17T13:52:27", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1951.453/1951.453_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "1263", "height": "350", "filesize": "354048"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1951.453/1951.453_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "941", "filesize": "2211207"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1951.453/1951.453_alt0_full.tif", "width": "5966", "height": "1652", "filesize": "29597032"}}, {"date_created": "2006-11-16T17:22:14", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1951.453/1951.453_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "1263", "height": "697", "filesize": "726679"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1951.453/1951.453_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "1877", "filesize": "5046717"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1951.453/1951.453_alt1_full.tif", "width": "6144", "height": "3392", "filesize": "62553096"}}, {"date_created": "2006-11-16T17:26:52", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1951.453/1951.453_alt2_web.jpg", "width": "842", "height": "893", "filesize": "645127"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1951.453/1951.453_alt2_print.jpg", "width": "3204", "height": "3400", "filesize": "8006930"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1951.453/1951.453_alt2_full.tif", "width": "3929", "height": "4170", "filesize": "49186972"}}, {"date_created": "2006-11-16T16:55:17", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1951.453/1951.453_alt3_web.jpg", "width": "1263", "height": "695", "filesize": "740279"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1951.453/1951.453_alt3_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "1871", "filesize": "4983977"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1951.453/1951.453_alt3_full.tif", "width": "5865", "height": "3227", "filesize": "56811068"}}, {"date_created": "2006-11-16T17:06:29", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1951.453/1951.453_alt4_web.jpg", "width": "1263", "height": "662", "filesize": "714327"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1951.453/1951.453_alt4_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "1782", "filesize": "4878906"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1951.453/1951.453_alt4_full.tif", "width": "5838", "height": "3060", "filesize": "53624708"}}, {"date_created": "2006-11-16T17:17:01", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1951.453/1951.453_alt5_web.jpg", "width": "1263", "height": "669", "filesize": "737636"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1951.453/1951.453_alt5_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "1801", "filesize": "5154061"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1951.453/1951.453_alt5_full.tif", "width": "6144", "height": "3254", "filesize": "60009780"}}], "creditline": "Mr. and Mrs. William H. Marlatt Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 128838, "creators": [{"id": 2639, "description": "Master of the Schl\u00e4gl Altarpiece (German)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1951-11-15T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1440, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 1440s", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "cover", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:10:34.744000"}, {"id": 142277, "accession_number": "1966.114", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "White-Ground Lekythos (Oil Vessel): Atalanta and Erotes, 500\u2013490 BCE. Attributed to Douris (Greek, Attic, active c. 500\u2013470 BCE). Ceramic; overall: 31.8 cm (12 1/2 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund, 1966.114", "current_location": "102B Greek", "title": "White-Ground Lekythos (Oil Vessel): Atalanta and Erotes", "creation_date": "500\u2013490 BCE", "creation_date_earliest": -500, "creation_date_latest": -490, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["Greek, Attic"], "technique": "ceramic", "support_materials": [], "department": "Greek and Roman Art", "collection": "GR - Greek", "type": "Ceramic", "measurements": "Overall: 31.8 cm (12 1/2 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"height": 0.318}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 309564, "title": "The World of Ceramics: Masterpieces from the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>The World of Ceramics: Masterpieces from the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 20-August 22, 1982).", "opening_date": "1982-06-20T04:00:00"}], "legacy": []}, "provenance": [{"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1966-", "sortorder": 2}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Eros, god of love, appears three times on this vase.", "description": "Known as \"white-ground\" because of the white clay slip applied as a surface for figural decoration, vases of this type give some idea of the appearance of lost ancient large-scale wall paintings. Both remarkably well preserved and masterfully composed, the images cover the entire circumference of the vase. At the center, Atalanta, the virgin huntress renowned for both her speed and her opposition to marriage, races to the right while looking back at Eros, the winged god of love; both figures are named. This Eros, bounding forward, tries to crown her, while two additional Erotes (also named) further hem her in. Love will win.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60757832"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1966.114-white-ground-lekytho"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Beazley Archive. n.d. <em>Beazley Archive Pottery Database</em>. Oxford: Beazley Archive.", "page_number": "BAPD 275976", "url": "http://www.beazley.ox.ac.uk/record/9654108D-7528-4E08-B721-1910261E00C2"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 20", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n44"}, {"citation": "Cooney, John D. \"Atalanta in Cleveland.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art </em>53, no. 8 (October 1966): 318 - 325<em>. </em>", "page_number": "Mentioned & reproduced: pp. 318-325", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25152115"}, {"citation": "Stechow, Wolfgang. \"Cleveland's Golden Anniversary Acquisitions.\" <em>Artnews</em> 65, no. 5 (September 1966): 30-64.", "page_number": "Mentioned & reproduced: p. 32-33", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 20", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n42"}, {"citation": "Beazley, J. D.<em> Paralipomena: Additions to Attic Black-Figure Vase-Painters and to Attic Red-Figure Vase-Painters </em>(Second Edition). Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971.", "page_number": "p. 376, No. 266BIS", "url": null}, {"citation": "Boulter, C. G., Jenifer Neils, and Gisela Walberg.<em> Corpus Vasorum Antiquorum.</em> Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1971.", "page_number": "p. 21, plates 32-34, 35, I", "url": "http://www.beazley.ox.ac.uk/XDB/ASP/browseCVARecord.asp?id={9654108D-7528-4E08-B721-1910261E00C2}&startRef="}, {"citation": "Boulter, Cedric G. \"The Douris Lekythos in Cleveland.\" <em>American Journal of Archaeology</em> 79, no. 3 (1975): 282-83.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 23", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n43"}, {"citation": "Moon, Warren G. and Louise Berge. <em>Greek Vase-Painting in Midwestern Collections</em>. Chicago: The Art Institute of Chicago, 1979.", "page_number": "Mentioned & reproduced: pp. 184-185, cat. 104", "url": "https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0045%3Aentry%3D104"}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, and Jenifer Neils. T<em>he World of Ceramics: Masterpieces from the Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> Cleveland: The Museum in cooperation with Indiana University Press, 1982.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 14, fig. 16", "url": null}, {"citation": "Carpenter, Thomas H., J. D. Beazley, Thomas Mannack, Melanie Mendonc\u0327a, and Lucilla Burn.<em> Beazley Addenda: Additional References to ABV, ARV\u00b2 &amp; Paralipomena</em>. Oxford: Published for the British Academy by Oxford University Press, 1989.", "page_number": "p. 241", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1991.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 8", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1991/page/n23"}, {"citation": "Carpenter, Thomas H. <em>Art and Myth in Ancient Greece: A Handbook. </em>London: Thames and Hudson, 1991.", "page_number": "fig. 93", "url": null}, {"citation": "Reeder, Ellen D.<em> Pandora: Women in Classical Greece</em>. Baltimore, Md: Trustees of the Walters Art Gallery in association with Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J., 1995.", "page_number": "p. 71, fig. 19", "url": null}, {"citation": "Buitron-Oliver, Diana<em>. Douris: A Master-Painter of Athenian Red-Figure Vases.</em> Mainz am Rhein: Philipp von Zabern, 1995.", "page_number": "PL.31, NO.47", "url": null}, {"citation": "Barringer, Judith M. \"Atalanta as Model: The Hunter and the Hunted.\" <em>Classical Antiquity</em> 15, no. 1 (1996)", "page_number": "p. 73, fig. 29", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25011031"}, {"citation": "March, Jennifer R. <em>Cassell Dictionary of Classical Mythology.</em> London: Cassell, 1998.", "page_number": "p. 153, fig. 54", "url": null}, {"citation": "Immerwahr, Henry R.<em> A Corpus of Attic Vase Inscriptions (CAVI).</em> [Place of publication not identified]: [publisher not identified], 1998.", "page_number": "p. 792,  no. 3204", "url": null}, {"citation": "May, Sally Ruth, Jane Takac, and Barbara J. Bradley. <em>Knockouts: A Pocket Guide. </em>Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2001.", "page_number": "p. 116, no. 11", "url": null}, {"citation": "Barringer, Judith M. <em>The Hunt in Ancient Greece: Judith M. Barringer. </em>Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003. .", "page_number": "Figs. 92-93, pp. 168-169", "url": null}, {"citation": "Oakley, John Howard.<em> Picturing Death in Classical Athens: The Evidence of the White Lekythoi.</em> New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004.", "page_number": "plate 4a", "url": null}, {"citation": "Franklin, David. <em>Director's Choice:The Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> London: Scala Arts &amp; Heritage Publishers Ltd, 2012.", "page_number": "Mentioned & reproduced: pp. 12-13", "url": null}, {"citation": "Franklin, David C. Griffith Mann. <em>Treasures from the Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2012.", "page_number": "Mentioned & reproduced: pp. 34-35", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, and David Franklin. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. London: Scala Arts &amp; Heritage Publishers Ltd, 2012.", "page_number": "pp. 12-13", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 81", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Williams, Dyfri. \"Beyond the Berlin Painter: Toward a Workshop View.\" In <em>The Berlin Painter and His World: Athenian Vase-Painting in the Early Fifth Century B.C. </em>J. Michael Padgett,J ed., 144-187. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Art Museum; New Haven, Connecticut: Distributed by Yale University Press, 2017.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 171, fig. 17", "url": null}, {"citation": "Hopper, Robin. <em>Functional Pottery: Form and Aesthetic in Pots of Purpose. </em>2017.", "page_number": "p. 51", "url": null}, {"citation": "Zachari, Vasiliki, Elise Lehoux and Noe\u0301mie Hosoi. <em>La Cite\u0301 des Regards: autour de Franc\u0327ois Lissarrague</em>. Rennes: Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2019.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 210, fig. 3", "url": null}, {"citation": "Carpenter, Thomas H. Art and Myth in Ancient Greece. 2021. 87-88.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced; pp. 87-88, fig. 79.", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1966.114", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1966.114/1966.114_web.jpg", "width": "555", "height": "893", "filesize": "241775", "filename": "1966.114_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1966.114/1966.114_print.jpg", "width": "2114", "height": "3400", "filesize": "3615801", "filename": "1966.114_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1966.114/1966.114_full.tif", "width": "3790", "height": "6096", "filesize": "69332480", "filename": "1966.114_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2009-11-12T18:46:24", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1966.114/1966.114_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "566", "height": "893", "filesize": "244215"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1966.114/1966.114_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "2154", "height": "3400", "filesize": "3666300"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1966.114/1966.114_alt0_full.tif", "width": "3862", "height": "6096", "filesize": "70649228"}}, {"date_created": "2009-11-12T18:46:29", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1966.114/1966.114_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "565", "height": "893", "filesize": "242742"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1966.114/1966.114_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "2150", "height": "3400", "filesize": "3636768"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1966.114/1966.114_alt1_full.tif", "width": "3854", "height": "6096", "filesize": "70502924"}}, {"date_created": "2009-11-12T18:46:33", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1966.114/1966.114_alt2_web.jpg", "width": "558", "height": "893", "filesize": "239209"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1966.114/1966.114_alt2_print.jpg", "width": "2123", "height": "3400", "filesize": "3577231"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1966.114/1966.114_alt2_full.tif", "width": "3806", "height": "6096", "filesize": "69625100"}}, {"date_created": "2009-11-12T18:46:38", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1966.114/1966.114_alt3_web.jpg", "width": "1263", "height": "850", "filesize": "787573"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1966.114/1966.114_alt3_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2289", "filesize": "4935032"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1966.114/1966.114_alt3_full.tif", "width": "6084", "height": "4096", "filesize": "74781164"}}], "creditline": "Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 142277, "creators": [{"id": 10899, "description": "Douris (Greek, Attic, active c. 500\u2013470 BCE)", "extent": null, "qualifier": "attributed to", "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1966-05-25T00:00:00", "sortable_date": -500, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "500\u2013490 BCE", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": true, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:05:01.832000"}, {"id": 143381, "accession_number": "1967.29", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Front Face of a Stela (Free-standing Stone with Relief), 692. Mesoamerica, Guatemala, Department of the Pet\u00e9n, El Per\u00fa (also known as Waka'), Maya (250-900), Classic period (200-1000). Limestone; overall: 274.4 x 182.3 cm (108 1/16 x 71 3/4 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Purchase from the J. H. Wade Fund, 1967.29", "current_location": "233 Mesoamerican and Intermediate Region", "title": "Front Face of a Stela (Free-standing Stone with Relief)", "creation_date": "692", "creation_date_earliest": 692, "creation_date_latest": 692, "artists_tags": [], "culture": ["Mesoamerica, Guatemala, Department of the Pet\u00e9n, El Per\u00fa (also known as Waka'), Maya (250-900), Classic period (200-1000)"], "technique": "limestone", "support_materials": [], "department": "Art of the Americas", "collection": "AA - Mesoamerica", "type": "Sculpture", "measurements": "Overall: 274.4 x 182.3 cm (108 1/16 x 71 3/4 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"height": 2.744, "width": 1.823}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 301129, "title": "Year in Review: 1967", "description": "<i>Year in Review: 1967</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (November 29-December 31, 1967).", "opening_date": "1967-11-29T05:00:00"}], "legacy": []}, "provenance": [{"description": "(John A. Stokes, Jr., New York, NY, 1967, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1967-", "sortorder": 2}], "find_spot": "Guatemala, Department of the Pet\u00e9n, El Per\u00fa (also known as Waka')", "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "The powerful Maya queen shown on this stela is known as Lady K\u2019abel.", "description": "In stone sculpture, Maya rulers celebrated the milestones of their reigns with flamboyant portraits like this image of a royal woman, created to mark the passage of a twenty-year period known as the k\u2019atun. She originally stood in a plaza next to a portrait of her spouse (see photo), with whom she ruled El Per\u00fa-Waka\u2019, a provincial Maya town. A member of the powerful dynasty of a nearby Maya center, she seems to have held higher authority than her husband, serving as a military governor. Her costume reflects her status: the headdress has a fan of green quetzal feathers and her jewelry probably refers to jade-both among the most prized of ancient materials. Jade beads also may form the net over her garment, belted with the head of a fish-like creature. Completing the costume are the scepter and shield she grasps in her hands. The dwarf at her side may be a court attendant. The hieroglyphic text refers to important dynastic dates.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60781036"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1967.29-front-face-of-a-stel"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Alex, Bridget, \"Jungle Realm of the Snake Queens,\" <em>Archaeology</em> 76 (January/February 2023).", "page_number": "Mentioned p. 51-52; reproduced p. 49.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "\"Year in Review.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 54, no. 10 (1967)", "page_number": "pp. 338, 342", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25152183"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 293", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n317"}, {"citation": "Mesa Redonda de Palenque, and Merle Greene Robertson. <em>Primera, Mesa Redonda De Palenque</em>. 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Kathryn Brown, eds., <em>A Forest of History: The Maya after the Emergence of Divine Kingship\u201d</em>, Denver: University of Colorado Press, 2020.", "page_number": "pp. 67-87", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Houston, Stephen D., Stephen D. Houston, and Michael D. Coe. <em>A Maya Universe in Stone.</em> 2021.", "page_number": "p. 9, fig. 2B", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Navarro-Farr, Olivia C., \u201cBurial 61 at El Per\u00fa-Waka\u2019s Structure M13-3.\u201d <em>Latin American Antiquity </em>32 (1) (2021).", "page_number": "pp. 188-200, illustrated Fig. 2, p. 190.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Alex, Bridget. \u201cSnake Queens.\u201d <em>Archaeology</em> January/February 2023.", "page_number": "pp. 48-55.  Reproduced p. 49", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Bergh, Susan E. \"'The Art of Those Who Lived Here Before the White Man Came': Collecting the Ancient Americas at the Cleveland Museum of Art.\" In <em>Collecting the \u201cOther Americas\u201d: Ancient Americas Collections in American Art Museums, </em>edited by Victoria I. Lyall, and Ellen Hoobler, 67- 82. 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H. Wade Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Jon A. Lindseth and Virginia M. Lindseth, PhD, Galleries of the Ancient Americas", "athena_id": 143381, "creators": [], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1967-01-30T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 692, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "692", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": true, "updated_at": "2026-04-17 14:35:49.275000"}, {"id": 302209, "accession_number": "2017.100", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Portrait of Colonel Charles Heathcote, c. 1771\u201372. Joseph Wright of Derby (British, 1734\u20131797). Oil on canvas; 127 x 100 cm (50 x 39 3/8 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, John L. Severance Fund, 2017.100", "current_location": "203A British Painting and Decorative Arts", "title": "Portrait of Colonel Charles Heathcote", "creation_date": "c. 1771\u201372", "creation_date_earliest": 1771, "creation_date_latest": 1772, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["England"], "technique": "Oil on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "P - British before 1800", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "127 x 100 cm (50 x 39 3/8 in.)", "dimensions": {"No Extent Specified": {"height": 1.27, "width": 1.0}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 306886, "title": "Recent Acquisitions", "description": "<i>Recent Acquisitions</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (March 17-June 7, 2018).", "opening_date": "2018-03-17T04:00:00"}, {"id": 306699, "title": "British Gallery Reinstallation  (June 2020)", "description": "<i>British Gallery Reinstallation  (June 2020)</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art (organizer).", "opening_date": "2020-06-30T04:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>Recent Acquisitions 2014-2017. </em>The Cleveland Museum of Art (March 17, 2018 - June 6, 2018)", "opening_date": "2018-03-17T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Colonel Charles Heathcote (1730\u20131803) and by descent", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "c. 1771-2 - 1985", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "(Christie's, London, April 26, 1985, no. 113)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "Private Collection, USA", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "(Sotheby's, London, November 12, 1997, no. 69)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1997", "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "(Sotheby's, London, June 8, 1999, no. 13)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1999", "sortorder": 5}, {"description": "(Christie's, New York, January 26, 2011, no. 35)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "2011", "sortorder": 6}, {"description": "Private Collection", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "2011 - 2017", "sortorder": 7}, {"description": "(Thos. Agnew and Sons Ltd., London, from whom purchased by the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "2017", "sortorder": 8}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "2017-", "sortorder": 9}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "The handful of small-scale, full-length portraits Wright painted early in his career include his earliest experiments in landscape painting.", "description": "Assuming a relaxed but commanding pose, Colonel Charles Heathcote (1734\u20131797) stands beside a large oak tree in the foreground of an expansive landscape. He wears military dress, the single epaulette on his right shoulder designating his rank as colonel. Wright\u2019s composition demonstrates his new-found fascination with landscape: while the figure is relatively smoothly painted, the landscape is painted far more energetically, using thickly applied daubs of color.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60482915"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-2017.100-portrait-of-colonel"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Bemrose, William, W. Cosmo Monkhouse, and Francis Seymour Haden. <em>The Life and Works of Joseph Wright, A.R.A., Commonly Called \"Wright of Derby\"</em>. London, 1885.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 120", "url": null}, {"citation": "Nicolson, Benedict. <em>Joseph Wright of Derby: Painter of Light.</em> London: Paul Mellon Foundation for British Art; Routledge and K. Paul, 1968.", "page_number": "Mentioned: vol. 1, pp. 17, 36 and 203 (no. 79); Reproduced: vol. 2, pl. 115", "url": null}, {"citation": "Egerton, Judy. In <em>Wright of Derby, </em>p. 75 (under no. 31). Exh. cat. London: Tate Gallery Publications, 1990.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Egerton, Judy. <em>National Gallery Catalogues: The British School</em> . London: National Gallery Publications, 2000.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 347", "url": null}, {"citation": "Wright, Amina. In <em>Joseph Wright of Derby: Bath and Beyond</em>. Exh. cat. Bath: The Holburne Museum, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 45", "url": null}, {"citation": "Faroult, Guillaume. <em>De Gainsborough a\u0300 Turner: l'a\u0302ge d'or du paysage et du portrait anglais dans les collections du muse\u0301e du Louvre</em>. Exh. cat. Mus\u00e9e d\u2019Art et d\u2019Arch\u00e9ologie de Valence, and Mus\u00e9e des Beaux-Arts de Quimper, in association with Milan: Silvana, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 146 (under no. 33)", "url": null}, {"citation": "Masterpiece London (Art fair) London, England) (2018 : Masterpiece London 2018 Magazine. London: Apollo, 2018.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 30", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Wieseman, Marjorie E. and Korkow, Cory. \"Acquisition Highlights. European Painting and Sculpture, 1500-1800.\u201d <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine </em>58, no. 2 (March/April 2018): 21-22.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 5, 22; Mentioned: P. 7, 21, 22", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2018-02/page/n1/mode/2up"}, {"citation": "\"Reimagining the British Galleries: Our curators preview the new look of the space.\u201d <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine </em>vol. 59, no. 6 (November/December 2019): 5-7.", "page_number": "Reproduced and Mentioned: P. 7.", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2019-06/page/n3/mode/2up"}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/2017.100", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/2017.100/2017.100_web.jpg", "width": "719", "height": "900", "filesize": "282129", "filename": "2017.100_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/2017.100/2017.100_print.jpg", "width": "2717", "height": "3400", "filesize": "3827009", "filename": "2017.100_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/2017.100/2017.100_full.tif", "width": "11393", "height": "14258", "filesize": "487354648", "filename": "2017.100_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2017-08-09T15:17:55", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2017.100/2017.100_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "726", "height": "900", "filesize": "212202"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2017.100/2017.100_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "2744", "height": "3400", "filesize": "3523448"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2017.100/2017.100_alt0_full.tif", "width": "5927", "height": "7343", "filesize": "130595284"}}, {"date_created": "2017-11-17T09:04:53", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2017.100/2017.100_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "735", "height": "900", "filesize": "294210"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2017.100/2017.100_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "2776", "height": "3400", "filesize": "3733551"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2017.100/2017.100_alt1_full.tif", "width": "5758", "height": "7052", "filesize": "121846968"}}], "creditline": "John L. Severance Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Paul J. and Edith Ingalls Vignos Gallery", "athena_id": 302209, "creators": [{"id": 25419, "description": "Joseph Wright of Derby (British, 1734\u20131797)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1734", "death_year": "1797", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 0}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "2017-09-11T00:00:00-04:00", "sortable_date": 1771, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 1771\u201372", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:07:20.409000"}, {"id": 98823, "accession_number": "1918.501", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Amitabha Triad (\uae08\ub3d9\uc544\ubbf8\ud0c0\uc5ec\ub798\uc0bc\uc874\uc88c\uc0c1 [\uf90a\u9285\u963f\u5f4c\u9640\u5982\u4f86\u4e09\u5c0a\u5750\u50cf]), 1400s. Korea, Joseon dynasty (1392\u20131910). Bronze with traces of gilding; overall: 40.6 x 16.5 x 54.6 cm (16 x 6 1/2 x 21 1/2 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Worcester R. Warner Collection, 1918.501", "current_location": null, "title": "Amitabha Triad", "title_in_original_language": "\uae08\ub3d9\uc544\ubbf8\ud0c0\uc5ec\ub798\uc0bc\uc874\uc88c\uc0c1 [\uf90a\u9285\u963f\u5f4c\u9640\u5982\u4f86\u4e09\u5c0a\u5750\u50cf]", "creation_date": "1400s", "creation_date_earliest": 1400, "creation_date_latest": 1499, "artists_tags": [], "culture": ["Korea, Joseon dynasty (1392\u20131910)"], "technique": "bronze with traces of gilding", "support_materials": [], "department": "Korean Art", "collection": "Korean Art", "type": "Sculpture", "measurements": "Overall: 40.6 x 16.5 x 54.6 cm (16 x 6 1/2 x 21 1/2 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"height": 0.406, "width": 0.165, "depth": 0.546}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 207358, "title": "Korean Art in Early Chos\u00f6n, 1400-1600", "description": "<i>Korean Art in Early Chos\u00f6n, 1400-1600</i>. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY (organizer) (March 17-June 21, 2009).", "opening_date": "2009-03-17T00:00:00"}, {"id": 540063, "title": "Like a Lotus Unstained by Mud", "description": "<i>Like a Lotus Unstained by Mud</i>. Hoam Museum of Art, Kyunggi-do, Korea (Republic of) (March 19-June 23, 2024) https://www.leeumhoam.org/hoam/exhibition/77.", "opening_date": "2024-03-19T04:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>Buddhist Art. Detroit Institute of Arts, Twenty-Fourth Loan Exhibition, October, 1942</em>. Institute of Arts, Detroit, MI (October 1942).", "opening_date": "1942-10-01T04:00:00Z"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Worcester R. Warner [1846\u20131929], Cleveland, OH, given to the Cleveland Museum of Art", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1916\u20131918", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1918\u2013", "sortorder": 2}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "The small scale suggests that this rare bronze triad might have been displayed in a personal shrine rather than a large worship hall.", "description": "This bronze triad depicts Amitabha, the Buddha of Western Paradise, at the center, flanked by two bodhisattvas: Ksitigarbha on his left and Avalokite\u015bvara on his right. Ksitigarbha is believed to rescue those tormented beings from purgatory, while Avalokite\u015bvara offers relief to those suffering in the mortal realm. <br><br>An exceptionally rare statue from the 1400s, this piece entered the CMA\u2019s collection in 1918. It was discovered in Korea in 1916 by Langdon Warner (1881\u20131955), who was serving as the CMA\u2019s field agent. In a letter dated December 4, 1916, Warner expressed not only his excitement upon finding the triad in a local pawn shop but also his satisfaction at purchasing it at a significantly reduced price.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60756022"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1918.501-amitabha-triad"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Warner, Langdon. \"Bronze Korean Trinity.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 7, no. 6 (1920): 79\u201380.", "page_number": "Reproduced: Front Matter; Mentioned: pp. 79\u201380", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25136383"}, {"citation": "Lee, Sherman E. <em>Buddhist Art. Detroit Institute of Arts, Twenty-Fourth Loan Exhibition, October, 1942</em>. Detroit: Detroit Institute of Arts, 1942.", "page_number": "Mentioned: cat. no. 89, p. 35; Reproduced: cat. no. 89, p. 61", "url": ""}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Handbook.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 892", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1958/page/n158"}, {"citation": "Kim, Hongnam. <em>The Story of a Painting: A Korean Buddhist Treasure from the Mary and Jackson Burke Foundation</em>. New York: Asia Society Galleries, 1991.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 47, cat. no. 4; Reproduced: p. 4, fig. 8", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cunningham, Michael R., \"Land of Morning Calm\", Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Cleveland Art: The Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em>. Vol. 37 no. 07, September 1997.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: pp. 4\u20135", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM1997-07/page/4"}, {"citation": "Cunningham, Michael R., Stanislaw J. Czuma, Anne E. Wardwell, and J. Keith Wilson.<em> Masterworks of Asian Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1998.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 239", "url": null}, {"citation": "May, Sally Ruth, Jane Takac, and Barbara J. Bradley. <em>Knockouts: A Pocket Guide</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 2001.", "page_number": "Mentioned: no. 94, pp. 85\u201386, p. 119; Reproduced: p. 86", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Choe, Song-eun. \u201cAbout Amitabha Buddha Images of the Late Unified Silla and Early Goryeo Periods [\ub098\ub9d0\uc5ec\ucd08 \uc544\ubbf8\ud0c0\ubd88\uc0c1\uc758 \ub3c4\uc0c1\uc801 \uace0\ucc30].\u201d <em>Kangjwa misulsa</em> (2006): 213\u2013234.", "page_number": null, "url": "http://www.dbpia.co.kr/author/authorDetail?ancId=2589316"}, {"citation": "Lee, So-young, Ja-hyun Kim Haboush, Sun-pyo Hong, and Chin-Sung Chang. <em>Art of the Korean Renaissance, 1400-1600. </em>New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2009.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 34. cat. no. 13, Mentioned: p. 101", "url": null}, {"citation": "Yim, Nam-su and Jeong Eun-woo. \u201cChanges in Fashioning Small Gilt Bronze Buddhist Statues and their Techniques from the Late Goryeo to Early Joseon Periods [\uc5ec\ub9d0\uc120\ucd08 \uc18c\uae08\ub3d9\ubd88\uc758 \uc720\ud589\uacfc \uc81c\uc791\uae30\ubc95\uc758 \ubcc0\ud654].\" <em>Misul sahak</em> (2010): 259\u2013290.", "page_number": null, "url": "http://www.dbpia.co.kr/journal/articleDetail?nodeId=NODE01524104"}, {"citation": "Glassman, Hank. <em>The Face of Jizo\u0304: Image and Cult in Medieval Japanese Buddhism</em>. Honolulu: University of Hawai\u02bbi Press, 2012.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 77, fig 2.11", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Franklin, David and C. Griffith Mann. <em>Treasures from the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 2012.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: pp. 130\u2013131", "url": ""}, {"citation": "<em>Treasures from Korea: Arts and Culture of the Joseon Dynasty, 1392-1910</em>. Philadelphia: Philadelphia Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 252", "url": ""}, {"citation": "\u201cA Walking Tour: The entire new museum wing by wing, with curators calling out a few favorite works in the collection.\u201d <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em> 54, no. 1 (January/February 2014): 8\u201333.", "page_number": "Reproduced and Mentioned: p. 29", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2014-01/page/n27/mode/2up"}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Museum Masters: 2016-17 Companion Guide.</em> [Cleveland, OH]: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 2016.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: P. 31", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Song, Un-sok. \"Korea's Joseon-Dynasty Buddhist Sculptures in American Museums\" In <em>Arts of Korea: Histories, Challenges, and Perspectives</em>, edited by Jason Steuber, and Allysa B. Peyton, 218\u2013243. Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 2018.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 222, fig. 10.2", "url": null}, {"citation": "McCormick, Sooa Im. \"The Past and Present of the Korean Collection in the Cleveland Museum of Art.\" In <em>The Korean Collection of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Ch'a, Mi-rae, Kwi-suk An, Cleveland Museum of Art, \uad6d\uc678\uc18c\uc7ac\ubb38\ud654\uc7ac\uc7ac\ub2e8, and An Min-hu\u0306i, ed., 22\u201337. First edition, English ed. Overseas Korean Cultural Heritage Series, 16. Seoul, Republic of Korea: Overseas Korean Cultural Heritage Foundation, 2021.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: pp. 23\u201324, fig. 9", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Ch'a, Mi-rae, Kwi-suk An, Cleveland Museum of Art, and \uad6d\uc678\uc18c\uc7ac\ubb38\ud654\uc7ac\uc7ac\ub2e8. <em>The Korean Collection of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Edited by An Min-hu\u0306i. First edition, English ed. Overseas Korean Cultural Heritage Series, 16. 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Warner Collection", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": "40c2bc8689404868888c6dc0bd7ea2a3", "sketchfab_url": "https://sketchfab.com/models/40c2bc8689404868888c6dc0bd7ea2a3", "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 98823, "creators": [], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1918-09-25T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1400, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1400s", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": true, "updated_at": "2026-04-17 19:31:12.481000"}, {"id": 156593, "accession_number": "1992.298", "share_license_status": "Copyrighted", "tombstone": "The Secret Life, 1928. Ren\u00e9 Magritte (Belgian, 1898\u20131967). Oil on canvas; unframed: 57.2 x 75.9 x 2.9 cm (22 1/2 x 29 7/8 x 1 1/8 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Bequest of Lockwood Thompson, 1992.298. \u00a9  C. Herscovici / Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York", "current_location": "225 German Expressionism & Surrealism", "title": "The Secret Life", "creation_date": "1928", "creation_date_earliest": 1928, "creation_date_latest": 1928, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["Belgium, 20th century"], "technique": "oil on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "Modern European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "Mod Euro - Painting 1800-1960", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Unframed: 57.2 x 75.9 x 2.9 cm (22 1/2 x 29 7/8 x 1 1/8 in.)", "dimensions": {"unframed": {"height": 0.572, "width": 0.759, "depth": 0.029}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": "\u00a9  C. Herscovici / Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York", "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "signed lower left:  Magritte [inscribed on back:  \"LA VIE SECR\u00c8TE\" (II.) 20P.]", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 311552, "title": "Selected Acquisitions", "description": "<i>Selected Acquisitions</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (February 9-April 11, 1993).", "opening_date": "1993-02-09T05:00:00"}, {"id": 182153, "title": "Monet to Dal\u00ed: Modern Masters from the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Monet to Dal\u00ed: Modern Masters from the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. Beijing World Art Museum (May 26-August 27, 2006); Mori Art Center (September 16-November 26, 2006); Seoul Art Center, South Korea (December 22, 2006-March 28, 2007); Seoul Olympic Museum of Art, South Korea (April 7-May 20, 2007); Vancouver Art Gallery, Vancouver, Canada (June 9-September 16, 2007); The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 21, 2007-January 13, 2008); Frist Art Museum, Nashville, TN (February 15-June 1, 2008); Utah Museum of Fine Arts, Salt Lake City, UT (June 22-September 21, 2008); The Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit, MI (October 12, 2008-January 18, 2009).", "opening_date": "2006-05-27T00:00:00"}, {"id": 360357, "title": "The Magritte Machine", "description": "<i>The Magritte Machine</i>. Museo Nacional Thyssen-Bornemisza, Madrid, Spain (organizer) (September 14, 2021-January 30, 2022) https://www.museothyssen.org/exposiciones/maquina-magritte; Fundaci\u00f3 \"la Caixa\", Barcelona, Spain (February 24-June 6, 2022).", "opening_date": "2021-09-14T04:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "CMA (organizer). Beijing World Art Museum, China, May 26 - Aug. 27, 2006; Mori Arts Center, Tokyo, Japan: Sept. 9 - Nov. 26, 2006; Seoul Arts Center, Seoul, Korea: Dec. 18, 2006 - March 31, 2007; Seoul Olympic Museum of Art, Seoul, Korea: Apr. 7 - May 20, 2007; Vancouver Art Gallery, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada: June 9 - Sept. 16, 2007; Cleveland Museum of Art, Oct. 21, 2007- January 13, 2008;  Frist Center for the Visual Arts, Nashville, TN, Feb. 21-June 1, 2008; Utah Museum of Fine Arts, Salt Lake City, UT, June 22 - September 21, 2008; and the Detroit Institute of Arts, MI, October 12, 2008 - January 18, 2009:  \"Modern Masters from the Cleveland Museum of Art\"", "opening_date": "2006-05-26T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "(Probably Paul-Gustave van Hecke/Galerie L'Epoque/Galerie le Centaure, Brussels)", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->In his 1992 catalogue raisonn\u00e9, David Sylvester notes that a \u201cGS\u201d label on the back of the painting indicates that was in van Hecke\u2019s stock at the Galerie l\u2019Epoque at the time its takeover by Galerie le Centaure in early 1929.&nbsp; Currently, there are no labels or markings on the back of the painting, likely at least in part because the stetcher appears new, possibly dating to after Sylvester\u2019s catalogue raisonn\u00e9. The path the painting took from van Hecke to Cosyn is unknown.&nbsp; Magritte\u2019s contract was initially with van Hecke and Galerie l\u2019Epoque, and he then remained under contract with Galerie le Centaure until it closed in 1932.&nbsp; On October 21 of that year, it held a liquidation sale of its stock, but the Cleveland picture is not among the works listed.&nbsp; In 1932, E.L.T. Mesens, director, under owner van Hecke, of L\u2019Epoque from 1928, bought up 150 of Magritte\u2019s works at the liquidation sale of Le Centaure and became the artist\u2019s dealer, and so Mesens may have been involved in the painting\u2019s provenance after the dissolution of Galerie le Centaure.&nbsp; Or, because <em>Secret Life </em>does not appear in the catalogue of the liquidation sale, Mesens may also have acquired the painting prior to 1932.&nbsp; However, exhibitions of Magritte\u2019s work mounted by Mesens in 1931 and as late as 1937 do not include the CMA painting.</div><div><!--block--><br><br></div>"], "date": "By 1929", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "(Lou Cosyn, Brussels, sold to Lockwood Thompson)", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->In 1942, Lou Cosyn, along with her husband Camille Goemans, whose relationship with Magritte went back to the late 1920s, opened a gallery in Brussels.&nbsp; Cosyn remained Magritte\u2019s dealer until 1947.&nbsp; In 1943, they held an exhibition in semi-secrecy in order to escape the notice of the occupying Germans.&nbsp; There does not appear to have been a catalogue for this exhibition, so it is not known whether the Cleveland picture was among the exhibited works. Cosyn sold the painting to Lockwood Thompson, an American GI, in November 1945.&nbsp;</div>"], "date": "Until 1945", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "Lockwood Thompson (1901-1992), Cleveland, OH, bequeathed to the Cleveland Museum of Art", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->When Thompson purchased the painting, a length of rope looped at the center served as the painting\u2019s \u201cframe.\u201d While there are no other known instances of Magritte\u2019s having used this framing device, it likely originated with the artist.&nbsp;</div>"], "date": "1945-1992\n\n:", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1982-", "sortorder": 4}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "This is the first of many paintings Magritte made with the title <em>The Secret Life</em>.", "description": "An important Surrealist active in Brussels and Paris, Ren\u00e9 Magritte used traditional painting techniques to create images of realistically rendered objects juxtaposed illogically. Magritte and other Surrealists were inspired by the poetry of Isidore Ducasse (1846\u20131870), who wrote under the pseudonym Comte de Lautr\u00e9amont, and defined beauty as \u201cthe chance meeting on a dissection table of a sewing machine and an umbrella.\u201d Magritte\u2019s visual paradoxes, which may seem contradictory or irrational, are designed to undermine our complacent belief in a stable, predictable world.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60476836"], "internet_archive": []}, "citations": [{"citation": "Sylvester, David. <em>Magritte</em>. London: Thames and Hudson, 1992.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Sylvester, David. <em>Magritte</em>. London: Thames and Hudson, 1992.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Sylvester, David. <em>Magritte</em>. London: Thames and Hudson, 1992.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": null, "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Turner, Evan H. \u201cThe Year in Review for 1992.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 80, no. 2 (February 1993): 38\u201379.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 66", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25161388"}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1992.298", "images": {}, "alternate_images": [], "creditline": "Bequest of Lockwood Thompson", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 156593, "creators": [{"id": 3173, "description": "Ren\u00e9 Magritte (Belgian, 1898\u20131967)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1898", "death_year": "1967", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1992-12-07T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1928, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1928", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": true, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:07:29.075000"}, {"id": 318300, "accession_number": "2019.58", "share_license_status": "Copyrighted", "tombstone": "Blue Rational/Irrational, 1969. Al Loving (American, 1935\u20132005). Acrylic on canvas; 147 x 322.5 cm (57 7/8 x 126 15/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Gift of the KeyBank Collection, 2019.58. \u00a9 The Estate of Al Loving and Garth Greenan Gallery, New York", "current_location": "224A Contemporary Corridor", "title": "Blue Rational/Irrational", "creation_date": "1969", "creation_date_earliest": 1964, "creation_date_latest": 1974, "artists_tags": ["Black American Artists", "male"], "culture": ["America"], "technique": "Acrylic on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "Contemporary Art", "collection": "CONTEMP - Painting", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "147 x 322.5 cm (57 7/8 x 126 15/16 in.)", "dimensions": {"No Extent Specified": {"height": 1.47, "width": 3.225}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": "\u00a9 The Estate of Al Loving and Garth Greenan Gallery, New York", "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 393229, "title": "Contemporary Installation", "description": "<i>Contemporary Installation</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art (organizer).", "opening_date": "2021-04-12T04:00:00"}, {"id": 443702, "title": "Currents and Constellations: Black Art in Focus", "description": "<i>Currents and Constellations: Black Art in Focus</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (February 20-June 26, 2022).", "opening_date": "2022-02-20T05:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>Alvin Loving: Paintings</em>. Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, NY (December 19, 1969\u2013January 25, 1970).", "opening_date": "1969-12-19T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Frieze Masters. </em>Garth Greenan Gallery, New York, NY (October 5 - October 9, 2016)", "opening_date": "2016-10-05T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Collection of the artist", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1969-?", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "(KeyBank Collection, Cleveland, OH, given to the Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "early 1990s-2019", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "2019-", "sortorder": 3}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "This work debuted in <em>Al Loving: Paintings </em>(1969) at the Whitney Museum, the museum\u2019s first solo exhibition by an African American artist.", "description": "Across both canvases of this large-scale diptych, Loving evokes a three-dimensional space on a two-dimensional surface through strategic layerings of cubic forms and carefully calibrated color juxtapositions. Around the time Loving made this work he wrote, \u201cI am tired of objects on walls. The wall must be pierced, brought forward, pushed back.\u201d <em>Blue Rational/Irrational</em> is a bold manifestation of this sentiment.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79875896"], "internet_archive": []}, "citations": [{"citation": "Cochrane, Mary, ed. <em>The Appropriate Object.</em> Buffalo, NY: Albright-Knox Art Gallery, 1989.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 41- 49", "url": null}, {"citation": "Patel, Samir S, ed. <em>Energy/Experimentation: Black Artists and Abstraction 1964-1980. </em>New York: Studio Museum in Harlem, 2006.", "page_number": "54-55", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cooke, Lynne, Douglas Crimp, et al. <em>Outliers and American Vanguard Art</em>. Washington: National Gallery of Art, 2018.", "page_number": "96-97", "url": null}, {"citation": "Collection. \"Building Blocks: A Look at Al Loving's <em>Blue Rational/Irrational, </em>1969.\u201d <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine </em>60, no. 3 (Summer 2020): 18-19.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 19; Mentioned: P. 18-19.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Yoder, Dean. \u201cHidden Complexities: The Conservation of Al Loving's <em>Blue Rational/Irrational</em>.\u201d <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine </em>61, no. 2 (Spring 2021): 36-37.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 36, 37: Mentioned: P. 4, 36-37.", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/2019.58", "images": {}, "alternate_images": [], "creditline": "Gift of the KeyBank Collection", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Betty and Max Ratner Gallery", "athena_id": 318300, "creators": [{"id": 63955, "description": "Al Loving (American, 1935\u20132005)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1935", "death_year": "2005", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "2019-03-04T00:00:00-05:00", "sortable_date": 1964, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1969", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "cover", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:05:49.182000"}, {"id": 142476, "accession_number": "1966.238", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "John the Baptist, c. 1410. Robert Campin (Netherlandish, 1375/79\u20131444). Oil on oak panel; framed: 25 x 20 x 3 cm (9 13/16 x 7 7/8 x 1 3/16 in.); unframed: 17.3 x 11.6 cm (6 13/16 x 4 9/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Gift of the John Huntington Art and Polytechnic Trust, 1966.238", "current_location": "112 Northern Renaissance", "title": "John the Baptist", "creation_date": "c. 1410", "creation_date_earliest": 1410, "creation_date_latest": 1415, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["Flanders"], "technique": "oil on oak panel", "support_materials": [], "department": "Medieval Art", "collection": "MED - Medieval Art", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 25 x 20 x 3 cm (9 13/16 x 7 7/8 x 1 3/16 in.); Unframed: 17.3 x 11.6 cm (6 13/16 x 4 9/16 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 0.25, "width": 0.2, "depth": 0.03}, "unframed": {"height": 0.173, "width": 0.116}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 186370, "title": "Dukes and Angels: Art from the Court of Burgundy (1364-1419)", "description": "<i>Dukes and Angels: Art from the Court of Burgundy (1364-1419)</i>. Mus\u00e9e des Beaux-Arts, Dijon, Dijon, France (May 27-September 15, 2004); The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 24, 2004-January 9, 2005).", "opening_date": "2004-05-27T00:00:00"}, {"id": 220526, "title": "Die Geburt der Modern Malerei: Robert Campin, der Meister von Flemalle und Rogier van der Weyden", "description": "<i>Die Geburt der Modern Malerei: Robert Campin, der Meister von Flemalle und Rogier van der Weyden</i>. St\u00e4del Museum, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (November 21, 2008-February 22, 2009); Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Gem\u00e4ldegalerie, Germany (March 20-June 21, 2009).", "opening_date": "2008-11-21T00:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "CMA 1966:  Golden Anniversary Acquisitions, cat. no. 58, repr. p. 179.", "opening_date": "1966-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Dijon, Mus\u00e9e des Beaux-Arts of Dijon (May 28-September 15, 2004); The Cleveland Museum of Art (October 24, 2004-January 9, 2005) \"Dukes and Angels: Art from the Court of Burgundy (1364-1419).\"exh.cat.no.136, p.351, repr.p.352.", "opening_date": "2004-05-28T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Das St\u00e4del, Frankfurt am Main (11/21/2008 - 2/22/2009) and Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Gem\u00e4ldegalerie (3/20/2009 - 6/21/2009):  \"Die Geburt der Modern Malerei: Robert Campin, der Meister von Flemalle und Rogier van der Weyden\", ex. cat. no. 1, p. 181.", "opening_date": "2008-11-21T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "The Dukes of Clermont-Tonnerre; by descent, Nettancourt-Vaubecourt, Ch\u00e2teau Choiseul; Le Molt collection, Bourbonne-les-Bains; (Christie's London sale, June 26, 1964, no. 44); (Thomas P. Grange, London, 1966)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": null}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": null, "description": "According to tradition, John the Baptist wears a hair shirt under a white cloth, associated with newly baptized Christians. The flag bearing a red cross symbolizes resurrection. In marked contrast, the background features a lavish gold-patterned silk. The display of such luxurious fabrics continues an ancient tradition of using the finest objects in the worship of God. This painting has been cut down along the lower edge and would have originally shown a full-length image of the saint. It was probably the right wing of a triptych, with John the Baptist gazing upon a central image of the Virgin and Child. Campin first settled in Tournai around 1405-6 as a free master of the guild of painters, and he bought citizenship there in 1410, which suggests he was born elsewhere. Although heavily indebted to contemporary masters of manuscript illumination, Campin displayed greater powers of realistic observation than any other painter before him. He was one of the first artists to experiment with the use of oil-based colors, in lieu of egg-based tempera, to achieve the brilliant color typical of this period.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18508770"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1966.238-john-the-baptist"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 66", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n90"}, {"citation": "Lee, Sherman E. \u201cGolden Anniversary Acquisitions: September 10 through October 16.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 53, no. 7 (September 1966): 181\u2013284.", "page_number": "Reproduced: Cover; Mentioned: p. 279. no. 58", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25152110"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 66", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n90"}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Catalogue of Paintings. Pt. 1. European Paintings before 1500. </em>Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1974.", "page_number": "Reproduced: fig. 52, p. 146 - 149; colorplate, XXV", "url": ""}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 75", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n95"}, {"citation": "Lurie, Ann Tzeutschler. \u201cA Newly Discovered Eyckian St. John the Baptist in a Landscape.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 68, no. 4 (April 1981): 87\u2013109.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 87, fig. 2", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25159721"}, {"citation": "Fliegel, Stephen N., Sophie Jugie, and Virginie Barthe\u0301le\u0301my. <em>Art from the Court of Burgundy: The Patronage of Philip the Bold and John the Fearless 1364-1419 : Muse\u0301e Des Beaux-Arts De Dijon, May 28-September 15, 2004, the Cleveland Museum of Art, October 24, 2004-January 9, 2005</em>. [Dijon]: Muse\u0301e des beaux-arts, 2004.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 351-352, no. 136", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 273", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1966.238", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1966.238/1966.238_web.jpg", "width": "609", "height": "893", "filesize": "524781", "filename": "1966.238_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1966.238/1966.238_print.jpg", "width": "2320", "height": "3400", "filesize": "6702683", "filename": "1966.238_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1966.238/1966.238_full.tif", "width": "3368", "height": "4935", "filesize": "49896032", "filename": "1966.238_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2012-03-29T15:48:30", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1966.238/1966.238_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "611", "height": "893", "filesize": "197957"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1966.238/1966.238_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "2326", "height": "3400", "filesize": "2493269"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1966.238/1966.238_alt0_full.tif", "width": "4188", "height": "6121", "filesize": "76927592"}}, {"annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1966.238/1966.238_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "689", "height": "893", "filesize": "580939"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1966.238/1966.238_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "2623", "height": "3400", "filesize": "7691021"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1966.238/1966.238_alt1_full.tif", "width": "3857", "height": "5000", "filesize": "57887996"}}, {"date_created": "2012-03-29T15:52:39", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1966.238/1966.238_alt2_web.jpg", "width": "636", "height": "893", "filesize": "161550"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1966.238/1966.238_alt2_print.jpg", "width": "2422", "height": "3400", "filesize": "2136256"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1966.238/1966.238_alt2_full.tif", "width": "4538", "height": "6370", "filesize": "86745552"}}, {"annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1966.238/1966.238_alt3_web.jpg", "width": "1263", "height": "489", "filesize": "558466"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1966.238/1966.238_alt3_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "1316", "filesize": "3619807"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1966.238/1966.238_alt3_full.tif", "width": "5000", "height": "1936", "filesize": "29063276"}}, {"date_created": "2012-03-29T12:20:33", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1966.238/1966.238_alt4_web.jpg", "width": "717", "height": "893", "filesize": "124470"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1966.238/1966.238_alt4_print.jpg", "width": "2729", "height": "3400", "filesize": "1594875"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1966.238/1966.238_alt4_full.tif", "width": "4703", "height": "5859", "filesize": "82688660"}}], "creditline": "Gift of the John Huntington Art and Polytechnic Trust", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Lucia Smith Nash Gallery", "athena_id": 142476, "creators": [{"id": 2715, "description": "Robert Campin (Netherlandish, 1375/79\u20131444)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1375", "death_year": "1444", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1966-05-25T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1410, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 1410", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": true, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-04-17 12:00:42.406000"}, {"id": 149947, "accession_number": "1980.180", "share_license_status": "Copyrighted", "tombstone": "Number 5, 1950, 1950. Jackson Pollock (American, 1912\u20131956). Oil on canvas; framed: 138 x 102 x 5 cm (54 5/16 x 40 3/16 x 1 15/16 in.); unframed: 136.5 x 99.1 cm (53 3/4 x 39 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund, 1980.180. \u00a9 Pollock-Krasner Foundation / Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York", "current_location": "227 Abstract Expressionism", "title": "Number 5, 1950", "creation_date": "1950", "creation_date_earliest": 1950, "creation_date_latest": 1950, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["America"], "technique": "oil on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "American Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "American - Painting", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 138 x 102 x 5 cm (54 5/16 x 40 3/16 x 1 15/16 in.); Unframed: 136.5 x 99.1 cm (53 3/4 x 39 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 1.38, "width": 1.02, "depth": 0.05}, "unframed": {"height": 1.365, "width": 0.991}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": "\u00a9 Pollock-Krasner Foundation / Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York", "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 304404, "title": "The Spirit of Surrealism", "description": "<i>The Spirit of Surrealism</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (October 3-November 25, 1979).", "opening_date": "1979-10-03T04:00:00"}, {"id": 304521, "title": "Year in Review: 1980", "description": "<i>Year in Review: 1980</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art (organizer) (June 24-July 19, 1981).", "opening_date": "1981-06-24T04:00:00"}, {"id": 310025, "title": "Creativity in Art and Science, 1860-1960", "description": "<i>Creativity in Art and Science, 1860-1960</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (September 16-November 8, 1987).", "opening_date": "1987-09-16T04:00:00"}, {"id": 179631, "title": "CMA Highlights", "description": "<i>CMA Highlights</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art (organizer) (June 21-September 11, 2005).", "opening_date": "2005-06-21T00:00:00"}, {"id": 181802, "title": "The Persistence of Geometry: Form, Content and Culture in the Collection of the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>The Persistence of Geometry: Form, Content and Culture in the Collection of the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. Museum of Contemporary Art Cleveland (MOCA), Cleveland, OH (June 9-August 20, 2006).", "opening_date": "2006-06-09T00:00:00"}, {"id": 677076, "title": "Landscapes by Arnold Chang: A Retrospective and Recent Acquisitions \u5f35\u6d2a\u5c71\u6c34\u756b\u56de\u9867\u5c55", "description": "<i>Landscapes by Arnold Chang: A Retrospective and Recent Acquisitions \u5f35\u6d2a\u5c71\u6c34\u756b\u56de\u9867\u5c55</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (March 8-November 9, 2025).", "opening_date": "2025-03-08T05:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>Jackson Pollock. </em>Betty Parsons Gallery, New York, NY (November 28-December 16, 1950).", "opening_date": "1950-11-28T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Jackson Pollock 1948-1951</em>. Studio Paul Facchetti, Paris, France (March 7-31, 1952).", "opening_date": "1952-03-07T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Object and Image in Modern Art and Poetry</em>. Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven, CT (April 30-June 14, 1954).", "opening_date": "1954-04-30T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Pollock</em>. Museo de Arte Moderna, Sao Paulo, Brazil (1957).", "opening_date": "1957-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>The New American Painting</em>. Basel, Kunsthalle, (April 19-May 26, 1958); traveled to Hamburg, Kunstverein, (July 19-August 17, 1958); organized by the Museum of Modern Art, New York (International Council); possibly traveled to Galleria civica d'arte moderna, Milan, Italy (June 1-29, 1958); Hochscule fur Bildende Kunst, Berlin, Germany (September 1-October 1, 1958); Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (October 17-November 24, 1958); Palais des Beaux-Arts, Brussels, Belgium (December 6, 1958-January 4, 1959); Tate Gallery, London, England (February 24- March 23, 1959); Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY (May 28-September 8, 1959).", "opening_date": "1958-04-19T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Jackson Pollock and the New American Painting</em>. Mus\u00e9e National D'Art Moderne, Paris, France (January 16-February 15, 1959); organized by the Museum of Modern Art, New York (International Council).", "opening_date": "1959-01-16T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Recent Acquisitions</em>. Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY (1959\u20131960).", "opening_date": "1959-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>First International Modern Art Exhibition</em>. Museo de Arte Moderno, Buenos Aires, Argentina (1960).", "opening_date": "1960-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Painting and Sculpture and Graphic Art from the Museum Collection. </em>Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY (1962\u2013196\u000f3).", "opening_date": "1962-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Two Decades of Americian Painting, selected by Waldo Rasmussen</em>. Organized by Museum of Modern Art, New York, shown at: National Museum of Modern Art, Tokyo, Japan, (October 15-November 27, 1966); National Museum of Modern Art, Kyoto, Japan (December 10, 1966-January 22, 1967); Lalit Kala Akademi, New Delhi, India (March 28-April 15, 1967); National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne, Australia (June 6-July 9, 1967); Art Gallery of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (July 17-August 13, 1967).", "opening_date": "1966-10-15T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>The Art of the Real: An Aspect of American Painting and Sculpture 1948-1968. </em>Tate Gallery, London, England. Organized by the Museum of Modern Art, New York (International Council) (April 24-June 1, 1969).", "opening_date": "1969-04-24T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "(Betty Parsons Gallery, New York, NY, sold to Mr. and Mrs. Walter Bareiss)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1950", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "Walter [1919\u20132007] and Molly Bareiss [1920\u20132006], Greenwich, CT, given to the Museum of Modern Art, New York", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1950\u20131957", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1957\u20131980", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1980\u2013", "sortorder": 4}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Although he was born Paul Jackson Pollock, he always went by his middle name.", "description": "Notoriously nicknamed \"Jack the Dripper\" by <em>Time</em> magazine, Pollock pioneered the technique of flinging pigment from store-bought cans of paint onto canvas placed flat on the floor. Filled with intricate webs of lines and intermingled spatters, paintings such as <em>Number 5, 1950</em> are unusually direct records of the artist's moving body and hand gestures.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60474349"], "internet_archive": []}, "citations": [{"citation": "Betty Parsons Gallery, Sales and Purchases: Sales Invoices, Barc-Bart, 1950-1973, Box 25, Folder 29, frame 3, Archives of American Art, New York, NY", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Hamilton, George Heard. <em>Object and Image in Modern Art and Poetry: An Essay and an Exhibition at the Yale University Art Gallery, 30 April, 1954, through 14 June, 1954</em>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Art Gallery, 1954.", "page_number": "cat. no. 27", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Hunter, Sam, Museum of Modern Art (New York, N.Y.), International Council of the Museum of Modern Art (New York, N.Y.), and Bienal Internacional de Sa\u0303o Paulo 1957). <em>Pollock</em>. New York: The Council, 1957.", "page_number": "cat. no. 19", "url": ""}, {"citation": "<em>The New American Painting, as Shown in Eight European Countries, 1958-1959</em>. New York: Museum of Modern Art; distributed by Doubleday, Garden City, NY, 1959.", "page_number": "cat. no. 18", "url": ""}, {"citation": "\"Painting and Sculpture Acquisitions January 1, 1957 through December 31, 1957,\" <em>The Bulletin of the Museum of Modern Art</em> 25.4 (July 1958): 3\u201324.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Muse\u0301e national d\u2019art moderne (France), and Jackson Pollock. J<em>ackson Pollock et La Nouvelle Peinture Ame\u0301ricaine</em>. Paris: Editions des Muse\u0301es Nationaux, 1959.", "page_number": "cat. no. 16", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Goossen, E. C.. <em>The Art of the Real; an Aspect of American Painting and Sculpture 1948-1968</em>. Great Britain. Arts Council. Catalogues. 1969. Volume 1. London: Arts Council, 1968.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 54, cat. no. 37; Reproduced: p. 16", "url": ""}, {"citation": "O\u2019Connor, Francis V. and Eugene Victor Thaw, eds. <em>A Catalogue Raisonne\u0301 of Paintings, Drawings, and Other Works.</em> New Haven: Yale University Press, 1978.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 89, vol. 2, no. 266", "url": null}, {"citation": "Henning, Edward B. <em>The Spirit of Surrealism</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1979.", "page_number": "cat. no. 94", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, \u201cThe Cleveland Museum of Art Has Purchased a Major Work by Jackson Pollock,\u201d January 6, 1981, Cleveland Museum of Art Archives.", "page_number": null, "url": "https://archive.org/details/cmapr2845"}, {"citation": "Lee, Sherman E. \u201cThe Year in Review for 1980.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 68, no. 6 (1981): 163\u2013219.", "page_number": "Mentioned: no. 106, pp. 163, 199, 214; Reproduced: no. 106, p. 198", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25159730"}, {"citation": "Henning, Edward B. <em>Creativity in Art and Science, 1860-1960. </em>[Cleveland, Ohio]: Published by the Cleveland Museum of Art in cooperation with Indiana University Press, 1987.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 81, pl. VIII; Mentioned and reproduced: P. 132, no. 42", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Donley, Gregory M., \"Geometric Means\", Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Cleveland Art: The Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em>. Vol. 46 no. 05, May/June 2006", "page_number": "Mentioned & reproduced: p. 7", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2006-05/page/6"}, {"citation": "Sims, Lowery Stokes. <em>The Persistence of Geometry : Form, Content, and Culture in the Collection of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 2006.", "page_number": "Mentioned: no. 91, p. 121; Reproduced: p. 100", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Adams, Henry. <em>What's American about American art?: a gallery tour in the Cleveland Museum of Art. </em>Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2008.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 146 - 147", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Arendsee, M., and M. Steinman-Arendsee. \"Take the CAN disability aesthetics tour, at the Cleveland Museum of art.\" <em>CAN Journal</em> (Winter 2019/20): 76-87.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p.86", "url": null}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1980.180", "images": {}, "alternate_images": [], "creditline": "Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Frank H. and Nancy L. Porter Gallery", "athena_id": 149947, "creators": [{"id": 3591, "description": "Jackson Pollock (American, 1912\u20131956)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1912", "death_year": "1956", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1980-11-13T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1950, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1950", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:01:02.059000"}, {"id": 136311, "accession_number": "1960.193", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Arrival of the \"Southern Barbarians\" (\u5357\u86ee\u56f3\u5c4f\u98a8), c. 1600. Japan, Momoyama period (1573\u20131615). Pair of six-panel folding screens; ink, color, and gold on paper; overall: 146.7 x 337.2 cm (57 3/4 x 132 3/4 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund, 1960.193", "current_location": "235A Japanese", "title": "Arrival of the \"Southern Barbarians\"", "title_in_original_language": "\u5357\u86ee\u56f3\u5c4f\u98a8", "creation_date": "c. 1600", "creation_date_earliest": 1595, "creation_date_latest": 1605, "artists_tags": [], "culture": ["Japan, Momoyama period (1573\u20131615)"], "technique": "Pair of six-panel folding screens; ink, color, and gold on paper", "support_materials": [], "department": "Japanese Art", "collection": "ASIAN - Folding screen", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Overall: 146.7 x 337.2 cm (57 3/4 x 132 3/4 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"height": 1.467, "width": 3.372}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 302015, "title": "Year in Review - Nineteen Hundred Sixty", "description": "<i>Year in Review - Nineteen Hundred Sixty</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (November 30, 1960-January 1, 1961).", "opening_date": "1960-11-30T05:00:00"}, {"id": 302033, "title": "Japanese Decorative Style", "description": "<i>Japanese Decorative Style</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art (August 30-October 15, 1961); The Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL (November 9-December 17, 1961).", "opening_date": "1961-08-30T04:00:00"}, {"id": 300779, "title": "Juxtapositions", "description": "<i>Juxtapositions</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (September 11-October 10, 1965).", "opening_date": "1965-09-11T04:00:00"}, {"id": 378943, "title": "East-West in Art", "description": "<i>East-West in Art</i>. Indiana University Art Museum, Bloomington, IN (June 22-October 31, 1966).", "opening_date": "1966-06-22T04:00:00"}, {"id": 301805, "title": "Dutch Art and Life in the Seventeenth Century", "description": "<i>Dutch Art and Life in the Seventeenth Century</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (July 10-September 2, 1973).", "opening_date": "1973-07-10T04:00:00"}, {"id": 302380, "title": "Japanese Screens from the Museum and Cleveland Collections", "description": "<i>Japanese Screens from the Museum and Cleveland Collections</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (March 23-May 8, 1977).", "opening_date": "1977-03-23T05:00:00"}, {"id": 309567, "title": "The Porcelain Connection", "description": "<i>The Porcelain Connection</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 22-August 15, 1982).", "opening_date": "1982-06-22T04:00:00"}, {"id": 309844, "title": "Byobu: The Art of the Japanese Screen", "description": "<i>Byobu: The Art of the Japanese Screen</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art (organizer) (August 1-October 14, 1984).", "opening_date": "1984-08-01T04:00:00"}, {"id": 310026, "title": "Byobu: The Art of the Japanese Screen", "description": "<i>Byobu: The Art of the Japanese Screen</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (December 8, 1987-January 10, 1988).", "opening_date": "1987-12-08T05:00:00"}, {"id": 310241, "title": "Autumn Grasses: Arts of the Momoyama Period (1573-1615)", "description": "<i>Autumn Grasses: Arts of the Momoyama Period (1573-1615)</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 4-December 11, 1988).", "opening_date": "1988-10-04T04:00:00"}, {"id": 185596, "title": "Unfolding Beauty:  Japanese Screens from the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Unfolding Beauty:  Japanese Screens from the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (July 15-September 16, 2001).", "opening_date": "2001-07-15T00:00:00"}, {"id": 698362, "title": "Highlights of Japanese Art", "description": "<i>Highlights of Japanese Art</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (December 7, 2025-June 14, 2026).", "opening_date": "2025-12-07T05:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>Main Japanese Rotation (Gallery 237)</em>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (May 29-December 23, 2013).", "opening_date": "2013-05-29T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Ogiware Yasunosuke", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": null}, {"description": "Nagami Takutaro \u6c38\u898b \u5fb3\u592a\u90ce [1890\u20131950], Nagasaki, Japan", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "(Mayuyama and Company, Tokyo, Japan, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "?\u20131960", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1960\u2013", "sortorder": 4}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Europeans were called \"Southern Barbarians\" because their ships arrived in Japan from the south.", "description": "These screens show European merchants arriving in Japan. Almost certainly the persons represented are Portuguese, since they are accompanied by Roman Catholic priests. Early in the 1600s the Portuguese were forced out of Japan, chiefly because of internal difficulties caused by their missionaries. Later, between 1641 and 1853, the Dutch were the only Europeans permitted to trade with Japan but their presence was restricted to a port town in far western Japan, near present-day Nagasaki.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60465474"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1960.193-arrival-of-the-south"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Yoshida, Teruji \u5409\u7530\u668e\u4e8c. <em>Ukiyoe taisei</em> \u6d6e\u4e16\u7e6a\u5927\u6210. Tokyo \u6771\u4eac: Toho Shoin \u6771\u65b9\u66f8\u9662, Showa \u662d\u548c 5\u20136 [1930 \u20131931].", "page_number": "Reproduced: pls. 108\u2013110", "url": ""}, {"citation": "<em>Ho\u0304un </em>\u5bf3\u96f2, no. 4 (1932): pp. 64\u201383.", "page_number": "", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Buhot, Jean. \"Les Paravents Des Portugais: A Propos du Paravent du Mus\u00e9e Guimet.\" <em>Revue Des Arts Asiatiques</em> 12, no. 2/3 (June-September 1938): 113\u2013124.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pls. 2\u20134", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/43474404"}, {"citation": "Okamoto, Yoshitomo \u5ca1\u672c\u826f\u77e5. <em>Nanban byo\u0304bu ko\u0304 </em>\u5357\u86ee\u5c5b\u98a8\u8003. To\u0304kyo\u0304: Sho\u0304shinsha, 1955.", "page_number": "Reproduced: title page", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Narazaki, Muneshige \u6962\u5d0e \u5b97\u91cd. \"Japan's Trade with Western Countries\" <em>Kokka</em> no. 764 (November, 1955).", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 361, pl. 6", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Kondo\u0304, Ichitaro\u0304 \u8fd1\u85e4\u5e02\u592a\u90ce. <em>Momoyama sho\u0304hekiga meisaku ten</em> \u6843\u5c71\u969c\u58c1\u753b\u540d\u4f5c\u5c55. To\u0304kyo\u0304: Nihon Keizai Shinbunsha, 1957.", "page_number": "Reproduced:  no. 14", "url": ""}, {"citation": "<em>Zusetsu sekai bunkashi taikei </em>\u56f3\u8aaa\u4e16\u754c\u6587\u5316\u53f2\u5927\u7cfb. Tokyo: Kadokawa shoten, 1959.", "page_number": "Reproduced: vol. 23, part 4 , figs. 60\u201361", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Lee, Sherman E. \"Year in Review| 1960.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 47, no. 10 (1960): 223\u2013254.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 34, pp. 224\u2013225; Mentioned: no. 34, pp. 223 and 251", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25142422"}, {"citation": "Lee, Sherman E. <em>Japanese Decorative Style</em>. Tokyo: Makoto Nakao, 1962.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 96-97; cat. no. 96", "url": "https://archive.org/details/JapaneseDecorativeStyle/page/n113"}, {"citation": "Von Ragu\u00e9, Beatrix. \"A Pair of Screens with the \"Southern Barbarians\".\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 52, no. 2 (1965): 27\u201333.", "page_number": "", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25152033"}, {"citation": "Narazaki, Muneshige \u6962\u5d0e \u5b97\u91cd. \"The Types of Namban Screens\" <em>Kokka </em>no. 881 (August, 1965): pp. 33\u201338.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pls. 7\u20139", "url": ""}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 280", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n304"}, {"citation": "Bowie, Theodore Robert, J. Leroy Davidson, and Rudolf Wittkower. <em>East-West in Art: Patterns of Cultural &amp; Aesthetic Relationships</em>. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pl. 186", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Mayuyama, Junkichi \u7e6d\u5c71\u9806\u5409. <em>Japanese Art in the West</em>. [Tokyo]: Mayuyama &amp; Co, 1966.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 351; Reproduced: pp. 168\u2013169, pls. 198a and b", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Katsuki Takashi. \"Namban Byobu.\" <em>Oriental Art</em>, vol. 13 (Winter, 1967).", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 257, fig. 5", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Charleston, R. J., and John Ayers. <em>World Ceramics: An Illustrated History</em>. London: Hamlyn, 1968.", "page_number": "Reproduced:  p. 67, pl. 187", "url": ""}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 280", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n304"}, {"citation": "Shimada, Shu\u0304jiro\u0304 \u5cf6\u7530\u4fee\u4e8c\u90ce. <em>Zaigai hiho\u0304: O\u0304bei shu\u0304zo\u0304 nihon kaiga shu\u0304sei </em>\u5728\u5916\u79d8\u5b9d : \u6b27\u7c73\u6536\u8535\u65e5\u672c\u7d75\u753b\u96c6\u6210.  Tokyo: Gakushu kenkyusha, Showa 44 [1969].", "page_number": "Reproduced: vol. 1, pt. 1, pls. 42 and 43", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Grilli, Elise. <em>The Art of the Japanese Screen</em>. New York: Weatherhill, 1970.", "page_number": "Reproduced:  pp. 234\u2013235, pl. 130", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Okamoto, Yoshitomo \u5ca1\u672c\u826f\u77e5, and Takamizawa Tadao \u9ad8\u898b\u6ca2\u5fe0\u96c4. <em>Nanban byo\u0304bu </em>\u5357\u86ee\u5c5b\u98a8. To\u0304kyo\u0304: Kajima Shuppankai, 1970.", "page_number": "Reproduced: vol. 1, p. 179, pl. 48", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Sakamoto, Mitsuru \u5742\u672c\u6e80, Tadashi Sugase \u83c5\u702c\u6b63, and Fujio\u0304 Naruse \u6210\u702c\u4e0d\u4e8c\u96c4. <em>Nanban bijutsu to Yo\u0304fu\u0304ga</em> \u5357\u86ee\u7f8e\u8853\u3068\u6d0b\u98a8\u753b. To\u0304kyo\u0304: Sho\u0304gakkan, 1970.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pls. 52\u201353", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Varley, H. Paul. <em>Japanese Culture; a Short History</em>. New York: Praeger, 1973.", "page_number": "Reproduced: fig. 40 (left screen only)", "url": ""}, {"citation": "\"Japanese Art in the West.\" <em>The Sun</em>, no. 21 (Winter, 1977): pp. 82-83.", "page_number": "Reproduced: fig. 62", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Lee, Sherman E. <em>Japanese Screens from the Museum and Cleveland Collections</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Museum, 1977.", "page_number": "cat. no. 11", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Sakamoto, Mitsuru \u5742\u672c\u6e80. <em>Fu\u0304zokuga: Nanban fu\u0304zoku </em>\u98a8\u4fd7\u753b: \u5357\u86ee\u98a8\u4fd7. To\u0304kyo\u0304: Ko\u0304dnsha, 1977.", "page_number": "Reproduced:  pp. 88\u201389 and 92, pls. 97, 98, 105", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Sakamoto, Mitsuru \u5742\u672c\u6e80. <em>Nanban byo\u0304bu</em> \u5357\u86ee\u5c5b\u98a8.  To\u0304kyo\u0304: Shibundo\u0304, 1977.", "page_number": "Reproduced:  pl. 32", "url": ""}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 378", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n398"}, {"citation": "Moore, Janet Gaylord. <em>The Eastern Gate: An Invitation to the Arts of China and Japan</em>. Cleveland, OH: Collins, 1979.", "page_number": "pp. 228\u2013230", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Vollmer, John, E. J. Keall, and E. Nagai-Berthrong. <em>Silk Roads, China Ships</em>. Toronto, ON: Royal Ontario Museum, 1983.", "page_number": "pp. 136, 181", "url": ""}, {"citation": "\"Fugetsu sansui \u98a8\u6708\u5c71\u6c34<em>.\" </em>Vol. 12 in <em>Nihon no isho\u0304</em> \u65e5\u672c\u306e\u610f\u5320. Yoshioka, Yukio \u5409\u5ca1\u5e78\u96c4, editor. Kyo\u0304to-shi: Kyo\u0304to Shoin, 1986.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pp. 74\u201375, color pl. 75", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Tsutsui, Hiroichi \u7b52\u4e95\u7d18\u4e00 and Tatsuro\u0304 Akai \u8d64\u4e95\u9054\u90ce. <em>Chanoyu kaiga shiryo\u0304 shu\u0304sei </em>\u8336\u306e\u6e6f\u7d75\u753b\u8cc7\u6599\u96c6\u6210. To\u0304kyo\u0304: Heibonsha, 1992.", "page_number": "p. 31, no. 14", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Steele, Marcia, \"A Royal Plaque\", Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Cleveland Art: The Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em>. Vol. 39 no. 07, September 1999", "page_number": "Mentioned & reproduced: 8-9", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM1999-09/page/n7"}, {"citation": "Varley, H. Paul. <em>Japanese Culture</em>. Honolulu: University of Hawai\u02bbi Press, 2000.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: pp. 150\u2013151, fig. 43", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cunningham, Michael R. <em>Unfolding Beauty: Japanese Screens from the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2001.", "page_number": "Reproduced and Mentioned: cat. no. 9, pp. 24\u201325", "url": null}, {"citation": "Grossman, Nancy, James T. Ulak, Marjorie Williams, and Laurence Channing. <em>Art of Japan: Masterpieces from the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 2005.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 78", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Rivero Lake, Rodrigo. <em>Namban: Art in Viceregal Mexico</em>. [Madrid]: Estilome\u0301xico Editores, 2005.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: pp.165\u2013167", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Franklin, David and C. Griffith Mann. <em>Treasures from the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 2012.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: pp. 182\u2013183", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Welsh, Jennifer L. \"Cultural Trends and Cross-Cultural Interest: The 'Southern Barbarian Screens,' and Early Modern Japan.\" <em>Japan Studies Association Journal </em>10 (2012).", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 164, ill. 2", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 243; Reproduced: pp. 232\u2013233", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Usanov-Geissler, Nora. <em>Kyo\u0304to und seine Anderen: bildku\u0308nstlerische Imaginationen der Ku\u0308ste auf japanischen nanban byo\u0304bu</em>. Mu\u0308nchen: Iudicium, 2019.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 79, figs. 55 and 56", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Ware, Zaria. <em>Blk Art: The Audacious Legacy of Black Artists and Models in Western Art</em>. New York, NY : Harper Design, an imprint of HarperCollinsPublishers, 2023.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pp. 60\u201361", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1960.193", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1960.193/1960.193_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "820", "filesize": "", "filename": "1960.193_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1960.193/1960.193_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "3098", "filesize": "", "filename": "1960.193_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1960.193/1960.193_full.tif", "width": "13751", "height": "12528", "filesize": "", "filename": "1960.193_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2011-08-03T17:55:02", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1960.193/1960.193_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "409", "filesize": "243473"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1960.193/1960.193_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "1544", "filesize": "2194337"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1960.193/1960.193_alt0_full.tif", "width": "13767", "height": "6251", "filesize": "258240316"}}], "creditline": "Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 136311, "creators": [], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1960-11-12T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1595, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 1600", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "cover", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Namban Byobu: Screen of Southern Barbarians"], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:01:47.703000"}, {"id": 137308, "accession_number": "1962.239", "share_license_status": "Copyrighted", "tombstone": "No. 2 (Red Maroons), 1962. Mark Rothko (American, 1903\u20131970). Oil on canvas; framed: 202 x 207 x 3.5 cm (79 1/2 x 81 1/2 x 1 3/8 in.); unframed: 200.7 x 205.7 cm (79 x 81 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Contemporary Collection and Friends of The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1962.239. \u00a9 1998 Kate Rothko Prizel & Christopher Rothko / Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York", "current_location": "227 Abstract Expressionism", "title": "No. 2 (Red Maroons)", "creation_date": "1962", "creation_date_earliest": 1962, "creation_date_latest": 1962, "artists_tags": ["male", "Jewish artists"], "culture": ["America"], "technique": "oil on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "Contemporary Art", "collection": "CONTEMP - Painting", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 202 x 207 x 3.5 cm (79 1/2 x 81 1/2 x 1 3/8 in.); Unframed: 200.7 x 205.7 cm (79 x 81 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 2.02, "width": 2.07, "depth": 0.035}, "unframed": {"height": 2.007, "width": 2.057}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": "\u00a9 1998 Kate Rothko Prizel & Christopher Rothko / Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York", "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "Signed on back of canvas: \"Mark Rothko 1962 #2\"", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 302276, "title": "Year in Review - 1962", "description": "<i>Year in Review - 1962</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 24-November 25, 1962).", "opening_date": "1962-10-24T04:00:00"}, {"id": 300904, "title": "Fifty Years of Modern Art", "description": "<i>Fifty Years of Modern Art</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 15-July 31, 1966).", "opening_date": "1966-06-15T04:00:00"}, {"id": 310025, "title": "Creativity in Art and Science, 1860-1960", "description": "<i>Creativity in Art and Science, 1860-1960</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (September 16-November 8, 1987).", "opening_date": "1987-09-16T04:00:00"}], "legacy": []}, "provenance": [], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Rothko once stated, \u201cA painting is not a picture of an experience, but is the experience.\u201d", "description": "When asked to explain the aims of his art, Rothko answered, \u201cI\u2019m interested only in expressing basic human emotions\u2014tragedy, ecstasy, doom, and so on. . . .\u201d Most of his mature works feature diffuse areas of color appearing to float against a background of a different hue. Rothko typically applied several layers of diluted paint to each canvas, sometimes rubbing the wet surfaces with cloths to achieve his ethereal effects. Born Marcus Rothkowitz, the artist altered his name in 1940, partly in response to antisemitism. He and fellow Jewish artists\u2014including Lee Krasner, Morris Louis, and Louise Nevelson, all represented in this gallery\u2014made major contributions toward the development of American abstract art during the mid-1900s.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60466138"], "internet_archive": []}, "citations": [{"citation": "Henning, Edward B. \u201cIn Pursuit of: Content.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 50, no. 8 (October 1963): 219\u2013239.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 229-231, fig. 4", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25151964"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 203", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n227"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 203", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n227"}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Art of the Twentieth Century in the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: Dept. of Art History &amp; Education, CMA, 1969.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 4", "url": "https://archive.org/details/20thCenturyArtCMA/page/n5"}, {"citation": "Henning, Edward B. \u201cPlanes, Structure, Color, and Content.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 61, no. 7 (September 1974): 223\u2013239.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 231, fig. 17", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25152534"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 250", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n270"}, {"citation": "Henning, Edward B. <em>Creativity in Art and Science, 1860-1960.</em> [Cleveland, Ohio]: Published by the Cleveland Museum of Art in cooperation with Indiana University Press, 1987.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 133, no. 44", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Anfam, David. <em>Mark Rothko: The Works on Canvas: Catalogue Raisonne\u0301.</em> New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998.", "page_number": "Reproduced:  p. 571, no. 718", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1962.239", "images": {}, "alternate_images": [], "creditline": "Contemporary Collection and Friends of The Cleveland Museum of Art", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Frank H. and Nancy L. Porter Gallery", "athena_id": 137308, "creators": [{"id": 3627, "description": "Mark Rothko (American, 1903\u20131970)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1903", "death_year": "1970", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1962-11-17T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1962, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1962", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Red Maroons"], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:04:37.462000"}, {"id": 130392, "accession_number": "1953.156", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "The Return of the Holy Family to Nazareth, c. 1627. Nicolas Poussin (French, 1594\u20131665). Oil on canvas; framed: 159.5 x 124 x 14.5 cm (62 13/16 x 48 13/16 x 5 11/16 in.); unframed: 134 x 99 cm (52 3/4 x 39 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Gift of the Hanna Fund, 1953.156", "current_location": "212 Baroque Painting and Sculpture", "title": "The Return of the Holy Family to Nazareth", "creation_date": "c. 1627", "creation_date_earliest": 1622, "creation_date_latest": 1632, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["France, 17th century"], "technique": "oil on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "P - French 17th Century", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 159.5 x 124 x 14.5 cm (62 13/16 x 48 13/16 x 5 11/16 in.); Unframed: 134 x 99 cm (52 3/4 x 39 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 1.595, "width": 1.24, "depth": 0.145}, "unframed": {"height": 1.34, "width": 0.99}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 300859, "title": "The Venetian Tradition", "description": "<i>The Venetian Tradition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (November 8, 1956-January 1, 1957).", "opening_date": "1956-11-08T05:00:00"}, {"id": 301477, "title": "In Memoriam: Leonard C. Hanna, Jr.", "description": "<i>In Memoriam: Leonard C. Hanna, Jr.</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (March 4-April 7, 1958).", "opening_date": "1958-03-04T05:00:00"}, {"id": 519732, "title": "The Arts of Man", "description": "<i>The Arts of Man</i>. The Dallas Museum of Art, Dallas, TX (organizer) (October 4-November 15, 1962).", "opening_date": "1962-10-04T04:00:00"}, {"id": 411181, "title": "Poussin", "description": "<i>Poussin</i>. Dulwich Picture Gallery (organizer) (February 16-April 30, 1995).", "opening_date": "1995-02-16T05:00:00"}, {"id": 220985, "title": "The First Roman Years of Nicolas Poussin", "description": "<i>The First Roman Years of Nicolas Poussin</i>. Palazzo delle Esposizioni, Rome (November 26, 1998-March 1, 1999).", "opening_date": "1998-11-26T00:00:00"}, {"id": 205959, "title": "The Triumph of French Painting: Seventeenth Century Masterpieces from the Museums of FRAME [FRAME]", "description": "<i>The Triumph of French Painting: Seventeenth Century Masterpieces from the Museums of FRAME [FRAME]</i>. Portland Art Museum, Portland, OR (organizer) (October 11, 2003-January 4, 2004); Birmingham Museum of Art, Birmingham, AL (January 25-April 11, 2004); Meadows Museum (April 30-July 25, 2004).", "opening_date": "2003-10-11T00:00:00"}, {"id": 221921, "title": "Object Lessons: France in the Golden Age", "description": "<i>Object Lessons: France in the Golden Age</i>. Timken Museum of Art, San Diego, CA (organizer) (February 14-June 3, 2012).", "opening_date": "2012-02-14T00:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "The Art Institute of Chicago, July 15-August 31, 1954: \"Masterpieces of Religious Painting in collaboration with the World Council of Churches,\" cat. no. 33, repr. p. 32.", "opening_date": "1954-07-15T00:00:00"}, {"description": "CMA, 1956: \"The Venetian Tradition,\" cat. no. 30, repr. (Catalogue by Henry S Francis).", "opening_date": "1956-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Toledo (Ohio) Museum of Art January 4-February 2, 1959: \"Paintings and Drawings by Nicolas Poussin in American Museums,\" cat. p. 26, repr. fig. 14 (color) Minneapolis Isnitute of Art, February 11-March 10, 1959.", "opening_date": "1959-01-04T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Paris 1960, no. 52.", "opening_date": "1960-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Dallas Museum of Fine Arts, October 4-November 15, 1962: \"The Arts of Man,\" cat. no. 58, repr. p. 49.", "opening_date": "1962-10-04T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Fort Worth, Texas, Kimbell Art Museum, September 24-November 27, 1988: Poussin. The Early Years in Rome,\"", "opening_date": "1988-09-24T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Rome, Italy; Comune di Roma-Palazzo delle Esposizioni, 11/26/98 - 3/1/99 \"The first Roman Years of Nicolas Poussin\" (I primi anni romani.) Exhibition catalog no. 15, p. 66.", "opening_date": "1998-11-26T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Portland Art Museum, OR (10/11/2003 - 1/4/2004), Birmingham Museum of Art (1/25/2004 - 4/11/2004) and Meadows Museum, Southern Methodist University, Dallas (5/2/2004 - 7/25/2004): \"The Triumph of French Painting: 17th Century Masterpieces from the Museums of FRAME\", p. 94-95.", "opening_date": "2003-10-11T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, Ohio", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1953-", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "(Rosenberg and Stiebel, New York, NY, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1953", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "Frederick Mont and Newhouse Galleries, New York, NY, sold to Rosenberg and Stiebel)1", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->1Mont was chosen by the Prince of Liechtenstein as sole agent for the sale of works from his collection.&nbsp;</div>"], "date": "1952-1953", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "Princes of Liechtenstein, Vienna, and later, Vaduz1", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->1The Liechtenstein seal in the lower right hand corner of the painting bears the date 1733 \u2013 the year the painting was first recorded in the Liechtenstein collection.&nbsp;</div><div><!--block--><br></div><div><!--block--><br></div>", ""], "date": "By 1733-1952", "sortorder": 4}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Nicolas Poussin used wax figures and wetted paper or fabric to model the bodies in his paintings, helping him to capture the realistic folds, movement, and balance of light and shadow.", "description": "When King Herod learned that he would lose his throne to a child born in Bethlehem, he ordered all male infants to be massacred. Mary and Joseph thus fled to Egypt to protect their son, Jesus. The age of the boy in this painting suggests that Poussin depicted the less-common subject of the Holy Family\u2019s return from Egypt. Jesus reaches toward a vision of a cross borne by angels, a reference to both his eventual crucifixion and Herod\u2019s cruel slaughter of innocent children.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60516301"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1953.156-the-return-of-the-ho"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Gerald Stiebel, email to Victoria Sears Goldman, Sept. 19, 2013, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Gerald Stiebel, email to Victoria Sears Goldman, June 26, 2013, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": null, "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": null, "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": null, "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Gerald Stiebel, email to Victoria Sears Goldman, Sept. 19, 2013, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Gerald Stiebel, email to Victoria Sears Goldman, June 26, 2013, in CMA curatorial file", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Gerald Stiebel, email to Victoria Sears Goldman, Sept. 19, 2013, in CMA curatorial file.<br><br><ul><li><br></li></ul>", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Gerald Stiebel, email to Victoria Sears Goldman, June 26, 2013, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "<br>Dr. Reinhold Baumstark, letter to Ann Tzeutschler Lurie, Nov. 28, 1977, in CMA curatorial file.<br><br><ul><li><br></li></ul>", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Thuillier, Jacques. <em>L'opera completa di Poussin</em>. Milano: Rizzoli, 1974.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Wright, Christopher. <em>Poussin, Paintings: A Catalogue Raisonne\u0301</em>. New York: Hippocrene Books, 1985.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Falke, J. <em>Katalog der Fu\u0308rstlich Liechtensteinischen Bildergallerie im Gartenpalais der Rossau zu Wien</em>. Wien: Miethke &amp; Wawra, 1873.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Descrizzione completa di tutto cio che ritrovasi nella galleria di pittura e scultura di sua altezza Giuseppe Wenceslao ... principe regnante della casa di Lichtenstein</em>. 1767.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Francis, Henry S. \u201cThe \u2018Flight into Egypt\u2019 by Nicolas Poussin.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 40, no. 10 (December 1953): 211\u2013213.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 211-213; Reproduced: Cover", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25141917"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Handbook.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 478", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1958/page/n88"}, {"citation": "Saisselin, R. G. \u201cArt Is an Imitation of Nature.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 52, no. 2 (February 1965): 34\u201344.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 35, fig. 2", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25152034"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 116", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n140"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Catalogue of Paintings, Part 3: European Paintings of the 16th, 17th, and 18th Centuries</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1982.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 121-124; Reproduced: p. 122", "url": null}, {"citation": "Goldfarb, Hilliard T. \u201cA Pastoral Scene with Classical Figures by Claude Lorrain.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 70, no. 4 (April 1983): 164\u2013171.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 170, fig. 14", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25159813"}, {"citation": "Albl, Stefan, and Pietro Testa. Pietro Testa: Maler in Rom und Lucca (1612-1650). 2021.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 253", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1953.156", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1953.156/1953.156_web.jpg", "width": "657", "height": "893", "filesize": "418306", "filename": "1953.156_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1953.156/1953.156_print.jpg", "width": "2500", "height": "3400", "filesize": "5803916", "filename": "1953.156_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1953.156/1953.156_full.tif", "width": "4411", "height": "6000", "filesize": "79430468", "filename": "1953.156_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2008-06-23T18:49:13", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1953.156/1953.156_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "713", "height": "893", "filesize": "552137"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1953.156/1953.156_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "2714", "height": "3400", "filesize": "6930231"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1953.156/1953.156_alt0_full.tif", "width": "3204", "height": "4014", "filesize": "38626844"}}], "creditline": "Gift of the Hanna Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Reinberger Gallery", "athena_id": 130392, "creators": [{"id": 1946, "description": "Nicolas Poussin (French, 1594\u20131665)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1594", "death_year": "1665", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1953-04-17T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1622, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 1627", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["The Return to Nazareth"], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:07:01.951000"}, {"id": 110059, "accession_number": "1928.660", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Red-Figure Lekythos (Oil Vessel): Warrior Cutting Hair, c. 480\u2013470 BCE. Attributed to Oionokles Painter (Greek, Attic, active c. 480\u2013460 BCE). Ceramic; overall: 43.5 x 16.5 cm (17 1/8 x 6 1/2 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, The Charles W. Harkness Endowment Fund, 1928.660", "current_location": "102B Greek", "title": "Red-Figure Lekythos (Oil Vessel): Warrior Cutting Hair", "creation_date": "c. 480\u2013470 BCE", "creation_date_earliest": -485, "creation_date_latest": -465, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["Greek, Attic"], "technique": "ceramic", "support_materials": [], "department": "Greek and Roman Art", "collection": "GR - Greek", "type": "Ceramic", "measurements": "Overall: 43.5 x 16.5 cm (17 1/8 x 6 1/2 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"height": 0.435, "width": 0.165}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 442390, "title": "Greek Vase-Painting in Midwestern Collections", "description": "<i>Greek Vase-Painting in Midwestern Collections</i>. The Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL (December 22, 1979-February 24, 1980).", "opening_date": "1979-12-22T05:00:00"}], "legacy": []}, "provenance": [{"description": "Mario de Ciccio, Naples, Italy, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "?-1928", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1928-", "sortorder": 2}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "The painter lavished great detail on this warrior\u2019s armor, even including a lion on his helmet\u2019s cheekpiece!", "description": "Whether cutting his hair or combing it, this solitary warrior seems to be contemplating his fate. If mythological, he may be Parthenopaios or another of the ill-fated Seven Against Thebes, a band of warriors tasked with overthrowing that central Greek city. The Seven left mementos for their loved ones before departing, and he may be cutting a lock of hair for this reason. The same motive might apply to historical soldiers as well, and he may represent one of the many Greeks who battled the Persians around the time this vase was made. Unfortunately, the inscriptions painted on either side of the figure seem to be nonsense\u2014actual Greek letters that do not spell out recognizable names or words.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60755092"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1928.660-red-figure-lekythos"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Beazley Archive. n.d. <em>Beazley Archive Pottery Database</em>. Oxford: Beazley Archive.", "page_number": "BAPD 207549", "url": "http://www.beazley.ox.ac.uk/record/CF966993-0D10-4B37-BF99-97D69FEED3BB"}, {"citation": "Carter, Martha L. <em>Classical Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1961.", "page_number": "Reproduced: cover", "url": "https://archive.org/details/ClassicalArt/page/n3"}, {"citation": "Beazley, J. D. <em>Attic Red-Figure Vase-Painters.</em> Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1963.", "page_number": "p. 648, No. 37", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 20", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n44"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 20", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n42"}, {"citation": "Thompson, Dorothy Burr. <em>An Ancient Shopping Center: The Athenian Agora</em>. <em>(Excavations of the Athenian Agora, Picture Book No. 12). </em>Princeton, N.J.: American School of Classical Studies at Athens, 1971.", "page_number": "p. 19, fig. 35.", "url": null}, {"citation": "Boulter, C. G., Jenifer Neils, and Gisela Walberg. <em>Corpus Vasorum Antiquorum. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1971. </em>", "page_number": "p. 20, plate 31", "url": "http://www.beazley.ox.ac.uk/XDB/ASP/browseCVARecord.asp?id={CF966993-0D10-4B37-BF99-97D69FEED3BB}&startRef="}, {"citation": "Boardman, John. \"Heroic Haircuts.\" <em>The Classical Quarterly</em> 23, no. 2 (1973): 196-97.", "page_number": "Mentioned in n. 5.", "url": "www.jstor.org/stable/638172"}, {"citation": "Kunisch, Norbert. \"Parthenopaios.\" <em>Antike Kunst</em> 17, no. 1 (1974): 39-41.", "page_number": "Taf. 8,1.", "url": "www.jstor.org/stable/41318586"}, {"citation": "Boardman, John. <em>Athenian Red Figure Vases, the Archaic Period: A Handbook. </em>London: Thames and Hudson, 1975.", "page_number": "P. 195, fig. 361.", "url": null}, {"citation": "Dusenbery, Elsbeth B. \"Two Attic Red-Figured Kraters in Samothrace,\" <em>Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens,</em> Vol.47, No. 3 (Jul. - Sep., 1978), pp. 211-243.", "page_number": "Mentioned at p. 228, n. 55.", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/147794"}, {"citation": "Moon, Warren G. and Louise Berge. <em>Greek Vase-Painting in Midwestern Collections</em>. Chicago: The Art Institute of Chicago, 1979.", "page_number": "Reproduced & mentioned: pp. 164-165, cat. 94", "url": "https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0045%3Aentry%3D94"}, {"citation": "Burn, Lucilla, Ruth Glynn, and J. D. Beazley. <em>Beazley Addenda: Additional References to ABV, ARV\u00b2 &amp; Paralipomena. </em>Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Published for the British Academy by Oxford University Press, 1982.", "page_number": "p. 134", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, and Jenifer Neils. <em>The World of Ceramics: Masterpieces from the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Museum in cooperation with Indiana University Press, 1982.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 17, no. 19", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Elfriede R. Knauer, \"<em>Ou gar en amis</em>: A Chous by the Oionokles Painter,\" <em>Greek Vases in the J. Paul Getty Museum</em>, vol. 3.", "page_number": "Pp. 91-100 (CMA vase mentioned in nn. on pp. 99-100).", "url": null}, {"citation": "Carpenter, Thomas H., J. D. Beazley, Thomas Mannack, Melanie Mendonc\u0327a, and Lucilla Burn. <em>Beazley Addenda: Additional References to ABV, ARV\u00b2 &amp; Paralipomena. </em>Oxford: Published for the British Academy by Oxford University Press, 1989.", "page_number": "p. 275", "url": null}, {"citation": "Serbeti, Eleftheria D. \"The Oionokles Painter,\" <em>Boreas: M\u00fcnstersche Beitr\u00e4ge zur Arch\u00e4ologie </em>12 (1989), pp. 17-46.", "page_number": "See esp. pp. 17-22, 40-46.", "url": null}, {"citation": "Jarva, Eero. \"Archaiologia on Archaic Greek Body Armour\". Studi Archaeologica Septentrionalia 3 Rovaniemi: Pohjois-Suomen historiallinen yhdisys, 1995.", "page_number": "p. 31, Fig. 8", "url": null}, {"citation": "Fliegel, Stephen N.<em> Arms and Armor: The Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> [Cleveland, Ohio]: The Museum, 1998.", "page_number": "p. 22", "url": null}, {"citation": "Immerwahr, Henry R. <em>A Corpus of Attic Vase Inscriptions (CAVI)</em>. [Place of publication not identified]: [publisher not identified], 1998.", "page_number": "p. 791, no. 3202", "url": null}, {"citation": "Herodotus, Aubrey De Se\u0301lincourt, and John Marincola. <em>The histories.</em> London: Folio Society, 2006.", "page_number": "p. 380", "url": null}, {"citation": "Fliegel, Stephen N. <em>Arms &amp; Armor: The Cleveland Museum of Art. </em>[Cleveland, Ohio]: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2007.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 32", "url": null}, {"citation": "Girard, Thibaut. <em>L'oblique dans le monde grec: concept et imagerie.</em> 2015.", "page_number": "p. 147, Fig.139", "url": null}, {"citation": "Arrington, Nathan T. <em>Ashes, Images, and Memories: The Presence of the War Dead in Fifth-Century Athens</em>. Oxford Univ. Press, 2015.", "page_number": "p. 37, n. 77.", "url": null}, {"citation": "Osborne, Robin. <em>The Transformation of Athens: Painted Pottery and the Creation of Classical Greece.</em> Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2018.", "page_number": "p. 234, Fig. 10.6", "url": null}, {"citation": "Oakley, John Howard. <em>A Guide to Scenes of Daily Life on Athenian Vases.</em> Madison, Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press, 2020.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 173-174, fig. 8.8", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1928.660", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1928.660/1928.660_web.jpg", "width": "536", "height": "893", "filesize": "236609", "filename": "1928.660_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1928.660/1928.660_print.jpg", "width": "2042", "height": "3400", "filesize": "3383688", "filename": "1928.660_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1928.660/1928.660_full.tif", "width": "3662", "height": "6096", "filesize": "66992644", "filename": "1928.660_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2009-11-12T18:46:01", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1928.660/1928.660_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "546", "height": "893", "filesize": "208192"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1928.660/1928.660_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "2078", "height": "3400", "filesize": "3106858"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1928.660/1928.660_alt0_full.tif", "width": "3726", "height": "6096", "filesize": "68163268"}}], "creditline": "The Charles W. Harkness Endowment Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 110059, "creators": [{"id": 11009, "description": "Oionokles Painter (Greek, Attic, active c. 480\u2013460 BCE)", "extent": null, "qualifier": "attributed to", "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1928-11-16T00:00:00", "sortable_date": -485, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 480\u2013470 BCE", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-26 23:59:19.555000"}, {"id": 156855, "accession_number": "1992.70", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Tall Clock, c. 1880. Tiffany & Co. (America, New York, est. 1837). Mahogany, teak with dial faces of gilded and patinated metal, glass; overall: 247.3 x 66 x 36.5 cm (97 3/8 x 26 x 14 3/8 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, The Severance and Greta Millikin Purchase Fund, 1992.70", "current_location": "208 American Gilded Age and Realism", "title": "Tall Clock", "creation_date": "c. 1880", "creation_date_earliest": 1875, "creation_date_latest": 1885, "artists_tags": ["gender unknown"], "culture": ["America, New York"], "technique": "mahogany, teak with dial faces of gilded and patinated metal, glass", "support_materials": [], "department": "Decorative Art and Design", "collection": "Furniture", "type": "Furniture and woodwork", "measurements": "Overall: 247.3 x 66 x 36.5 cm (97 3/8 x 26 x 14 3/8 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"height": 2.473, "width": 0.66, "depth": 0.365}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "lower dial face inscribed:  Tiffany & Co., Makers.", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 311552, "title": "Selected Acquisitions", "description": "<i>Selected Acquisitions</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (February 9-April 11, 1993).", "opening_date": "1993-02-09T05:00:00"}, {"id": 220613, "title": "Passion for the Exotic: Lockwood de Forest, Frederic Church", "description": "<i>Passion for the Exotic: Lockwood de Forest, Frederic Church</i>. Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum, New York, NY (organizer) (December 12, 2014-February 29, 2016).", "opening_date": "2014-12-12T00:00:00"}, {"id": 220618, "title": "Passion for the Exotic: Lockwood de Forest and Louis Comfort Tiffany", "description": "<i>Passion for the Exotic: Lockwood de Forest and Louis Comfort Tiffany</i>. Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum, New York, NY (organizer) (March 4-September 25, 2016).", "opening_date": "2016-03-04T00:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "CMA, 1993:  \"Selected Acquisitions,\" Bulltin 80 (Feb. 1993), p. 67, repr. p. 61.", "opening_date": "1993-02-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Cooper-Hewitt National Design Museum, Smithsomian Institution, New York, NY (12/12/2014 - 9/1/2015):  \"Passion for the Exotic: Lockwood de Forest, Frederic Church\"", "opening_date": "2014-12-12T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Associated Artists assembled this clock using imported carved wood panels from India. For an American owner, the motifs suggested decorative styles from faraway places.", "description": "In 1879, Louis Comfort Tiffany joined several other artisans to create an interior decoration firm called Associated Artists. The firm was very influential in advocating a rejection of historical styles in favor of the new fashion from more eclectic sources of inspiration, including the Islamic world and Japan. One of Tiffany's partners, Lockwood De Forest, traveled extensively in India to find carved wood and other decorative accessories that could be used in their designs. This clock's design was one result of this collaboration. The heavily carved panels on the clock were likely purchased in India during this time and assembled with a clock mechanism from Tiffany's father's shop, Tiffany and Co., whose name appears on the clock face.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60761033"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1992.70-tall-clock"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Turner, Evan H. \"The Year in Review for 1992.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 80, no. 2 (1993): 38-79.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 61; Mentioned: p. 67", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25161388"}, {"citation": "Hawley, Henry. \"An Indo-American Tall Clock.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 80, no. 4 (1993): 170-73.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 171; Mentioned: p. 170-73", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25161408"}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1992.70", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1992.70/1992.70_web.jpg", "width": "474", "height": "893", "filesize": "231096", "filename": "1992.70_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1992.70/1992.70_print.jpg", "width": "1805", "height": "3400", "filesize": "3446071", "filename": "1992.70_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1992.70/1992.70_full.tif", "width": "3384", "height": "6374", "filesize": "64740920", "filename": "1992.70_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2007-09-19T15:21:39", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1992.70/1992.70_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "428", "height": "893", "filesize": "219777"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1992.70/1992.70_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "1631", "height": "3400", "filesize": "3227958"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1992.70/1992.70_alt0_full.tif", "width": "3016", "height": "6286", "filesize": "56907608"}}, {"date_created": "2007-09-19T15:18:54", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1992.70/1992.70_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "513", "height": "893", "filesize": "243547"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1992.70/1992.70_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "1954", "height": "3400", "filesize": "3602630"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1992.70/1992.70_alt1_full.tif", "width": "3664", "height": "6374", "filesize": "70095152"}}, {"date_created": "2007-09-19T15:16:43", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1992.70/1992.70_alt2_web.jpg", "width": "563", "height": "893", "filesize": "420344"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1992.70/1992.70_alt2_print.jpg", "width": "2142", "height": "3400", "filesize": "5579398"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1992.70/1992.70_alt2_full.tif", "width": "4152", "height": "6589", "filesize": "82111692"}}], "creditline": "The Severance and Greta Millikin Purchase Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "The Cleveland Foundation Gallery", "athena_id": 156855, "creators": [{"id": 7431, "description": "Tiffany & Co. (America, New York, est. 1837)", "extent": "manufactured by", "qualifier": null, "role": "manufacturer", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1837", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1992-05-18T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1875, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 1880", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:02:00.411000"}, {"id": 96303, "accession_number": "1916.2011", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Head of Sekhmet, c. 1391\u20131353 BCE. Egypt, Thebes(?), New Kingdom (1540\u20131069 BCE), Dynasty 18, reign of Amenhotep III (1390\u20131352 BCE). Granodiorite; overall: 33.4 x 31.5 x 32 cm (13 1/8 x 12 3/8 x 12 5/8 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Gift of the John Huntington Art and Polytechnic Trust, 1916.2011", "current_location": "107 Egyptian", "title": "Head of Sekhmet", "creation_date": "c. 1391\u20131353 BCE", "creation_date_earliest": -1391, "creation_date_latest": -1353, "artists_tags": [], "culture": ["Egypt, Thebes(?), New Kingdom (1540\u20131069 BCE), Dynasty 18, reign of Amenhotep III (1390\u20131352 BCE)"], "technique": "granodiorite", "support_materials": [], "department": "Egyptian and Ancient Near Eastern Art", "collection": "Egypt - New Kingdom", "type": "Sculpture", "measurements": "Overall: 33.4 x 31.5 x 32 cm (13 1/8 x 12 3/8 x 12 5/8 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"height": 0.334, "width": 0.315, "depth": 0.32}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 312341, "title": "The Silver Jubilee Exhibition", "description": "<i>The Silver Jubilee Exhibition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 23-September 28, 1941).", "opening_date": "1941-06-23T04:00:00"}, {"id": 441481, "title": "Gallery One 2012", "description": "<i>Gallery One 2012</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (December 12, 2012-March 5, 2017).", "opening_date": "2012-12-12T05:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "CMA 1916, no. 44, p. 209, pl. 335", "opening_date": "1916-01-01T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Presumably Thebes. Purchased from Paul Mallon. Formerly in the collection of Comte Le Marois, Normandy (\"For the Egyptian Head of Lion, it comes from the own collection of Comte Demaroix [sic],\" letter from Mallon, 1 March 1916, CMA Archives)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": null}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Amenhotep III may have dedicated 730 statues of Sekhmet, two for each day of the year.", "description": "This lioness head once belonged to a grand statue of the goddess Sekhmet, \"the powerful one,\" probably seated and wearing a tight dress. Possibly appealing to her healing aspect, Pharaoh Amenhotep III, often described as \u201cbeloved of Sekhmet,\u201d commissioned and dedicated hundreds of large granodiorite Sekhmet sculptures in his Theban mortuary temple. Thus, this head likely comes from Thebes, perhaps later moved across the Nile\u2014like many such sculptures\u2014to the temple of Mut, a related deity, at Karnak. Behind her stylized ruff, Sekhmet wears a wig, once crowned with a sun disk and uraeus, the stylized cobra symbolizing royal or divine power.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79479159"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1916.2011-head-of-sekhmet"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "\u201cClosing Days of the Inaugural Exhibition.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 3, no. 3 (1916): 1\u20134. Fig. 23.", "page_number": "", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25136049"}, {"citation": "\"Current Exhibitions.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art </em>4, no. 1 (1917): 4-8.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 12", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25136061"}, {"citation": "\"Accessions.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 4, no. 2 (1917): 26-37.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 27", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25136070"}, {"citation": "Williams, C. W. \"The Egyptian Collection in the Museum of Art at Cleveland, Ohio,\" <em>Journal of Egyptian Archaeology</em> 5 (1918), p. 278.", "page_number": "", "url": ""}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1925.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: 56", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook_80839/page/n58"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1928.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 68", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1928/page/n72"}, {"citation": "Berman, Lawrence M., and Kenneth J. Boha\u010d.<em> Catalogue of Egyptian Art: The Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1999.", "page_number": "Pp. 232-233, cat. 167.", "url": null}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1916.2011", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1916.2011/1916.2011_web.jpg", "width": "1059", "height": "893", "filesize": "555070", "filename": "1916.2011_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1916.2011/1916.2011_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2867", "filesize": "6468512", "filename": "1916.2011_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1916.2011/1916.2011_full.tif", "width": "4839", "height": "4080", "filesize": "59260844", "filename": "1916.2011_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2012-02-15T13:01:23", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1916.2011/1916.2011_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "1156", 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00:09:53.538000"}, {"id": 160090, "accession_number": "1997.59", "share_license_status": "Copyrighted", "tombstone": "Paul III, 1996. Chuck Close (American, 1940\u20132021). Oil on canvas; framed: 259.6 x 213.5 x 7.5 cm (102 3/16 x 84 1/16 x 2 15/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Mr. and Mrs. William H. Marlatt Fund, 1997.59. \u00a9 Chuck Close, courtesy The Pace Gallery", "current_location": null, "title": "Paul III", "creation_date": "1996", "creation_date_earliest": 1996, "creation_date_latest": 1996, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["America"], "technique": "oil on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "Contemporary Art", "collection": "CONTEMP - Painting", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 259.6 x 213.5 x 7.5 cm (102 3/16 x 84 1/16 x 2 15/16 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 2.596, "width": 2.135, "depth": 0.075}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": "\u00a9 Chuck Close, courtesy The Pace Gallery", "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "Written on verso: \"Paul / \u00a9 1996 / C.Close\"", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 176597, "title": "Chuck Close Retrospective", "description": "<i>Chuck Close Retrospective</i>. Museum of Modern Art, NY (February 25-May 26, 1998); Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago (June 1-September 6, 1998); Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC (October 15, 1998-January 9, 1999); Seattle Art Museum (February 1-May 1, 1999).", "opening_date": "1998-02-25T00:00:00"}, {"id": 181802, "title": "The Persistence of Geometry: Form, Content and Culture in the Collection of the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>The Persistence of Geometry: Form, Content and Culture in the Collection of the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. Museum of Contemporary Art Cleveland (MOCA), Cleveland, OH (June 9-August 20, 2006).", "opening_date": "2006-06-09T00:00:00"}, {"id": 228063, "title": "Familiar Faces: Chuck Close in Ohio Collections", "description": "<i>Familiar Faces: Chuck Close in Ohio Collections</i>. Akron Art Museum, Akron, OH (organizer) (September 5, 2009-January 3, 2010).", "opening_date": "2009-09-05T00:00:00"}, {"id": 441481, "title": "Gallery One 2012", "description": "<i>Gallery One 2012</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (December 12, 2012-March 5, 2017).", "opening_date": "2012-12-12T05:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "NY, Museum of Modern Art; Chicago, Museum of Contemporary Art; DC, Hirshhorn Museum &amp; Sculpture Garden; Seattle Art Museum \"Chuck Close Retrospective\" (2/25/98 - 5/9/99) p. 197.", "opening_date": "1998-02-25T00:00:00"}, {"description": "MOCA Cleveland (6/9/2006 - 8/20/2006):  \"The Persistence of Geometry: Form, Content and Culture in the Collection of the Cleveland Museum of Art\", no. 141,  p. 124, color repr. p. 93.", "opening_date": "2006-06-09T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Akron Art Museum (9/5/2009 - 1/3/2010):  \"Familiar Faces: Chuck Close in Ohio Collections\"", "opening_date": "2009-09-05T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "In 2005, composer Phillip Glass was commissioned by concert pianist Bruce Levingston to write a 15-minute musical portrait of Close.", "description": "Throughout his career, Chuck Close has relied on portraiture as the key component in his art and is known for paintings in which his subjects' faces loom large. This monumental painting represents a new direction his work took in the mid-1990s. The entire canvas is filled with a portion of the subject's tightly cropped, frontally positioned face, and background space is almost totally eliminated. Close does not accept commissions\u2014he paints only self-portraits, members of his family, friends, and people associated with the art world. His paintings are derived from photographs taken of his subjects. For this work, his model was Paul Cadmus (1904\u20131999), a prominent American figurative painter best known for his works of the 1930s. In the 1960s Close began to use a grid to organize his compositions. In <em>Paul III</em> this grid is rotated 45 degrees, forming diamond shapes that are filled with bright, multicolored circles, loops, and dots. Each diamond is an independent abstract painting, bursting with energy, gesture, and color. The overall effect is like a kaleidoscope, always changing as the viewer moves. Up close, the image is nearly impossible to read. At a distance, however, the individual elements crystallize into recognizable facial features.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60477485"], "internet_archive": []}, "citations": [{"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, \u201cMuseum Acquires Major Chuck Close Painting, 19th-century Fire Screen, Rare Prints &amp; Drawings,\u201d June 9, 1997, Cleveland Museum of Art Archives.", "page_number": null, "url": "https://archive.org/details/cmapr4136"}, {"citation": "Glaubinger, Jane, \"Chuck Close\", Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Cleveland Art: The Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em>. Vol. 38 no. 01, January 1998", "page_number": "Mentioned & reproduced: p. 8", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM1998-01/page/n7"}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1997.59", "images": {}, "alternate_images": [], "creditline": "Mr. and Mrs. William H. Marlatt Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 160090, "creators": [{"id": 6583, "description": "Chuck Close (American, 1940\u20132021)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1940", "death_year": "2021", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1997-06-02T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1996, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1996", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-04-10 15:47:24.515000"}, {"id": 99429, "accession_number": "1919.1006", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Charles Apthorp, 1748. Robert Feke (American, c. 1707\u2013c. 1752). Oil on canvas; framed: 141.5 x 117.5 x 7.5 cm (55 11/16 x 46 1/4 x 2 15/16 in.); unframed: 127 x 101.5 cm (50 x 39 15/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Gift of the John Huntington Art and Polytechnic Trust, 1919.1006", "current_location": "204 Colonial American", "title": "Charles Apthorp", "creation_date": "1748", "creation_date_earliest": 1748, "creation_date_latest": 1748, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["America"], "technique": "oil on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "American Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "American - Painting", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 141.5 x 117.5 x 7.5 cm (55 11/16 x 46 1/4 x 2 15/16 in.); Unframed: 127 x 101.5 cm (50 x 39 15/16 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 1.415, "width": 1.175, "depth": 0.075}, "unframed": {"height": 1.27, "width": 1.015}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "Signed lower right: R F P/174[8]", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 312517, "title": "The Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition", "description": "<i>The Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 26-October 4, 1936).", "opening_date": "1936-06-26T04:00:00"}, {"id": 312341, "title": "The Silver Jubilee Exhibition", "description": "<i>The Silver Jubilee Exhibition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 23-September 28, 1941).", "opening_date": "1941-06-23T04:00:00"}, {"id": 700602, "title": "American Portraits", "description": "<i>American Portraits</i>. Akron Art Museum, Akron, OH (organizer) (February 23-March 18, 1956).", "opening_date": "1956-02-23T05:00:00"}, {"id": 518612, "title": "200th Birthday of the Apthorp Mansion", "description": "<i>200th Birthday of the Apthorp Mansion</i>. Fogg Art Museum/Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (organizer) (October 17-November 5, 1960).", "opening_date": "1960-10-17T04:00:00"}, {"id": 518691, "title": "American Realists", "description": "<i>American Realists</i>. Art Gallery of Hamilton, Hamilton, Canada (organizer) (March 11-April 23, 1961).", "opening_date": "1961-03-11T05:00:00"}, {"id": 444496, "title": "Paul Revere's Boston, 1735 - 1818", "description": "<i>Paul Revere's Boston, 1735 - 1818</i>. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Boston, MA (organizer) (April 18-October 12, 1975).", "opening_date": "1975-04-18T04:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "Boston, The Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, 1909-14.", "opening_date": "1909-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Cleveland, The Cleveland Museum of Art, The Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition of The Cleveland Museum of Art, The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition (26 June-4 October 1936) illus. cat. no. 26, plate II, listed p. 23.", "opening_date": "1936-06-26T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Oberlin, Ohio, Allen Memorial Art Museum, The Arts in America in the Eighteenth Century (May, 1946), illus. cat. no. 5, p. 70, listed p. 68; see Bulletin of the Allen Memorial Art Museum (May, 1946) vol. 3, no. 3 for catalogue.", "opening_date": "1946-05-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "New York, Whitney Museum of American Art, Robert Feke (8-30 October 1946); traveled to Huntington, Long, Island, Heckscher Art Museum (2-10 November 1946); to Boston, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston (27 November-22 December 1946) illus. cat. no. 2.", "opening_date": "1946-11-27T00:00:00"}, {"description": "[Huntington, New York, Heckscher Art Museum, Robert Feke: Native Colonial Painter (2-10 November, 1946), they had their own, second catalogue; illus. p. 26.", "opening_date": "1946-11-02T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs Fine Arts Center, Likeness of America: 1680-1820 (5 July-4 September 1949) illus. cat. no. 25, plate 7.", "opening_date": "1949-07-05T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Palm Beach, Florida, Society of the Four Arts, Plymouth Rock to the Armory (9 February-5 March, 1950) cat. no. 3, not illus.", "opening_date": "1950-02-09T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Vancouver, Vancouver Art Gallery, Two Hundred Years of American Painting (8 March-3 April 1955), illus. cat. no. 3, plate 3.", "opening_date": "1955-03-08T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Cincinnati, Cincinnati Art Museum, Recent Rediscoveries in American Painting (3 October-6 November, 1955), cat. no. 38.", "opening_date": "1955-10-03T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Cambridge, Mass., Fogg Art Museum, Harvard University, 200th Birthday Celebration of the Apthorp Mansion (17 October-5 November 1960)", "opening_date": "1960-10-17T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Hamilton, Ontario, Art Gallery of Hamilton, American Realists: An Exhibition of American Paintings from the Eighteenth, Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries (11 March-23 April 1961) illus. cat. no. 20.", "opening_date": "1961-03-11T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Peoria, IL, Lakeview Center for the Arts and Sciences, 200 Years of American Painting (27 March-28 April 1965)", "opening_date": "1965-03-27T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Boston, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Paul Revere's Boston: 1735-1818 (18 April-21 October 1975) illus. cat. no. 44, p. 43 listed p. 220; also included pp. 27-57.", "opening_date": "1975-04-18T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Family of the sitter; To Sarah Apthorp Cunningham Bond, Cambridge, MA (d. 1914); To her son William Cranch Bond, Malden, MA; Thomas B. Clarke, New York ; The Brook Club, New York.", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": null}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Much remains unknown regarding artist Robert Feke\u2019s life, including his birth and death dates.", "description": "Called \u201cthe greatest merchant on this Continent\u201d in his obituary, Apthorp helped transform Boston into one of the key commercial centers in the American colonies. When the fashionable painter Robert Feke came to town, Apthorp commissioned this elegantly tailored and confidently posed likeness of himself. The sailing ship in the distant background symbolizes Apthorp\u2019s deep financial interests in the Atlantic trade, which included not only textiles, wine, and guns, but also enslaved people. In fact, the slave trade and its attendant commerce comprised a significant portion of colonial Boston\u2019s economy until the decades after the Revolutionary War, when anti-slavery attitudes in New England gained momentum.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60503163"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1919.1006-charles-apthorp"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Milliken, William M., \"Superb Art Display Marks Cleveland Museum's 20th Anniversary,\" <em>Art Digest</em> 10 (July 1, 1936).", "page_number": "Reproduced p. 21.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "L. P. \"Portrait of Charles Apthorp by Robert Feke.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 6, no. 5 (1919): 79-80.", "page_number": "Reproduced: Front Matter; Mentioned: pp. 79-80", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25136287"}, {"citation": "\"Accessions.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 6, no. 6 (1919): 113-14.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 114", "url": "www.jstor.org/stable/25136301"}, {"citation": "Park, Lawrence. \"Report on the Department of Colonial Art.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 6, no. 7/8 (1919): 130-31.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p.130", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25136313"}, {"citation": "<em>Paintings in the Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> [Cleveland]: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1945.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 11", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAPaintings1945/page/n19"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Handbook.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 526", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1958/page/n97"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 155", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n179"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 155", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n179"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 197", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n217"}, {"citation": "Anishanslin, Zara. <em>Portrait of a Woman in Silk: Hidden Histories of the British Atlantic World</em>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2016", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 264", "url": null}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1919.1006", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1919.1006/1919.1006_web.jpg", "width": "715", "height": "893", "filesize": "365117", "filename": "1919.1006_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1919.1006/1919.1006_print.jpg", "width": "2722", "height": "3400", "filesize": "5844528", "filename": "1919.1006_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1919.1006/1919.1006_full.tif", "width": "4403", "height": "5500", "filesize": "72680588", "filename": "1919.1006_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [], "creditline": "Gift of the John Huntington Art and Polytechnic Trust", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Leigh and Mary Carter Gallery", "athena_id": 99429, "creators": [{"id": 2550, "description": "Robert Feke (American, c. 1707\u2013c. 1752)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1707", "death_year": "1752", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1919-03-28T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1748, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1748", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:07:46.608000"}, {"id": 163042, "accession_number": "2003.6.3", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Apollo, God of Light, Eloquence, Poetry, and the Fine Arts with Urania, Muse of Astronomy, 1798. 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She was also known as the goddess of epic poetry and conferred the gift of eloquence on kings and princes. She stands here before a bust of Homer, the ancient Greek poet who wrote the <em>Odyssey</em> and the <em>Iliad</em>. This painting belongs to a cycle of five works commissioned by businessman Fran\u00e7ois Boyer-Fonfr\u00e9de for his home in Toulouse.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60479828"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-2003.6.4-calliope-muse-of-epi"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Bellenger, Sylvain. \"Magnificent Muses\", Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Cleveland Art: The Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em>. 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The studio in which Meynier received his training was known by the students of David as the atelier of the\"perruques,\" (the wigs) the name given to royalists or conservatives during that period.", "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1768", "death_year": "1832", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "2003-03-03T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1798, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1798", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "component", "conservation_statement": "Before entering the collection, this entire suite of five monumental paintings by Charles Meynier had numerous conservation issues, including pronounced discolored varnish, years of accumulated grime, and canvases that were detaching from their stretchers, creating large buckles along the edges. The CMA designed a four-year-long comprehensive conservation campaign to address these concerns, which involved removing the grime, reducing the discolored varnish, flattening buckles and undulations in the canvas, followed by inpainting mainly to compensate for pronounced traction cracking in the original paint layers. Traction cracking occurs when the top layers of paint dry faster than the underlayers, creating breaks in the top layers, revealing the underlying preparatory layers that were not intended to be seen. Horizontal cracking at regular intervals is present in each painting and is likely caused by rolling the canvases to transport them to the Castella chateau in Wallenreid, Switzerland, where the paintings remained until the CMA purchased them in 2003. <em>Calliope, Muse of Epic Poetry </em>displayed the most traction cracking, notably in the green drapery. This area received extensive inpainting within the cracking with reversible conservation grade paint to produce a more unified image. The exquisitely carved gold leaf frames are original to the paintings.", "has_conservation_images": true, "cover_accession_number": "2003.6", "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-26 23:59:30.092000"}, {"id": 168182, "accession_number": "2009.78", "share_license_status": "Copyrighted", "tombstone": "Title Unknown, 1928. Yves Tanguy (French, 1900\u20131955). Oil on canvas; framed: 105.4 x 93.3 x 2.3 cm (41 1/2 x 36 3/4 x 7/8 in.); unframed: 80 x 65.4 cm (31 1/2 x 25 3/4 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, John L. Severance Fund, 2009.78. \u00a9 Estate of Yves Tanguy / Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York", "current_location": "225 German Expressionism & Surrealism", "title": "Title Unknown", "creation_date": "1928", "creation_date_earliest": 1928, "creation_date_latest": 1928, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["France, 20th century"], "technique": "oil on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "Modern European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "Mod Euro - Painting 1800-1960", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 105.4 x 93.3 x 2.3 cm (41 1/2 x 36 3/4 x 7/8 in.); Unframed: 80 x 65.4 cm (31 1/2 x 25 3/4 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 1.054, "width": 0.933, "depth": 0.023}, "unframed": {"height": 0.8, "width": 0.654}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": "\u00a9 Estate of Yves Tanguy / Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York", "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "signed and dated, lower right: \"Yves Tanguy 28\"", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [], "legacy": []}, "provenance": [{"description": "Henri Seyrig; private collection", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": 1}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "This painting is an example of a Surrealist \"dreamscape,\" a landscape with dreamlike or nightmarish qualities.", "description": "One of the most influential members of the Surrealist movement, Yves Tanguy painted this composition only four years after the movement was founded and two years after he developed his mature style. The composition depicts a series of mysterious forms floating in a dark, dreamlike landscape. Although the objects could indicate rocks, plants, internal organs, or menacing creatures, Tanguy deliberately ensures that the forms remain mysterious. The setting may suggest the ocean floor or a lunar landscape; it, like the objects that seem to animate the scene, is left up to the viewer to interpret according to their own imagination.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60480572"], "internet_archive": []}, "citations": [{"citation": "Robinson, William H. \"Dreamscape.\" <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em> 49, no. 10 (December 2009): 3-5.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 3-5", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2009-10/page/2/mode/2up"}, {"citation": "Mann, Griffith C. \"Acquisitions 2009.\" <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em> 50, no. 2 (March/April 2010): 12-27.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 15", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2010-02/page/n11/mode/2up"}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/2009.78", "images": {}, "alternate_images": [], "creditline": "John L. Severance Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 168182, "creators": [{"id": 12379, "description": "Yves Tanguy (French, 1900\u20131955)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1900", "death_year": "1955", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "2009-06-08T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1928, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1928", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:09:56.920000"}, {"id": 121698, "accession_number": "1942.1512", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Leaf from a Lectionary with St. Matthew, 1057\u20131063. Byzantium, Constantinople. Tempera and gold on vellum; sheet: 28.8 x 24.3 cm (11 5/16 x 9 9/16 in.); framed: 52.4 x 39.7 cm (20 5/8 x 15 5/8 in.); matted: 48.9 x 36.2 cm (19 1/4 x 14 1/4 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Purchase from the J. H. Wade Fund, 1942.1512", "current_location": "105 Byzantine", "title": "Leaf from a Lectionary with St. Matthew", "creation_date": "1057\u20131063", "creation_date_earliest": 1057, "creation_date_latest": 1063, "artists_tags": [], "culture": ["Byzantium, Constantinople"], "technique": "tempera and gold on vellum", "support_materials": [], "department": "Medieval Art", "collection": "MED - Byzantine", "type": "Manuscript", "measurements": "Sheet: 28.8 x 24.3 cm (11 5/16 x 9 9/16 in.); Framed: 52.4 x 39.7 cm (20 5/8 x 15 5/8 in.); Matted: 48.9 x 36.2 cm (19 1/4 x 14 1/4 in.)", "dimensions": {"sheet": {"height": 0.288, "width": 0.243}, "framed": {"height": 0.524, "width": 0.397}, "matted": {"height": 0.489, "width": 0.362}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 358594, "title": "Byzantine Manuscript Illumination", "description": "<i>Byzantine Manuscript Illumination</i>. Allen Memorial Art Museum.", "opening_date": "1957-12-02T05:00:00"}, {"id": 520142, "title": "Pages From Medieval and Renaissance Illuminated Manuscripts", "description": "<i>Pages From Medieval and Renaissance Illuminated Manuscripts</i>. Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive, Berkeley, CA (April 24-June 8, 1963).", "opening_date": "1963-04-24T05:00:00"}, {"id": 520398, "title": "Byzantine Art: A European Art", "description": "<i>Byzantine Art: A European Art</i>. Byzantine & Christian Museum, Athens, Greece (organizer) (April 1-June 15, 1964).", "opening_date": "1964-04-01T05:00:00"}, {"id": 445224, "title": "Greek and Byzantine Manuscripts", "description": "<i>Greek and Byzantine Manuscripts</i>. Princeton University Art Museum, Princeton, NJ (organizer) (April 13-May 20, 1973).", "opening_date": "1973-04-13T05:00:00"}, {"id": 358597, "title": "Gifts from the Byzantine Court", "description": "<i>Gifts from the Byzantine Court</i>. Dumbarton Oaks Collection, Washington, DC (organizer) (February 6-June 1, 1980).", "opening_date": "1980-02-06T05:00:00"}, {"id": 311443, "title": "Scriptorium: The Illuminated Book in Medieval Art", "description": "<i>Scriptorium: The Illuminated Book in Medieval Art</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (November 5, 1991-February 2, 1992).", "opening_date": "1991-11-05T05:00:00"}, {"id": 211519, "title": "The Glory of Byzantium", "description": "<i>The Glory of Byzantium</i>. The Metropolitan Museum of Art (organizer) (March 3-July 6, 1997).", "opening_date": "1997-03-03T00:00:00"}, {"id": 180667, "title": "Sacred Gifts and Worldly Treasures: Medieval Masterworks from the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Sacred Gifts and Worldly Treasures: Medieval Masterworks from the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. National Museum of Bavaria, Munich, Germany (May 10-September 16, 2007); J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, CA (October 30, 2007-January 20, 2008); Frist Art Museum, Nashville, TN (February 13-June 7, 2009).", "opening_date": "2007-05-10T00:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "Exposition d'Art Byzantin, Paris, (March 28 - Jul 1931); cat. no. 653. (Phanar Gospel with the Mark and John still in it)", "opening_date": "1931-03-28T05:00:00Z"}, {"description": "Baltimore, Baltimore Museum of Art, \"Early Christian and Byzantine Art\" April 24 - June 24, 1947; cat. no. 700, pl. XCVIII.", "opening_date": "1947-04-24T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Seattle, Seattle Art Museum, \"Early Christian and Medieval Art\" February 1 - February 28, 1949.", "opening_date": "1949-02-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Kansas City, William Rockhill Nelson Gallery of Art \"Ecclesiastical Art\" December 6, 1954 - January 30, 1955.", "opening_date": "1954-12-06T00:00:00"}, {"description": "New York, Pierpont-Morgan Library, 12/7/1979--6/16/1980.", "opening_date": "1979-12-07T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Washington D.C., Dumbarton Oaks, \"Three Pages from the Phanar Gospels\" February 4 - June 1, 1980.", "opening_date": "1980-02-04T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Dikran G. Kelekian, New York, NY, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "-1942", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, Oh", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1942-", "sortorder": 2}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [{"id": 121708, "description": "Gospel Book with Commentaries, c. 1000\u20131100. Byzantium, Constantinople. Ink, tempera, and gold on vellum; leather binding; sheet: 28 x 23 cm (11 x 9 1/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Purchase from the J. H. Wade Fund, 1942.152", "relationship": null}, {"id": 121697, "description": "Leaf from a Lectionary with St. Luke, 1057\u20131063. Byzantium, Constantinople. Ink, tempera and gold on vellum; sheet: 28.9 x 22.6 cm (11 3/8 x 8 7/8 in.); matted: 48.9 x 36.2 cm (19 1/4 x 14 1/4 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Purchase from the J. H. Wade Fund, 1942.1511", "relationship": null}], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Early Gospel lectionaries often had very costly treasure bindings in metalwork, sometimes with jewels and ivories.", "description": "This leaf is from a lectionary (a book of gospel readings used in church services) that was presented to the Holy Trinity Monastery at Chalke in Constantinople by the Empress Katherine Komnene in 1063. The tools of the scribe's trade are laid out before the evangelists: a stylus (a pointed tool for writing, drawing, and engraving), a pair of dividers (a device resembling a compass, used for dividing lines and transferring measurements), pens, a knife, a burnisher (polishing tool), and inkpots. Portraits of the authors of the Gospels\u2014Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John\u2014appear frequently in gospel books throughout the Christian world. Understood to be eyewitnesses to the texts they wrote, their presence in these books served to \"authenticate\" the gospels.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80018068"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1942.1512-leaf-from-a-lectiona"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Charles Diehl. \u201cL\u2019Eveng\u00e9laire de l\u2019Imp\u00e9ratice Catherine Commn\u00e8ne\u201d <em>Compte Rendu de S\u00e9ances de l\u2019Acad\u00e9mie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres </em>(Paris, 1922)", "page_number": "p. 248", "url": null}, {"citation": "Diehl, Charles, \u201cMonuments Byzantins In\u00e9dits du Onzi\u00e8me Si\u00e8cle\u201d Art Studies: Medieval, Renaissance and Modern. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1927.", "page_number": "p. 9, fig. 5", "url": null}, {"citation": "Clark, Kenneth W. A Descriptive Catalogue of Greek New Testament Manuscripts in America. 1937.", "page_number": "pp. 122-3", "url": null}, {"citation": "Walters Art Gallery (Baltimore, Md.), and Dorothy Eugenia Miner. <em>Early Christian and Byzantine Art, An Exhibition Held at the Baltimore Museum of Art, April 25-June 22 [1947]</em>. Baltimore: Trustees of the Walters Art Gallery, 1947.", "page_number": "Mentioned: cat. no. 700, Reproduced: pl. XCVIII", "url": null}, {"citation": "Milliken, William M. \u201cByzantine Manuscript Illumination\u201d The <em>Cleveland Museum of Art Bulletin</em> 34 (March 1947)", "page_number": "pp 50-56", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Handbook.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 84", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1958/page/n29"}, {"citation": "Oberlin College. Allen Memorial Museum. \"Byzantine Manuscript Illumination : An Exhibition December 3-19.\" <em>Allen Memorial Artmuseum. Bulletin</em> V.15, No. 2, Winter (1958).", "page_number": "Mentioned: cat. no. 3", "url": null}, {"citation": "Ricci, Seymour de, William Jerome Wilson, Christopher Urdahl Faye, and William Henry Bond. Supplement to the Census of Medieval and Renaissance Manuscripts: In the United States and Canada. New York, N.Y.: The Bibliographical Society of America, 1962.", "page_number": "p. 428", "url": null}, {"citation": "Milliken, William Mathewson. <em>Pages from Medieval and Renaissance Illuminated Manuscripts from the Xth to the Early XVIth Centuries: An Exhibition</em>. Berkeley: University of California, 1963.", "page_number": "Mentioned: cat. no. 5, Reproduced pl. VI.", "url": null}, {"citation": "Greece, and Council of Europe. <em>Byzantine Art, a European Art</em>. 2d ed. Athens, 1964.", "page_number": "Mentioned: cat. no. 309", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 40", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n64"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 40", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n62"}, {"citation": "Wixom, William D. \u201cA Manuscript Painting from Cluny\u201d <em>Cleveland Museum of Art Bulletin</em> LVI (April 1969)", "page_number": "pp. 131-135", "url": null}, {"citation": "Vikan, Gary, and Kurt Weitzmann. Illuminated Greek Manuscripts from American Collections: An Exhibition in Honor of Kurt Weitzmann. Princeton (N.J.): Princeton Univ. Press, 1973.", "page_number": "pp. 85-6", "url": null}, {"citation": "Furlan, Italo. \"Aspetti di Cultura Greca a Venezia nell'XI Secolo: La Scuola di Salonicco e lo Stile Monumentale Protocomneno\". <em>Arte Veneta</em> (1976)", "page_number": "p. 31", "url": null}, {"citation": "Hamann-Mac Lean, Richard. Die Monumentalmalerei in Serbien und Makedonien. vom 11. bis zum fru\u0308hen 14. Jahrhundert : Grundlegung zu einer Geschichte der mittelalterlichen Monumentalmalerei in Serbien und Makedonien [2] [2]. 1976.", "page_number": "p. 84 & 253", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 42", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n62"}, {"citation": "Netzer, Nancy. <em>Cultural Interplay in the Eighth Century: The Trier Gospels and the Making of a Scriptorium at Echternach</em>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.", "page_number": "p. 96, 236, Pl. 92", "url": null}, {"citation": "Evans, Helen C. The Glory of Byzantium: Art an Culture of the Middle Byzantine Era A.D. 843-1261 ; [in Conjunction with the Exhibition \"The Glory of Byzantium\", Held at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York from March 11 Through July 6, 1997]. New York, NY: Abrams, 1997.", "page_number": "p. 103, Cat. No. 58 A", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, and Holger A. Klein. Sacred Gifts and Worldly Treasures: Medieval Masterworks from the Cleveland Museum of Art. Cleveland, Ohio: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2007.", "page_number": "pp. 83-85", "url": null}, {"citation": "Popova, O. S. Vizantii\u0306skai\ufe20a\ufe21 miniati\ufe20u\ufe21ra vtoroi\u0306 poloviny X--nachala XII veka = The byzantine miniature from the second half of the 10th century to early 12th century. 2012.", "page_number": "p. 256, fig. 224", "url": null}, {"citation": "Exposition internationale d'art byzantin. Exposition internationale d'art byzantin, 28 mai-9 juillet, 1931: [catalogue d'une exposition au Muse\u0301e des arts de\u0301coratifs, Palais du Louvre, Pavillon de Marsan]. Paris: Muse\u0301e des arts de\u0301coratifs, 1931.", "page_number": null, "url": null}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1942.1512", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1942.1512/1942.1512_web.jpg", "width": "767", "height": "893", "filesize": "636107", "filename": "1942.1512_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1942.1512/1942.1512_print.jpg", "width": "1536", "height": "1789", "filesize": "1269071", "filename": "1942.1512_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1942.1512/1942.1512_full.tif", "width": "1536", "height": "1789", "filesize": "8246756", "filename": "1942.1512_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [], "creditline": "Purchase from the J. H. Wade Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "The Robert P. Bergman Memorial Gallery", "athena_id": 121698, "creators": [], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1942-02-13T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1057, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1057\u20131063", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:02:56.742000"}, {"id": 155871, "accession_number": "1991.173", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "A Eunuch's Dream, 1874. Jean Lecomte du Nou\u00ff (French, 1842\u20131923). Oil on wood; framed: 54 x 74.5 x 5.5 cm (21 1/4 x 29 5/16 x 2 3/16 in.); unframed: 39.3 x 65.4 cm (15 1/2 x 25 3/4 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Seventy-fifth anniversary gift of Mrs. Noah L. Butkin, 1991.173", "current_location": "219 19th Century European", "title": "A Eunuch's Dream", "creation_date": "1874", "creation_date_earliest": 1874, "creation_date_latest": 1874, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["France, 19th century"], "technique": "oil on wood", "support_materials": [], "department": "Modern European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "Mod Euro - Painting 1800-1960", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 54 x 74.5 x 5.5 cm (21 1/4 x 29 5/16 x 2 3/16 in.); Unframed: 39.3 x 65.4 cm (15 1/2 x 25 3/4 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 0.54, "width": 0.745, "depth": 0.055}, "unframed": {"height": 0.393, "width": 0.654}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "Signed center left: Lecomte du Nou\u00ff / 1874\r\n", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 311486, "title": "Signs of Affection: Gifts Honoring the Museum's 75th Anniversary", "description": "<i>Signs of Affection: Gifts Honoring the Museum's 75th Anniversary</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 27, 1992-January 3, 1993).", "opening_date": "1992-10-27T05:00:00"}, {"id": 227636, "title": "From Homer to the Harem: The Art of Jean Lecomte du Nou\u00ff", "description": "<i>From Homer to the Harem: The Art of Jean Lecomte du Nou\u00ff</i>. Dahesh Museum of Art, New York, NY (organizer) (June 22-September 19, 2004).", "opening_date": "2004-06-22T00:00:00"}, {"id": 226126, "title": "European Orientalists: From Delacroix to Kandinsky", "description": "<i>European Orientalists: From Delacroix to Kandinsky</i>. Mus\u00e9e Royaux des Beaux-Arts, Brussels, Belgium (October 15, 2010-January 9, 2011); Kunsthalle der Hypo-Kulturstiftung, Munich, Germany (organizer) (January 29-May 1, 2011); Mus\u00e9e des Beaux-Arts, Marseille, Marseille, France (May 20-August 21, 2011).", "opening_date": "2010-10-15T00:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "Memorial Art Gallery of the University of Rochester, N.Y.; Neuberger Museum, State University of New York, College at Purchase. Orientalism: The Near East in French Painting 1800-1880 (1982), no. 55, 81 (repr.), 83.", "opening_date": "1982-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Dahesh Museum of Art (6/22/2004 - 9/19/2004): \"From Homer to the Harem: The Art of Jean Lecomte du Nou\u00ff\"", "opening_date": "2004-06-22T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Mus\u00e9e Royaux des Beaux-Arts, Brussels (10/15/2010 - 1/9/2011), Kunsthalle der Hypo-Kulturstiftung [organizer] (1/29/2011 - 5/1/2011), and Mus\u00e9e des Beaux-Arts, Marseille (5/20/2011 - 8/21/2011):  \"European Orientalists: From Delacroix to Kandinsky\", ex. cat. no. 148, p. 181.", "opening_date": "2010-10-15T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "(Sale, Sotheby Parke-Bernet, New York, April 28, 1977, lot 209, possibly sold to Noah L. and Muriel Butkin)", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->The consignor to this auction is not specified in the catalogue, which lists the Lecomte de Nou\u00ff under the \u201cproperty of various owners.\u201d The catalogue does not include a price list, but the Butkins made many purchases around this time, so it is possible that they were the buyers of the painting at this sale.&nbsp; The earlier provenance of this painting is unclear.&nbsp; A painting by Lecomte de Nou\u00ff entitled \u201cLe Kieff du Sch\u00e9riff (Souvenir d'Orient)\u201d appeared in the H\u00f4tel Drouot sale of the \u201cF.J.\u201d collection on March 23, 1877 (no. 37).&nbsp; However, it seems unlikely that this painting is the Cleveland picture, because while the description provided in the catalogue of the man in the painting matches that of the Cleveland picture, the female figure, so important to the composition, is not mentioned.&nbsp; Furthermore, another version of this composition (see Roger Diederen, <em>From Homer to the Harem: The Art of Jean Lecomte du Nou\u00ff</em>, no. 86) but without the female figure or knife-wielding cherub, appears in Montgailhard\u2019s 1906 monograph on Lecomte du Nou\u00ff under the title \u201cLe kief du Sch\u00e9riff.\u201d This painting\u2019s current location is unknown.&nbsp; What we do know is that the Cleveland painting was likely intended by the artist for direct sale to a private collector: the painting\u2019s content \u2013 more graphic than that of the other versions of the composition - may have been considered inappropriate for public display. &nbsp;</div>"], "date": "1977", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "(Noah L. and Muriel S. Butkin, Cleveland, Ohio, given by Muriel S. Butkin to the Cleveland Museum of Art", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "Possibly 1977-1991", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, Ohio", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1991-", "sortorder": 3}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Much of Jean Lecomte du Nou\u00ff's artwork was inspired by travelling to Egypt as a young man.", "description": "This painting, inspired by Charles Montesquieu's Persian Letters (published in 1721), depicts a eunuch who wanted to marry a harem slave. He experienced a vision of her while smoking his opium pipe, but her little companion holding a knife dripping with blood reminds us that the eunuch's anatomy precludes the fulfillment of his dream. The outline of a hand next to the signature is a khamsa, a symbol used to ward off evil.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60476671"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1991.173-a-eunuch-s-dream"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Sotheby Parke Bernet Inc. 1<em>9th Century European Paintings</em>. April 28, 1977.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Diederen, Roger. <em>From Homer to the Harem: The Art of Jean Lecomte Du Nouy\u0308</em>. New York: Dahesh Museum of Art, 2004.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Turner, Evan H. \"The Year in Review for 1992.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 80, no. 2 (1993): 38-79.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 60; Mentioned: p. 66", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25161388"}, {"citation": "Argencourt, Louise d', and Roger Diederen. <em>Catalogue of Paintings</em>. <em>Pt. 4. European Paintings of the 19th Century</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1974.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 385-387, Vol. II, no. 134", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Bergez, Daniel, and Kate Deimling. <em>Painting the Dream: From the Biblical Dream to Surrealism</em>. New York; London: Abbeville Press Publishers, 2018.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 110, no. 77", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bergez, Daniel.<em> Peindre le re\u0302ve: des re\u0302ves bibliques au surre\u0301alisme.</em> <br>Paris : Citadelles &amp; Mazenod, 2017.", "page_number": "Reproduced and mentioned: p. 110.", "url": null}, {"citation": "Watson, A.M. \"Paul Durand-Ruel and James Duncan of Benmore.\" The Burlington Magazine 160, no.1384(July 2018): 558-571.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 564, fig. 10", "url": null}, {"citation": "Dialer, Corinne. <em>Oneirische Oszillation: Zum Neuzeitlichen Bildthema des Ku\u0308nstlertraums</em>. Hildesheim: Olms; [Mu\u0308nchen]: UB, Universita\u0308tsbibliothek Ludwig-Maximilians-Universita\u0308t Mu\u0308nchen, 2022.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 166, abb. 128; Reproduced: P. 273, abb. 128", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Kola\u0301r\u030cova\u0301, Petra, Na\u0301rodni\u0301 galerie v Praze, and Veletrz\u030cni\u0301 Pala\u0301c v Praze. V Krouz\u030cC\u00edch Dy\u0301Mu : Portre\u030cT Modern\u00edho Ume\u030cLce. [Praha]: N\u00e1rodn\u00ed galerie v Praze, 2023.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 71", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1991.173", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1991.173/1991.173_web.jpg", "width": "1263", "height": "757", "filesize": "669660", "filename": "1991.173_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1991.173/1991.173_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2037", "filesize": "5125324", "filename": "1991.173_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1991.173/1991.173_full.tif", "width": "6356", "height": "3808", "filesize": "72646372", "filename": "1991.173_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [], "creditline": "Seventy-fifth anniversary gift of Mrs. Noah L. Butkin", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Norma and Alfred Lerner Gallery", "athena_id": 155871, "creators": [{"id": 1793, "description": "Jean Lecomte du Nou\u00ff (French, 1842\u20131923)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": "Jean Lecomte du Nou\u00ff was the descendant of a noble Piedmontese family that settled in France in the fourteenth century. In 1861, at age nineteen, he entered the studio of Charles Gleyre (1808-1874) and two years later trained under the guidance of \u00c9mile Signol (1804-1892). With his fascination for historical and exotic subjects in mind, Lecomte du Nou\u00ff entered the studio of G\u00e9r\u00f4me (q.v.) in 1864. Lecomte du Nou\u00ff began exhibiting at the Salon in 1863 and received his first critical approval two years later for Le sentinel grec (1865), based on the tragedy Oresteia (458 BC) by Aeschylus. One year later he won a gold medal for another classical subject, Invocation de Neptune (1866, Mus\u00e9e des Beaux Arts, Lille), which exempted him from jury approval for future Salons. In 1865 G\u00e9r\u00f4me encouraged him to join F\u00e9lix Cl\u00e9ment (1826-1888) on a trip to Egypt, as the latter had received a commission to decorate the Choubrah Palace of Prince Halim near Cairo. The Franco-Prussian War (1870-71) meant hardship for many artists, including Lecomte du Nou\u00ff who struggled to get by without commissions. In 1872 he won the Second Prix de Rome and received a good deal of attention at the Salon with Les porteurs de mauvaises nouvelles (Minist\u00e8re de Affaires Culturelles, Tunis), which was bought by the state for the Mus\u00e9e du Luxembourg. That same year the French government asked him to go to Venice to copy The Marriage of St. Ursula by Carpaccio for the \u00c9cole des Beaux-Arts. Three years later he painted an altarpiece for the chapel of St.-Vincent-de-Paul in the church of La Trinit\u00e9 in Paris. He traveled throughout his life and, in 1875, embarked on an extensive voyage to Greece, Egypt, Turkey, and Asia Minor. Twenty years later, on his way to Constantinople, he stopped in Bucharest in order to visit his brother, Andr\u00e9 Lecomte du Nou\u00ff (1844-1914), who was a court architect. He ended up staying several years, as he received commissions for portraits of members of the royal family and frescoes in Romanian churches. Throughout his career, Lecomte du Nou\u00ff painted many religious and history paintings; he was also a prolific portraitist and sculptor. In 1875 he married Mlle Peign\u00e9-Cr\u00e9mieux, who died soon afterward; in 1891 he married Caroline Evrard.", "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1842", "death_year": "1923", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1991-12-16T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1874, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1874", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": true, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:07:17.057000"}, {"id": 124679, "accession_number": "1946.164", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "The Rathskeller, 1901. John Sloan (American, 1871\u20131951). Oil on canvas; framed: 110.6 x 89.2 x 7 cm (43 9/16 x 35 1/8 x 2 3/4 in.); unframed: 90.5 x 69 cm (35 5/8 x 27 3/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Gift of the Hanna Fund, 1946.164", "current_location": "208 American Gilded Age and Realism", "title": "The Rathskeller", "creation_date": "1901", "creation_date_earliest": 1901, "creation_date_latest": 1901, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["America, early 20th Century"], "technique": "oil on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "American Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "American - Painting", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 110.6 x 89.2 x 7 cm (43 9/16 x 35 1/8 x 2 3/4 in.); Unframed: 90.5 x 69 cm (35 5/8 x 27 3/16 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 1.106, "width": 0.892, "depth": 0.07}, "unframed": {"height": 0.905, "width": 0.69}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "Signed lower right: \"John / Sloan [JS in monogram]\"", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 301477, "title": "In Memoriam: Leonard C. Hanna, Jr.", "description": "<i>In Memoriam: Leonard C. Hanna, Jr.</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (March 4-April 7, 1958).", "opening_date": "1958-03-04T05:00:00"}, {"id": 518907, "title": "The Life and Times of John Slaon", "description": "<i>The Life and Times of John Slaon</i>. Delaware Art Museum, Wilmington, DE (organizer) (September 22-October 29, 1961); Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, Museum of American Art, Philadelphia, PA (November 17-December 23, 1961); Bowdoin College Museum of Art, Brunswick, ME (January 20-February 28, 1962).", "opening_date": "1961-09-22T04:00:00"}, {"id": 315773, "title": "Triumph of Realism: An Exhibition of European and American Realist Paintings 1850-1910", "description": "<i>Triumph of Realism: An Exhibition of European and American Realist Paintings 1850-1910</i>. Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, Richmond, VA (December 12, 1967-January 14, 1968); Fine Arts Museum of San Francisco, Legion of Honor, San Francisco, CA (February 16-March 31, 1968).", "opening_date": "1967-10-03T04:00:00"}, {"id": 445307, "title": "John Sloan, 1871 - 1951", "description": "<i>John Sloan, 1871 - 1951</i>. National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC (organizer) (September 18-October 31, 1971); Georgia Museum of Art, Athens, GA (November 20, 1971-January 16, 1972); Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, de Young Museum, San Francisco, CA (February 15-April 2, 1972); Saint Louis Art Museum, St. Louis, MO (May 4-June 18, 1972).", "opening_date": "1971-09-18T04:00:00"}, {"id": 222479, "title": "1900:  Art at the Crossroads", "description": "<i>1900:  Art at the Crossroads</i>. Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York, NY (May 18-September 10, 2000).", "opening_date": "2000-05-18T00:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "Philadelphia, Philadelphia Art Club, title not known (-15 December 1901); see Elzea's publication p. 445.", "opening_date": "1901-12-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Third Annual Sketch Exhibition of the Fellowship fo the Academy (31 March-19 April 1902), no. 165.", "opening_date": "1902-03-31T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Chicago, Art Insitute of Chicago, 17th Annual Exhibition of American Painting &amp; Sculpture (20 October-27 November 1904); no. 374; listed p. 59.", "opening_date": "1904-10-20T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Portland, Or, Lewis and Clark Centennial Exhibition (1905), no. 203.", "opening_date": "1905-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "New York, New York School of Art, title not known, (17-31 December 1907), see Elzea's publication p. 447.", "opening_date": "1907-12-17T00:00:00"}, {"description": "New York, C. W. Kraushaar Galleries, Exhibition of Paintings by John Sloan (11-30 April 1921), no. 4.", "opening_date": "1921-04-11T00:00:00"}, {"description": "New York, Wanamaker Galleries, John Sloan: Paintings, Etchings, and Drawings (4 November-? December 1939); traveled to, Philadelphia, Wanamaker Galleries (8-29 January 1940), no. 22.", "opening_date": "1940-01-08T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Philadelphia, Philadelphia Museum of Art, Life in Philadelphia (20 June-13 September 1940), cat. no. 60, illus., catalogue found in Philadelphia Museum of Art Bulletin (May, 1940)", "opening_date": "1940-06-20T00:00:00"}, {"description": "New York, Whitney Museum of American Art, John Sloan 1871-1951 (10 January-2 March 1952); traveled to Washington, D.C., Corcoran Gallery, (15 March-20 April 1952); to Toledo, Toledo Museum of Art (4 May-8 June 1952); illus. cat. no. 3.", "opening_date": "1952-01-10T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Philadelphia, The Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, The One Hundred and Fiftieth Anniversary Exhibition (15 January-13 March 1955), pp. 130-133, cat. no. 221, illus. p. 131.", "opening_date": "1955-01-15T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Sent from the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts on a good-will tour through the U. S. Information Agency, Washington, D.C.:", "opening_date": null}, {"description": "Madrid, Sala de la Direccion General de Belles Artes, National Library, Exposicion del 150 Aniversario de la Academie de Belles Artes de Pennsilvania (21 April-8 May 1955), cat. no. 73, illus. p. 43.", "opening_date": "1955-04-21T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Florence, Palazzo Strozzi, l'Esposizione per il 150 Anniversario della Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts di Filadelfia (June 1955), pp. 44-45. Cat. no. 78, not illus.", "opening_date": "1955-06-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Innsbruck, Ferdinandeum Museum, (16 July-20 August 1955), cat. no. 78.", "opening_date": "1955-07-16T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Ghent, The Ghent Museum (3 September-2 October 1955), cat. no. 84.", "opening_date": "1955-09-03T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Stockholm, Swedish Royal Academy of the Free Arts, (4 -27 November 1955)", "opening_date": "1955-11-04T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Wilmington, Delaware, The Wilmington Society of the Fine Arts, The Life and Times of John Sloan (22 September-29 October 1961); traveled to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts (17 November-23 December 1961); cat. no. 6, not illus.", "opening_date": "1961-09-22T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Oil Paintings by John Sloan (19 November-23 December 1961), cat. no. 35.", "opening_date": "1961-11-19T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Brunswisck, ME, Bowdoin College Museum of Fine Arts (20 January-28 February 1962); cat. no. 1, illus. p. 33.", "opening_date": "1962-01-20T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Brooklyn, Brooklyn Museum The Triumph of Realism (3 October-19 November 1967); traveled to Richmond, VA, Museum of Fine Arts, (11 December 1967-14 January 1968); to San Francisco, California Palace of the Legion of Honor, (17 February-31 March 1968), pp. 84-85, 177, illus. cat. no. 96, p. 177.", "opening_date": "1967-10-03T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Washington, D.C., National Gallery of Art, John Sloan 1871-1951 (18 September-31 October 1971); traveled to Athens, GA, Georgia Museum of Art (20 November 1971-16 January 1972); to San Francisco, M. H. De Young Memorial Museum (15 February-2 April 1972); to St. Louis, City Art Museum of St. Louis (4 May-18 June 1972); to Columbus, Columbus Gallery of Fine Arts (13 July-13 August 1972); Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts (6 September-22 October 1972); cat. no. 22, illus. p. 68.", "opening_date": "1971-09-18T00:00:00"}, {"description": "New York, IBM Gallery of Science and Art,  John Soan: Spectator of Life (26 April-18 June 1988); traveled to Wilmington, DE, Delaware Museum of Art (15 July-4 September 1988); to Columbus, Columbus Museum of Art (17 September-6 November 1988); to Fort Worth, TX, Amon Carter Museum (19 November-31 December 1988); cat. no. 5, illus. p. 41.", "opening_date": "1988-04-26T00:00:00"}, {"description": "London, Royal Academy of Arts, 1900: Art at the Crossroads (16 January-3 April 2000); traveled to New York, Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum (18 May-10 September 2000); cat. no. 147, illus. p. 216.", "opening_date": "2000-01-16T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "(C. W. Kraushaar Galleries)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": null}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Sloan worked as an illustrator for various newspapers before becoming a professional painter and printmaker.", "description": "Economic differences infuse Sloan\u2019s scene of patrons at a Philadelphia bar. Here, a working-class woman sharing a beer with a companion captures the attention of a lone man who has ordered the more costly champagne. One contemporary critic characterized this wealthier man as \u201ca spider watching for the fly.\u201d", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60515238"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1946.164-the-rathskeller"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Milliken, William Mathewson. <em>In Memoriam: Leonard C. Hanna, Jr.</em> [Cleveland]: [Cleveland Museum of Art], 1958.", "page_number": "Reproduced, fig. 76.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "\u201cA Check List. American Paintings and Water Colors of the Eighteenth, Nineteenth, and Early Twentieth Centuries in the Cleveland Museum of Art.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 60, no. 1 (January 1973): 21\u201335.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 33, no. 163", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25152465"}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1946.164", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1946.164/1946.164_web.jpg", "width": "683", "height": "893", "filesize": "374869", "filename": "1946.164_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1946.164/1946.164_print.jpg", "width": "2599", "height": "3400", "filesize": "5961235", "filename": "1946.164_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1946.164/1946.164_full.tif", "width": "4228", "height": "5530", "filesize": "70165864", "filename": "1946.164_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2012-02-27T18:20:04", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1946.164/1946.164_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "680", "height": "893", "filesize": "70115"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1946.164/1946.164_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "2590", "height": "3400", "filesize": "1399413"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1946.164/1946.164_alt0_full.tif", "width": "4420", "height": "5802", "filesize": "76965676"}}], "creditline": "Gift of the Hanna Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "The Cleveland Foundation Gallery", "athena_id": 124679, "creators": [{"id": 3285, "description": "John Sloan (American, 1871\u20131951)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1871", "death_year": "1951", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1946-07-15T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1901, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1901", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:03:41.417000"}, {"id": 112316, "accession_number": "1930.739", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Arm Reliquary of the Apostles, c. 1190. Germany, Lower Saxony, Hildesheim, Romanesque period, late 12th century. Gilt silver, champlev\u00e9 enamel, oak; overall: 51 x 14 x 9.2 cm (20 1/16 x 5 1/2 x 3 5/8 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Gift of the John Huntington Art and Polytechnic Trust, 1930.739", "current_location": "106C Medieval Treasury", "title": "Arm Reliquary of the Apostles", "creation_date": "c. 1190", "creation_date_earliest": 1180, "creation_date_latest": 1200, "artists_tags": [], "culture": ["Germany, Lower Saxony, Hildesheim, Romanesque period, late 12th century"], "technique": "gilt silver, champlev\u00e9 enamel, oak", "support_materials": [], "department": "Medieval Art", "collection": "MED - Romanesque", "type": "Metalwork", "measurements": "Overall: 51 x 14 x 9.2 cm (20 1/16 x 5 1/2 x 3 5/8 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"height": 0.51, "width": 0.14, "depth": 0.092}, "No Extent Specified": {"height": 0.508, "width": 0.127, "depth": 0.095}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 312517, "title": "The Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition", "description": "<i>The Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 26-October 4, 1936).", "opening_date": "1936-06-26T04:00:00"}, {"id": 302145, "title": "Traditions and Revisions: Themes from the History of Sculpture", "description": "<i>Traditions and Revisions: Themes from the History of Sculpture</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (September 24-November 16, 1975).", "opening_date": "1975-09-24T04:00:00"}, {"id": 444322, "title": "Die Zeit der Staufer: Geschichte, Kunst, Kultur (The Staufer Period: History, Art, Culture)", "description": "<i>Die Zeit der Staufer: Geschichte, Kunst, Kultur (The Staufer Period: History, Art, Culture)</i>. Landesmuseum W\u00fcrttemberg Stuttgart, 70173 Stuttgart, Germany (organizer) (March 26-June 5, 1977).", "opening_date": "1977-03-26T05:00:00"}, {"id": 311637, "title": "All That Glitters: Great Silver Vessels in Cleveland's Collection", "description": "<i>All That Glitters: Great Silver Vessels in Cleveland's Collection</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (November 23, 1994-January 8, 1995).", "opening_date": "1994-11-23T05:00:00"}, {"id": 423337, "title": "Heinrich der L\u00f6we und seine Zeit (Henry the Lion and his time)", "description": "<i>Heinrich der L\u00f6we und seine Zeit (Henry the Lion and his time)</i>. Herzog Anton Ulrich-Museum (organizer) (August 6-November 12, 1995).", "opening_date": "1995-08-06T04:00:00"}, {"id": 180667, "title": "Sacred Gifts and Worldly Treasures: Medieval Masterworks from the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Sacred Gifts and Worldly Treasures: Medieval Masterworks from the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. National Museum of Bavaria, Munich, Germany (May 10-September 16, 2007); J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, CA (October 30, 2007-January 20, 2008); Frist Art Museum, Nashville, TN (February 13-June 7, 2009).", "opening_date": "2007-05-10T00:00:00"}, {"id": 196195, "title": "Treasures of Heaven: Saints, Relics, and Devotion in Medieval Europe", "description": "<i>Treasures of Heaven: Saints, Relics, and Devotion in Medieval Europe</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 17, 2010-January 17, 2011); The Walters Art Museum, Baltimore, MD (February 13-May 15, 2011); The British Museum, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (June 23-October 9, 2011).", "opening_date": "2010-10-17T00:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "Guelph Museum, Hanover, Germany (1861-66).", "opening_date": null}, {"description": "\u00d6sterreichisches Museum f\u00fcr Kunst und Industrie, Vienna, Austria (1869).", "opening_date": null}, {"description": "St\u00e4delsche Kunstinstitut, Frankfurt-am-Main, Germany (1930).", "opening_date": "1930-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Goldschmidt Gallery, New York, NY (1931).", "opening_date": "1931-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Zeit der Staufer I, </em>W\u00fcrtemburgisches Landesmuseum, Stuttgart, (March-August 1977).", "opening_date": "1977-03-01T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Monastery of St. Cyriakus, Brunswick", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "Treasury, Cathedral of St. Blaise, Brunswick", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "House of Brunswick-L\u00fcneburg (part of Guelph Treasure)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "(Goldschmidt Galleries, New York, NY, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "?-1930", "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1930-", "sortorder": 5}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [{"id": 112021, "description": "Medallion with the Bust of Christ (\"The Cumberland Medallion\"), from the Guelph Treasure, late 700s. Germany, Weserraum, Migration period, late 8th century. Cloisonn\u00e9 enamel and gold on copper; diameter: 5.1 x 0.2 cm (2 x 1/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Purchase from the J. H. Wade Fund 1930.504", "relationship": null}, {"id": 112022, "description": "Monstrance with the \"Paten of Saint Bernward\", c. 1180\u20131190. Saint Oswald Reliquary Workshop (German). Silver, gilded silver, niello, rock crystal; overall: 34.5 x 15.9 x 14 cm (13 9/16 x 6 1/4 x 5 1/2 in.); part 1: 13.5 cm (5 5/16 in.); part 2: 34.3 cm (13 1/2 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Purchase from the J. H. Wade Fund with additional gift from Mrs. R. Henry Norweb, 1930.505", "relationship": null}, {"id": 112318, "description": "The So-called Horn of Saint Blaise, 1100\u20131200. South Italy or Sicily, 12th century. Ivory; overall: 12 cm (4 3/4 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Gift of the John Huntington Art and Polytechnic Trust 1930.740", "relationship": null}, {"id": 112319, "description": "Book-Shaped Reliquary, c. 1000. Circle of The Master of the Registrum Gregorii (German, active c. 972\u20131000). Ivory, silver: gilded, pearls, rubies, emeralds, crystals, onyx, carnelian, oak; overall: 31.6 x 24.4 x 7.5 cm (12 7/16 x 9 5/8 x 2 15/16 in.); part 1: 17.8 x 14 cm (7 x 5 1/2 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Gift of the John Huntington Art and Polytechnic Trust 1930.741", "relationship": null}, {"id": 112958, "description": "Ceremonial Cross of Countess Gertrude, 1038 or shortly after. Germany, Lower Saxony?, 11th century. Gold: worked in repouss\u00e9; cloisonn\u00e9 enamel, intaglio gems, pearls, wood core; overall: 24.2 x 21.6 cm (9 1/2 x 8 1/2 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Purchase from the J. H. Wade Fund with the addition of a gift from Mrs. Edward B. Greene 1931.55", "relationship": null}, {"id": 112971, "description": "Monstrance with a Relic of Saint Sebastian, 1484. Germany, Lower Saxony, Brunswick, Gothic period, 15th century. Gilded silver, rock crystal, bone, parchment; overall: 47 cm (18 1/2 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Gift of Julius F. Goldschmidt, Z. M. Hackenbroch, and J. Rosenbaum in memory of the Exhibition of the Guelph Treasure held in the Cleveland Museum of Art from 10 January to 1 February 1931, 1931.65", "relationship": null}, {"id": 112875, "description": "Ceremonial Cross of Count Liudolf, shortly after 1038. Germany, Lower Saxony?, Romanesque period, 11th century. Gold: worked in repouss\u00e9; cloisonn\u00e9 enamel; intaglio gems; pearls; wood core; overall: 24.2 x 21.6 cm (9 1/2 x 8 1/2 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Gift of the John Huntington Art and Polytechnic Trust 1931.461", "relationship": null}, {"id": 112876, "description": "Portable Altar of Countess Gertrude, c. 1045. Germany, Lower Saxony?, Romanesque period, 11th century. Gold, cloisonn\u00e9 enamel, porphyry, gems, pearls, niello, wood core; overall: 10.5 x 27.5 x 21 cm (4 1/8 x 10 13/16 x 8 1/4 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Gift of the John Huntington Art and Polytechnic Trust 1931.462", "relationship": null}], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Reliquaries were prized not for the opulence that you see, but for the items that they held. They enshrined items associated with saints, like a piece of clothing they wore or a small portion of their remains. In this case, an arm bone is encased within.", "description": "Taking the form of a clothed lower arm with an outstretched hand, this reliquary from the Guelph Treasure appropriately enshrines a piece of an unidentified saint\u2019s arm bone. Arm reliquaries like this one served as liturgical props; during religious services and processions, the clergy used them to bless and touch the faithful, thus making the presence of the saint more palpable and immediate. The apostle busts that decorate this arm reliquary seem to indicate that the relic it contains is that of an apostle. Duke Henry the Lion, a major patron of the church of Saint Blaise, is known to have received such relics from the Byzantine emperor Manuel I (1143-1180) upon his return from a pilgrimage to Jerusalem.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60762779"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1930.739-arm-reliquary-of-the"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Neumann, Wilhelm Anton, and Wenzel August Neumann. <em>Der Reliquienschatz des Hauses Braundschweig-Lu\u0308neburg.</em> Wien: Alfred Ho\u0308lder, 1891.", "page_number": "no. 47", "url": null}, {"citation": "Sta\u0308dtische Galerie im Sta\u0308delschen Kunstinstitut Frankfurt am Main. <em>Stadel-Jahrbuch.</em> Munchen: Prestel Verlag, 1921.", "page_number": "pp. 326, 329-331, 333-4, 338, 381", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bossert, Helmuth Theodor. <em>Geschichte des Kunstgewerbes aller Zeiten und Vo\u0308lker, in Verbindung mit zahlreichen Fachgelehrten herausgegeben von Dr. H. Th. Bossert.</em> Berlin: E. Wasmuth, a.g, 1928.", "page_number": "p. 289", "url": null}, {"citation": "Guelph Treasure, Catalogue of the Exhibition. [NEW YORK, NEW YORK]: [GOLDSCHMIDT, LUCIEN, GALLERY], 1930.", "page_number": "Cat. no. 30, pls 65-6", "url": null}, {"citation": "Falke, Otto von, Robert Schmidt, and Georg Swarzenski. Der Welfenschatz. <em>Der Reliquienschatz des Braunschweiger Domes aus dem Besitze des herzoglichen Hauses Braunschweig-Lu\u0308neburg</em>. Frankfurt am Main: Frankfurter Verlagsanstalt a. g, 1930.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Eckhardt, Ferdinand. 1930. \u201cExhibition of the Guelph Treasure in Frankfort and Berlin.\u201d <em>Apollo: The International Magazine for Collectors</em> 12 (October): 305\u20136.", "page_number": "p. 306", "url": "http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=asu&AN=513257711&site=ehost-live"}, {"citation": "Falke, Otto von \"Hildesheimer Goldschmiedewerke des 12. Jahrhunderts im Welfenschatz,\" <em>Pantheon</em> vol 5 (June 1930).", "page_number": "p. 274", "url": null}, {"citation": "W. M. M. \u201cThe Acquisition of Six Objects from the Guelph Treasure for the Cleveland Museum of Art: Foreword.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 17, no. 9 (November 1930): 163\u2013165.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 163-165; Reproduced: p. 162", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25137331"}, {"citation": "<em>Art Digest</em> (September 1930).", "page_number": "p. 5", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Illus. London News</em> (November 29, 1930).", "page_number": "p. 5", "url": null}, {"citation": "Frankfurter, A.M. <em>Antiquariun</em> (Dec. 1930).", "page_number": "p. 66", "url": null}, {"citation": "W. M. M. \u201cThe Acquisition of Six Objects from the Guelph Treasure for the Cleveland Museum of Art.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 17, no. 9 (November 1930): 165\u2013178, 183.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 165-166; reproduced: p. 183", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25137332"}, {"citation": "Milliken, William Mathewson \"The Guelph Treasure\" <em>The American Magazine of Art</em> 22, no. 3 (1931).", "page_number": "p. 168, 171", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/23935911"}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Catalogue of the Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition of the Cleveland Museum of Art: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition: June Twenty-Sixth to October Fourth 1936</em>. [Cleveland, Ohio]: [Cleveland Museum of Art], 1936.", "page_number": "Cat nbr 4; Mentioned: p. 14", "url": ""}, {"citation": "<em>ARTS Magazine</em> 29 (October 1, 1954).", "page_number": "pp. 10-11", "url": null}, {"citation": "Leitermann,Heinz, <em>Deutsche Goldschmide-Kunst </em>(Stuttgart, 1954).", "page_number": "p. 123, pl. 19", "url": null}, {"citation": "Milliken, WIlliam \"The Guelph Treasure in Cleveland\" <em>The American-German Review</em> (Dec. 1955-Jan. 1956).", "page_number": "pp. 5-10", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>ART News</em> (Summer, 1957).", "page_number": "p. 46", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Handbook.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 104", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1958/page/n32"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 50", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n74"}, {"citation": "Swarzenski, Hanns. <em>Monuments of Romanesque Art: The Art of Church Treasures in North-Western Europe. </em>London: Faber, 1967.", "page_number": "cat. no. 212, pl. 212, figs. 496-98", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 50", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n72"}, {"citation": "Elsen, Albert E. <em>The Partial Figure in Modern Sculpture; From Rodin to 1969</em>. 1969.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Hoffmann, Konrad, and Florens Deuchler.<em> The Year 1200: A Centennial Exhibition at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, February 12 Through May 10, 1970</em>. 1970.", "page_number": "p. 104, no. 110", "url": null}, {"citation": "Sauerl\u00e4nder, Willibald. \"\"The Year 1200,\" a Centennial Exhibition at the Metropolitan Museum of Art. February 12-May 10, 1970.\" <em>The Art Bulletin</em> 53, no. 4 (1971)", "page_number": "p. 515-6, fig. 6", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/3048906"}, {"citation": "Wu\u0308rttembergisches Landesmuseum, and Reiner Haussherr. <em>Die Zeit der Staufer: Geschichte, Kunst, Kultur : Katalog der Ausstellung [Stuttgart, Altes Schloss und Kunstgeba\u0308ude, 26. Ma\u0308rz-5. Juni 1977]. </em>Stuttgart: Wu\u0308rttembergisches Landesmuseum, 1977.", "page_number": "no. 578, p. 448", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 56", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n76"}, {"citation": "Avril, Franc\u0327ois, Xavier Barral i Altet, and Danielle Gaborit-Chopin. <em>Le temps des Croisades</em>. [Paris]: Gallimard, 1982.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Strayer, Joseph R. <em>Dictionary of the Middle Ages</em>. 1982.", "page_number": "p. 67", "url": null}, {"citation": "Benjamin, Susan. <em>Enamels</em>. [New York]: Cooper-Hewitt Museum, 1983.", "page_number": "p. 66, no. 51", "url": null}, {"citation": "Van der Marck, Jan.<em> In Quest of Excellence: Civic Pride, Patronage, Connoisseurship</em>. Miami, Fla., U.S.A.: The Center, 1984.", "page_number": "p. 72", "url": null}, {"citation": "De Winter, Patrick M. \"The Sacral Treasure of the Guelphs.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 72, no. 1 (1985).", "page_number": "pp. 82, 87- 88, 131, 133-134, 136, 140; no. 27, nn.64, 96, fig. 111; color plates XIV-XVIII", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25159893"}, {"citation": "Turner, Evan H.<em> Object Lessons: Cleveland Creates an Art Museum</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1991.", "page_number": "p. 90", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lasko, Peter. <em>Ars Sacra, 800-1200</em>. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994.", "page_number": "pp. 203-6, 214, fig. 226, 292", "url": null}, {"citation": "Luckhardt, Jochen, and Franz Niehoff. <em>Heinrich der Lo\u0308we und seine Zeit: Herrschaft und Repra\u0308sentation der Welfen 1125-1235</em> : Katalog der Ausstellung, Braunschweig 1995. Mu\u0308nchen: Hirmer, 1995.", "page_number": "p. 247, D60", "url": null}, {"citation": "Ehlers, Joachim, and Dietrich Ko\u0308tzsche.<em> Der Welfenschatz und sein Umkreis</em>. Mainz: P. von Zabern, 1998.", "page_number": "taf. 19; abb. 2, 7-8, pp. 355, 362-3", "url": null}, {"citation": "Brandt, Michael. <em>Abglanz des Himmels: Romanik in Hildesheim : Katalog zur Ausstellung des Dom-Museums Hildesheim, Hildesheim 2001</em>. Regensburg: Schnell + Steiner, 2001.", "page_number": "p. 148, fig. 55", "url": null}, {"citation": "Buser, Thomas. <em>Experiencing Art Around Us</em>. Australia: Thomson Wadsworth, 2006.", "page_number": "p. 38, fig. 2-14", "url": null}, {"citation": "Eikelmann, Renate, Holger A. Klein, Stephen N. Fliegel, and Virginia Brilliant. T<em>he Cleveland Museum of Art: Meisterwerke von 300 bis 1550</em>. Mu\u0308nchen: Hirmer, 2007.", "page_number": "p. 122-3, no. 39", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, and Holger A. Klein. <em>Sacred Gifts and Worldly Treasures: Medieval Masterworks from the Cleveland Museum of Art. </em>Cleveland, Ohio: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2007.", "page_number": "p. 123, cat. no. 38", "url": null}, {"citation": "Fliegel, Stephen N. <em>Resplendent Faith: Liturgical Treasuries of the Middle Ages. </em>Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 2009.", "page_number": "p. 54, fig. 47", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bagnoli, Martina. Treasures of Heaven: Saints, Relics, and Devotion in Medieval Europe. [Cleveland, Ohio]: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2010.", "page_number": "Cat. no. 41", "url": null}, {"citation": "Weinryb, Ittai. \"Treasures of Heaven: Saints, Relics, and Devotion in Medieval Europe\". <em>West 86th: A Journal of Decorative Arts, Design History, and Material Culture</em> 18(2) (2011).", "page_number": "p. 284", "url": null}, {"citation": "Mackenzie, Sophie. \"Treasures of Heaven\" <em>Minerva</em> vol. 22, No. 4 (2011).", "page_number": "pp. 36-9, fig. 11", "url": null}, {"citation": "Gertsman, Elina. <em>Worlds Within: Opening the Medieval Shrine Madonna. </em>University Park, Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 2015.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pl. 15", "url": null}, {"citation": "Klein, Holger A. \"Das Apostel-Armreliquiar aus dem Welfenschatz in Cleveland und der Typus der Armreliquiare.\" In <em>Typen mittelalterlicher Reliquiare zwischen Innovation und Tradition: Beitra\u0308ge einer Tagung des Kunsthistorischen Instituts der Christian-Albrechts-Universita\u0308t zu Kiel am 22. Oktober 2016. </em>Klaus Gereon Beuckers, and Dorothee Kemper, 23-46. Regensburg: Schnell + Steiner; Hildesheim: Bernward.Medien, 2017.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 24-30", "url": null}, {"citation": "Gertsman, Elina and Barbara H. Rosenwein. <em>The Middle Ages in 50 Objects</em>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 30-33; Reproduced: p. 31", "url": null}, {"citation": "Freundeskreis des Bayerischen Nationalmuseums. <em>Hommage: Renate Eikelmann</em>. Mu\u0308nchen: Sieveking Verlag, 2018.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 60", "url": null}, {"citation": "Thu\u0308mmel, Hans Georg. Ikonologie der christlichen Kunst. 2019.", "page_number": "Mentioned; p. 112", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1930.739", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1930.739/1930.739_web.jpg", "width": "552", "height": "900", "filesize": "160252", "filename": "1930.739_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1930.739/1930.739_print.jpg", "width": "2087", "height": "3400", "filesize": "965455", "filename": "1930.739_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1930.739/1930.739_full.tif", "width": "8563", "height": "13950", "filesize": "358388596", "filename": "1930.739_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2008-05-20T19:10:46", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1930.739/1930.739_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "690", "height": "893", "filesize": "300084"}, "print": {"url": 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"collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-04-17 19:31:29.012000"}, {"id": 140492, "accession_number": "1964.40", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Hours of Charles the Noble, King of Navarre (1361-1425), c. 1404. Master of the Brussels Initials and Associates (French). Ink, tempera, and gold on vellum; codex: 20.3 x 15.7 x 7 cm (8 x 6 3/16 x 2 3/4 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Mr. and Mrs. William H. Marlatt Fund, 1964.40", "current_location": "109 Gothic Painting and Sculpture", "title": "Hours of Charles the Noble, King of Navarre (1361-1425)", "creation_date": "c. 1404", "creation_date_earliest": 1399, "creation_date_latest": 1409, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["France, Paris"], "technique": "ink, tempera, and gold on vellum", "support_materials": [], "department": "Medieval Art", "collection": "MED - Manuscript Illuminations", "type": "Bound Volume", "measurements": "Codex: 20.3 x 15.7 x 7 cm (8 x 6 3/16 x 2 3/4 in.)", "dimensions": {"codex": {"height": 0.203, "width": 0.157, "depth": 0.07}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 304660, "title": "Twelve Masterpieces of Medieval and Renaissance Book Illumination", "description": "<i>Twelve Masterpieces of Medieval and Renaissance Book Illumination</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (March 17-April 19, 1964).", "opening_date": "1964-03-17T05:00:00"}, {"id": 304723, "title": "Year in Review (1964)", "description": "<i>Year in Review (1964)</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (December 8, 1964-January 31, 1965).", "opening_date": "1964-12-08T05:00:00"}, {"id": 300926, "title": "Treasures of Medieval France", "description": "<i>Treasures of Medieval France</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (November 16, 1966-January 29, 1967).", "opening_date": "1966-11-16T05:00:00"}, {"id": 304558, "title": "When Angels Bent Near the Earth to Touch Their Harps of Gold: The Christmas Story", "description": "<i>When Angels Bent Near the Earth to Touch Their Harps of Gold: The Christmas Story</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (December 1, 1981-January 17, 1982).", "opening_date": "1981-12-01T05:00:00"}, {"id": 310042, "title": "Images of the Mind", "description": "<i>Images of the Mind</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (July 7-August 30, 1987).", "opening_date": "1987-07-07T04:00:00"}, {"id": 310235, "title": "Lutes, Lovers, and Lyres: Musical Imagery in the Collection", "description": "<i>Lutes, Lovers, and Lyres: Musical Imagery in the Collection</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (February 14-June 11, 1989).", "opening_date": "1989-02-14T05:00:00"}, {"id": 217179, "title": "Paris 1400. les arts sous Charles VI", "description": "<i>Paris 1400. les arts sous Charles VI</i>. Mus\u00e9e du Louvre, Paris, France (organizer) (March 22-July 19, 2004).", "opening_date": "2004-03-22T00:00:00"}, {"id": 186370, "title": "Dukes and Angels: Art from the Court of Burgundy (1364-1419)", "description": "<i>Dukes and Angels: Art from the Court of Burgundy (1364-1419)</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 24, 2004-January 9, 2005).", "opening_date": "2004-05-27T00:00:00"}, {"id": 180667, "title": "Sacred Gifts and Worldly Treasures: Medieval Masterworks from the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Sacred Gifts and Worldly Treasures: Medieval Masterworks from the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. National Museum of Bavaria, Munich, Germany (May 10-September 16, 2007); J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, CA (October 30, 2007-January 20, 2008); Frist Art Museum, Nashville, TN (February 13-June 7, 2009).", "opening_date": "2007-05-10T00:00:00"}, {"id": 196935, "title": "The Glory of the Painted Page: Manuscript Illuminations from the Permanent Collection", "description": "<i>The Glory of the Painted Page: Manuscript Illuminations from the Permanent Collection</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (November 6, 2010-April 17, 2011).", "opening_date": "2010-11-06T00:00:00"}, {"id": 309634, "title": "Medieval Monsters: Terrors, Aliens, Wonders", "description": "<i>Medieval Monsters: Terrors, Aliens, Wonders</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (July 7-October 6, 2019).", "opening_date": "2019-07-07T04:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "Manuscripts et Livres Pr\u00e9cieux Retrouv\u00e9s en Allemagne, Biblioth\u00e8que Nationale, Paris, (1949).", "opening_date": "1949-01-01T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Baron Abraham Edmond Benjamin James de Rothschild (1845-1934), Paris, France", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "Maurice Edmond Karl de Rothschild (1881-1947), Paris, France", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "Edmond Adolphe Maurice Jules Jacques de Rothschild (1926-1997), Paris, France", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "(Rosenberg and Stiebel, Inc., New York, NY), sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "-1964", "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, Oh", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1964-", "sortorder": 5}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "King Charles the Noble likely used this book of hours at his royal castle of Olite in Navarra in northern Spain.", "description": "Creating a book of hours was an arduous and costly process. These books were made from vellum, animal skins that were laboriously prepared in a multistep process. The texts were written with a quill pen and the illustrations were hand painted using water-based pigments. Gold was added for a look of great luxury. Such a book would take years to create, making these valuable objects unique.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60763692"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1964.40-hours-of-charles-the"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Meiss, Millard. \u201cThe Exhibition of French Manuscripts of the XIII-XVI Centauries at the Bibliotheque Nationale.\u201d <em>Art Bulletin</em> XXXVIII (September 1956)", "page_number": "pp. 194-5", "url": null}, {"citation": "Porcher, Jean. French miniatures from illuminated manuscripts. London: Collins, 1960.", "page_number": "pp. 58-9", "url": null}, {"citation": "Walters Art Gallery (Baltimore, Md.). The International Style: The Arts in Europe Around 1400; [Exhibition]: October 23-December 2, 1962. 1962.", "page_number": "pp. 67-8", "url": null}, {"citation": "Meiss, Millard. \u201cFrench and Italian Variations on an Early Fifteenth-Century Theme: St. Jerome and his Study.\u201d <em>Gazette des Beaux-Arts </em>LXII (September 1963)", "page_number": "pp. 159 & 164", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Accessions of American and Canadian Museums, January-March, 1964,\" <em>The Art Quarterly</em> XXVII (1964)", "page_number": "p. 204 & 208", "url": null}, {"citation": "Wixom, William D. \"Twelve Masterpieces of Medieval and Renaissance Book Illumination. A Catalogue to the Exhibition: March 17-May 17, 1964.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 51, no. 3 (1964).", "page_number": "pp. 53-55", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25151989"}, {"citation": "Wixom, William D. \"The Hours of Charles the Noble\" <em>Bulletin of The Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 52 (March 1965)", "page_number": "pp. 50-91", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25152039"}, {"citation": "Burt Wasserman, \"News and Notes\" <em>Art Education</em> 18, no. 1 (January 1965)", "page_number": "pp. 37-8", "url": null}, {"citation": "Winternitz, Emanuel. \"The Hours of Charles the Noble: Musicians and Musical Instruments.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 52, no. 3 (1965).", "page_number": "pp. 84-91", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25152040"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 57, 62", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n81"}, {"citation": "Bodleian Library, Otto Pa\u0308cht, and J. J. G. Alexander. Illuminated Manuscripts in the Bodleian Library, Oxford. Oxford: Clarendon P., 1966.", "page_number": "p. 50, pl XLIX", "url": null}, {"citation": "Wixom, William D. \"The Hours of Charles the Noble.\" <em>The Burlington Magazine</em> (July 1966)", "page_number": "p. 370 & 373", "url": null}, {"citation": "Castelnuovo, Enrico. Il gotico internazionale in Francia e nei Paesi Bassi. Milano: Fratelli Fabbri, 1966.", "page_number": "pl. IV", "url": null}, {"citation": "Wixom, William D. Treasures from Medieval France. [Cleveland]: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1967.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 264-265; cat.no. VI-25", "url": "https://archive.org/details/TreasuresMedievalFrance/page/n291"}, {"citation": "Meiss, Millard. French Painting in the Time of Jean De Berry: The Late Fourteenth Century and the Patronage of the Duke. 1967.", "page_number": "pp. 36, 146-147", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 57, 62", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n81"}, {"citation": "Calkins, Robert G. \"The Brussels Hours Reevaluated.\" <em>Scriptorium</em> XXIV (1970)", "page_number": "p. 20, Pl. 6A", "url": null}, {"citation": "Hutchinson, G. Evelyn. Aposematic Insects and the Master of the Brussels Initials. [New Haven, Ct.]: [Sigma Xi], 1974.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Hutchinson, Evelyn G. \"Aposmatic Insects and the Master of the Brussels Initials\" <em>American Scientist </em>62 (1974)", "page_number": "pp. 161-172", "url": null}, {"citation": "Meiss, Millard, Sharon Off Dunlap Smith, and Elizabeth H. Beatson. French Painting in the Time of Jean De Berry: The Limbourgs and Their Contemporaries. New York: George Braziller, 1974.", "page_number": "pp. 375, 377, 384f, 447, no. 62", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 68, 71", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n88"}, {"citation": "Thomas, Marcel, Ursule Molinaro, Bruce Benderson, and Marcel Thomas. The golden age: manuscript painting at the time of Jean, Duke of Berry. 1979.", "page_number": "pp. 50-51", "url": null}, {"citation": "Calkins, Robert G. \u201cAn Italian in Paris: The Master of the Brussels Initials and his Participation in the French Book Industry.\u201d <em>Gesta</em> 20 (1981)", "page_number": "pp. 225-6", "url": null}, {"citation": "De Winter, Patrick. \"Art, Devotion and Satire.\" <em>The Gamut</em> 2 (Winter 1981)", "page_number": "pp. 42-59", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kar\u0142owska-Kamzowa, Alicja. Les relations artistiques entre la Pologne, la France, la Flandre et la Basse Rhenanie du XIIIe au XVe sie\u0300cle. Poznan\u0301: UAM, 1981.", "page_number": "pp. 29-30 fig. 7c", "url": null}, {"citation": "Calkins, Robert G. Illuminated Books of the Middle Ages. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1983.", "page_number": "p. 279 repr. p. 415", "url": null}, {"citation": "De Winter, Patrick M. \"Bolognese Miniatures at the Cleveland Museum,\" <em>Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> LXX (June 1983)", "page_number": "pp. 338-40, repr. p. 339-344", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25159829"}, {"citation": "Calkins, Robert G. Programs of Medieval Illumination. [Lawrence, Kan.]: Helen Foresman Spencer Museum of Art, University of Kansas, 1984.", "page_number": "pp. 116 & 118", "url": null}, {"citation": "Winter, Patrick M. de. La bibliothe\u0300que de Philippe le Hardi, duc de Bourgogne, (1364-1404): e\u0301tude sur les manuscrits a\u0300 peintures d'une collection princie\u0300re a\u0300 l'e\u0301poque du \"Style gothique international\". Paris: Centre national de la recherche scientifique, 1985.", "page_number": "pp. 100, 108, fig. 265", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Images of the Mind</em>. Cleveland, Ohio: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1987.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 9", "url": null}, {"citation": "Marti\u0301nez de Aguirre, Javier. Arte y monarqui\u0301a en Navarra, 1328-1425. Pamplona: Gobierno de Navarra, Departamento de Educacio\u0301n y Cultura, Institucio\u0301n Pri\u0301ncipe de Viana, 1987.", "page_number": "p. 313, 340, 341, 379", "url": null}, {"citation": "D'Amico, Rosalba, Renzo Grandi, and Jacques Le Goff. Il Tramonto del Medioevo a Bologna: il cantiere di San Petronio. Bologna: Nuova Alfa, 1987.", "page_number": "p. 171", "url": null}, {"citation": "University of Glasgow, and Nigel Thorp. The Glory of the Page: Medieval &amp; Renaissance Illuminated Manuscripts from Glasgow University Library. London: Published for Glasgow University Library and the Art Gallery of Ontario by Miller, 1987.", "page_number": "p. 132", "url": null}, {"citation": "Gibbs, Robert. \"The Brussels Initial Master: From Proto-Renaissance to Northern Renaissance and Back\" <em>Apollo</em> (November 1991)", "page_number": "pp. 317-321", "url": null}, {"citation": "Smeyers, Maurits, and Bert Cardon. Flanders in a European perspective: manuscript illumination around 1400 in Flanders and abroad : proceedings of the International Colloquium, Leuven, 7-10 September 1993. Leuven: Peeters, 1995.", "page_number": "pp. 30, 32, 35, 78-81, & 89", "url": null}, {"citation": "Duffin, Ross W. \"Backward Bells and Barrel Bells, Some Notes on the Early History of Loud Instruments\" <em>Historic Brass Society Journal</em> 9 (1997)", "page_number": "pp. 113-129", "url": null}, {"citation": "Baldissin Molli, Giovanna, Giordana Mariani Canova, and Federica Toniolo. La miniatura a Padova: dal Medioevo al Settecento. [Modena]: Franco Cosimo Panini, 1999.", "page_number": "pp. 471-2", "url": null}, {"citation": "Marinelli, Sergio, Angelo Mazza, and Diego Arich de Finetti. La pittura emiliana nel Veneto. [Verona]: Banca popolare di Verona--Banco S. Geminiano e S. Prospero, 1999.", "page_number": "pp. 24-5", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cha\u0302telet, Albert, and Boucicaut. L'a\u0302ge d'or du manuscrit a\u0300 peintures en France au temps de Charles VI et les Heures du Mare\u0301chal Boucicaut. Paris: Institut de France, 2000.", "page_number": "pp. 43, 96-97", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cha\u0302telet, Albert, and Boucicaut. L'a\u0302ge d'or du manuscrit a\u0300 peintures en France au temps de Charles VI et les Heures du Mare\u0301chal Boucicaut. Paris: Institut de France, 2000.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Natale, Mauro. El Renacimiento mediterra\u0301neo: viajes de artistas e itinerarios de obras entre Italia, Francia y Espan\u0303a en el siglo XV : Madrid, Museo Thyssen-Bornemisza, del 31 de enero al 6 de mayo de 2001, Valencia Museu de Belles Arts de Vale\u0300ncia, del 18 de mayo al 2 de septiembre de 2001. Madrid: Fundacio\u0301n Coleccio\u0301n Thyssen-Bornemisza, 2001.", "page_number": "pp. 90, 190, 285-287, 620-623", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bango Torviso, Isidro Gonzalo. Maravillas de la Espan\u0303a medieval: tesoro sagrado y monarqui\u0301a. Leo\u0301n: Junta de Castilla y Leo\u0301n. Caja Espan\u0303a, 2001.", "page_number": "p. 100", "url": null}, {"citation": "Maginnis, Hayden B. J., and Gabriele Erasmi. The World of the Early Sienese Painter. University Park, Pa: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2001.", "page_number": "fig. 57", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bango Torviso, Isidro Gonzalo. Maravillas de la Espan\u0303a medieval: tesoro sagrado y monarqui\u0301a. Leo\u0301n: Junta de Castilla y Leo\u0301n. Caja Espan\u0303a, 2001.", "page_number": "p. 100", "url": null}, {"citation": "Muse\u0301e du Louvre. Paris, 1400: les arts sous Charles VI. [Paris]: Fayard, 2004.", "page_number": "p. 274", "url": null}, {"citation": "De Hamel, Christopher. Les Rothschild, collectionneurs de manuscrits. Paris: Bibliothe\u0300que nationale de France, 2004.", "page_number": "fig. 4a, 12, 19b", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, and Holger A. Klein. Sacred Gifts and Worldly Treasures: Medieval Masterworks from the Cleveland Museum of Art. Cleveland, Ohio: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2007.", "page_number": "pp. 212, 216-7", "url": null}, {"citation": "France, James. Medieval Images of Saint Bernard of Clairvaux. Kalamazoo, Mich: Cistercian Publications, 2007.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Fliegel, Stephen N. <em>A Higher Contemplation: Sacred Meaning in the Christian Art of the Middle Ages.</em> Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 2012.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 74, fig. 58", "url": null}, {"citation": "Hindman, Sandra, and James H. Marrow. Books of hours reconsidered. 2013.", "page_number": "p. 50, footnote 12, p. 194", "url": null}, {"citation": "Alexander, J. J. G. <em>The Painted Book in Renaissance Italy: 1450-1600.</em> New Haven: Yale University Press, 2016.", "page_number": "Mention: p. 286, no. 13", "url": null}, {"citation": "De Hamel, Christopher. <em>Meetings with Remarkable Manuscripts </em>London: Allen Lane with an imprint of Penguin Books. 2016.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 422", "url": null}, {"citation": "Fliegel, Stephen N. \"A Royal Book of Hours: The Hours of King Charles the Noble.\u201d <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em> 57, no. 4 (July/August 2017): 18-19.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 18; Mentioned: P. 18-19", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2017-04/page/n9/mode/2up"}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1964.40", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1964.40/1964.40_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "669", "filesize": "251552", "filename": "1964.40_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1964.40/1964.40_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2528", "filesize": "1952405", "filename": "1964.40_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1964.40/1964.40_full.tif", "width": "11773", "height": "8754", "filesize": "309208404", "filename": "1964.40_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2005-01-20T16:23:52", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1964.40/1964.40_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "962", "height": "893", "filesize": "581530"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1964.40/1964.40_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "3157", "filesize": "1762190"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1964.40/1964.40_alt0_full.tif", "width": "5000", "height": "4642", "filesize": "69650020"}}, {"date_created": "2019-06-18T21:18:48", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1964.40/1964.40_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "709", "height": "900", "filesize": "358526"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1964.40/1964.40_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "2680", "height": "3400", "filesize": "3279467"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1964.40/1964.40_alt1_full.tif", "width": "9093", "height": "11538", "filesize": "314772692"}}, {"date_created": "2019-05-16T17:25:44", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1964.40/1964.40_alt2_web.jpg", "width": "653", "height": "900", "filesize": "291910"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1964.40/1964.40_alt2_print.jpg", "width": "2466", "height": "3400", "filesize": "3622281"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1964.40/1964.40_alt2_full.tif", "width": "7443", "height": "10263", "filesize": "229189532"}}, {"date_created": "2019-06-14T21:12:07", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1964.40/1964.40_alt3_web.jpg", "width": "659", "height": "900", "filesize": "331915"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1964.40/1964.40_alt3_print.jpg", "width": "2491", "height": "3400", "filesize": "4479835"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1964.40/1964.40_alt3_full.tif", "width": "8058", "height": "10997", "filesize": "265868088"}}], "creditline": "Mr. and Mrs. William H. Marlatt Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 140492, "creators": [{"id": 7765, "description": "Master of the Brussels Initials and Associates (French)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "death_year": "1409", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1964-02-22T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1399, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 1404", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "cover", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:08:08.541000"}, {"id": 150530, "accession_number": "1981.83", "share_license_status": "Copyrighted", "tombstone": "Military, 1914\u20131915. Marsden Hartley (American, 1877\u20131943). Oil on canvas; framed: 73.5 x 63.5 x 3.5 cm (28 15/16 x 25 x 1 3/8 in.); unframed: 60.6 x 50.2 cm (23 7/8 x 19 3/4 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Gift of Professor Nelson Goodman, 1981.83", "current_location": "226A American Modern", "title": "Military", "creation_date": "1914\u20131915", "creation_date_earliest": 1914, "creation_date_latest": 1915, "artists_tags": ["male", "LGBTQ+ (after 1900)"], "culture": ["America"], "technique": "oil on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "American Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "American - Painting", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 73.5 x 63.5 x 3.5 cm (28 15/16 x 25 x 1 3/8 in.); Unframed: 60.6 x 50.2 cm (23 7/8 x 19 3/4 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 0.735, "width": 0.635, "depth": 0.035}, "unframed": {"height": 0.606, "width": 0.502}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "signed on reverse of fabric:  Marsden Hartley", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 309849, "title": "Year in Review for 1984", "description": "<i>Year in Review for 1984</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (April 3-May 5, 1985).", "opening_date": "1985-04-03T05:00:00"}, {"id": 321951, "title": "Dictated by Life: Marsden Hartley's German Paintings and Robert Indiana's Hartley Elegies", "description": "<i>Dictated by Life: Marsden Hartley's German Paintings and Robert Indiana's Hartley Elegies</i>. Frederick R. Weisman Art Museum, Minneapolis, MN (organizer) (co-organizer) (April 14-June 11, 1995); Terra Museum of American Art (July 1-September 10, 1995); The Patricia & Phillip Frost Art Museum, Miami, FL (October 1-December 2, 1995).", "opening_date": "1995-04-14T04:00:00"}, {"id": 227084, "title": "Made in U.S.A., l'art am\u00e9ricain, 1908-1943, entre nationalisme et internationalisme [FRAME]", "description": "<i>Made in U.S.A., l'art am\u00e9ricain, 1908-1943, entre nationalisme et internationalisme [FRAME]</i>. Mus\u00e9e des Beaux-Arts de Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France (organizer) (October 5-December 31, 2001); Mus\u00e9e des Beaux-Arts de Rennes, Rennes, France (January 17-March 31, 2002); Mus\u00e9e Fabre, Montpellier, France (April 10-June 25, 2002).", "opening_date": "2001-10-05T00:00:00"}, {"id": 181802, "title": "The Persistence of Geometry: Form, Content and Culture in the Collection of the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>The Persistence of Geometry: Form, Content and Culture in the Collection of the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. Museum of Contemporary Art Cleveland (MOCA), Cleveland, OH (June 9-August 20, 2006).", "opening_date": "2006-06-09T00:00:00"}], "legacy": []}, "provenance": [{"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, Ohio", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1981-", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "Professor Nelson Goodman [1906-1998], Cambridge, MA, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->Goodman purchased the painting directly from Charles Demuth's heir, Robert Locher, and his partner, Richard Weyand.</div>"], "date": "Probably 1956-1981", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "Robert Locher [1888-1956], Lancaster, PA, sold to Nelson Goodman", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->Locher, Demuth's longtime companion, was the principal beneficiary of his estate.&nbsp; According to Nelson Goodman, the painting had been hanging in the Demuth house in Lancaster, PA, where Locher had resided with his partner, Richard Weyand, since Demuth\u2019s death in 1935.&nbsp; Goodman indicates that he purchased the painting from Demuth's \"heirs,\" Locher and Weyand; however, only Locher was Demuth's heir.&nbsp; It is possible that Weyand should also be included in this provenance: if Goodman bought the painting in 1956 after Locher's death but before Weyand's several months later, than Weyand would have been the owner at the time of the purchase.</div>"], "date": "1935-probably 1956", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "Charles Demuth [1883-1935], Lancaster, PA, by descent to Robert Locher", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->At some point, Charles Demuth, Hartley's close friend, obtained the painting.&nbsp; While Demuth knew Barnes well and often visited him, the exact circumstances surrounding the former's acquisition of the painting are unknown.&nbsp;</div>"], "date": "After 1921-1935", "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "Albert C. Barnes [1872-1951], Philadelphia, PA", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->Barnes purchased this painting, along with three others, at the sale of Hartley's collection on May 10, 1921.&nbsp; Shortly after the auction, Barnes asked Hartley about the possibility of purchasing two more paintings, which Hartley was offering for $350 each.&nbsp; Barnes offered only $50, and Hartley passed the letter to his dealer, Alfred Stieglitz, who never responded.&nbsp; After the incident, Barnes stopped acquiring works by Hartley and eventually removed <em>Military </em>from his collection.</div>"], "date": "1921-", "sortorder": 5}, {"description": "(Hartley sale, Anderson Galleries, New York, May 10, 1921, as \u201cPre-War Pageant, 1913,\" sold to Albert C. Barnes)", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->By the spring of 1921, Hartley had become desperately poor, having failed to attract any real following in the United States, and so he was forced to sell off a large portion of his oeuvre at auction.</div>"], "date": "1921", "sortorder": 6}, {"description": "Collection of the artist", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1914/1915-1921", "sortorder": 7}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Hartley was one of the first modern artists to paint abstractions.", "description": "This abstract portrait is a memorial tribute to a German lieutenant named Karl von Freyburg with whom Hartley had been in love. The artist described von Freyburg\u2019s death as an \"unendurable agony,\" and created a series of deeply personal paintings in response. Here the shapes and color patterns suggest flags, banners, targets, epaulets, and other military paraphernalia.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60474821"], "internet_archive": []}, "citations": [{"citation": "Anderson Galleries, Inc. <em>Seventy-Five Pictures by James N. Rosenburg and 117 Pictures by Marsden Hartley</em>. 1921.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Levin, Gail. \"Hidden Symbolism in Marsden Hartley's Military Pictures.\" <em>Arts Magazine</em> 54, no. 2 (October 1979).", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 58", "url": null}, {"citation": "Haskell, Barbara. <em>Marsden Hartley</em>. New York: Whitney Museum of American Art in association with New York University Press, 1980.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 45, n. 43", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"The Year in Review for 1984.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art </em>72 (April 1985)", "page_number": "Reproduced: n. 49", "url": null}, {"citation": "Robinson, William H. \"Marsden Hartley's Military.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 76 (January 1989)", "page_number": "Mentioned:  p. 2, 13, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22; Reproduced: front cover illustration", "url": null}, {"citation": "McDonnell, Patricia. \"<em>Indian Fantasy</em>: Marsden Hartley's <em>Myth of Amerika</em> in Expressionist Berlin.\" <em>North Carolina Museum of Art Bulletin </em>XVI (1993)", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 56; Reproduced: p. 58, no. 9", "url": null}, {"citation": "Chong, Alan. <em>European and American Painting in The Cleveland Museum of Art. </em>Cleveland: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1993.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 100", "url": null}, {"citation": "Robertson, Bruce. <em>Marsden Hartley.</em> New York: Harry N. Abrams in association with The National Museum of American Art, Smithsonian Institution, 1995.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 63", "url": null}, {"citation": "French Regional &amp; American Museums Exchange. <em>Made in USA: L'art am\u00e9ricain, 1908-1947.</em> Paris: \u00c9ditions de la R\u00e9union des mus\u00e9es nationaux, 2001.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 91", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"L\u2019art Am\u00e9ricain d\u00e9barque.\" <em>Le Magazine: Arts &amp; Spectacles </em>(January 2002)", "page_number": "Reproduced: unpaginated", "url": null}, {"citation": "McDonnell, Patricia. \"'Portrait of Berlin': Marsden Hartley and Urban Modernity in Expressionist Berlin.\" In <em>Marsden Hartley,</em> edited by Elizabeth Mankin Kornhauser. New Haven: Wadsworth Atheneum Museum of Art in association with Yale University Press, 2002.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 40, 51, 54", "url": null}, {"citation": "Voorhies, James Timothy, ed. <em>My Dear Stieglitz: Letters of Marsden Hartley and Alfred Stieglitz, 1912-1915. </em>Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2002.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 6, unpaginated", "url": null}, {"citation": "McDonnell, Patricia. <em>Painting Berlin Stories: Marsden Hartley, Oscar Bluemner, and the First American Avant-Garde in Expressionist Berlin.</em> New York: Peter Lang, 2003.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 97; Reproduced: p. 98, fig. 10", "url": null}, {"citation": "Litt,Steven. \"'Geometry' draws us in, yet theme fails to come full circle.\" <em>The</em> <em>Cleveland Plain Dealer</em>, June 18, 2006.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. J5", "url": null}, {"citation": "Adams, Henry. <em>Whats American about American Art? A Gallery Tour in the Cleveland Museum of Art. </em>Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2008.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 123; Reproduced: p. 122", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cash, Sarah \"Berlin Abstraction.\" In <em>Corcoran Gallery of Art: American Paintings to 1945, </em>edited by Sarah Cash. Seattle: Marquand Books, Inc., 2011.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 211", "url": null}, {"citation": "McDonnell, Patricia, and Michael Plante. <em>Dictated by Life: Marsden Hartley's German Paintings and Robert Indiana's Hartley Elegies</em>. Minneapolis, MN: Frederick R. Weisman Art Museum, University of Minnesota; New York, NY: Distributed by D.A.P./Distributed Art Publishers, 1995.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pp. 30, 55", "url": null}, {"citation": "Chassey, Eric de. <em>Made in USA: l'art ame\u0301ricain, 1908-1943, entre nationalisme et internationalisme</em>. Paris: Re\u0301union des muse\u0301es nationaux, 2001.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 91", "url": null}, {"citation": "Sims, Lowery Stokes. <em>The Persistence of Geometry: Form, Content, and Culture in the Collection of the Cleveland Museum of Ar</em>t. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2006.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 118, no. 58; Reproduced: pp. 57, 64", "url": null}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1981.83", "images": {}, "alternate_images": [], "creditline": "Gift of Professor Nelson Goodman", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Dr. Robert B. Benyo Trust Gallery", "athena_id": 150530, "creators": [{"id": 3104, "description": "Marsden Hartley (American, 1877\u20131943)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1877", "death_year": "1943", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1982-03-08T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1914, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1914\u20131915", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:10:47.839000"}, {"id": 128074, "accession_number": "1950.90", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Caf\u00e9 Wepler, c. 1908\u201310, reworked in 1912. \u00c9douard Vuillard (French, 1868\u20131940). Oil on fabric; framed: 91.8 x 132.7 x 13 cm (36 1/8 x 52 1/4 x 5 1/8 in.); unframed: 62.2 x 103.2 cm (24 1/2 x 40 5/8 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Gift of the Hanna Fund, 1950.90", "current_location": null, "title": "Caf\u00e9 Wepler", "creation_date": "c. 1908\u201310, reworked in 1912", "creation_date_earliest": 1908, "creation_date_latest": 1912, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["France, late 19th-early 20th Century"], "technique": "oil on fabric", "support_materials": [], "department": "Modern European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "Mod Euro - Painting 1800-1960", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 91.8 x 132.7 x 13 cm (36 1/8 x 52 1/4 x 5 1/8 in.); Unframed: 62.2 x 103.2 cm (24 1/2 x 40 5/8 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 0.918, "width": 1.327, "depth": 0.13}, "unframed": {"height": 0.622, "width": 1.032}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "Signed bottom right in red (stamp?): E. Vuillard", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 338316, "title": "French Impressionists", "description": "<i>French Impressionists</i>. Vancouver Art Gallery, Vancouver, Canada (organizer) (May 23-April 19, 1953).", "opening_date": "1953-03-23T05:00:00"}, {"id": 300318, "title": "Work of Edouard Vuillard", "description": "<i>Work of Edouard Vuillard</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (January 27-March 14, 1954).", "opening_date": "1954-01-27T05:00:00"}, {"id": 301477, "title": "In Memoriam: Leonard C. Hanna, Jr.", "description": "<i>In Memoriam: Leonard C. Hanna, Jr.</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (March 4-April 7, 1958).", "opening_date": "1958-03-04T05:00:00"}, {"id": 520802, "title": "Vuillard", "description": "<i>Vuillard</i>. Wildenstein & Co., New York, NY (organizer) (October 14-November 15, 1964).", "opening_date": "1964-10-14T04:00:00"}, {"id": 445672, "title": "Retrospective Exhibition: Work of Edouard Vuillard", "description": "<i>Retrospective Exhibition: Work of Edouard Vuillard</i>. Art Gallery of Ontario, Ontario M5T 1G4, Canada (organizer) (September 10-October 24, 1971).", "opening_date": "1971-09-10T04:00:00"}, {"id": 444640, "title": "Celebration", "description": "<i>Celebration</i>. Carnegie Museum of Art, Pittsburgh, PA (organizer) (October 25, 1974-January 5, 1975).", "opening_date": "1974-10-25T04:00:00"}, {"id": 184132, "title": "Masterworks from The Phillips Collection", "description": "<i>Masterworks from The Phillips Collection</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (February 20-May 29, 2005).", "opening_date": "2005-02-20T00:00:00"}, {"id": 182153, "title": "Monet to Dal\u00ed: Modern Masters from the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Monet to Dal\u00ed: Modern Masters from the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. Beijing World Art Museum (May 26-August 27, 2006); Mori Art Center (September 16-November 26, 2006); Seoul Art Center, South Korea (December 22, 2006-March 28, 2007); Seoul Olympic Museum of Art, South Korea (April 7-May 20, 2007); Vancouver Art Gallery, Vancouver, Canada (June 9-September 16, 2007); The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 21, 2007-January 13, 2008); Frist Art Museum, Nashville, TN (February 15-June 1, 2008); Utah Museum of Fine Arts, Salt Lake City, UT (June 22-September 21, 2008); The Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit, MI (October 12, 2008-January 18, 2009).", "opening_date": "2006-05-27T00:00:00"}, {"id": 396695, "title": "Impressionism to Modernism: The Keithley Collection", "description": "<i>Impressionism to Modernism: The Keithley Collection</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (September 11, 2022-January 8, 2023).", "opening_date": "2022-09-11T04:00:00"}, {"id": 687893, "title": "Caf\u00e9 Society: Art and Sociability in Paris, 1855 - 1914", "description": "<i>Caf\u00e9 Society: Art and Sociability in Paris, 1855 - 1914</i>. Ordrupgaard, Charlottenlund, Copenhagen, Denmark (February 5-May 31, 2026); The Dixon Gallery and Gardens, Memphis, TN (organizer) (June 18-September 6, 2026); Joslyn Art Museum, Omaha, NE (September 26, 2026-January 17, 2027).", "opening_date": "2026-02-06T05:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>\u00c9douard Vuillard</em>. Bernheim-Jeune, Paris, France (1912), no. 23 (according to Salomon).", "opening_date": "1912-01-01T05:00:00Z"}, {"description": "<em>Vuillard.</em> Stockholm, Galerie d'Art Latin, Stockholm, Sweden (Autumn 1948), no. 12, Le Restaurant Wepler, 1922.", "opening_date": "1948-09-01T04:00:00Z"}, {"description": "<em>\u00c9douard Vuillard 1860-1940. </em>Kunsthalle, Basel, Switzerland (1949), no. 204, Restaurant Wepler, privatbesitz, Paris.", "opening_date": "1949-01-01T05:00:00Z"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Artist\u2019s studio, by inheritance to Jacques Roussel", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "c. 1908-1940", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "Jacques Roussel [b. 1901], Paris", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->Roussel, Vuillard\u2019s nephew, inherited a number of the works that were in the artist\u2019s studio at the time of his death. Roussel was the lender of <em>Caf\u00e9 Wepler </em>(\u201cRestaurant Wepler\u201d) to an exhibition at the Basel Kunsthalle in 1949.&nbsp; While he is not identified in the catalogue by name, the Basel Kunsthalle confirmed that he was the lender, and indeed, he is named as the lender of several other Vuillards in the exhibition.&nbsp; Roussel may have sold the painting directly to C\u00e9sar de Hauke: de Hauke sold the painting to CMA just one year after this exhibition, and he and Roussel had a personal connection, as de Hauke sold a number of works by Roussel\u2019s father, Ker-Xavier Roussel.&nbsp; However, without confirmation of a sale between Roussel and de Hauke, any transaction that may have occurred is speculative at this point.</div>"], "date": "Probably 1940-1949/1950", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "(C\u00e9sar de Hauke, New York, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "Until 1950", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1950-", "sortorder": 4}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Established in 1881, the Cafe Wepler is still in business. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, it was frequented by artists and writers.", "description": "The Wepler, a large brasserie restaurant on Place Clichy in the Montmartre district of Paris, is composed of several rooms on different levels. Once frequented by bohemian artists like Pablo Picasso and Amedeo Modigliani, the Wepler is still in business today.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60515795"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1950.90-cafe-wepler"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Salomon, Antoine, Guy Cogeval, and Mathias Chivot. <em>Vuillard, the Inexhaustible Glance: Critical Catalogue of Paintings and Pastels</em>. Milan: Skira, 2003.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "S\u00f6ren Schmeling, email to Victoria Sears Goldman, Nov. 25, 2015, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Vuillard, E\u0301douard, and Charles Hug. <em>Edouard Vuillard (1868-1940), Charles Hug: 26. Ma\u0308rz-1. Mai 1949, Kunsthalle Basel</em>. Basel. Kunsthalle. Catalogues. 1949-1950. [Basel]: [Die Kunsthalle], 1949.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Salomon, Antoine, Guy Cogeval, and Mathias Chivot. <em>Vuillard, the Inexhaustible Glance: Critical Catalogue of Paintings and Pastels</em>. Milan: Skira, 2003.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Offin, Charles Z. <em>Pictures on Exhibit</em>. New York, NY, Pictures Pub. Co. (January, 1951):46-47.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 46-47", "url": null}, {"citation": "Francis, Henry. \"Edouard Vuillard.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art </em>41, no. 1 (January 1954): 6-7.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 6", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25141927"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 182", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n206"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 182", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n206"}, {"citation": "D'Argencourt, Louise and Roger Diederen. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art: Catalogue of Paintings, Part Four; European Paintings of the 19th Century</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1999.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 221", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 225", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n245"}, {"citation": "Salomon, Antoine, Guy Cogeval, and Mathias Chivot. <em>Vuillard, the Inexhaustible Glance: Critical Catalogue of Paintings and Pastels</em>. Milan, Italy: Skira, 2003.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 542, fig. VII; Mentioned: p. 817", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Paintings in the Cleveland Museum of Art: Picture Book No. 4 .</em> [Cleveland]: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1952.", "page_number": "", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAPaintings1952"}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1950.90", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1950.90/1950.90_web.jpg", "width": "1263", "height": "762", "filesize": "268333", "filename": "1950.90_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1950.90/1950.90_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2052", "filesize": "2064584", "filename": "1950.90_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1950.90/1950.90_full.tif", "width": "7832", "height": "4728", "filesize": "111112860", "filename": "1950.90_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1950.90/1950.90_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "1263", "height": "759", "filesize": "964931"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1950.90/1950.90_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "2048", "height": "1231", "filesize": "2552286"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1950.90/1950.90_alt0_full.tif", "width": "2048", "height": "1231", "filesize": "7565908"}}], "creditline": "Gift of the Hanna Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 128074, "creators": [{"id": 1833, "description": "\u00c9douard Vuillard (French, 1868\u20131940)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": "After attending the Lyc\u00e9e Condorcet, \u00c9douard Vuillard entered the studio of history painter Diog\u00e8ne Maillart (1840-1926). In 1886 he enrolled at the Acad\u00e9mie Julian, where he was taught by Tony Robert-Fleury (1837-1911) and Bouguereau (q.v.). The following year he was accepted into the \u00c9cole des Beaux-Arts and was briefly in the atelier of G\u00e9r\u00f4me (q.v.). At this time he also studied seventeenth-century Dutch painting and the works of Chardin (1699-1779). By 1889 Vuillard was persuaded by his friend painter and theorist Maurice Denis (1870-1943) to join the newly formed group of artists known as the Nabis. The Nabis based many of their ideas on synthetism, first developed by Gauguin (q.v.) and \u00c9mile Bernard (1868-1941), in which the artist was to work not from nature but from memory. Vuillard's initial synthetist works reveal a preoccupation with pattern and bright colors, denying the three-dimensionality of the object. By 1892, however, his colors were more subdued, reflecting his desire to mimic the unusual lighting effects that he had seen in symbolist theater. Vuillard's first major commissions date from this time, including nine panels for the dining room of Alexandre Natanson and four decorative panels for the library of Dr. Henri Vaquez. In 1898 Vuillard visited Venice and Florence, and the following year he and Bonnard (q.v.), a fellow member of the Nabis, made an excursion to London. Later they went to Milan and Venice and eventually to Spain. Vuillard also made trips to Brittany and Normandy. His first public commission came in 1912, when he was asked to paint panels for the foyer of the Com\u00e9die des Champs-Elys\u00e9es in Paris. During that period he moved beyond the synthetism of the Nabis and returned to a more traditional perspective. At the same time he was accepting commissions for portraits. In 1936 he was chosen to paint a mural at the Palais des Nations in Geneva and was subsequently elected to the Institut de France.", "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1868", "death_year": "1940", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1950-03-16T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1908, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 1908\u201310, reworked in 1912", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": true, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:08:48.527000"}, {"id": 142716, "accession_number": "1966.432", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Hinds House Window, c. 1900. Tiffany Glass & Decorating Company (America, New York, 1892\u20131902). Leaded glass; unframed: 227.3 x 114.3 cm (89 1/2 x 45 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Gift of Mrs. Robert M. Fallon, 1966.432", "current_location": "209 Tiffany", "title": "Hinds House Window", "creation_date": "c. 1900", "creation_date_earliest": 1895, "creation_date_latest": 1905, "artists_tags": ["gender unknown"], "culture": ["America, New York"], "technique": "leaded glass", "support_materials": [], "department": "Decorative Art and Design", "collection": "Decorative Arts", "type": "Glass", "measurements": "Unframed: 227.3 x 114.3 cm (89 1/2 x 45 in.)", "dimensions": {"unframed": {"height": 2.273, "width": 1.143}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 301129, "title": "Year in Review: 1967", "description": "<i>Year in Review: 1967</i>. 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Hinds, 1893\u20131967), the daughter of Howell Hinds and Nellie Price Hinds", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": null}, {"description": "Mrs. Robert M. Fallon [1893-1967], Cleveland, OH, given to the Cleveland Museum of Art", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "?-1966", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1966-", "sortorder": 3}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "This window incorporates layered pieces of glass, producing shadows and creating a multidimensional quality.", "description": "In this window commissioned for the Howell Hinds house around 1900, thousands of richly colored glass pieces have been arranged and layered to paint an idyllic three-dimensional scene that would have warmly glowed in the afternoon sunlight. Located at 2200 Overlook Road in Cleveland, Ohio, the house was demolished in 1930 in a similar fate as other nearby estates. Photographs show the placement of the window in the drawing room next to the fireplace as well as the opulent interiors Louis Comfort Tiffany designed for the library and dining room.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60820012"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1966.432-hinds-house-window"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 189", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n213"}, {"citation": "Saks, Judith. \"Tiffany's Household Decoration: A Landscape Window.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art </em>63, no. 8 (October 1976): 226-235.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 226, 232, fig. 6; Mentioned: P. 227-234", "url": ""}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 235", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n255"}, {"citation": "Harrison, Stephen, Emmanuel Ducamp, and Jeannine J. Falino.<em> Artistic Luxury: Faberge\u0301 Tiffany Lalique</em>. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art in association with, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2008.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 275; Discussed: p. 274; Mentioned: Pg. 340 (Cat. No. 285)", "url": "http://library.clevelandart.org/opac/?func=find-b&find_code=OCL&submit=Search&request=230187932"}, {"citation": "Bidwell, Frederick E., and Leslie Cade. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art in association with New York, NY: Scala Arts Publishers, 2014.", "page_number": "Reproduced & Discussed: p. 143", "url": "http://library.clevelandart.org/opac/?func=find-b&find_code=OCL&submit=Search&request=857403600"}, {"citation": "\"King Louis\". <em>Antique Collecting </em>58, no. 7 (December/January 2023-24): 36-40.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 37", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1966.432", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1966.432/1966.432_web.jpg", "width": "455", "height": "900", "filesize": "233286", "filename": "1966.432_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1966.432/1966.432_print.jpg", "width": "1717", "height": "3400", "filesize": "1831369", "filename": "1966.432_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1966.432/1966.432_full.tif", "width": "6062", "height": "12004", "filesize": "218332664", "filename": "1966.432_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1966.432/1966.432_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "456", "height": "900", "filesize": "262872"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1966.432/1966.432_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "1038", "height": "2048", "filesize": "2011500"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1966.432/1966.432_alt0_full.tif", "width": "1038", "height": "2048", "filesize": "6379996"}}, {"date_created": "2007-10-30T15:43:54", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1966.432/1966.432_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "451", "height": "893", "filesize": "429680"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1966.432/1966.432_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "1717", "height": "3400", "filesize": "4830255"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1966.432/1966.432_alt1_full.tif", "width": "2525", "height": "5000", "filesize": "37900956"}}], "creditline": "Gift of Mrs. Robert M. Fallon", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Ruth and Charles Mauer Gallery", "athena_id": 142716, "creators": [{"id": 55726, "description": "Tiffany Glass & Decorating Company (America, New York, 1892\u20131902)", "extent": "made by", "qualifier": null, "role": "maker", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1966-11-05T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1895, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 1900", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Landscape with a Greek Temple"], "is_highlight": true, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:04:35.277000"}, {"id": 145937, "accession_number": "1971.145", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Vase with Golden Pheasants (\u73d0\u7405\u5f69\u9326\u96de\u82b1\u5349\u849c\u982d\u74f6), 1736\u201395. China, Jiangxi province, Jingdezhen kilns, Qing dynasty (1644-1911), Qianlong mark and period (1736-95). Porcelain painted in polychrome enamels over transparent glaze; overall: 18.6 x 10.5 cm (7 5/16 x 4 1/8 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, John L. Severance Fund, 1971.145", "current_location": "238 Chinese Ceramics", "title": "Vase with Golden Pheasants", "title_in_original_language": "\u73d0\u7405\u5f69\u9326\u96de\u82b1\u5349\u849c\u982d\u74f6", "creation_date": "1736\u201395", "creation_date_earliest": 1736, "creation_date_latest": 1795, "artists_tags": [], "culture": ["China, Jiangxi province, Jingdezhen kilns, Qing dynasty (1644-1911), Qianlong mark and period (1736-95)"], "technique": "porcelain painted in polychrome enamels over transparent glaze", "support_materials": [], "department": "Chinese Art", "collection": "China - Qing Dynasty", "type": "Ceramic", "measurements": "Overall: 18.6 x 10.5 cm (7 5/16 x 4 1/8 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"height": 0.186, "width": 0.105}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "\u4e7e\u9686\u5e74\u88fd", "inscription_translation": "Qianlong nian zhi (Made in the reign of Qianlong)", "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 301752, "title": "Year in Review: 1972", "description": "<i>Year in Review: 1972</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (February 27-March 18, 1973).", "opening_date": "1973-02-27T05:00:00"}, {"id": 309564, "title": "The World of Ceramics: Masterpieces from the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>The World of Ceramics: Masterpieces from the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 20-August 22, 1982).", "opening_date": "1982-06-20T04:00:00"}, {"id": 196054, "title": "Streams and Mountains Without End: Asian Art and the Legacy of Sherman E. Lee at the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Streams and Mountains Without End: Asian Art and the Legacy of Sherman E. Lee at the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 27-August 23, 2009).", "opening_date": "2009-06-27T04:00:00"}], "legacy": []}, "provenance": [{"description": "Charles Russell Collection", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "by 1931", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "(John Sparks, Ltd., London, England, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "?\u20131971", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1971\u2013", "sortorder": 3}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Refined porcelains produced in Jingdezhen kilns were sent to Beijing palace workshops to be decorated in <em>falangcai</em> technique under direct imperial supervision.", "description": "The flower-and-bird painting in this vase was intricately executed in colored enamels (<em>falangcai</em>), with careful modeling, shading, and blending of colors reflecting European influences through missionary-artists at the Qing court. The Jesuit artist Giuseppe Castiglione (1688\u20131766), in particular, exerted tremendous impact at the Qianlong academy.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60741614"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1971.145-vase-with-golden-phe"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Hobson, R. L., Bernard Rackham, and William King. <em>Chinese Ceramics in Private Collections</em>. London: Halton &amp; T. Smith, Ltd, 1931.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 192; Reproduced: plate 28", "url": null}, {"citation": "Hobson, R. L., Bernard Rackham, and William King. <em>Chinese Ceramics in Private Collections</em>. London: Halton &amp; T. Smith, Ltd, 1931.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 192; Reproduced: plate 28", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>The Barbara Hutton Collection of Chinese Porcelain; [Exhibition] Honolulu Academy of Arts, November 1956-January 1957</em>. Honolulu: [Honolulu Academy of Arts], 1957.", "page_number": "p. 30, pl. XXI; p. 31, pl. XXII", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 360", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n380"}, {"citation": "Neils, Jenifer. <em>The World of Ceramics: Masterpieces from the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Museum in cooperation with Indiana University Press, 1982.", "page_number": "cat. no. 136", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Hai wai yi zhen. Tao ci. San</em> [Chinese Art in Overseas Collections, Pottery and Porcelain III = \u6d77\u5916\u907a\u73ce. \u9676\u74f7. \u4e09]. Zhonghua min guo Taibei Shi, Shilin qu \u4e2d\u83ef\u6c11\u570b\u53f0\u5317\u5e02\u58eb\u6797\u5340: Guo li gu gong bo wu yuan \u570b\u7acb\u6545\u5bae\u535a\u7269\u9662, 1992.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 199, plate 199", "url": null}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1971.145", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1971.145/1971.145_web.jpg", "width": "595", "height": "893", "filesize": "208012", "filename": "1971.145_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1971.145/1971.145_print.jpg", "width": "2267", "height": "3400", "filesize": "2592261", "filename": "1971.145_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1971.145/1971.145_full.tif", "width": "4096", "height": "6144", "filesize": "75526588", "filename": "1971.145_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2005-08-29T18:30:02", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1971.145/1971.145_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "617", "height": "893", "filesize": "199423"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1971.145/1971.145_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "2348", "height": "3400", "filesize": "2632779"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1971.145/1971.145_alt0_full.tif", "width": "4096", "height": "5932", "filesize": "72921332"}}, {"date_created": "2005-08-29T19:34:13", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1971.145/1971.145_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "820", "height": "893", "filesize": "307902"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1971.145/1971.145_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "3123", "height": "3400", "filesize": "3798242"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1971.145/1971.145_alt1_full.tif", "width": "3390", "height": "3691", "filesize": "37567692"}}], "creditline": "John L. Severance Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 145937, "creators": [], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1971-12-11T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1736, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1736\u201395", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Suan-t'ou p'ing: Vase"], "is_highlight": true, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:01:04.997000"}, {"id": 145192, "accession_number": "1970.36", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Fragment of a Processional Cross, c. 1050. Byzantium, Constantinople, Byzantine period. Silver gilt, niello; overall: 32.3 x 44.8 x 5.7 cm (12 11/16 x 17 5/8 x 2 1/4 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund, 1970.36", "current_location": "105 Byzantine", "title": "Fragment of a Processional Cross", "creation_date": "c. 1050", "creation_date_earliest": 1000, "creation_date_latest": 1100, "artists_tags": [], "culture": ["Byzantium, Constantinople, Byzantine period"], "technique": "silver gilt, niello", "support_materials": [], "department": "Medieval Art", "collection": "MED - Byzantine", "type": "Metalwork", "measurements": "Overall: 32.3 x 44.8 x 5.7 cm (12 11/16 x 17 5/8 x 2 1/4 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"height": 0.323, "width": 0.448, "depth": 0.057}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 211519, "title": "The Glory of Byzantium", "description": "<i>The Glory of Byzantium</i>. The Metropolitan Museum of Art (organizer) (March 3-July 6, 1997).", "opening_date": "1997-03-03T00:00:00"}, {"id": 180667, "title": "Sacred Gifts and Worldly Treasures: Medieval Masterworks from the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Sacred Gifts and Worldly Treasures: Medieval Masterworks from the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. National Museum of Bavaria, Munich, Germany (May 10-September 16, 2007); J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, CA (October 30, 2007-January 20, 2008); Frist Art Museum, Nashville, TN (February 13-June 7, 2009).", "opening_date": "2007-05-10T00:00:00"}, {"id": 207425, "title": "Every People Under Heaven: Jerusalem, 1000\u20131400", "description": "<i>Every People Under Heaven: Jerusalem, 1000\u20131400</i>. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY (organizer) (September 19, 2016-January 8, 2017).", "opening_date": "2016-09-19T00:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "Washington D.C., Dumbarton Oaks: \"Byzantine Figural Processional Crosses\" September 23, 1994--January 29, 1995, exh. cat. no. 2. pp 68-75, fig. 26.", "opening_date": "1994-09-23T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Byzantine processions were a feast for the senses. Imagine the scent of sweet and spicy incense wafting through the air, mingling with the sound of sacred chants as priests carry this cross in a procession during the service.", "description": "Impressively large and elaborately embellished, the cross to which this fragment belonged was likely carried in liturgical processions. The central medallion on its front depicts Christ, flanked by medallions showing the Virgin and Saint John the Baptist. Together they form the Deesis, a powerful Byzantine image formula evoking these saints\u2019 intercession with Christ on behalf of mankind. In the central medallion on the cross\u2019s back is Saint Sabas, founder of an important monastery near Jerusalem, in whose honor the cross was made. He is surrounded by other monastic saints, thus indicating that the cross was likely used by a monastic community.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60757926"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1970.36-fragment-of-a-proces"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Evans, Helen C., and William D. Wixom. <em>The Glory of Byzantium: Art and Culture of the Middle Byzantine Era, A.D. 843-1261</em>. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1997.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 60-61; Reproduced: p. 61", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, and Holger A. Klein<em>. Sacred Gifts and Worldly Treasures: Medieval Masterworks from the Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> Cleveland, Ohio: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2007.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 80-81, no. 22", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Boehm, Barbara Drake and Melanie Hocomb, eds. <em>Jerusalem, 1000-1400: Every People Under Heaven</em>. NY: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2016.", "page_number": "89", "url": null}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1970.36", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1970.36/1970.36_web.jpg", "width": "1147", "height": "893", "filesize": "399972", "filename": "1970.36_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1970.36/1970.36_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2647", "filesize": "3504102", "filename": "1970.36_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1970.36/1970.36_full.tif", "width": "4747", "height": "3695", "filesize": "52649696", "filename": "1970.36_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2005-11-03T19:39:19", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1970.36/1970.36_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "1215", "height": "893", "filesize": "391795"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1970.36/1970.36_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2498", "filesize": "3100523"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1970.36/1970.36_alt0_full.tif", "width": "5023", "height": "3691", "filesize": "55648488"}}], "creditline": "Leonard C. 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Severance Fund, 1964.88", "current_location": "210A Armor Court", "title": "Armor for Man and Horse with V\u00f6ls-Colonna Arms", "creation_date": "c. 1575", "creation_date_earliest": 1570, "creation_date_latest": 1580, "artists_tags": [], "culture": ["North Italy, 16th century"], "technique": "steel", "support_materials": [{"description": "etched bands (\"Pisan\" Style)", "watermarks": []}], "department": "Medieval Art", "collection": "MED - Arms & Armor", "type": "Arms and Armor", "dimensions": {}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 304723, "title": "Year in Review (1964)", "description": "<i>Year in Review (1964)</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (December 8, 1964-January 31, 1965).", "opening_date": "1964-12-08T05:00:00"}, {"id": 190103, "title": "Armor Court Reinstallation", "description": "<i>Armor Court Reinstallation</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art (organizer).", "opening_date": "1998-09-10T00:00:00"}], "legacy": []}, "provenance": [{"description": "Schloss Pr\u00f6sels, Fi\u00e8 allo Sciliar, Italy", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "Town Hall, Bolzano, Italy", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "?-1832", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "Prince Peter Soltykoff (active 1840-1861), Paris, France", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1832-", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "William H. Rigs (1837-1928), Paris, France, donated to the Metropolitan Museum of Art", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "-1913", "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "The Metropolitan Museum of Art (1913-64), New York, NY, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1913-1964", "sortorder": 5}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1964-", "sortorder": 6}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "The Vols-Colonna family crest is found seven times in prominent locations on this armor set for horse and rider.", "description": "A knight depended on his horse both as a weapon and a means of defense. He therefore had to take great care to protect his charger. From the 1100s on, knights first covered their steeds in trappings of fabric and later of mail. By around 1400, full steel plate armor for horses was complete. It is possible that this armor made for both man and horse originally belonged to a \"garniture,\" an armor with multiple customized exchange elements that could convert the basic suit to various field and sporting uses. With different pieces of the garniture attached, this suit could have been worn either in battle or in various tournament games. The total combined weight of both the man's and horse's armor is 114 pounds. The etched decoration of this armor is of a type that became fashionable in northern Italy during the late 1500s. It consists of ornamental bands of etched figures, animals, portrait busts, and armor trophies. In addition, a coat of arms is represented seven times in different places\u2014the center of the breastplate and blackplate, the front and back of each pauldron (shoulder defense), and the center of the peytral (horse's breastplate). The coat of arms is that of the Colonna family quartered with another, still unidentified family. It probably belonged to an unknown member of the V\u00f6ls-Colonna family from the South Tyrol, now part of northern Italy.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60756886"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1964.88-armor-for-man-and-ho"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Dean, Bashford. \"Mr. Riggs as a Collector of Armor.\" <em>The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin</em> 9, no. 3 (1914).", "page_number": "p. 72", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/3253584"}, {"citation": "Dean, Bashford. <em>Handbook of Arms and Armor European and Oriental: Including the William H. Riggs Collection. </em>New York: The Metropolitain Museum of Art, 1921.", "page_number": "p. 72", "url": null}, {"citation": "Stone, George Cameron. <em>A Glossary of the Construction, Decoration and Use of Arms and Armor in All Countries and in All Times,</em> Together with Some Closely Related Subjects. Portland, Me: Southworth Press, 1934.", "page_number": "p. 96, fig. 123, no. 4", "url": null}, {"citation": "Artley, A. S., M. Monroe, and H. M. Robinson. <em>Open Highways Book 6</em>. Book 6. Sacramento: California State Deparment of Education, 1966.", "page_number": "p. 233", "url": null}, {"citation": "Fliegel, Stephen N. <em>Arms and Armor: The Cleveland Museum of Art. </em>[Cleveland, Ohio]: The Museum, 1998.", "page_number": "pp. 20, 57, 162; cat. no. 6", "url": null}, {"citation": "Olsen, Kirstin. <em>All Things Shakespeare. An Encyclopedia of Shakespeare's World 2 </em>2. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 2002.", "page_number": "p. 44", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bolzano (Trentino-Alto Adige, Italy). <em>Bolzano 1700-1800: la citta\u0300 e le arti. </em>Cinisello Balsamo, Milano: Silvana, 2004.", "page_number": "p. 77,  fig. 9", "url": null}, {"citation": "Fliegel, Stephen N. <em>Arms &amp; Armor: The Cleveland Museum of Art. </em>[Cleveland, Ohio]: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2007.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Carrara, Elena. \"\u201cMon Cher Ami Et Fr\u00e8re D\u2019armes\u201d: Letters from Costantino Ressman to William Riggs, Collectors of Arms and Armor in Nineteenth-Century Paris.\" <em>Metropolitan Museum Journal</em> 47, no. 1 (2012).", "page_number": "p. 169", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/670146"}, {"citation": "Shafer, Jason. \"You Ask, We Answer.\" <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em> 59, no. 1 (January/February 2019): 22.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 22", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2019-01/page/n11/mode/2up"}, {"citation": "Gertsman, Elina, and Stephen N. Fliegel. Collectors, Commissioners, Curators: Studies in Medieval Art for Stephen N. Fliegel. Berlin ; Boston : De Gruyter ; [Kalamazoo, Michigan] : Medieval Institute Publications, 2023.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: pp. 133-134, Fig. 7.1.", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1964.88", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1964.88/1964.88_web.jpg", "width": "600", "height": "900", "filesize": "196251", "filename": "1964.88_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1964.88/1964.88_print.jpg", "width": "2267", "height": "3400", "filesize": "1539703", "filename": "1964.88_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1964.88/1964.88_full.tif", "width": "3744", "height": "5616", "filesize": "63120884", "filename": "1964.88_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2007-04-24T18:28:40", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1964.88/1964.88_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "1021", "height": "893", "filesize": "609265"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1964.88/1964.88_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2974", "filesize": "6036129"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1964.88/1964.88_alt0_full.tif", "width": "5000", "height": "4374", "filesize": "65636468"}}, {"annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1964.88/1964.88_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "1021", "height": "893", "filesize": "625419"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1964.88/1964.88_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2974", "filesize": "5974892"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1964.88/1964.88_alt1_full.tif", "width": "5000", "height": "4374", "filesize": "65645172"}}, {"date_created": "2013-11-22T15:44:11.088000", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1964.88/1964.88_alt2_web.jpg", "width": "600", "height": "900", "filesize": "200444"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1964.88/1964.88_alt2_print.jpg", "width": "2267", "height": "3400", "filesize": "1724948"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1964.88/1964.88_alt2_full.tif", "width": "3744", "height": "5616", "filesize": "63119816"}}, {"date_created": "2013-08-05T14:21:25.056000", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1964.88/1964.88_alt3_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "600", "filesize": "208236"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1964.88/1964.88_alt3_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2267", "filesize": "1822085"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1964.88/1964.88_alt3_full.tif", "width": "5616", "height": "3744", "filesize": "63119840"}}], "creditline": "John L. Severance Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": "faca2ad557f64809b598c3a646a8804f", "sketchfab_url": "https://sketchfab.com/models/faca2ad557f64809b598c3a646a8804f", "gallery_donor_text": "Jack, Joseph, and Morton Mandel Armor Court", "athena_id": 141444, "creators": [], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1964-05-06T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1570, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 1575", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "cover", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-04-17 19:30:56.466000"}, {"id": 369885, "accession_number": "2019.175", "share_license_status": "Copyrighted", "tombstone": "Las Meninas, 2019. Simone Leigh (American, b. 1967). Terracotta, steel, raffia, porcelain; overall: 182.9 x 213.4 x 152.4 cm (72 x 84 x 60 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Purchased with funds donated by Scott Mueller, 2019.175. \u00a9 2019 Simone Leigh. All rights reserved.", "current_location": "229A Contemporary", "title": "Las Meninas", "creation_date": "2019", "creation_date_earliest": 2019, "creation_date_latest": 2019, "artists_tags": ["female", "Black American Artists"], "culture": ["America"], "technique": "Terracotta, steel, raffia, porcelain", "support_materials": [], "department": "Contemporary Art", "collection": "CONTEMP - Sculpture", "type": "Sculpture", "measurements": "Overall: 182.9 x 213.4 x 152.4 cm (72 x 84 x 60 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"height": 1.829, "width": 2.134, "depth": 1.524}, "No Extent Specified": {}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": "\u00a9 2019 Simone Leigh. All rights reserved.", "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 393229, "title": "Contemporary Installation", "description": "<i>Contemporary Installation</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art (organizer).", "opening_date": "2021-04-12T04:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>TEFAF New York Spring 2019</em>. Luhring Augustine Gallery, New York (March 3-7, 2019)", "opening_date": "2019-03-03T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "(Luhring Augustine Gallery, New York, NY, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "2019", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "2019-", "sortorder": 2}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "The hollow face is surrounded by dozens of small porcelain flowers.", "description": "<em>Las Meninas</em> draws on traditions throughout global art and culture to address issues surrounding the female body, race, beauty, and community. The work\u2019s skirted form conjures figures from the Spanish Golden Age painting <em>Las Meninas</em> (1656) by Diego Velazquez, apparel worn in the Afro-Brazilian religious tradition candombl\u00e9, and Mousgoum buildings in Cameroon. The white-glazed terracotta torso, alluding to sacred and secular traditions of body painting, leads to a faceless head, incorporating both figuration and abstraction.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79878319"], "internet_archive": []}, "citations": [{"citation": "<em>Simone Leigh</em>. New York, N.Y.: Luhring Augustine, 2019.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Rhodes-Pitts, Sharife. \"Simone Leigh: For Her Own Pleasure and Edification.\" In <em>The Hugo Boss Prize 2018. New York: </em>Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, 2018.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Leigh, Simone. \"Portfolio: Simone Leigh.\" In <em>Public Servants: Art and the Crises of the Common Good, e</em>dited by Johanna Burton, Shannon Jackson, and Dominic Willsdon, 222-227. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2016.", "page_number": "", "url": null}, {"citation": "Conde, Maryse, Jota Mombaca, and Peggy Piesche. <em>We Don't Need Another Hero:10th Berlin Biennale for Contemporary Art.</em> Berlin: Distanz, 2018.", "page_number": "Mentioned p. 138", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Trigger: Gender As a Tool and a Weapon</em>. Edited by Johanna Burton and Natalie Bell. New York: New Museum, 2017.", "page_number": "Mentioned pp. 108-111", "url": null}, {"citation": "Elderton, Louisa, and Rebecca Morrill, eds. <em>Vitamin C: Clay + Ceramic in Contemporary Art</em>. London: Phaidon Press Limited, 2017.", "page_number": "Mentioned pp. 160-63", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cafritz, Peggy Cooper, Njideka Akunyili Crosby, and Charmaine Picard. Fired Up! Ready to Go!: Finding Beauty, Demanding Equity : an African American Life in Art : the Collections of Peggy Cooper Cafritz. 2018.", "page_number": "Referenced p. 169", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Fellah, Nadiah Rivera. \u201cSimone Leigh: The artist's <em>Las Meninas</em>, acquired last year, invites examination of the relationship between artist, subject, and viewer.\u201d <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine </em>60, no. 4 (Fall 2020): 14-15.", "page_number": "Reproduced and Mentioned: P. 14-15.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "\"New Take on the New: A comprehensive reinstallation of the galleries of contemporary art offers fresh viewpoints on the art of our time.\u201d <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine </em>61, no. 2 (Spring 2021): Cover, 4-9.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 9; Mentioned: P. 4, 8.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Lee, Key Jo, and William Griswold. Perceptual Drift: Black Art and an Ethics of Looking. Cleveland, OH : Cleveland Museum of Art, 2022.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 63-78; reproduced: p. 62, fig. 31", "url": ""}, {"citation": "\"Supporter Story: Remembering Toby Lewis.\u201d <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em> 64, no. 1 (2024): 33-34.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 34", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM-2024-01/page/32/mode/2up"}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/2019.175", "images": {}, "alternate_images": [], "creditline": "Purchased with funds donated by Scott Mueller", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Toby's Gallery for Contemporary Art", "athena_id": 369885, "creators": [{"id": 369887, "description": "Simone Leigh (American, b. 1967)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": null, "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1967", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 0}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "2019-09-09T00:00:00-04:00", "sortable_date": 2019, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "2019", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "cover", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:02:59.467000"}, {"id": 109507, "accession_number": "1928.16", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Portrait of Agostino Barbarigo, after c. 1571. Paolo Veronese (Italian, 1528\u20131588). Oil on canvas; framed: 136.2 x 136.2 x 12.1 cm (53 5/8 x 53 5/8 x 4 3/4 in.); unframed: 102.2 x 104.2 cm (40 1/4 x 41 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Gift of Mrs. L. E. Holden, Mr. and Mrs. Guerdon S. Holden, and the L. E. Holden Fund, 1928.16", "current_location": "118 Italian Renaissance", "title": "Portrait of Agostino Barbarigo", "creation_date": "after c. 1571", "creation_date_earliest": 1571, "creation_date_latest": 1581, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["Italy, Venice"], "technique": "oil on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "P - Italian 16th & 17th Century", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 136.2 x 136.2 x 12.1 cm (53 5/8 x 53 5/8 x 4 3/4 in.); Unframed: 102.2 x 104.2 cm (40 1/4 x 41 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 1.362, "width": 1.362, "depth": 0.121}, "unframed": {"height": 1.022, "width": 1.042}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 312517, "title": "The Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition", "description": "<i>The Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 26-October 4, 1936).", "opening_date": "1936-06-26T04:00:00"}, {"id": 300859, "title": "The Venetian Tradition", "description": "<i>The Venetian Tradition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (November 8, 1956-January 1, 1957).", "opening_date": "1956-11-08T05:00:00"}, {"id": 443312, "title": "The Golden Century of Venetian Painting", "description": "<i>The Golden Century of Venetian Painting</i>. Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles, CA (organizer) (October 23, 1978-January 28, 1979).", "opening_date": "1978-10-28T04:00:00"}, {"id": 442077, "title": "Venezia e la difea del Levante: da Lepanto a Candia 1570-1690", "description": "<i>Venezia e la difea del Levante: da Lepanto a Candia 1570-1690</i>. Palazzo Ducale, Venice, Venice, Italy (organizer) (March 15-July 20, 1986).", "opening_date": "1986-03-15T05:00:00"}, {"id": 228005, "title": "The Secular Veronese", "description": "<i>The Secular Veronese</i>. Mus\u00e9e du Luxembourg, Paris, France (organizer) (September 22, 2004-September 30, 2005); Museo Correr, Venice, Italy (February 11-May 29, 2005).", "opening_date": "2004-09-22T00:00:00"}, {"id": 177335, "title": "Titian, Tintoretto, Veronese: Rivals in Renaissance Venice", "description": "<i>Titian, Tintoretto, Veronese: Rivals in Renaissance Venice</i>. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Boston, MA (organizer) (March 15-August 16, 2009); Mus\u00e9e du Louvre, Paris, France (September 14, 2009-January 4, 2010).", "opening_date": "2009-03-09T00:00:00"}, {"id": 220974, "title": "Paolo Veronese: Versatile Master of Renaissance Venice", "description": "<i>Paolo Veronese: Versatile Master of Renaissance Venice</i>. John and Mable Ringling Museum of Art, Sarasota, FL (organizer) (December 6, 2012-April 14, 2013).", "opening_date": "2012-12-06T00:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "CMA, 1956: \"The Venetian Tradition,\" cat. no. 61, pl. XXXVIII (Catalogue by Henry S. Francis).", "opening_date": "1956-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "CMA, 1963: \"The Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition of CMA,\" cat. no. 110.", "opening_date": "1963-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Venice, Palazzo Justinian April 25-Nov. 4, 1939: \"Mostra di Paolo Veronese,\" cat. no. 52 (catalogue by Rodolfo Pallucchini).", "opening_date": "1939-04-25T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Los Angeles County Museum, 1979/80: \"The Golden Century of Venetian Painting,\" cat. no. 44, repr. color. (Cataloge by Terisio Pignatti).", "opening_date": "1980-09-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Palazzo Ducale, Venice, Italy; March 5-May 18, 1986: Venezia e la difesa del Levante: da Lepanto a Candia 1570-1670. cat. no. 13, p. 28, repr.", "opening_date": "1986-03-05T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Washington D.C., National Gallery of Art, November 13, 1988-February 20, 1989: \"Veronese: Painter and Draftsman,\" cat. #.", "opening_date": "1988-11-13T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Mus\u00e9e du Luxembourg, Paris (9/22/2004 - 1/30/2004) and Museo Correr, Venice (2/11/2005 - 5/29/2005): \"The Secular Veronese\", ex. cat. no.22, p.124-125.", "opening_date": "2004-01-30T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Museum of Fine Arts, Boston (3/15/2009 - 8/16/2009) and Mus\u00e9e du Louvre, Paris (9/14/2009 - 1/4/2010): \"Titian, Tintoretto, Veronese: Rivals in Renaissance Venice\", ex. cat. no. 10, p.161.", "opening_date": "2009-03-15T00:00:00"}, {"description": "John and Mable Ringling Museum of Art, Sarasota, FL (12/6/2012 - 4/14/2013): \"Paolo Veronese: Versatile Master of Renaissance Venice\", fig. 18, p. 130.", "opening_date": "2012-12-06T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Possibly Giorgio Bergonzi (Venice, Italy),", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "Possibly Manfrin, Venice, 1856]", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "H. O. Miethke (Vienna, 1927])", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "Italico Brass, 1870-1943 (Venice, Italy), sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art, 1928.", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": 4}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "The arrow symbolically indicates that this portrait was painted after the sitter died in battle.", "description": "Barbarigo served as second in command of the Venetian naval forces during the Battle of Lepanto, fighting against the Ottoman Empire on October 7, 1571. During the skirmish, Barbarigo was slain by a Turkish arrow, which he holds in the portrait.<br><br>Barbarigo\u2019s identity is defined by his military prowess. In the 1500s, Venetian military portraits often portrayed the sitter in armor in a pose typical of a Roman emperor, creating a link to the valor and might of ancient armies.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3937452"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1928.16-portrait-of-agostino"]}, "citations": [{"citation": null, "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "\"The Portrait of Ammiraglio Manfrin by Paolo Veronese: A New Accession for the Holden Collection.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>15, no.3 (March 1928): 63-65", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 62; Mentioned: p. 64", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25137112"}, {"citation": "Francis, Henry. \"Loans to Important Exhibitions.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art </em>26, no. 7 (July 1939): 123", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 123; Reproduced: p. 127", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25138029"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 97", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n121"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 97", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n121"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 112", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n132"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art<em>. The Cleveland Museum of Art Catalogue of Paintings, Part 3: European Paintings of the 16th, 17th, and 18th Centuries</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1982.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p.448; Mentioned: p. 449", "url": null}, {"citation": "Brucher, Gu\u0308nter. <em>Geschichte der Venezianischen Malerei</em>. Wien: Bo\u0308hlau, 2007.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 232, Abb. 125", "url": null}, {"citation": "Zamperini, Alessandra. <em>Paolo Veronese</em>. San Giovanni Lupatoto (Verona): Arsenale, 2013.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 322", "url": null}, {"citation": "Gentili, Augusto. \"Veronesiana com Figuris Almanacco 2000-2015 Parte Secunda.\" <em>Venezia cinquecento</em> 24, no. 47 (2014): 5-73.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 7; Reproduced: fig. 2", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Masterworks on Loan: Celebrating the 100th Anniversary of the Cleveland Museum of Art: First Quarter 2016</em>. [Cleveland]: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2016.", "page_number": "Reproduced p. 7", "url": null}, {"citation": "Neerman, Maja. Titian's Hidden Double Portrait: Unveiled After 500 Years. Lichtervelde : Hannibal, 2019, 76.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 76, fig. 74", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Korthals Altes, Gerrit. De zwarte dood in Venetie\u0308: pest, politiek en kunst in de dogenstad. 2020, 26.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 26.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Lisby, Darnell-Jamal, William Griswold, Matteo Augello, Alessandra Arezzi Boza, Massimiliano Capella, Luke Meagher, Stefania Ricci, and Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Renaissance to Runway: The Enduring Italian Houses</em>. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2025.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 2-3, fig. 3", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1928.16", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1928.16/1928.16_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "882", "filesize": "337615", "filename": "1928.16_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1928.16/1928.16_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "3331", "filesize": "4528248", "filename": "1928.16_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1928.16/1928.16_full.tif", "width": "5759", "height": "5642", "filesize": "97507720", "filename": "1928.16_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2007-06-11T13:58:51", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1928.16/1928.16_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "915", "height": "893", "filesize": "559195"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1928.16/1928.16_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "3320", "filesize": "8264210"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1928.16/1928.16_alt0_full.tif", "width": "5500", "height": "5370", "filesize": "88637244"}}, {"annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1928.16/1928.16_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "908", "height": "893", "filesize": "546699"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1928.16/1928.16_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "3342", "filesize": "6150512"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1928.16/1928.16_alt1_full.tif", "width": "3782", "height": "3718", "filesize": "42210544"}}, {"date_created": "2013-05-07T19:52:08", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1928.16/1928.16_alt2_web.jpg", "width": "885", "height": "893", "filesize": "181156"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1928.16/1928.16_alt2_print.jpg", "width": "3369", "height": "3400", "filesize": "2162213"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1928.16/1928.16_alt2_full.tif", "width": "5809", "height": "5862", "filesize": "102200888"}}, {"date_created": "2019-04-25T12:05:23", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1928.16/1928.16_alt3_web.jpg", "width": "839", "height": "900", "filesize": ""}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1928.16/1928.16_alt3_print.jpg", "width": "3171", "height": "3400", "filesize": ""}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1928.16/1928.16_alt3_full.tif", "width": "5850", "height": "6273", "filesize": ""}}, {"date_created": "2013-05-07T19:14:57", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1928.16/1928.16_alt4_web.jpg", "width": "886", "height": "893", "filesize": "80476"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1928.16/1928.16_alt4_print.jpg", "width": "3372", "height": "3400", "filesize": "1003550"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1928.16/1928.16_alt4_full.tif", "width": "5945", "height": "5993", "filesize": "106907068"}}, {"date_created": "2013-05-07T19:24:11", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1928.16/1928.16_alt5_web.jpg", "width": "881", "height": "893", "filesize": "125104"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1928.16/1928.16_alt5_print.jpg", "width": "3354", "height": "3400", "filesize": "1849757"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1928.16/1928.16_alt5_full.tif", "width": "5940", "height": "6021", "filesize": "107316132"}}], "creditline": "Gift of Mrs. L. E. Holden, Mr. and Mrs. Guerdon S. Holden, and the L. E. Holden Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 109507, "creators": [{"id": 2362, "description": "Paolo Veronese (Italian, 1528\u20131588)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1528", "death_year": "1588", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1928-01-06T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1571, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "after c. 1571", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Agostino Barbarigo", "Ammiraglio Manfrin"], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:09:44.993000"}, {"id": 118475, "accession_number": "1939.509", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Pendant, 400\u2013700. Panama, International Style, 5th-8th century. Cast gold; overall: 7.4 x 5.2 x 5.2 cm (2 15/16 x 2 1/16 x 2 1/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, The Norweb Collection, 1939.509", "current_location": "233 Mesoamerican and Intermediate Region", "title": "Pendant", "creation_date": "400\u2013700", "creation_date_earliest": 400, "creation_date_latest": 700, "artists_tags": [], "culture": ["Panama, International Style, 5th-8th century"], "technique": "cast gold", "support_materials": [], "department": "Art of the Americas", "collection": "AA - Intermediate Region", "type": "Metalwork", "measurements": "Overall: 7.4 x 5.2 x 5.2 cm (2 15/16 x 2 1/16 x 2 1/16 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"height": 0.074, "width": 0.052, "depth": 0.052}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 312180, "title": "Art of the Americas", "description": "<i>Art of the Americas</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (March 19-April 11, 1943).", "opening_date": "1943-03-19T04:00:00"}, {"id": 312131, "title": "Art of the Americas", "description": "<i>Art of the Americas</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (November 9, 1945-January 6, 1946).", "opening_date": "1945-11-09T05:00:00"}, {"id": 300804, "title": "Treasures of Peruvian Gold", "description": "<i>Treasures of Peruvian Gold</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (February 23-April 3, 1966).", "opening_date": "1966-02-23T05:00:00"}, {"id": 219999, "title": "Sacred Symbols:  Three Thousand Years of Native American Art [FRAME]", "description": "<i>Sacred Symbols:  Three Thousand Years of Native American Art [FRAME]</i>. Mus\u00e9e Fabre, Montpellier, France (July 16-September 29, 2002); Mus\u00e9e des Beaux-Arts de Rouen, Rouen, France (October 24, 2002-January 13, 2003); Mus\u00e9e des Beaux-Arts de Lyon, 69001 Lyon, France (February 19-April 29, 2003); Mus\u00e9e des Beaux-Arts de Rennes, Rennes, France (May 27-August 18, 2003); Minneapolis Institute of Art, Minneapolis, MN (organizer) (October 26, 2003-January 11, 2004).", "opening_date": "2002-07-16T00:00:00"}, {"id": 357417, "title": "Shamanism", "description": "<i>Shamanism</i>. Museo Chileno de Arte Precolombino, Santiago, Chile (organizer) (December 1, 2022-June 30, 2023) https://museo.precolombino.cl/2022/12/12/chamanismo-visiones-fuera-del-tiempo-la-nueva-exposicion-del-museo-chileno-de-arte-precolombino/.", "opening_date": "2022-12-01T05:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "Los Angeles, Ca: Los Angeles Museum of History, Science and Art; March 15 - April 15, 1940. \"Pre-Columbian Art.\" exh. cat. no. 28.", "opening_date": "1940-03-15T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Toledo, OH: Toledo Museum of Art; January, 1944.  \"The Ancient Art of the North American Continent\".", "opening_date": "1944-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art; November 9, 1945- January 6, 1946. \"Art of the Americas.\" repr. in catalogue, black and white, p. 43.", "opening_date": "1945-11-09T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Cincinnati, OH: The Taft Museum; October 6- November 19, 1950. \"Ancient American Gold&#9;and Jade.\" exh. cat. no. 73.", "opening_date": "1950-10-06T00:00:00"}, {"description": "New York, NY: Museum of Modern Art; January 26- March 26, 1954. \"Ancient Arts of the Andes.\" exh. cat. fig. 156, repr. in black and white, p. 136.", "opening_date": "1954-01-26T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Winnipeg, Canada: Winnipeg Art Gallery Association, Civic Auditorium; April 21- May 19, 1957. \"Art of the Americas Before Columbus.\" exh. cat. no. 20, repr in black and white, p. 13.", "opening_date": "1957-04-21T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Munich, Germany: Haus der Kunst; October 17-December 12, 1958. Zurich, Switzerland: Kunsthaus; January 1-February 28, 1959. Paris, France: Galerie Charpentier; March 15-May 15, 1959. The Netherlands: The Hague; June 1-July 31, 1959. Circulating exhibition\" Pre- Columbian Art from Mexico and Central America.\"", "opening_date": "1958-10-17T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Dallas, TX: Neiman-Marcus Co.; October 19-31, 1959. \"South American Fortnight.\" exh. cat. no. 23.", "opening_date": "1931-10-19T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art; February 23- April 3, 1966.\"Treasures of Peruvian Gold.\"", "opening_date": "1966-02-23T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Montpellier, France: Musee Fabre; July 16- September 29, 2002. Rouen, France: Musee des Beaux- Arts; October 24, 2002- January 13, 2003. Lyon, France: Musee des Beaux-Arts; February 19- April 28, 2003. Rennes, France: Musee des Beaux-Arts; May 27- August 18, 2003. Minneapolis, MN: Minneapolis Institute of Arts; October 26, 2003- January 11, 2004. FRAME exhibition -- \"Sacred Symbols:  Three Thousand Years of Native American Art.\"", "opening_date": "2002-07-16T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Raymond Henry Norweb [1894-1983] and Emery May Holden Norweb [1895-1984], Cleveland, OH, 1939, given to the Cleveland Museum of Art", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "?-1939", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1939", "sortorder": 2}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "In the Panama-Costa Rica region, gold ornaments were associated with political and religious authority.", "description": null, "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60779197"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1939.509-pendant"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Milliken, William. \"Colombian Gold.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art </em>27, no. 1 (January 1940): 3-4.", "page_number": "Reproduced: front cover; Mentioned: p. 3", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25138060"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Handbook.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 382", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1958/page/n71"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 295", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n319"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 295", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n319"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 399", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n419"}, {"citation": "Manuel Torres, Constantino. <em>Shamanism: Visions Outside of Time. </em>Santiago: Museo Chileno de Arte Precolombino, 2022.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 50, fig. 8", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Torres, Constantino Manuel. <em>Shamanism: Visions Outside of Time.</em> Santiago: Museo Chileno de Arte Precolombino, 2023", "page_number": "fig 8, p. 50", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Bergh, Susan E. \"'The Art of Those Who Lived Here Before the White Man Came': Collecting the Ancient Americas at the Cleveland Museum of Art.\" In <em>Collecting the \u201cOther Americas\u201d: Ancient Americas Collections in American Art Museums, </em>edited by Victoria I. Lyall, and Ellen Hoobler, 67- 82. Denver, Colorado: Mayer Center for Ancient and Latin American Art at the Denver Art Museum, 2025.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 71, fig. 8", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1939.509", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1939.509/1939.509_web.jpg", "width": "924", "height": "893", "filesize": "438203", "filename": "1939.509_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1939.509/1939.509_print.jpg", "width": "2745", "height": "2654", "filesize": "1606351", "filename": "1939.509_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1939.509/1939.509_full.tif", "width": "2745", "height": "2654", "filesize": "21903152", "filename": "1939.509_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1939.509/1939.509_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "720", "height": "893", "filesize": "425430"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1939.509/1939.509_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "1536", "height": "1906", "filesize": "2077638"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1939.509/1939.509_alt0_full.tif", "width": "1536", "height": "1906", "filesize": "8786084"}}, {"date_created": "2011-11-08T14:25:19", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1939.509/1939.509_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "791", "height": "893", "filesize": "344699"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1939.509/1939.509_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "3010", "height": "3400", "filesize": "5905967"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1939.509/1939.509_alt1_full.tif", "width": "2494", "height": "2817", "filesize": "21122144"}}], "creditline": "The Norweb Collection", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Jon A. Lindseth and Virginia M. Lindseth, PhD, Galleries of the Ancient Americas", "athena_id": 118475, "creators": [], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1939-10-25T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 400, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "400\u2013700", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Bird-Man Pendant", "Anthropomorphic Seated Figure"], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:05:48.969000"}, {"id": 143898, "accession_number": "1968.284", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Ancestral Altar Tusk, c. 1820. Nigeria, Benin Kingdom, \u1eb8do peoples, members of the Igbesanmwan (wood and ivory carvers) guild. Elephant ivory; overall: 197.4 cm (77 11/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Gift of Katherine C. White, 1968.284", "current_location": "108A African", "title": "Ancestral Altar Tusk", "creation_date": "c. 1820", "creation_date_earliest": 1815, "creation_date_latest": 1825, "artists_tags": [], "culture": ["Nigeria, Benin Kingdom, \u1eb8do peoples, members of the Igbesanmwan (wood and ivory carvers) guild"], "technique": "Elephant ivory", "support_materials": [], "department": "African Art", "collection": "African Art", "type": "Sculpture", "measurements": "Overall: 197.4 cm (77 11/16 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"height": 1.974}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 301285, "title": "Year in Review for 1968", "description": "<i>Year in Review for 1968</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (January 29-March 9, 1969).", "opening_date": "1969-01-29T05:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>African Tribal Images: The Katherine White Reswick Collection</em>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (July 10 \u2013 September 1, 1968)", "opening_date": "1968-09-01T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Commissioned by \u1eccba \u1eccs\u1eb9mw\u1eb9d\u1eb9 [r. 1815\u201350] from the Igbesanmwan", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->\u2022 Blackmun, Barbara Winston. 1994. \"History and Statecraft on a Tusk from Old Benin\". The Bulletin&nbsp;<br>of the Cleveland Museum of Art. 81 (4): 87-115. (p. 92-3)&nbsp;<br><br></div>"], "date": "1820s", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "\u1eccba \u1eccs\u1eb9mw\u1eb9d\u1eb9 [r. 1815\u201350], Royal Palace, Benin City, by descent to Ov\u1ecdnramw\u1eb9n (Ov\u1ecdnramw\u1eb9n Nogbaisi [c. 1857\u20131914, r. 1888\u201397]", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "after 1850", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "Brought to England (or Europe) following the Siege of Benin", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->\u2022 Blackmun, Barbara Winston. 1994. \"History and Statecraft on a Tusk from Old Benin\". The Bulletin&nbsp;<br>of the Cleveland Museum of Art. 81 (4): 87-115. (p. 92)</div>"], "date": "1897", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "Katherine (Merkel) White Reswick [1929-1980], Gates Mills, OH, given to the Cleveland Museum of Art", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->Letter dated January 28, 1961 from KWR (then Katherine Merkel) to John Wise referencing and&nbsp;<br>describing the tusk/relating it to a pairing with a CMA work; Dallas Museum of Art John Wise&nbsp;<br>Archives (photocopy in Curatorial File)&nbsp;<br>\u2022 Photographs c. 1950s-mid-1960s from KWM in curatorial file<br>**Katherine W. Merkel, Katherine C. White, and Katherine White Reswick (1929-1980) are the&nbsp;<br>same woman</div>"], "date": "by at least 1961\u20131968", "sortorder": 5}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->Acquired at accession meeting January 22, 1969 (see registrar files)&nbsp;<br>\u2022 Exhibited/published 1968 African Tribal Images: The Katherine White Reswick Collection, cat. No.&nbsp;<br>144, reproduced&nbsp;<br>\u2022 Published in \u201cYear in Review 1968\u201d CMA Bulletin LVI (Jan. 1969), Reproduced: p. 43, mentioned p. 46, no. 56.</div>"], "date": "1968\u2013", "sortorder": 6}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": ["1033.68"], "did_you_know": "Originally, this carved tusk was placed on an ancestral altar as part of an ensemble of objects made to memorialize a deceased \u1eccba (ruler).", "description": "\u1eccba \u1eccs\u1eb9mw\u1eb9d\u1eb9 commissioned the carving of this tusk to connect with his ancestors and symbolize his strength. It is covered with royal figures wearing elaborate regalia and scenes of power, ritual, and violence. While Benin royal symbols may look similar across centuries, their meanings can shift. \u1eccs\u1eb9mw\u1eb9d\u1eb9\u2019s reign was prosperous due to trade with the Dutch; however, 16th-century Portuguese men are carved on the lower tusk. By the 1800s they represented <em>any</em> European traders. This tusk\u2019s surface likely became worn and cracked from frequent washing, bleaching, and the applying of a white clay (<em>orhue</em>) linked to peace, purity, and prosperity.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60747069"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1968.284-ancestral-altar-tusk"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Fricke, Berthold, ed. The Cleveland Museum of Art. Ahrbeck/Hannover: Knorr &amp; Hirth Verlag GmbH, 1975, p. 102.", "page_number": "", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Drewal, Henry John. African Art: A Brief Guide to the Collection. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1989, fig.6.", "page_number": "", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Judith Perani and Fred T. Smith, The Visual Arts of Africa: Gender, Power, and Life Cycle Rituals, (Prentice Hall, NJ, 1998), fig. 6.7, pp. 175-176.", "page_number": "", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Fagg, William. <em>African Tribal Images; the Katherine White Reswick Collection</em>. [Cleveland]: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1968, no. 144.", "page_number": "Reproduced:  cat. No. 144", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Lee, Sherman E. \"The Year in Review for 1968.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 56, no. 1 (1969): 3-50.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 43; mentioned: p. 46, no. 56", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25152250"}, {"citation": "Blackmun, Barbara Winston. 1994. \"History and Statecraft on a Tusk from Old Benin\". <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art. </em>81 (4): 87-115.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 88, fig. 2", "url": "https://www-jstor-org.ingallslibrary.idm.oclc.org/stable/25161449"}, {"citation": "Young-Sanchez, Margaret, \"A Royal Plaque\", Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Cleveland Art: The Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em>. Vol. 39 no. 07, September 1999", "page_number": "Mentioned & reproduced: p. 8-9", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM1999-07/page/8"}, {"citation": "Petridis, Constantijn. <em>South of the Sahara: selected works of African art. </em>Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2003.", "page_number": "Reproduced: cat. 26, p. 82 - 83", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Windmuller-Luna, Kristen. \u201cArt from the Benin Kingdom.\u201d <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine </em>61, no. 1 (Winter 2021): 34-35.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 34-35; Mentioned: P. 34.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "<em>Digital Benin, </em>Markk Museum Am Rothenbaum Kulturen und Kunste der Welt<em>, (</em>Last Updated: 2021-02-13)", "page_number": "ID 143898", "url": "https://digitalbenin.org/catalogue/8_143898"}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1968.284", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1968.284/1968.284_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "874", "filesize": "163951", "filename": "1968.284_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1968.284/1968.284_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "3303", "filesize": "882745", "filename": "1968.284_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1968.284/1968.284_full.tif", "width": "8185", "height": "7951", "filesize": "195260108", "filename": "1968.284_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2009-10-27T13:01:40", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1968.284/1968.284_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "977", "height": "893", "filesize": "148687"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1968.284/1968.284_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "3108", "filesize": "3642942"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1968.284/1968.284_alt0_full.tif", "width": "8719", "height": "7969", "filesize": "208476584"}}], "creditline": "Gift of Katherine C. White", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 143898, "creators": [], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1969-01-22T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1815, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 1820", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Carved Tusk", "Altar Tusk"], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:09:17.143000"}, {"id": 147588, "accession_number": "1973.85", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Seated Buddha (\u5982\u6765\u5750\u50cf), 1100s. Japan, Heian period (794\u20131185). Gilded wood; overall: 145.4 cm (57 1/4 in.); figure: 88.2 cm (34 3/4 in.); pedestal: 57.2 cm (22 1/2 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Gift of Takako Setsu and her husband, Iwao, in memory of her father-in-law, Inosuke Setsu, and his long friendship with Sherman E. Lee, 1973.85", "current_location": "235B Japanese", "title": "Seated Buddha", "title_in_original_language": "\u5982\u6765\u5750\u50cf", "creation_date": "1100s", "creation_date_earliest": 1100, "creation_date_latest": 1199, "artists_tags": [], "culture": ["Japan, Heian period (794\u20131185)"], "technique": "gilded wood", "support_materials": [], "department": "Japanese Art", "collection": "Japanese Art", "type": "Sculpture", "measurements": "Overall: 145.4 cm (57 1/4 in.); Figure: 88.2 cm (34 3/4 in.); Pedestal: 57.2 cm (22 1/2 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"height": 1.454}, "figure": {"height": 0.882}, "pedestal": {"height": 0.572}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 301878, "title": "Year in Review: 1973", "description": "<i>Year in Review: 1973</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (January 30-March 17, 1974).", "opening_date": "1974-01-30T05:00:00"}, {"id": 295705, "title": "Japanese Gallery 235 Rotation - July 2017-January 2018", "description": "<i>Japanese Gallery 235 Rotation - July 2017-January 2018</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art (organizer) (July 15, 2017-January 2, 2018).", "opening_date": "2017-07-15T04:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>Kobijutsu tenkan tokubetsu sokubaikai: Orinpikku kinen </em>[\u53e4\u7f8e\u8853\u5c55\u89b3\u7279\u5225\u5373\u58f2\u4f1a : \u30aa\u30ea\u30f3\u30d4\u30c3\u30af\u8a18\u5ff5 = Antique dealers' fair &amp; exhibition in Tokyo: on the occasion of the Olympic Games]. To\u0304kyo\u0304 Bijutsu Kurabu, To\u0304kyo\u0304, Japan (October 8-12, 1964).", "opening_date": "2012-10-08T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Setsu Takako \u702c\u6d25 \u5b5d\u5b50, Tokyo, Japan, given to the Cleveland Museum of Art", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "?\u20131973", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1973\u2013", "sortorder": 2}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "A 1906 photo taken at K\u014dfukuji shows this sculpture without a halo or left hand.", "description": "Composed of a number of hollowed-out pieces of wood that were then covered with lacquer and gilding, this sculpture served as an image of worship in one of the small temples surrounding K\u014dfukuji, a major Buddhist temple in Nara, Japan. Like many Buddhas, this figure has its right hand positioned in a gesture meaning \"fear not.\" The left hand is a replacement, so its original gesture, a clue to this Buddha's identity, is unknown. However, as the left foot is exposed over the garment, in lotus position, it may have been created as a Medicine Master Buddha, Yakushi Nyorai in Japanese, or the Buddha of our era, Shakyamuni.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60740344"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1973.85-seated-buddha", "https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1973.85-seated-buddha-with-h"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "To\u0304kyo\u0304 Bijutsusho\u0304 Kyo\u0304do\u0304 Kumiai \u6771\u4eac\u7f8e\u8853\u5546\u5354\u540c\u7d44\u5408. <em>Kobijutsu tenkan tokubetsu sokubaikai: Orinpikku kinen </em>[\u53e4\u7f8e\u8853\u5c55\u89b3\u7279\u5225\u5373\u58f2\u4f1a : \u30aa\u30ea\u30f3\u30d4\u30c3\u30af\u8a18\u5ff5 = Antique dealers' fair &amp; exhibition in Tokyo: on the occasion of the Olympic Games]. To\u0304kyo\u0304: To\u0304kyo\u0304 Bijutsusho\u0304 Kyo\u0304do\u0304 Kumiai, 1964.", "page_number": "p. 18, no. 4", "url": null}, {"citation": "\u201cThe Year in Review for 1973.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>, vol. 61, no. 2, 1974, pp. 31\u201378.", "page_number": "Mentioned: no. 196, p. 79; Reproduced: no. 196, p. 69", "url": "www.jstor.org/stable/25152513"}, {"citation": "Yamane, Yu\u0304zo\u0304 \u5c71\u6839\u6709\u4e09, Shu\u0304jiro\u0304 Shimada \u5cf6\u7530\u4fee\u4e8c\u90ce, and Terukazu Akiyama \u79cb\u5c71\u5149\u548c. <em>Zaigai Nihon no shiho\u0304</em> [\u5728\u5916\u65e5\u672c\u306e\u81f3\u5b9d = Japanese Art: Selections from Western Collections, vol. 8 ]. To\u0304kyo\u0304: Mainichi Shinbunsha, 1979.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: no. 8, p. 118, pl. 8", "url": null}, {"citation": "Shimizu Zenz\u014d, \"Japanese Sculptures in America and Canada,\" <em>Bukkyo\u0304 geijutsu </em>[\u4f5b\u6559\u85dd\u8853= Ars Buddhica] , no. 126 (September 1979), part I, pp. 67\u201388.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 68, fig. 4", "url": null}, {"citation": "Yamaguchi Ry\u016bsuke \u5c71\u53e3\u9686\u4ecb and Miyazaki Motoko \u5bae\u5d0e\u5e79\u5b50, \u300c\u660e\u6cbb\u6642\u4ee3\u306e\u8208\u798f\u5bfa\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u4ecf\u50cf\u306e\u79fb\u52d5\u3068\u73fe\u5728\u5730\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u30fc\u8208\u798f\u5bfa\u6240\u8535\u306e\u53e4\u5199\u771f\u3092\u3082\u3061\u3044\u305f\u53f2\u6599\u5b66\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u300d (The Transfer of Buddhist Sculptures from K\u014dfukuji in the Meiji Era and Their Locations Today: Source-study Research Conducted Using Old Photographs at K\u014dfukuji), <em>Museum</em>, no. 676 (October 2018), pp. ii-iii, 5-57. fig. 13.", "page_number": "", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1973.85", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1973.85/1973.85_web.jpg", "width": "686", "height": "900", "filesize": "167426", "filename": "1973.85_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1973.85/1973.85_print.jpg", "width": "2593", "height": "3400", "filesize": "1851962", "filename": "1973.85_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1973.85/1973.85_full.tif", "width": "10652", "height": "13969", "filesize": "446421828", "filename": "1973.85_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2012-05-25T14:45:31", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1973.85/1973.85_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "725", "height": "893", "filesize": "75834"}, "print": {"url": 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"445782656"}}], "creditline": "Gift of Takako Setsu and her husband, Iwao, in memory of her father-in-law, Inosuke Setsu, and his long friendship with Sherman E. Lee", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": "d86bda08fa92458397596d2a42b30f46", "sketchfab_url": "https://sketchfab.com/models/d86bda08fa92458397596d2a42b30f46", "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 147588, "creators": [], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1973-05-07T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1100, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1100s", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "cover", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Yakushi-Nyorai Buddha", "\u85ac\u5e2b\u5982\u6765\u5750\u50cf", "Medicine Master Buddha (Yakushi Nyorai)"], "is_highlight": true, "updated_at": "2026-04-17 19:33:12.344000"}, {"id": 162292, "accession_number": "2002.29", "share_license_status": "Copyrighted", "tombstone": "Blind Man's Buff, 1984. Louise Bourgeois (American, 1911\u20132010). White marble on wooden base; overall: 92.7 x 88.9 x 63.5 cm (36 1/2 x 35 x 25 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund, 2002.29. \u00a9 The Easton Foundation / Licensed by VAGA at Artists Rights Society (ARS), NY", "current_location": null, "title": "Blind Man's Buff", "creation_date": "1984", "creation_date_earliest": 1984, "creation_date_latest": 1984, "artists_tags": ["female"], "culture": ["America"], "technique": "white marble on wooden base", "support_materials": [], "department": "Contemporary Art", "collection": "CONTEMP - Sculpture", "type": "Sculpture", "measurements": "Overall: 92.7 x 88.9 x 63.5 cm (36 1/2 x 35 x 25 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"height": 0.927, "width": 0.889, "depth": 0.635}, "marble without base": {}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": "\u00a9 The Easton Foundation / Licensed by VAGA at Artists Rights Society (ARS), NY", "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 229612, "title": "Louise Bourgeois", "description": "<i>Louise Bourgeois</i>. Tate Modern, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (organizer) (October 11, 2007-January 27, 2008); Centre national d'art et de culture Georges Pompidou, Paris cedex O4, France (March 5-June 2, 2008); Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York, NY (June 27-September 28, 2008).", "opening_date": "2007-10-11T00:00:00"}, {"id": 226564, "title": "Double Sexus: Hans Bellmer and Louise Bourgeois", "description": "<i>Double Sexus: Hans Bellmer and Louise Bourgeois</i>. Wexner Center for the Arts, Columbus, OH (organizer) (March 26-August 7, 2011).", "opening_date": "2011-03-26T00:00:00"}, {"id": 393229, "title": "Contemporary Installation", "description": "<i>Contemporary Installation</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art (organizer).", "opening_date": "2021-04-12T04:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>Louise Bourgeois: Sculpture</em>. Robert Miller Gallery, New York (September 11 \u2013 October 6, 1984).", "opening_date": "1984-10-06T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Sculpture by Women in the Eighties</em>. University of Pittsburgh Gallery, Pittsburgh, PA (November 7 \u2013 December 8, 1985).", "opening_date": "1985-12-08T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Sculpture by Louise Bourgeois</em>. The Taft Museum, Cincinnati, OH (organizer) (May 5 \u2013 June 28, 1987); The Art Museum at Florida International University, Miami, FL (October 23, 1987 \u2013 January 18, 1988); Laguna Gloria Art Museum, Austin, TX (July 1 \u2013 August 28, 1988); Washington University, Gallery of Art, St. Louis, MO (September 18 \u2013 October 30, 1988); Everson Museum of Art, Syracuse, NY (September 27 \u2013 November, 26 1989).", "opening_date": "1987-06-28T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Louise Bourgeois: A Retrospective Exhibition</em>. Frankfurter Kunstverein, Frankfurt, West Germany (organizer) (December 2, 1989 \u2013 January 28, 1990); St\u00e4dtische Galerie im Lenbachhaus, Munich, West Germany (February 14 \u2013 March 25, 1990); Lyon Mus\u00e9e d\u2019Art Contemporain, Lyon, France (July 5 \u2013 August 20, 1990); Fundaci\u00f3n T\u00e0pies, Barcelona, Spain (November 6, 1990 \u2013 January 6, 1991); Kunstmuseum, Berne, Switzerland (March 7 \u2013 May 5, 1991); Kr\u00f6ller-M\u00fcller Museum, Otterlo, The Netherlands (May 25 \u2013 July 8, 1991).", "opening_date": "1989-12-02T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Louise Bourgeois: Recent Work 1984-1989</em>. Riverside Studios, London (May 2 \u2013 June 17, 1990).", "opening_date": "1990-06-17T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Louise Bourgeois: The Locus of Memory, Works 1982-1993</em>. Brooklyn Museum of Art, Brooklyn, NY (co-organizer) (April 22 \u2013 July 31, 1994); The Corcoran Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C (co-organizer) (September 23, 1994 \u2013 January 15, 1995); Galerie Rudolfinum, Prague, Czech Republic (March 15 \u2013 May 28, 1995); Mus\u00e9e d\u2019Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris (June 23 \u2013 October 8, 1995).", "opening_date": "1994-07-31T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Louise Bourgeois [1911-2010], New York, NY, possibly consigned to Robert Miller Gallery, New York, NY", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1984-?", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "(Robert Miller Gallery, New York, NY)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "?-?", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "(Galerie Karsten Greve, Cologne, Germany, 1995, sold to private collector)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "?-1995", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "Private Collector", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1995-?", "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "(Christie's, NY, May, 14, 2002, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "2002", "sortorder": 5}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "2002-", "sortorder": 6}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Historians have made connections between the bulging, rounded forms in <em>Blind Man's Buff </em>and representations of Artemis of Ephesus, the goddess of fertility in Greek mythology, and the Venus of Willendorf, one of the earliest ancient art objects discovered.", "description": "Wit and play are essential elements throughout Louise Bourgeois's work. Here the work's title is a variation on \"Blind Man's Bluff,\" the child's game in which a blindfolded person must look for fellow players using only sound and touch. The artist's revision of \"bluff\" to \"buff\" has a dual meaning. It evokes the method of smoothing or \"buffing\" marble, which was part of the work's production. \"Buff\" also relates to the sculpture's evocation of nude body parts, both male and female. The allusion to nudity is reinforced by the fabric folds visible at the sculpture's edges, as if clothing has been cast aside.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79986260"], "internet_archive": []}, "citations": [{"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, \u201c<em>Blind Man\u2019s Buff</em>, Rare Sculpture by Modern Master Louise Bourgeois, Acquired for Contemporary Collection,\u201d May 15, 2002, Cleveland Museum of Art Archives.", "page_number": null, "url": "https://archive.org/details/cmapr4452"}, {"citation": "Grove, Jeffrey D., \"Blind Man's Buff\", Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Cleveland Art: The Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em>. Vol. 43 no. 04, April 2003", "page_number": "Mentioned & reproduced: p. 8-9", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2003-04/page/n7"}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 120", "url": ""}, {"citation": "\u201cCalendar.\u201d <em>The Burlington Magazine</em> 144, no. 1197 (December 2002).", "page_number": "Reproduced p. 786", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bal, Mieke. <em>Louise Bourgeois' Spider: The Architecture of Art-Writing</em>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001.", "page_number": "Reproduced p. 67; mentioned p. 66", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bernadac, Marie-Laure, and Louise Bourgeois. <em>Louise Bourgeois.</em> Paris: Flammarion, 1996.", "page_number": "Reproduced p. 106", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bernadac, Marie-Laure, and Louise Bourgeois. <em>Louise Bourgeois</em>. Paris: Flammarion, 2006.", "page_number": "Reproduced p. 123", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bourgeois, Louise, Lynne Cooke, Be\u0301atrice Parent, and Suzanne Page\u0301. <em>Louise Bourgeois; Sculptures, environnements, dessins 1938-1995</em>. Paris: Paris-Muse\u0301es, 1995.", "page_number": "Reproduced p. 161", "url": null}, {"citation": "Jahn, Andrea, and Louise Bourgeois. <em>Louise Bourgeois: Subversionen des Ko\u0308rpers : die Kunst der 40er bis 70er Jahre</em>. Berlin: Reimer, 1999.", "page_number": "Reproduced p. 202, Fig. 106; mentioned p. 199.", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bourgeois, Louise, Charlotta Kotik, Terrie Sultan, and Christian Leigh.<em> Louise Bourgeois: The Locus of Memory, Works 1982-1993</em>. New York: H.N. Abrams, 1994.", "page_number": "Reproduced p. 90, Plate 5; mentioned p. 56.", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bourgeois, Louise, and Stuart Morgan. <em>Louise Bourgeois</em>. Cincinnati, Ohio: Taft Museum, 1987.", "page_number": "Reproduced p. 34-35.", "url": null}, {"citation": "Morris, Frances, Paulo Herkenhoff, and Marie-Laure Bernadac.<em> Louise Bourgeois</em>. London: Tate Pub, 2007.", "page_number": "Reproduced p. 59, Fig. 42; mentioned pgs. 58 and 60.", "url": null}, {"citation": "Heartney, Eleanor, Helaine Posner, Nancy Princenthal, and Sue Scott. <em>After the Revolution: Women Who Transformed Contemporary Art</em>. 2013.", "page_number": "Reproduced p. 42; mentioned p. 43", "url": null}, {"citation": "Gorovoy, Jerry, Louise Bourgeois, Pandora Tabatabai Asbaghi, and Paulo Herkenhoff. <em>Louise Bourgeois: blue days and pink days</em>. Milan: Fondazione Prada, 1997.", "page_number": "Reproduced p. 165.", "url": null}, {"citation": "Storr, Robert, Louise Bourgeois, Paulo Herkenhoff, and Allan Schwartzman. <em>Louise Bourgeois</em>. London: Phaidon Press, 2003.", "page_number": "Reproduced and mentioned p. 70.", "url": null}, {"citation": "Tani, Ellen Y., and Amanda Cachia. <em>Second Sight: The Paradox of Vision in Contemporary Art</em>. Exh. Cat. Brunswick, ME: Bowdoin College Museum of Art, 2018.", "page_number": "Reproduced p. 35, Fig. 18; mentioned p. 35-36.", "url": null}, {"citation": "Christie\u2019s. <em>Post-War and Contemporary.</em> New York: Christie\u2019s, 16 May 2013, Lot 233.", "page_number": "Reproduced p. 262.", "url": null}, {"citation": "Christie\u2019s. <em>Post-War and Contemporary.</em> New York: Christie\u2019s, 14 May 2002, Lot 28.", "page_number": "Reproduced p. 82.", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kim, Tina. <em>Kukje Gallery: 25 Years</em>. Seoul: Kukje Gallery, 2007.", "page_number": "Reproduced p. 19.", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Louise Bourgeois: Femme</em>. Exh. Cat. Baltimore, MD: Walters Art Museum, 2006.", "page_number": "Reproduced p. 23.", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bourgeois, Louise. <em>Louise Bourgeois: Recent Work 1984-1989</em>. London: Riverside Studios, 1990.", "page_number": "Reproduced p. 28.", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Louise Bourgeois: Sculpture, Drawings and Prints</em>. Exh. Cat. Jena, Germany: St\u00e4dtischen Museen Jena, 2010.", "page_number": "Reproduced p. 18 and 53.", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bourgeois, Louise, and Xavier Tricot.<em> Un Salon Pour Louise Bourgeois</em>. Oudenburg [Belgium]: Foundation De Elf Lijnen, 2006.", "page_number": "Reproduced pgs. 22-23.", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bourgeois, Louise. <em>Louise Bourgeois: Rijksmuseum Kro\u0308ller-Mu\u0308ller, Otterlo, 25 Mei - 8 Juli 1991</em>. Schaffhausen [Switzerland]: Verlag Photographic AG, 1989.", "page_number": "Reproduced pgs. 34 and 151.", "url": null}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/2002.29", "images": {}, "alternate_images": [], "creditline": "Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 162292, "creators": [{"id": 6371, "description": "Louise Bourgeois (American, 1911\u20132010)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1911", "death_year": "2010", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "2002-05-14T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1984, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1984", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "cover", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": true, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:09:07.376000"}, {"id": 99417, "accession_number": "1919.1.1", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Stained Glass Panel with Male Donor, c. 1480. France, 15th century. Pot metal, white glass with silver stain; overall: 156 x 43.5 x 1.5 cm (61 7/16 x 17 1/8 x 9/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Dudley P. Allen Fund, 1919.1.1", "current_location": "110B Late Gothic", "title": "Stained Glass Panel with Male Donor", "creation_date": "c. 1480", "creation_date_earliest": 1475, "creation_date_latest": 1485, "artists_tags": [], "culture": ["France, 15th century"], "technique": "pot metal, white glass with silver stain", "support_materials": [], "department": "Medieval Art", "collection": "MED - Gothic", "type": "Glass", "measurements": "Overall: 156 x 43.5 x 1.5 cm (61 7/16 x 17 1/8 x 9/16 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"height": 1.56, "width": 0.435, "depth": 0.015}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [], "legacy": []}, "provenance": [{"description": "Henry Daguerre, New York, NY, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "-1919", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1919-", "sortorder": 2}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": ["1919.7", "1919.1"], "did_you_know": "The brilliant colors of this stained glass panel were produced by adding different materials to molten glass, creating a reaction that resulted in specific colors. The metal supports for the individual pieces of glass are made from pot metal, an alloy, or mixture, of copper and iron.", "description": "The origin of these stained glass panels is unknown. They depict a male and female donor, presumably husband and wife, who gaze upon a now-lost central panel. The object of their devotions was likely a crucified Christ or a standing figure of the Virgin Mary. The man, dressed in armor, and the woman, wearing a bejeweled and richly embroidered gown, are accompanied by their coats-of-arms (unidentified). They are undoubtedly members of an aristocratic elite who commissioned these windows, perhaps for a family chapel.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60761143"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1919.1.1-stained-glass-panel"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "\"Accessions.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 6, no. 2 (1919): 37-38.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 37", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25136263"}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1919.1.1", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1919.1.1/1919.1.1_web.jpg", "width": "401", "height": "893", "filesize": "76779", "filename": "1919.1.1_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1919.1.1/1919.1.1_print.jpg", "width": "1527", "height": "3400", "filesize": "824704", "filename": "1919.1.1_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1919.1.1/1919.1.1_full.tif", "width": "2900", "height": "6453", "filesize": "56174584", "filename": "1919.1.1_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [], "creditline": "Dudley P. Allen Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 99417, "creators": [], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1919-01-22T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1475, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 1480", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "component", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": "1919.1", "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:03:45.199000"}, {"id": 169187, "accession_number": "2011.110", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Indian Combat, 1868. Edmonia Lewis (American, c. 1844\u20131907). Marble; overall: 76.2 x 48.3 x 36.5 cm (30 x 19 x 14 3/8 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, American Painting and Sculpture Sundry Purchase Fund and Purchase from the J. H. Wade Fund, 2011.110", "current_location": null, "title": "Indian Combat", "creation_date": "1868", "creation_date_earliest": 1868, "creation_date_latest": 1868, "artists_tags": ["female", "Black American Artists"], "culture": ["America"], "technique": "marble", "support_materials": [], "department": "American Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "American - Sculpture", "type": "Sculpture", "measurements": "Overall: 76.2 x 48.3 x 36.5 cm (30 x 19 x 14 3/8 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"height": 0.762, "width": 0.483, "depth": 0.365}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "The base of the sculpture is inscribed: \"EDMONIA LEWIS / FECIT A ROME 1868\"\r\n", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 441598, "title": "Artlens Exhibition 2019", "description": "<i>Artlens Exhibition 2019</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer).", "opening_date": "2019-06-11T04:00:00"}, {"id": 685928, "title": "Edmonia Lewis: Said in Stone", "description": "<i>Edmonia Lewis: Said in Stone</i>. Peabody Essex Museum, Salem, MA (organizer) (February 14-June 7, 2026) https://www.pem.org/exhibitions/edmonia-lewis-said-in-stone; Georgia Museum of Art, Athens, GA (August 8, 2026-January 3, 2027); North Carolina Museum of Art, Raleigh, NC (April 3-July 11, 2027).", "opening_date": "2026-02-14T05:00:00"}], "legacy": []}, "provenance": [{"description": "[Unidentified antique/estate consignment shop, Newton, MA]", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1950s", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "William (1916-2006) and Betty (1926-2010) Bresnick, Weston, MA", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1950s-2010", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "[Gabriel's Auctioneers and Appraisers, Norwood, MA]", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "2010", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "[Gerald Peters Gallery, New York]", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "2010-2011", "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "2011", "sortorder": 5}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Growing up in her Ojibwe community, Lewis went by a name that translates as \"Wildfire.\"", "description": "A spiraling composition with three intertwined figures, <em>Indian Combat </em>ranks as Edmonia Lewis\u2019s most dynamic and complex creation. Although her Native American subjects typically exist in multiple versions, this example appears to be unique. Of Indigenous (Ojibwe) and African American ancestry, Edmonia Lewis studied at Oberlin College and apprenticed with a sculptor in Boston before moving to Rome in 1866. Her sculptures were readily purchased by patrons on both sides of the Atlantic.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60780965"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-2011.110-indian-combat"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Ausherman, Maria, <em>Masters of Shape: The Lives and Art of American Women Sculptors. </em>(Novato, CA: Goff Books, 2022).", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced, p. 71.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Wilder, Jesse Bryant, <em>Art History for Dummies.</em> 2nd edition. (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley &amp; Sons, 2022).", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced, p. 272.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "\"Teach to Learn,\" <em>Cleveland Art</em> 59 (May/June 2019).", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced, p. 5.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Richmond-Moll, Jeffrey, Shawnya L. Harris, et al. <em>Edmonia Lewis : Said in Stone</em>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2026.", "page_number": "Mentioned, pp. 31-32, 103, 115, and 216.  Reproduced, p. 156.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Richmond-Moll, Jeffrey, \"Edmonia Lewis: Said in Stone,\" <em>American Art Review</em> (February-April 2026).", "page_number": "Reproduced, p. 76.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Huidekoper, Alfred. <em>Glimpses of Europe in 1851 and 1867-8</em>. Meadeville, Pa.: Printed for the Author, 1882.<br>Published as: <em>Indians Wrestling</em>", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 184", "url": "https://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/30719924.html"}, {"citation": "Gerdts, William H. \"Celebrities of the Grand Tour: The American Sculptors in Florence and Rome.\" In <em>Lure of Italy: American Artists and the Italian Experience, 1760-1914. </em>Theodore E. Stebbins, ed., 66-93. Boston, MA: Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, 1992.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 89, as Indians Wrestling.", "url": null}, {"citation": "Litt, Steven. \"Museum Acquires Rare Sculpture.\" <em>The Plain Dealer </em>(November 11, 2011): B2.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. B2", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cole, Mark. \"Indian Combat.\" In <em>Treasures of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art London; United Kingdom: Scala Books, 2012.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 260-261", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Museums.\" <em>The Art Newspaper </em>21 (January 2012): 13-25.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P.25", "url": null}, {"citation": "Franklin, David. \"Recent Acquisitions (2005\u201411) at the Cleveland Museum of Art.\" <em>The Burlington Magazine</em> 154, no. 1312 (July 2012): 525-32.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 530", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/23232806"}, {"citation": "Cole, Mark and Helen Forbes-Fields. <em>African American Art: The Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. [Cleveland, Ohio]: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2013.", "page_number": "reproduced: p.2; Mentioned: p.3", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 49", "url": ""}, {"citation": "\"Education. Teach to Learn.\" <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine </em>59, no. 3 (May/June 2019): 5-11.", "page_number": "Reproduced and Mentioned: P. 5", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2019-03/page/n1/mode/2up"}, {"citation": "Woods, Naurice Frank. <em>Race and Racism in Nineteenth-Century Art: The Ascendency of Robert Duncanson, Edward Bannister, and Edmonia Lewis</em>. Jackson : University Press of Mississippi, 2021.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 163-164, fig. 3.5", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Ware, Zaria. Blk Art: The Audacious Legacy of Black Artists and Models in Western Art. New York, NY : Harper Design, an imprint of HarperCollinsPublishers, 2023.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 171", "url": ""}, {"citation": "\"Meet Your Membership Team.\u201d <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine </em>65, no. 1 (2025): 36-37.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 36", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM-2025-01"}, {"citation": "Richmond-Moll, Jeffrey, Shawnya L. Harris, Amy Jones Abbe, Caitlin Meehye Beach, Gloria Jane Bell, Makeda Best, et al. <em>Edmonia Lewis : Said in Stone. </em>Salem, Massachusetts, Athens, Georgia, Chicago: Peabody Essex Museum ; Georgia Museum of Art, University of Georgia ; in association with The University of Chicago Press, 2026.", "page_number": "Mentioned, pp. 31-32, 103, 115, and 216.  Reproduced, p. 156.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Richmond-Moll, Jeffrey. \u201cEdmonia Lewis: Said in Stone.\u201d <em>American Art Review</em> 212 (February-April 2026): 76-79.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 76", "url": ""}, {"citation": "O'Hern, John. \u201cWhere There Is A Will.\u201d <em>American Fine Art Magazine</em>, n. 86 (March/April 2026): 38-43.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 43", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/2011.110", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/2011.110/2011.110_web.jpg", "width": "740", "height": "893", "filesize": "247827", "filename": "2011.110_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/2011.110/2011.110_print.jpg", "width": "2817", "height": "3400", "filesize": "5543744", "filename": "2011.110_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/2011.110/2011.110_full.tif", "width": "4193", "height": "5059", "filesize": "63688336", "filename": "2011.110_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2011-09-08T17:27:26", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2011.110/2011.110_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "719", "height": "893", "filesize": "249191"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2011.110/2011.110_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "2738", "height": "3400", "filesize": "5510805"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2011.110/2011.110_alt0_full.tif", "width": "4058", "height": "5038", "filesize": "61391408"}}, {"date_created": "2011-09-09T12:57:58", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2011.110/2011.110_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "689", "height": "893", "filesize": "239493"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2011.110/2011.110_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "2623", "height": "3400", "filesize": "5237878"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2011.110/2011.110_alt1_full.tif", "width": "3814", "height": "4942", "filesize": "56602428"}}, {"date_created": "2011-09-09T13:40:34", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2011.110/2011.110_alt2_web.jpg", "width": "675", "height": "893", "filesize": "235308"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2011.110/2011.110_alt2_print.jpg", "width": "2571", "height": "3400", "filesize": "5040763"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2011.110/2011.110_alt2_full.tif", "width": "3830", "height": "5064", "filesize": "58243912"}}, {"date_created": "2011-09-09T14:19:05", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2011.110/2011.110_alt3_web.jpg", "width": "765", "height": "893", "filesize": "281750"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2011.110/2011.110_alt3_print.jpg", "width": "2912", "height": "3400", "filesize": "5972022"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2011.110/2011.110_alt3_full.tif", "width": "4024", "height": "4698", "filesize": "56765440"}}, {"date_created": "2011-09-09T15:00:30", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2011.110/2011.110_alt4_web.jpg", "width": "715", "height": "893", "filesize": "239003"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2011.110/2011.110_alt4_print.jpg", "width": "2723", "height": "3400", "filesize": "5395016"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2011.110/2011.110_alt4_full.tif", "width": "4015", "height": "5012", "filesize": "60418388"}}, {"date_created": "2011-09-09T15:22:19", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2011.110/2011.110_alt5_web.jpg", "width": "743", "height": "893", "filesize": "247580"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2011.110/2011.110_alt5_print.jpg", "width": "2830", "height": "3400", "filesize": "5579601"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2011.110/2011.110_alt5_full.tif", "width": "4166", "height": "5004", "filesize": "62598328"}}], "creditline": "American Painting and Sculpture Sundry Purchase Fund and Purchase from the J. H. Wade Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": "7723feae34eb441fa9f74dd330b7b7d5", "sketchfab_url": "https://sketchfab.com/models/7723feae34eb441fa9f74dd330b7b7d5", "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 169187, "creators": [{"id": 61503, "description": "Edmonia Lewis (American, c. 1844\u20131907)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1844", "death_year": "1907", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "2011-09-06T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1868, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1868", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": true, "updated_at": "2026-04-17 19:30:47.552000"}, {"id": 113164, "accession_number": "1932.179", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "A Bridal Couple, c. 1470. Southern Germany, 15th century. Oil on panel; framed: 77.5 x 51 x 8.1 cm (30 1/2 x 20 1/16 x 3 3/16 in.); unframed: 62.3 x 36.5 cm (24 1/2 x 14 3/8 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Delia E. Holden and L. E. Holden Funds, 1932.179", "current_location": null, "title": "A Bridal Couple", "creation_date": "c. 1470", "creation_date_earliest": 1465, "creation_date_latest": 1475, "artists_tags": [], "culture": ["Southern Germany, 15th century"], "technique": "oil on panel", "support_materials": [], "department": "Medieval Art", "collection": "MED - Medieval Art", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 77.5 x 51 x 8.1 cm (30 1/2 x 20 1/16 x 3 3/16 in.); Unframed: 62.3 x 36.5 cm (24 1/2 x 14 3/8 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 0.775, "width": 0.51, "depth": 0.081}, "unframed": {"height": 0.623, "width": 0.365}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 312517, "title": "The Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition", "description": "<i>The Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 26-October 4, 1936).", "opening_date": "1936-06-26T04:00:00"}, {"id": 312374, "title": "Masterpieces of Art from the New York and San Francisco World's Fairs", "description": "<i>Masterpieces of Art from the New York and San Francisco World's Fairs</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (February 7-March 7, 1940).", "opening_date": "1940-02-07T05:00:00"}, {"id": 312341, "title": "The Silver Jubilee Exhibition", "description": "<i>The Silver Jubilee Exhibition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 23-September 28, 1941).", "opening_date": "1941-06-23T04:00:00"}, {"id": 213494, "title": "Jahreszeiten der Gef\u00fchle - Das Gothaer Liebespaar und die Kunst der Hohen Minne im Sp\u00e4tmittelalter", "description": "<i>Jahreszeiten der Gef\u00fchle - Das Gothaer Liebespaar und die Kunst der Hohen Minne im Sp\u00e4tmittelalter</i>. Schlossmuseum, Gotha (organizer) (May 2-June 28, 1998).", "opening_date": "1998-05-02T00:00:00"}, {"id": 184466, "title": "Object in Focus:  A Bridal Couple", "description": "<i>Object in Focus:  A Bridal Couple</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (March 12-May 12, 2002).", "opening_date": "2002-03-12T00:00:00"}, {"id": 180667, "title": "Sacred Gifts and Worldly Treasures: Medieval Masterworks from the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Sacred Gifts and Worldly Treasures: Medieval Masterworks from the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. National Museum of Bavaria, Munich, Germany (May 10-September 16, 2007); J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, CA (October 30, 2007-January 20, 2008); Frist Art Museum, Nashville, TN (February 13-June 7, 2009).", "opening_date": "2007-05-10T00:00:00"}, {"id": 681998, "title": "Spectrum of Desire: Love Sex and Gender in the Middle Ages", "description": "<i>Spectrum of Desire: Love Sex and Gender in the Middle Ages</i>. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY (organizer) (October 16, 2025-March 29, 2026) https://www.metmuseum.org/exhibitions/spectrum-of-desire-love-sex-and-gender-in-the-middle-ages.", "opening_date": "2025-10-16T04:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>European Art 1450-1500</em>, Brooklyn Museum, New York, NY, (May 8- June 8,1936).", "opening_date": "1936-01-01T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "L. Schutzenberger, Strasbourg, France", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1825-1903", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "Andr\u00e9 Weil, Paris, France", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1903-?", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "(Wildenstein & Co., NY, New York), sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "?-1932", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1932-", "sortorder": 4}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "This painting inspired internationally renowned Finnish composer Kaija Saariaho to write a piece of music titled \"Orion\" after she visited the museum.", "description": "This painting depicting a recently married aristocratic couple is filled with symbolism. The various floral elements represent love and fertility, while the colors of their clothes suggest not only their relationship but also chastity, love, and modesty. What details might you choose to symbolize a young couple in love?", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27214233"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1932.179-a-bridal-couple"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Burger, Fritz, Hermann Schmitz, and Ignaz Beth.<em> Die deutsche Malerei vom ausgehenden Mittelalter bis zum Fnde der Renaissance. </em>Berlin-Neubabelsberg: Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft Athenaion m.b.h, 1913.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Art Digest</em> (November. 1, 1932).", "page_number": "p. 6", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Two New Paintings\u2014Cleveland.\" <em>The American Magazine of Art</em> 25, no. 6 (1932).", "page_number": "p. 357", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/23954776"}, {"citation": "<em>Illustrated London News</em> (Nov. 5, 1932).", "page_number": "p. 708", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Art News</em> (October 22, 1932).", "page_number": "p. 4", "url": null}, {"citation": "H. S. F. \"A German Primitive of the Swabian School.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 19, no. 8 (1932)", "page_number": "pp. 127-131", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25137494"}, {"citation": "<em>Magazine of Art </em>(October 1932).", "page_number": "p. 4", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Creative Art</em> (November 1932).", "page_number": "p. 72, cover", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Gazette des Beaux-Arts</em> (December 1932).", "page_number": "p. 328", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Pantheon</em> (April 1933).", "page_number": "p. 132", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Beaux-Arts</em> (January 6, 1933).", "page_number": "p. 4", "url": null}, {"citation": "Tietze, Hans. <em>Meisterwerke europa\u0308ischer Malerei in Amerika, mit u\u0308ber 300 Kupfertiefdrucktafeln.</em> Wien: Phaidon-Verlag, 1935.", "page_number": "p. 198", "url": null}, {"citation": "Naumann, Hans Heinrich \"Le premier \u00e9l\u00e8ve de Martin Schongauer: Mathias Nithart,\" <em>Archives alsaciennes</em>, XIV (1935).", "page_number": "pp. 7, 61-64, 145", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Art News</em> (May 16, 1936).", "page_number": "p. 6", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Art News</em> (June 13, 1936).", "page_number": "p. 11", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Brooklyn Museum Quarterly</em> (1936).", "page_number": "pp. 124-5, 134, 136", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kuhn, Charles Louis, and Arthur Burkhard. <em>A Catalogue of German Paintings of the Middle Ages and Renaissance in American Collections</em>. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1936.", "page_number": "no. 244", "url": null}, {"citation": "Thieme, Ulrich, and Hans Vollmer.<em> Allgemeines Lexikon der bildenden K\u00fcnstler von der Antike bis zur Gegenwart 29/30 29/30</em>. Leipzig: Seemann, 1999.", "page_number": "p. 251", "url": null}, {"citation": "Brooklyn Museum. <em>An Exhibition of European Art, 1450-1500.</em> 1936.", "page_number": "cat. no. 38", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Catalogue of the Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition of the Cleveland Museum of Art: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition : June Twenty-Sixth to October Fourth 1936.</em> [Cleveland, Ohio]: [Cleveland Museum of Art], 1936.", "page_number": "cat. no. 190, pl. XLII", "url": ""}, {"citation": "\"Les Amants Tr\u00e9pass\u00e9s, Peinture de Gr\u00fcnewald,\" <em>Aesculape</em>, XXVI (1937).", "page_number": "p. 192", "url": null}, {"citation": "Muse\u0301e des beaux arts de Strasbourg. <em>Catalogue des peintures anciennes</em>. Strasbourg: E\u0301dition des Muse\u0301es de la Ville, 1938.", "page_number": "p. 11, cat. no. 10", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Life Magazine</em> (February 7, 1938).", "page_number": "p. 30", "url": null}, {"citation": "Marquand, Eleanor C. \"Plant Symbolism in the Unicorn Tapestries.\" <em>Parnassus</em> 10, no. 5 (1938).", "page_number": "p. 3", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/771669"}, {"citation": "<em>Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> (July 1939).", "page_number": "p. 127", "url": null}, {"citation": "Tietze, Hans. M<em>asterpieces of European Painting in America</em>. New York: Oxford University Press, 1939.", "page_number": "p. 198", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Masterpieces of Art</em> (official souvenir, guide, and picture book of exhibition at World Fair (publ. By Art News, New York, 1939).", "page_number": "pl. 52", "url": null}, {"citation": "Francis, Henry. \"Loans to Important Exhibitions.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art </em>26, no. 7 (July 1939): 123", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 123; Reproduced: p. 127", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25138029"}, {"citation": "Janson, Horst W. \"A \"Memento Mori\" among Early Italian Prints.\" <em>Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes</em> 3, no. 3/4 (1940).", "page_number": "p. 246", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/750277"}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, and William Mathewson Milliken.<em> Masterpieces of Art from the New York and San Francisco World's Fairs; The Cleveland Museum of Art, February 7 Through March 7, 1940.</em> 1940.", "page_number": "cat. no. 140", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Milliken, William. \"Silver Jubilee Exhibition.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art </em>28, no.6 (June 1941): 88-108", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 92", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25140932"}, {"citation": "Gibson, Katharine. <em>Pictures to Grow Up With.</em> New York: Studio Publications, 1942.", "page_number": "p. 108", "url": null}, {"citation": "Shoolman, Regina, and Charles E. Slatkin. <em>The Enjoyment of Art in America, A Survey of the Permanent Collections of Painting, Sculpture, Ceramics &amp; Decorative Arts in American and Canadian Museums: Being an Introduction to the Masterpieces of Art from Prehistoric to Modern Times.</em> Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1942.", "page_number": "pl. 41", "url": null}, {"citation": "Francis, Henry S. \"The Lovers: A Swabian Gothic Picture of Secular Life in the Fifteenth Century,\" <em>Gazette des Beaux-Arts</em> XXIV (1943).", "page_number": "pp. 343-354", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kertesz, M. Wagner de. <em>Historia universal de las joyas. </em>Buenos Aires: Ediciones Centurion, 1945.", "page_number": "p. 387", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Paintings in the Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> [Cleveland]: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1945.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 42", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAPaintings1945/page/n50"}, {"citation": "Musper, Heinrich Theodor \"Ein Ulmer Verl\u00f6bnisbild,\" <em>Die Kunst und das Sch\u00f6ne Heim</em> XLVII (1949).", "page_number": "pp. 204-5", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lewis, L. \"Pictures of Germany in New York,\" <em>Staats-Zeiting und Herold</em> (Oct. 11, 1949).", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Wentzel, Hans. <em>Form und Inhalt; kunstgeschichtliche Studien, Otto Schmitt zum 60. Geburtstag am 13. Dezember 1950 dargebracht von seinen Freunden.</em> Stuttgart: W. Kohlhammer, 1950.", "page_number": "p. 260", "url": null}, {"citation": "Syndicus, Eduard \"Hochzeit und Tod - ein wiederentdecktes Bild,\" <em>Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Kunstwissenschaft</em> VI (1952).", "page_number": "pp. 48-9", "url": null}, {"citation": "Baldass, Ludwig. <em>Jan Van Eyck.</em> New York: Phaidon Publishers; distributed by Garden City Books, 1952.", "page_number": "p. 73, n. 3", "url": null}, {"citation": "Castelli, Enrico.<em> Cristianesimo e ragion di stato: l'umanesimo e il demoniaco nell'arte : atti del II. Congresso Internazionale di Studi Umanistici</em>. Roma: Bocca, 1953.", "page_number": "p. 254, pl. 28", "url": null}, {"citation": "Stange, Alfred.<em> Deutsche Malerei der Gotik.</em> Berlin: Deutscher Kunstverlag, 1952.", "page_number": "pp. 8, 9, 36, pl. 13", "url": null}, {"citation": "Buchner, Ernst.<em> Das deutsche Bildnis der Spa\u0308tgotik und der fru\u0308hen Du\u0308rerzeit. </em>Berlin: Deutscher Verein fu\u0308r Kunstwissenschaft, 1953.", "page_number": "pp. 170-1", "url": null}, {"citation": "Haug, Hans, \"Les Origines de l'element demoniaque: Grunewald,\" <em>Ati del II Congresso Internazionale di Studi Umanistici. Part II: l'Umanesimo e il Demoniaco nell'arte </em>(Rome 1953).", "page_number": "p. 254, pl. 28", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Francis, Henry S. \"Early German Painting in the Cleveland Museum of Art,\" <em>American-German Review </em>XXI/2 (1954-55).", "page_number": "p. 8", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bergstr\u00f6m, Ingvar \"Disguised Symbolism in Madonna Pictures and Still Life Part II\u201d, <em>Burlington Magazine</em> XCVII (1955).", "page_number": "p. 346, n.40", "url": null}, {"citation": "Rubens, Peter Paul, and Wolfgang Scho\u0308ne.<em> DIE GEISSBLATTLAUBE</em>. STUTTGART: RECLAM, 1956.", "page_number": "p. 12", "url": null}, {"citation": "Swarzenski, Hanns. \"A Painting of the Man of Sorrows.\" <em>Bulletin of the Museum of Fine Arts</em> 54, no. 298 (1956).", "page_number": "pp. 82-7", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/4171249"}, {"citation": "Behling, Lottlisa. <em>Die Pflanze in der mittelalterlichen Tafelmalerei. </em>Weimar: H. 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New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2024.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 23, fig. 11", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Miller, Scott D. \"Love in Mortal Time.\" In <em>Spectrum of Desire: Love, Sex, and Gender in the Middle Ages, </em>edited by Melanie Holcomb and Nancy Thebaut<em>, </em>118-120. 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Gilded copper, champlev\u00e9 enamel; the reverse decorated in vernis brun; overall: 19.8 x 17 x 3.2 cm (7 13/16 x 6 11/16 x 1 1/4 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Purchase from the J. H. 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The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 26-October 4, 1936).", "opening_date": "1936-06-26T04:00:00"}, {"id": 312341, "title": "The Silver Jubilee Exhibition", "description": "<i>The Silver Jubilee Exhibition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 23-September 28, 1941).", "opening_date": "1941-06-23T04:00:00"}, {"id": 355520, "title": "The Madonna in Art", "description": "<i>The Madonna in Art</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (December 9, 1947-February 9, 1948).", "opening_date": "1947-12-09T05:00:00"}, {"id": 518492, "title": "Masterpieces of Art", "description": "<i>Masterpieces of Art</i>. Smith College Museum of Art, Northampton, MA (organizer) (November 13-23, 1960).", "opening_date": "1960-11-13T05:00:00"}, {"id": 180667, "title": "Sacred Gifts and Worldly Treasures: Medieval Masterworks from the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Sacred Gifts and Worldly Treasures: Medieval Masterworks from the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. National Museum of Bavaria, Munich, Germany (May 10-September 16, 2007); J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, CA (October 30, 2007-January 20, 2008); Frist Art Museum, Nashville, TN (February 13-June 7, 2009).", "opening_date": "2007-05-10T00:00:00"}, {"id": 196195, "title": "Treasures of Heaven: Saints, Relics, and Devotion in Medieval Europe", "description": "<i>Treasures of Heaven: Saints, Relics, and Devotion in Medieval Europe</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 17, 2010-January 17, 2011).", "opening_date": "2010-10-17T00:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>Exposition d'Objects d'Art du Moyen Age et de la Renaissance</em>, Palais de Sagan, Paris, France (May-June, 1913).", "opening_date": "1913-05-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Arts of the Middle Ages</em>, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA (February 17-March 24, 1940).", "opening_date": "1940-02-17T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Enamel, an Historic Survey to the Present Day</em>, Cooper Union Museum, New York, NY (April 15-June 11, 1954).", "opening_date": "1954-04-15T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Masterpieces of Art</em>, Smith College Museum of Art, Northhampton, MA, (November 13-23, 1960).", "opening_date": "1960-11-13T05:00:00Z"}, {"description": "<em>Survival of the Gods: Classical Mythology in Medieval Art</em>, David Winton Bell Gallery, Brown University, Providence, RI (February 28 - March 29, 1987).", "opening_date": "1987-02-28T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Comtesse de Robiano, Brussels, Belgium", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "Charles Ducatel, Paris, France", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "?-1890", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "Albin Chalandon, Lyon, France, by inheritance to his son, Georges Chalandon", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1890-?", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "Georges Chalandon, Paris, France", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "(Arnold Seligmann, Rey, & Co., New York, NY sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "?-1926", "sortorder": 5}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1926-", "sortorder": 6}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "The outer lobes contain cabochons, gemstones that have been shaped and polished resulting in a rounded top and flat bottom, of garnet, glass, and quartz.", "description": "This pendant was made in the Rhine-Meuse region\u2014now in modern Belgium\u2014renowned for the production of fine metalwork objects, especially enamels. An enamel plaque depicting the enthroned Virgin and Christ child dominates the pendant. Four peripheral enamels depict angelic figures representing virtues: Humility, Virginity, Piety, and Mercy, each identified by an inscription. The pendant may have been made to serve as a reliquary to house a consecrated host. The refined craftsmanship and costly materials fittingly honor these sacred remains.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60755694"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1926.428-pendant-with-the-vir"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Roddaz, Camille de. <em>Les merveilles de l'art ancien en Belgique; ou, L'Art ancien a\u0300 l'exposition nationale de 1880.</em> Bruxelles: Rozez, 1890.", "page_number": "p. 17", "url": null}, {"citation": "Ho\u0302tel Drouot. <em>Objets d'art et de haute curiosit\u02b9e</em>. 1890.", "page_number": "p. 7, no. 1", "url": null}, {"citation": "Migeon, G. \"La collection de M.G. Chalandon,\" <em>Les Arts</em> (June, 1905).", "page_number": "pp. 20 & 26", "url": null}, {"citation": "Ricci, Seymour de. <em>Exposition d'objects d'art du moyen age et de la Renaissance; tires des collections particulieres de la France et de l'etranger organisee par la Marquise de Ganay a l'ancien Hotel De Sagen (Mai-Juin 1913).</em> Paris: Emile Levy, 1913.", "page_number": "pl. XLVI", "url": null}, {"citation": "Milliken, William M. \"Early Enamels in the Cleveland Museum of Art,\" <em>Connoisseur</em> (October 1926).", "page_number": "pp. 67-8", "url": null}, {"citation": "Milliken, William M. \"A Reliquary of Champlev\u00e9 Enamel from the Valley of the Meuse the J. H. Wade Collection.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 14, no. 4 (1927).", "page_number": "pp. 51-4", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25137017"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1928.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 15", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1928/page/n19"}, {"citation": "Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. <em>Arts of the Middle Ages</em>; A Loan Exhibition, February 17 to March 24, 1940. Boston, Mass: Museum of Fine Arts, 1940.", "page_number": "no. 244", "url": null}, {"citation": "Milliken, William. \"Silver Jubilee Exhibition.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art </em>28, no.6 (June 1941): 88-108", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 91; Reproduced: p. 97", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25140932"}, {"citation": "Bates, Kenneth F., and Laurence Schmeckebier. <em>Enameling: Principles and Practice.</em> Cleveland: World Pub. Co, 1951.", "page_number": "p. 86, fig. 47", "url": null}, {"citation": "Milliken, William. \"Four Champlev\u00e9 Enamel Panels.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art </em>38, no. 4 (April 1951): 72-74.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 72", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25141704"}, {"citation": "J. de Borchgrave d'Altena, \"\u00c9maux Mosans du XIIe Si\u00e8cle,\" <em>Reflects du Monde</em> 3 (1952).", "page_number": "p. 11", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cooper Union Museum for the Arts of Decoration, and Everett Parker Lesley. <em>Enamel, An Historic Survey to the Present Day.</em> 1954.", "page_number": "no. 27, fig. 3.", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Handbook.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 108", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1958/page/n33"}, {"citation": "Lowry, Bates.<em> The Visual Experience: An Introduction to Art. </em>Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1961.", "page_number": "p. 180", "url": null}, {"citation": "Verdier, Philippe \"Un monument in\u00e9dit de l'art mosan de XIIe si\u00e8cle,\" <em>Revue Belge</em> XXX (1961).", "page_number": "p. 127, 131, fig. 8", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bober, Harry \"Medieval Art at Cleveland\" <em>Apollo</em> LXXVII no. 22 (1963).", "page_number": "pp. 448, 454", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 49", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n73"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 49", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n71"}, {"citation": "Gauthier, Marie-Madeleine. <em>E\u0301maux du moyen a\u0302ge occidental. </em>[Paris]: Office du livre, 1973.", "page_number": "pp. 138-9, 352, no. 96", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kunsthalle Ko\u0308ln, Schnu\u0308tgen-Museum, Belgium, and Muse\u0301es royaux d'art et d'histoire (Belgium).<em> Rhein Und Maas</em>, Kunst Und Kultur, 800-1400. Eine Ausstellung Des Schnu\u0308tgen-Museums Der Stadt Ko\u0308ln Und Der Belgischen Ministerien Fu\u0308r Franzo\u0308sische Und Niederla\u0308ndische Kultur, Vom 14. Mai Bis 23. Juli 1972 in Der Kunsthalle Ko\u0308ln, Vom 15. September Bis 31. Oktober 1972 in Den Ko\u0308niglichen Museen U\u0308r Kunst Und Geschichte in Bru\u0308ssel. Ko\u0308ln: [Schnu\u0308tgen-Museum], 1972.", "page_number": "pp. 211, 213, figs. 26-7", "url": null}, {"citation": "Verdier, Philippe \"Emaux Mosans et Rheno-mosans dans les collections des Etats-Unis,\" <em>Revue Belge</em> XLIV (1975).", "page_number": "pp. 66-9", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 53", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n73"}, {"citation": "<em>Cahiers de Civilization Medievale</em> XXI\u00b0 Ann\u00e9e no. 2 (April-June 1978).", "page_number": "fig. 18", "url": null}, {"citation": "Verdier, Philippe \"The Twelfth-Century Chasse of St. Ode from Amay,\" <em>Wallraf-Richartz-Jahrbuch</em>, (1981).", "page_number": "p. 26, fig. 26", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kaelble, Brigitte. <em>Untersuchungen zur grossfigurigen Plastik des Samsonmeisters.</em> Du\u0308sseldorf: Schwann, 1981.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "De Winter, Patrick M. \"The Sacral Treasure of the Guelphs.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 72, no. 1 (1985).", "page_number": "pp. 62-3, fig. 69", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25159893"}, {"citation": "Kroos, Renate. <em>Der Schrein des Heiligen Servatius in Maastricht und die vier zugeho\u0308rigen Reliquiare in Bru\u0308ssel. </em>Mu\u0308nchen: Kommissionsverleger Deutscher Kunstverlag, 1985.", "page_number": "pp. 117, 130", "url": null}, {"citation": "Brown University, and David Winton Bell Gallery (Brown University). <em>Survival of the Gods: Classical Mythology in Medieval Art</em> : an Exhibition by the Department of Art, Brown University, Bell Gallery, List Art Center, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, February 28-March 29, 1987. Providence, R.I.: The Department, 1987.", "page_number": "no. 64", "url": null}, {"citation": "Tekippe, Rita, and Christine Verzar. <em>Procession, Piety, and Politics: Three Medieval Rheno-Mosan Reliquary Shrines and the Cult Communities for Bishop-Saints Servatius of Maastricht, Eleutherius of Tournai, and Remaclus of Stavelot</em>. Dissertation Abstracts International. 60-05. 1999. .", "page_number": "", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Eikelmann, Renate, Holger A. Klein, Stephen N. Fliegel, and Virginia Brilliant. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art: Meisterwerke von 300 bis 1550</em>. Mu\u0308nchen: Hirmer, 2007.", "page_number": "p. 132-3, no. 44", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, and Holger A. Klein. <em>Sacred Gifts and Worldly Treasures: Medieval Masterworks from the Cleveland Museum of Art. </em>Cleveland, Ohio: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2007.", "page_number": "p. 136-7, cat. no. 45", "url": null}, {"citation": "Fliegel, Stephen N. <em>Resplendent Faith: Liturgical Treasuries of the Middle Ages.</em> Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 2009.", "page_number": "p. 70, fig. 59", "url": null}, {"citation": "George, Philippe. <em>L'Oeuvre de la Meuse: Orfe\u0300vrerie mosane XIIe et XIIIe sie\u0300cle.</em> [Namur : Institut du Patrimoine Wallonie: Tr\u00e9sor de Li\u00e8ge : Arch\u00e9oforum, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned & reproduced: pp. 114-118, p;.15", "url": "http://www.europaethesauri.eu/files/CatalogueOeuvreMeuse.pdf"}, {"citation": "Chaganti, S. <em>Medieval Poetics of the Reliquary: Enshrinement, Inscription, Performance.</em> [Place of publication not identified]: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "George, Philippe, and Nigel Morgan. Orfe\u0300vrerie septentrionale, XIIe et XIIIe sie\u0300cle. Namur : Institut du Patrimoine Wallon, 2016.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 119", "url": ""}, {"citation": "George, Philippe. <em>Art et Patrimoine en Wallonie des Origines a\u0300 1789: Essai de Synthe\u0300se a\u0300 la Lumie\u0300re des Collections Ame\u0301ricaines et Europe\u0301ennes. </em>Namur: Institut du Patrimoine Wallon, 2017. N6969 .W3 G46 2017", "page_number": "Reproduced; p. [130]", "url": null}, {"citation": "R\u00e1cz, Bern\u00e1t. <em>The Twelfth-Century Mosan Reliquary of P\u00e9termonostora.</em> Bicester: Archaeopress Archaeology, 2025.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 77-79, fig. 73; p. 85-88, fig. 80", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1926.428", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1926.428/1926.428_web.jpg", "width": "867", "height": "900", "filesize": "210990", "filename": "1926.428_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1926.428/1926.428_print.jpg", "width": "3276", "height": "3400", "filesize": "2254710", "filename": "1926.428_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1926.428/1926.428_full.tif", "width": "5649", "height": "5862", "filesize": "99374216", "filename": "1926.428_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2007-01-12T15:57:22", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1926.428/1926.428_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "761", "height": "893", "filesize": "472700"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1926.428/1926.428_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "2899", "height": "3400", "filesize": "5227079"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1926.428/1926.428_alt0_full.tif", "width": "3484", "height": "4086", "filesize": "42739496"}}, {"date_created": "2007-01-12T16:14:00", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1926.428/1926.428_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "791", "height": "893", "filesize": "509899"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1926.428/1926.428_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "3012", "height": "3400", "filesize": "5625635"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1926.428/1926.428_alt1_full.tif", "width": "3638", "height": "4107", "filesize": "44857276"}}, {"date_created": "2014-07-14T11:15:57", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1926.428/1926.428_alt2_web.jpg", "width": "863", "height": "900", "filesize": "200476"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1926.428/1926.428_alt2_print.jpg", "width": "3262", "height": "3400", "filesize": "1960282"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1926.428/1926.428_alt2_full.tif", "width": "5699", "height": "5940", "filesize": "101587056"}}, {"date_created": "2014-08-28T10:57:53", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1926.428/1926.428_alt3_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "766", "filesize": "244625"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1926.428/1926.428_alt3_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2894", "filesize": "2384141"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1926.428/1926.428_alt3_full.tif", "width": "6752", "height": "5747", "filesize": "116440844"}}, {"date_created": "2014-08-28T11:41:05", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1926.428/1926.428_alt4_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "548", "filesize": "137239"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1926.428/1926.428_alt4_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2069", "filesize": "1243279"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1926.428/1926.428_alt4_full.tif", "width": "7327", "height": "4458", "filesize": "98019660"}}, {"date_created": "2014-08-28T13:55:43", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1926.428/1926.428_alt5_web.jpg", "width": "551", "height": "900", "filesize": "81650"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1926.428/1926.428_alt5_print.jpg", "width": "2082", "height": "3400", "filesize": "695070"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1926.428/1926.428_alt5_full.tif", "width": "4215", "height": "6884", "filesize": "87075140"}}], "creditline": "Purchase from the J. H. Wade Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 108743, "creators": [{"id": 9532, "description": "Godefroid de Huy (Netherlandish)", "extent": null, "qualifier": "circle of", "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1926-10-21T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1160, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 1160\u20131170", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Disk Reliquary: Virgin and Child Surrounded by the Four Cardinal Virtues"], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:04:03.492000"}, {"id": 118679, "accession_number": "1939.68", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Lazarus and the Rich Man, c. 1550. Jacopo Bassano (Italian, c. 1510\u20131592). Oil on canvas; framed: 176 x 251 x 12 cm (69 5/16 x 98 13/16 x 4 3/4 in.); unframed: 146 x 221 cm (57 1/2 x 87 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Delia E. Holden and L. E. Holden Funds, 1939.68", "current_location": "217 Italian Baroque", "title": "Lazarus and the Rich Man", "creation_date": "c. 1550", "creation_date_earliest": 1545, "creation_date_latest": 1555, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["Italy, 16th century"], "technique": "oil on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "P - Italian 16th & 17th Century", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 176 x 251 x 12 cm (69 5/16 x 98 13/16 x 4 3/4 in.); Unframed: 146 x 221 cm (57 1/2 x 87 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 1.76, "width": 2.51, "depth": 0.12}, "unframed": {"height": 1.46, "width": 2.21}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 312517, "title": "The Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition", "description": "<i>The Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 26-October 4, 1936).", "opening_date": "1936-06-26T04:00:00"}, {"id": 312341, "title": "The Silver Jubilee Exhibition", "description": "<i>The Silver Jubilee Exhibition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 23-September 28, 1941).", "opening_date": "1941-06-23T04:00:00"}, {"id": 311953, "title": "Classic to Baroque: A Style Change in the Arts", "description": "<i>Classic to Baroque: A Style Change in the Arts</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (September 30-November 13, 1949).", "opening_date": "1949-09-30T04:00:00"}, {"id": 300859, "title": "The Venetian Tradition", "description": "<i>The Venetian Tradition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (November 8, 1956-January 1, 1957).", "opening_date": "1956-11-08T05:00:00"}, {"id": 702417, "title": "Jacopo Bassano", "description": "<i>Jacopo Bassano</i>. Palazzo Ducale, Venice, Venice, Italy (organizer) (June 29-October 27, 1957).", "opening_date": "1957-06-29T04:00:00"}, {"id": 517521, "title": "The Italian Heritage; an exhibition of works of art lent from American collections for the benefit of the Committee to Rescue Italian Art (CRIA)", "description": "<i>The Italian Heritage; an exhibition of works of art lent from American collections for the benefit of the Committee to Rescue Italian Art (CRIA)</i>. Wildenstein & Co., New York, NY (organizer) (May 17-August 29, 1967).", "opening_date": "1967-05-17T04:00:00"}, {"id": 441878, "title": "Jacopo Bassano: A Quadricentennial Retrospective", "description": "<i>Jacopo Bassano: A Quadricentennial Retrospective</i>. Museo Civico, Sassoferrato, Italy (September 5-December 6, 1992); Kimbell Art Museum, Fort Worth, TX (organizer) (January 23-April 25, 1993).", "opening_date": "1992-09-05T04:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>American Art Dealers Association Exhibition</em>. Los Angeles, CA: (1929).", "opening_date": "1929-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Exhibition of Four Outstanding Venetian Canvases.</em> Gallery of Fine Arts, Columbus, OH: (1938).", "opening_date": "1938-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "The Fine Arts Gallery of San Diego, San Diego, CA: (August 1 to-August 31, 1938).", "opening_date": "1938-08-31T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Venetian Paintings from the Fifteenth through the Eighteenth Century</em>. California Palace of the Legion of Honor, San Francisco, CA: (June 24-July 24, 1939).", "opening_date": "1939-06-24T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Simonetti (Rome, Italy) 1905", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": null}, {"description": "Dan Fellows Platt, 1873-1928 (Englewood, New Jersey), upon his death, held in trust by the estate", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": null}, {"description": "Estate of Dan Fellows Platt, by gift to the Cleveland Museum of Art, 1939.", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": null}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "The Rich Man (far right) and Lazarus (far left) are both physically and socially opposed; while Lazarus reclines on the floor, the Rich Man relaxes on his lavish table.", "description": "The Biblical parable of Lazarus and the Rich Man (Luke 16:19-21) tells of a man who feasted and celebrated every day, while a beggar named Lazarus sat starving nearby. Dogs came to lick the sores on the poor man's body. However, when the two men died, Lazarus was welcomed into heaven, while the rich man was consigned to hell.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60514320"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1939.68-lazarus-and-the-rich"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Venturi, Adolfo. <em>Storia dell'Arte Italiana</em>. Milano: U. Hoepli, 1901.", "page_number": "Mentioned: Vol. IX, pt. 4, P. 1147, 1252; Reproduced: P. 1149, fig. 812", "url": null}, {"citation": "Perkins, F. Mason \"Dipinti Italiani nella Raccolta Platt.\" <em>Rassegna d'Arte Antica e Moderna</em> (1911): 145-149.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 147, n. 2", "url": null}, {"citation": "Brown, Alice Van Vechten, and William Rankin. <em>A Short History of Italian Painting</em>. London, United Kingdom: J.M. Dent &amp; Sons, 1914.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 343", "url": null}, {"citation": "Panama-Pacific International Exposition Company, and Jessie Niles Burness. <em>Sculpture and Mural Paintings in the Beautiful Courts, Colonnades and Avenues of the Panama-Pacific International Exposition at San Francisco 1915</em>. San Francisco: Robert A. Reid, official view Book publisher, 1915.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 4009, vol. I; p. 456 vol. II", "url": null}, {"citation": "Perkins, F. Mason \"Miscellanea.\" <em>Rassegna d'Arte Antica e Moderna</em> (1915): 121-125.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 121-122", "url": null}, {"citation": "Fiocco, Giuseppe. \"Pietro de'Marescalchi detto lo Spada.\" <em>Belvedere </em>VIII (1929): 211-225.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 214", "url": null}, {"citation": "Venturi, Adolfo. \"Jacopo Bassano.\" <em>L'Arte </em>XXXII, no. 16 (1929): 107-125.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 117-121; Reproduced: Fig. 8", "url": null}, {"citation": "Arslan, Edoardo. <em>I Bassano</em>. Bologna: Casa Apollo, 1931.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 343", "url": null}, {"citation": "Francis, Henry S. \"Lazarus and the Rich Man by Jacopo Bassano.\" <em>The </em>B<em>ulletin of The Cleveland Museum of Art XXVI</em> no.10 (December, 1939): 155-158.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 156", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Paintings in the Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> [Cleveland]: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1945.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 56", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAPaintings1945/page/n64"}, {"citation": "Longhi, Roberto. \"Calepino Veneziano.\" <em>Arte Veneta: Rivista di Storia dell'Arte </em>II (1948): 41-55.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 54", "url": null}, {"citation": "Magagnato, Licisco. \"In Margine alla Mostra dei Bassano.\" <em>Arte Veneta: Rivista di Storia dell'Arte </em>VI (1952): 220-229.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 226; reproduced: P. 225, fig. 240", "url": null}, {"citation": "Pigler, Andor. <em>Barockthemen, eine Auswahl von Verzeichnissen zur Ikonographie des 17. und 18. Jahrhunderts</em>. Budapest, Hungary: Verlag der Ungarischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1956.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 369, vol. I", "url": null}, {"citation": "Magagnato, Licisco. \"Jacopo Bassano intorno al 1540.\" <em>Critica Critica d'Arte </em>No. 13-14 (1956): 103-106.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 106; Reproduced: Pl. 110, 111", "url": null}, {"citation": "Berenson, Bernard. <em>Italian Pictures of the Renaissance; A List of the Principal Artists and Their Works with an Index of Places. Venetian School</em>. New York, NY: Phaidon Publishers; distributed by Garden City Books, 1957.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 17. vol. !, p. 1197, vol. II", "url": null}, {"citation": "Fiocco, Giuseppe. \"Francesco Vecellio e Jacopo Bassano.\" <em>Arte Veneta: Rivista di Storia dell'Arte </em>XI (1957): 91-96.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 96", "url": null}, {"citation": "Podesta, Attilio. \"La Mostra di Jacopo Bassano.\" <em>Emporium </em>CXXVI, no. 7 (July 1957): 3-23.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 14", "url": null}, {"citation": "Muraro, Michelangelo. \"The Jacopo Bassano Exhibition.\" <em>The Burlington Magazine</em> 99, no. 654 (September 1957): 291-99.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 295-296; reproduced: fig. 1", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/872092"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Handbook.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 421", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1958/page/n77"}, {"citation": "Nicolson, Benedict. <em>Hendrick Terbrugghen</em>. London, United Kingdom: L. Humphries, 1958.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 102", "url": null}, {"citation": "Zampetti, Pietro. <em>Jacopo Bassano</em>. Roma, Italy: Istituto poligrafico dello Stato, Libreria dello Stato, 1958.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 36, pl. XLII-XLIV", "url": null}, {"citation": "Myers, Bernard S. <em>Encyclopedia of World Art. </em>New York: McGraw-Hill, 1959.", "page_number": "Mentioned: Vol. II, p. 403", "url": null}, {"citation": "Arslan, Edoardo. <em>I Bassano.</em> Milano: Ceschina, 1960.", "page_number": "Mentioned: Vol. I, p. 65-66; 84; 90; 95, n.48; 96, n. 57; 97; 166; 317; Reproduced: Vol. II, pls. 94-98", "url": null}, {"citation": "Askew, Pamela. \"The Parable Paintings of Domenico Fetti.\" <em>The Art Bulletin</em> 43, no. 1 (March 1961): 21-45.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 32", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/3047929"}, {"citation": "Jaffe, Michael. \u201cCleveland Museum of Art: The Figurative Arts of the West, c. 1400-1800.\u201d <em>Apollo: The International Magazine for Collectors</em> 78 (December 1963): 457\u2013467.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 467", "url": null}, {"citation": "Ballarin, Alessandro. \"L'Orto del Bassano.\" <em>Arte Veneta: Rivista di Storia dell'Arte </em>XVIII (1964): 55-72.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 66-67; reproduced: fig. 72", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 98", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n122"}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Selected Works: Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. 1967.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 141", "url": null}, {"citation": "Committee to Rescue Italian Art, and Wildenstein and Company. <em>The Italian Heritage; An Exhibition of Works of Art Lent from American Collections for the Benefit of the Committee to Rescue Italian Art, May 17-August 29, 1967, Wildenstein</em>. New York, NY: Wildenstein Galleries.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 27", "url": null}, {"citation": "Tomory, P. A. \"Profane Love in Italian Early and High Baroque Painting, The Transmission of Emotive Experience.\" In<em> Essays Presented to Rudolf Wittkower on His Sixty-Fifth Birthday. In Two Parts.</em> Douglas Fraser, Howard Hibbard &amp; Milton J. Lewineeds.,182-187. [London]: Phaidon Press, 1967.", "page_number": "Mentioned: Vol. II, P. 185; reproduced: XXV, pl. 3", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 98", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n122"}, {"citation": "Ballarin, Alessandro. \"Introduzione ad un Catalogo dei Disegni di Jacopo Bassano.\" <em>Arte Veneta: Rivista di Storia dell'Arte </em>XXIII (1969): 85-114.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 104, 106; reproduced: fig. 372", "url": null}, {"citation": "Ballarin, Alessandro. \"Un Ritratto Inedito del Bassano.\" <em>Arte Veneta: Rivista di Storia dell'Arte </em>XXV (1971): 268-271.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 270-271; reproduced: fig. 372", "url": null}, {"citation": "Fredericksen, Burton B., and Federico Zeri. <em>Census of Pre-Nineteenth-Century Italian Paintings in North American Public Collections</em>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1972.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 18, 279,573", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 114", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n134"}, {"citation": "Bialostocki, Jan. \"Le Vocabulaire Visuel de Jacopo Bassano et son Stilus Humilis.\" <em>Arte Veneta: Rivista di Storia dell'Arte </em>XXXI (1978): 169-173.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 170-171; reproduced: fig. 1", "url": null}, {"citation": "Larousse (Firm). <em>Larousse dictionary of painters</em>. London, United Kingdom: Hamlyn, 1981.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 15", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art.<em> The Cleveland Museum of Art Catalogue of Paintings, Part 3: European Paintings of the 16th, 17th, and 18th Centuries</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1982.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 304-306; Reproduced: p. 304", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kitaj, R. B., and Timothy Hyman. \"A Return to London\" IN <em>Kitaj Paintings, Drawings, Pastels.</em> John Ashebury, Joe Shannon, Jane Livingston, 41. New York, N.Y.: Thames and Hudson, 1983.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 41", "url": null}, {"citation": "Metropolitan Museum of Art and Museo e gallerie nazionali di Capodimonte. <em>The Age of Caravaggio</em>. New York, NY: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1985.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Brown, Beverly Louise, Paola Marini, and Livia Alberton Vinco Da Sesso. <em>Jacopo Bassano, c. 1510-1592</em>. Bologna, Italy: Nuova Alfa Editoriale, 1992.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 62; Reproduced: p. 63", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bortolotli, Luca. \"Jacopo Bassano 1992.\" <em>Venezia Cinquecento </em>IV (1992): 163-194.", "page_number": "Reproduced:P. 175, fig. 7", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"1992 Annual Report.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 80, no. 6 (1993): 215-95.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 247", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25161418"}, {"citation": "Hadjinicolaou, Nicos. <em>O Gkreko stin Italia kai i italiki techni</em>. Athina, Greece: Ioniki Trapeza, 1995.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 100, pl. 1", "url": null}, {"citation": "Ballarin, Alessandro. <em>Jacopo Bassano</em>. Cittadella Padova, Italy: Bertoncello, 1995.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 36", "url": null}, {"citation": "Aikema, Bernard. <em>Jacopo Bassano and His Public: Moralizing Pictures in an Age of Reform, Ca. 1535-1600</em>. Princeton, NJ.: Princeton University Press, 1996.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 50, fig. 37", "url": null}, {"citation": "Brown, Patricia Fortini. <em>The Renaissance in Venice: A World Apart</em>. London, United Kingdom: Weidenfeld &amp; Nicolson, 1997.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 108, no. 73", "url": null}, {"citation": "Gutbrod, Helga. \"'Samson and Delila': Rembrandts Grisaille im Rijksmuseum Amsterdam.\" In <em>Festschrift fu\u0308r Christian Lenz: von Duccio bis Beckmann ; anla\u0308sslich seines 60. Geburtstages am 11. Mai 1998. </em>Billeter, Felix, Helga Gutbrod, Christian Lenz, and Andrea Pophanken, 29-43. Frankfurt a.M.: Verlag Blick in die Welt, 1998.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 31, no. 2", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cal\u0131\u0300, Maria. <em>La pittura del Cinquecento</em>. Torino, Italy: UTET, 2000.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 296", "url": null}, {"citation": "Mack, Rosamond E. <em>Bazaar to Piazza: Islamic Trade and Italian Art, 1300-1600</em>. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2002.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 31, fig. 19;  p. 85, fig. 78", "url": null}, {"citation": "Hornik, Heidi J., and Mikeal C. Parsons. <em>Illuminating Luke</em>. Harrisburg, PA: Trinity Press International, 2003.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 84, fig. 42", "url": null}, {"citation": "Fontana, Renzo. \"Jacopo Bassano a Vicenza. La pala de Sant'Eleuterio: questioni iconografiche e cronologiche.\" <em>Arte Veneta: Rivista di Storia dell'Arte </em>61 (2004): 83-95.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 86, fig. 7", "url": null}, {"citation": "Brucher, Gu\u0308nter. <em>Geschichte der Venezianischen Malere</em>i. Wien: Bo\u0308hlau, 2007.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 364, Abb. 202", "url": null}, {"citation": "Dal Pozzolo, Enrico Maria. <em>Pittura veneta</em>. Milano, Italy: 24 ore cultura, 2010.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 215-217; Reproduced: fig. 84", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bolandrini, Beatrice. \"I Palazzi Visconti a Brignano Gera D'adda.\" <em>Lo Spazio Del Collezionismo Nello Stato Di Milano (secoli Xvii - Xviii) / a Cura Di Andrea Spiriti</em> (2013): 247-302.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 265", "url": null}, {"citation": "Trentini, Francesco. <em>Essere Altrove: Diaspora e Immagini Nella Venezia dei Carmini.</em> Milano: Edizioni Unicopli, settembre 2019.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 351, fig. 135", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Nichols, Tom. \"Tintoretto, Bassano and the Rural Image.\" In <em>Tintoretto E Il Paesaggio: Temi E Contesti.</em> Edited by Martina Frank, 43-58. Venezia: Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti: Scuola Grande di San Rocco, 2024.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 46-47, fig. 5", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1939.68", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1939.68/1939.68_web.jpg", "width": "1263", "height": "830", "filesize": "721335", "filename": "1939.68_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1939.68/1939.68_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2234", "filesize": "5011106", "filename": "1939.68_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1939.68/1939.68_full.tif", "width": "7494", "height": "4924", "filesize": "110734132", "filename": "1939.68_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [], "creditline": "Delia E. Holden and L. E. Holden Funds", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Donna and James Reid Gallery", "athena_id": 118679, "creators": [{"id": 2015, "description": "Jacopo Bassano (Italian, c. 1510\u20131592)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1510", "death_year": "1592", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1939-02-08T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1545, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 1550", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:08:29.415000"}, {"id": 141549, "accession_number": "1965.15", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Portrait of the Jester Calabazas, c. 1631\u201332. Diego Vel\u00e1zquez (Spanish, 1599\u20131660). Oil on canvas; framed: 199.3 x 133.1 x 12.7 cm (78 7/16 x 52 3/8 x 5 in.); unframed: 175 x 106 cm (68 7/8 x 41 3/4 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund, 1965.15", "current_location": "212 Baroque Painting and Sculpture", "title": "Portrait of the Jester Calabazas", "creation_date": "c. 1631\u201332", "creation_date_earliest": 1631, "creation_date_latest": 1632, "artists_tags": ["male", "Latine and Hispanic Artists"], "culture": ["Spain"], "technique": "oil on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "P - Spanish before 1800", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 199.3 x 133.1 x 12.7 cm (78 7/16 x 52 3/8 x 5 in.); Unframed: 175 x 106 cm (68 7/8 x 41 3/4 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 1.993, "width": 1.331, "depth": 0.127}, "unframed": {"height": 1.75, "width": 1.06}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 300794, "title": "Year in Review: 1965", "description": "<i>Year in Review: 1965</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 27-November 14, 1965).", "opening_date": "1965-10-27T04:00:00"}, {"id": 309658, "title": "Portraiture: The Image of the Individual", "description": "<i>Portraiture: The Image of the Individual</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (November 22, 1983-January 22, 1984).", "opening_date": "1983-11-22T05:00:00"}, {"id": 442045, "title": "Velazquez", "description": "<i>Velazquez</i>. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY (organizer) (October 3, 1989-January 7, 1990); Museo del Prado, Madrid, Spain (January 29-March 30, 1990).", "opening_date": "1989-10-03T04:00:00"}, {"id": 226155, "title": "Vel\u00e1zquez, His Third Journey to Italy", "description": "<i>Vel\u00e1zquez, His Third Journey to Italy</i>. Palazzo Ruspoli, Rome (March 28-June 30, 2001).", "opening_date": "2001-03-28T00:00:00"}, {"id": 207204, "title": "Manet/Vel\u00e1zquez: The French Taste for Spanish Painting", "description": "<i>Manet/Vel\u00e1zquez: The French Taste for Spanish Painting</i>. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY (organizer) (February 25-June 29, 2003).", "opening_date": "2003-02-25T00:00:00"}, {"id": 220282, "title": "The Palace of the Planet King.  Philip IV and the Buen Retiro", "description": "<i>The Palace of the Planet King.  Philip IV and the Buen Retiro</i>. Museo Nacional del Prado, Madrid, Spain (organizer) (July 5-November 27, 2005).", "opening_date": "2005-07-05T00:00:00"}, {"id": 222394, "title": "Masterpieces of European Painting from The Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Masterpieces of European Painting from The Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. Frick Collection, New York, NY (organizer) (November 8, 2006-January 28, 2007).", "opening_date": "2006-11-08T00:00:00"}, {"id": 229142, "title": "Dal\u00ed and the Spanish Baroque", "description": "<i>Dal\u00ed and the Spanish Baroque</i>. Salvador Dal\u00ed Museum, St. Petersburg, FL (organizer) (February 2-June 24, 2007).", "opening_date": "2007-02-02T00:00:00"}, {"id": 227360, "title": "Diego Vel\u00e1zquez: The Early Court Portraits", "description": "<i>Diego Vel\u00e1zquez: The Early Court Portraits</i>. Meadows Museum, Dallas, TX (organizer) (September 16, 2012-January 13, 2013).", "opening_date": "2012-09-16T00:00:00"}, {"id": 232428, "title": "Vel\u00e1zquez", "description": "<i>Vel\u00e1zquez</i>. Galeries Nationales du Grand Palais, 75008 Paris, France (March 25-July 13, 2015).", "opening_date": "2015-03-25T00:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>Exposition Retrospective</em>. Palais des Champs-Elysees, Paris, France (1866).", "opening_date": null}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Royal Collections (Palacio del Beun Retiro, Madrid)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "ca. 1631-32 - until at least 1808", "sortorder": 8}, {"description": "Private Collection (Great Britain)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "- possibly 1863", "sortorder": 9}, {"description": "Jean-Gilbert-Victor Fialin, Duc de Persigny, 1808-1872 (Paris, France) (sold, Hotel Drouot, Paris, April 4,1872, as \"Le Fou,\" for 750 francs", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "by 1867 - 1872", "sortorder": 10}, {"description": "Maurice Cottier (died 1881), (Paris, France, and Ch\u00e2teau Cang\u00e9, Touraine.", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "by 1881", "sortorder": 11}, {"description": "Sir George Donaldson (1845-1925) London, England, and Brighton, England, sold to Herbert Frederick Cook, 1915.", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "by 1906 - 1915", "sortorder": 12}, {"description": "Herbert Frederick Cook, later 3rd Baronet, 1868-1939 (Richmond, England), by inheritance to Francis Ferdinand Maurice Cook, 1939.", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1915-1939", "sortorder": 13}, {"description": "Francis Ferdinand Maurice Cook, 4th Baronet, 1907-1978 since 1956 (sold, Christie's, London, March 19, 1965, lot 104, through Thomas Agnew & Sons (London, England) to the Cleveland Museum of Art.", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1939-", "sortorder": 14}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1965-", "sortorder": 15}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Calabazas holds a wind-driven pinwheel and a miniature portrait of a woman, together suggesting the inconstancy of love.", "description": "Calabazas, a jester in the court of King Philip IV of Spain, had physical and mental disabilities, a state that the artist emphasizes, rather than tries to hide. While the Spanish court prized and doted upon people with disabilities such as Calabazas, Vel\u00e1zquez transformed their depiction in portraiture. This startling work uses the format of the formal, full-length court portrait to present a type of person who was generally perceived as marginal at this point in history and profoundly humanizes him.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3220568"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1965.15-portrait-of-the-jest"]}, "citations": [{"citation": null, "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Curtis, Charles Boyd. <em>Velazquez and Murillo; A Descriptive and Historical Catalogue of the Works of Don Diego De Silva Velazquez and Bartolome\u0301 Este\u0301ban Murillo</em>. London, United Kingdom: S. Low, Marston, Searle, and Rivington, 1883.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 33, no. 75", "url": null}, {"citation": "Justi, Carl, and A. H. Keane. <em>Diego Velazquez and His Times</em>. London, United Kingdom: H. Grevel &amp; Co, 1889.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p.438", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lafond, Paul. \"Des Portraits de fous, de nains et de phenomenes.\" <em>La</em> <em>Revue de l'Art Ancien et Modern </em>XI (January-June, 1902): 226-227.", "page_number": "Mentioned: 226-227", "url": null}, {"citation": "Brockwell, Maurice W. \"The Cook Collection, Part III.\" <em>Connoisseur</em> L (January, 1918): 8.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 8. pl. XXIII", "url": null}, {"citation": "Moreno Villa, Jose\u0301. <em>Vela\u0301zquez</em>. Madrid, Spain: Editorial \"Saturnino Calleja\", 1920.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 38-40; Reproduced: p. 24", "url": null}, {"citation": "Brock, Maurice W. \"Calabacillas, the Buffoon.\" <em>Connoisseur </em>LIX (February, 1921): 116-121.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 116, 119-120; Reproduced: 121", "url": null}, {"citation": "Mayer, August L. <em>Diego Vela\u0301zquez</em>. Berlin, Germany: Propyla\u0308en-Verlag, 1924.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 74-75", "url": null}, {"citation": "Salazar, Juan Allende. <em>Velazquez; des meisters gema\u0308lde in 275 abbildungen</em>. Stuttgart, Germany: Deutsche verlags-anstalt, 1925.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 30; Mentioned: p. 274", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cook, Francis, Maurice W. Brockwell, and Herbert Frederick Cook. <em>Abridged Catalogue of the Pictures at Doughty House, Richmond, Surrey, in the Collection of Sir Herbert Cook, Bart</em>. London, United Kingdom: W. Heinemann, 1932.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 59, no. 500, pl. XX", "url": null}, {"citation": "Justi, Carl. <em>Diego Velazquez und sein Jahrhundert</em>. Zu\u0308rich, Switzerland: Phaidon-verlag, 1933.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 705, pl. 25", "url": null}, {"citation": "Mayer, August L. <em>Velazquez; A Catalogue Raisonne\u0301 of the Pictures and Drawings</em>. London, United Kingdom: Faber and Faber, Limited, 1936.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 104, no. 445, pl. 149", "url": null}, {"citation": "Mayer, August L. <em>Velazquez</em>. New York New York.: French Library of Fine Arts, French and European Publications, Inc, 1939.", "page_number": "reproduced: p. 14", "url": null}, {"citation": "Ferrari, , Enrique Lafuente, J. R. Carey, and Neil MacLaren. <em>Velazquez</em>. London, United Kingdom, : G. Allen &amp; Unwin ltd, The Phaidon press, 1943.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 19, pl. 32", "url": null}, {"citation": "Trapier, Elizabeth du Gue\u0301. <em>Velazquez</em>. New York, New York: Printed by order of the Trustees, 1948.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 115", "url": null}, {"citation": "Justi, Carl, and Juan Antonio Gaya Nun\u0303o. <em>Vela\u0301zquez y su siglo</em>. Madrid, Spain: Espasa-Calpe, 1953.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 704-706; Reproduced: fig. 193", "url": null}, {"citation": "Ortega y Gasset, Jose\u0301, Alfred E. Herzer, F. J. Sa\u0301nchez Canto\u0301n, and C. David Ley. <em>Velazquez</em>. New York, New York: Random House, 1953.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 67", "url": null}, {"citation": "Pantorba, Bernardino de. <em>La vida y la obra de Vela\u0301zquez; estudio biogra\u0301fico y cri\u0301tico</em>. Madrid, Spain: Compan\u0303i\u0301a Bibliogra\u0301fica Espann\u0303ola, 1955.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 92-93; Reproduced: p. 141, no. 32", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lo\u0301pez-Rey, Jose\u0301. <em>Vela\u0301zquez: A Catalogue Raisonne\u0301 of His Oeuvre</em>. London, United Kingdom: Faber and Faber, 1963.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 52, 57; Reproduced: p. 264, no. 423, pl. 49", "url": null}, {"citation": "Museo del Prado. <em>Museo del Prado: cata\u0301logo de las pinturas</em>. Madrid, Spain: El Museo, 1963.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 744, no. 1250", "url": null}, {"citation": "Camo\u0301n Aznar, Jose\u0301. <em>Vela\u0301zquez</em>. Madrid, Spain: Espasa-Calpe, 1964.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 611, 1004; vol. II", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Year in Review 1965.\" <em>The Bulletin of The Cleveland Museum of Art</em> LII, no. 10 (November, 1965).", "page_number": "Reproduced: cover", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 130", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n154"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 130", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n154"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 149", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n169"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art<em>. The Cleveland Museum of Art Catalogue of Paintings, Part 3: European Paintings of the 16th, 17th, and 18th Centuries</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1982.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 510; Mentioned: p. 511-513", "url": null}, {"citation": "Domi\u0301nguez Ortiz, Antonio, Alfonso E. Pe\u0301rez Sa\u0301nchez, and Julia\u0301n Ga\u0301llego. <em>Vela\u0301zquez. </em>New York, New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1989.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 20", "url": null}, {"citation": "Gari\u0301n Llombart, Felipe Vicente, and Salvador Salort Pons. <em>Vela\u0301zquez</em>. Milano, Italy: Electa, 2001.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 196-199", "url": null}, {"citation": "Tinterow, Gary, Genevie\u0300ve Lacambre, and Deborah L. Rolda\u0301n. <em>Manet/Vela\u0301zquez: The French Taste for Spanish Painting</em>. New York, New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2003.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 451, fig. 10.49", "url": null}, {"citation": "Brown, Jonathan, and J. H. Elliott. <em>A Palace for a King: The Buen Retiro and the Court of Philip IV</em>. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 2003.", "page_number": "Reperoduced: p. 141, fig. 94", "url": null}, {"citation": "Museo del Prado, and Andre\u0301s Ubeda de los Cobos. <em>Paintings for the Planet King: Philip IV and the Buen Retiro Palace</em>. Madrid, Spain: Museo Nacional del Prado in association with Paul Holberton Pub, 2005.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 88; Reproduced: p. 89, no. 8", "url": null}, {"citation": "Smee, Sebastian. <em>Lucian Freud, 1996-2005</em>. London, United Kingdom: Jonathan Cape, 2005.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 13-14; Reproduced: p. 28", "url": null}, {"citation": "Iacono, Margaret. <em>Masterpieces of European Painting from the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. New York, New York: The Frick Collection, 2006.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 44-47; Reproduced: no. 8", "url": null}, {"citation": "Jeffett, William, and Suzanne L. Stratton. <em>Dali\u0301 and the Spanish Baroque</em>. St. Petersburg, Florida: Salvador Dali\u0301 Museum, 2007.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 92-92; fig. 64", "url": null}, {"citation": "Le\u0301vy, Jean-Marc. <em>Me\u0301decins et malades dans la peinture europe\u0301enne du XVIIe sie\u0300cle</em>. Paris, France: L'Harmattan, 2008.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 154-156, vol. I; p. 7, 132-133, vol. II; Reproduced: fig. 69", "url": null}, {"citation": "Checa Cremades, Fernando. <em>Velazquez, the complete paintings</em>. Antwerp, Belgium: Ludion, 2008.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 100, fig. 28", "url": null}, {"citation": "Hirshler, Erica E., and John Singer Sargent. <em>Sargent's Daughters: The Biography of a Painting</em>. Boston, Massachusetts: MFA Publications, 2009.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 19", "url": null}, {"citation": "Condo, George. \"Feature.\"<em> Apollo</em> 18 (October 2011): 70-74.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 71, fig. 5", "url": null}, {"citation": "Portu\u0301s Pe\u0301rez, Javier. <em>Diego Vela\u0301zquez: the early court portraits</em>. Dallas, Texas: The Meadows Museum, 2012.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 94-96; Reproduced: no. 4", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Treasures of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. London, United Kingdom: Scala Books, 2012.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 190-191", "url": null}, {"citation": "L\u00f3pez-Rey, Jos\u00e9, Odile Delenda and Benedikt Taschen. <em>Vel\u00e1zquez: The Complete Works</em>. K\u00f6ln: Taschen, 2014.", "page_number": "Reproduced & Mentined: pp. 80-81, 98-99, 345-346, fig. 36", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 183", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Kientz, Guillaume. <em>Vel\u00e1zquez</em>. Paris: R\u00e9union des mus\u00e9es nationaux -- Grand Palais: Mus\u00e9e du Louvre, 2015.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 240-241, no. 67", "url": null}, {"citation": "Rogl\u00e1n, Mark A.<em> Spanish Art in America</em>. [Madrid, Spain: Ediciones El Viso, 2016.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 80", "url": null}, {"citation": "Pavans, Jean. <em>Le mus\u00e9e int\u00e9rieur de Henry James</em>. Paris: \u00c9ditions du Seuil, 2016.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 100, 183; Reproduced p. xxx", "url": null}, {"citation": "Herdrich, Stephanie L. \"Sargent, Art History, and the Critics.\" In <em>John Singer Sargent . </em>Per Hedstrom, editor, 107-122. Stockholm : Nationalmuseum, 2018.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 110", "url": null}, {"citation": "Montanari, Tomaso. V<em>el\u00e1zquez e il Ritratto Barocco</em>.Torino: Giulio Einaudi editore, 2018.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 242, pl. 142; p. 245, pl. 144 (detail); Mentioned: 241, 244", "url": null}, {"citation": "Roberts, Lynn. \"Style Snapshot.\" <em>Picture Framing Magazine </em>29, no. 6 (June 2018).", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 46", "url": null}, {"citation": "D. Aureliano de Beruete y Moret. \"Exhibition of Ancient and Spanish Paintings at the Royal Academy.\" <em>Connoisseur</em> LVIII (December, 1920):188.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 188", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lo\u0301pez-Rey, Jose\u0301, Diego Vela\u0301zquez, Odile Delenda, and Benedikt Taschen. Vela\u0301zquez: The Complete Works. 2020, 99, 345-346.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pp. 99, 345; Mentioned: pp. 345-346.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Garci\u0301a Serrano, Federico, and Diego Vela\u0301zquez. Vela\u0301zquez en 30 claves. Barcelona : Larousse, 2022.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 119", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Eells, Emily, Isabelle Gadoin, and Charlotte Ribeyrol. <em>John Singer Sargent: Le Beau Monde et Son Revers</em>. Paris: Cohen &amp; Cohen, 2025.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 40; Reproduced: p. 44, fig. 24", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1965.15", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1965.15/1965.15_web.jpg", "width": "553", "height": "900", "filesize": "118845", "filename": "1965.15_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1965.15/1965.15_print.jpg", "width": "2089", "height": "3400", "filesize": "1672424", "filename": "1965.15_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1965.15/1965.15_full.tif", "width": "4745", "height": "7722", "filesize": "109952088", "filename": "1965.15_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2007-08-10T14:19:55", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1965.15/1965.15_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "562", "height": "893", "filesize": "307447"}, "print": {"url": 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"width": "5250", "height": "7774", "filesize": "122462480"}}], "creditline": "Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Reinberger Gallery", "athena_id": 141549, "creators": [{"id": 5145, "description": "Diego Vel\u00e1zquez (Spanish, 1599\u20131660)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1599", "death_year": "1660", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1965-05-15T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1631, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 1631\u201332", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["The Jester Calabazas"], "is_highlight": true, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:10:27.757000"}, {"id": 143803, "accession_number": "1968.23", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Samson and Delilah, c. 1616. Gerrit van Honthorst (Dutch, 1590\u20131656). Oil on canvas; framed: 158.4 x 122.5 x 11.8 cm (62 3/8 x 48 1/4 x 4 5/8 in.); case: 139.7 x 177.8 x 28 cm (55 x 70 x 11 in.); unframed: 129 x 94 cm (50 13/16 x 37 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Mr. and Mrs. William H. Marlatt Fund, 1968.23", "current_location": "217 Italian Baroque", "title": "Samson and Delilah", "creation_date": "c. 1616", "creation_date_earliest": 1615, "creation_date_latest": 1617, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["Netherlands"], "technique": "oil on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "P - Netherlandish-Dutch", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 158.4 x 122.5 x 11.8 cm (62 3/8 x 48 1/4 x 4 5/8 in.); Case: 139.7 x 177.8 x 28 cm (55 x 70 x 11 in.); Unframed: 129 x 94 cm (50 13/16 x 37 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 1.584, "width": 1.225, "depth": 0.118}, "case": {"height": 1.397, "width": 1.778, "depth": 0.28}, "unframed": {"height": 1.29, "width": 0.94}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 301285, "title": "Year in Review for 1968", "description": "<i>Year in Review for 1968</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (January 29-March 9, 1969).", "opening_date": "1969-01-29T05:00:00"}, {"id": 301805, "title": "Dutch Art and Life in the Seventeenth Century", "description": "<i>Dutch Art and Life in the Seventeenth Century</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (July 10-September 2, 1973).", "opening_date": "1973-07-10T04:00:00"}, {"id": 214283, "title": "Sinners and Saints, Darkness and Light:  Caravaggio and His Dutch and Flemish Followers", "description": "<i>Sinners and Saints, Darkness and Light:  Caravaggio and His Dutch and Flemish Followers</i>. North Carolina Museum of Art, Raleigh, NC (organizer) (September 29-December 13, 1998); Milwaukee Art Museum (January 29-April 18, 1999); Dayton Art Institute, Dayton, OH (May 8-July 18, 1999).", "opening_date": "1998-09-27T00:00:00"}, {"id": 222484, "title": "The Genius of Rome, 1592-1623", "description": "<i>The Genius of Rome, 1592-1623</i>. Royal Academy of Arts, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (organizer) (January 20-April 16, 2001); Museo Nazionale del Palazzo di Venezia, Rome, Italy (May 2-July 31, 2001).", "opening_date": "2001-01-20T00:00:00"}, {"id": 179662, "title": "Masterpieces of European Painting from the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Masterpieces of European Painting from the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. Maltz Museum of Jewish Heritage, Beachwood, OH (March 29-July 8, 2007).", "opening_date": "2007-03-29T00:00:00"}, {"id": 232167, "title": "Le Caravagisme Europ\u00e9en", "description": "<i>Le Caravagisme Europ\u00e9en</i>. Mus\u00e9e des Augustins, Toulouse, France (organizer) (June 22-October 14, 2012).", "opening_date": "2012-06-22T00:00:00"}, {"id": 216565, "title": "Bodies and Shadows: Caravaggio and His Legacy", "description": "<i>Bodies and Shadows: Caravaggio and His Legacy</i>. Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles, CA (organizer) (November 11, 2012-February 10, 2013).", "opening_date": "2012-11-11T00:00:00"}, {"id": 232785, "title": "Gherardo delle Notti", "description": "<i>Gherardo delle Notti</i>. Galleria degli Uffizi, Firenze, Italy (organizer) (February 10-May 24, 2015).", "opening_date": "2015-02-10T00:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>Caravaggio and His Followers</em>, The Cleveland Museum of Art (October 30, 1971-January 2, 1972), no. 35.", "opening_date": "1971-10-30T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Masterpieces of European Painting from the Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> Maltz Museum of Jewish Heritage, Cleveland, OH (March 29, 2007 - July 8, 2007):", "opening_date": "2007-03-29T00:00:00"}, {"description": "[possibly] San Salvatore in Lauro, Rome (1701) (\"Dalida\" by \"Mons\u00f9 Gerardo\", lent by the family of the Marchese Tommaso Raggi, Rome).", "opening_date": null}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Possibly March\u00e9se Tommaso Raggi [1595/6-1676], Genoa and Rome, and descendents", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->In his dissertation, <em>Jan Miel (1599-1644): a Flemish painter in Rome</em>, Thomas Kren suggests that a painting of Dalida (Delilah was referred to as Dalida in Chaucer) by Honthorst that was lent to an exhibition at San Salvatore in Lauro in 1701 by Raggi\u2019s heirs may be the CMA picture. &nbsp;</div>"], "date": "After 1621-at least 1701", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "[possibly] in the collection of the Ruspoli family, Rome, until sold to an art dealer", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->According to the dealer who sold the painting to the Hazlitt Gallery, the Honthorst had been in the collection of the Ruspoli family, a noble Italian family with origins traceable to the thirteenth century. &nbsp;</div>"], "date": "before 1967", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "(Dealer, Rome, sold to the Hazlitt Gallery)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "until 1967", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "(Hazlitt Gallery, London, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "Until 1968", "sortorder": 5}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, Ohio", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1968-", "sortorder": 6}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Flickering candlelight and a nocturnal setting enhance the furtive nature of Delilah's actions.", "description": "In retaliation for Samson\u2019s single-handed decimation of their army, the Philistines bribed his lover Delilah to discover the source of his strength: his hair, uncut since birth. Samson\u2019s hair was shorn as he lay sleeping in Delilah\u2019s lap, draining his strength and allowing the Philistines to capture him. Honthorst intensified the inherent drama of the scene by limiting his depiction to just three closely packed figures, starkly illuminated by a single candle. The old woman\u2019s silencing gesture involves the viewer in the action, making us complicit in Delilah\u2019s deceit.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60469989"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1968.23-samson-and-delilah"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Judson, J. Richard. <em>Gerrit Van Honthorst: A Discussion of His Position in Dutch Art</em>. The Hague: Nijhoff, 1959.", "page_number": "Mentioned:p. 147, no. 8", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Accessions of American and Canadian Museums April- June 1968.\"<em> The Art Quarterly</em> XXXI, no. 4 (1968): 433-456.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 445; reproduced: P. 437", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 117", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n141"}, {"citation": "\u201cLa Chronique Des Arts: Les Oeuvres d\u2019art Entr\u00e9s Dans Les Mus\u00e9es Du Monde Entier En 1968.\u201d <em>Gazette Des Beaux Arts</em>, February 1969, 1\u2013118.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 59", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lurie, Ann Tzeutschler. \"Gerard Van Honthorst: Samson and Delilah.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 56, no. 9 (1969): 332-44.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 335", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25152295"}, {"citation": "\u201cRecent Accessions.\u201d <em>Apollo: The International Magazine of Art &amp; Antiques</em> 91 (May 1970): 400.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 400, no. 11", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Museen und Austellungen.\" <em>Pantheon</em> XXX, no. 1 (Jan/Feb 1972): 54-73.", "page_number": "Mentnioned: P. 69", "url": null}, {"citation": "Nicolson, Benedict. \"Caravaggesques at Cleveland.\" <em>The Burlington Magazine</em> 114, no. 827 (February 1972): 113-12.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 114", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/876893."}, {"citation": "Kahr, Madlyn. \"Rembrandt and Delilah.\" <em>The Art Bulletin</em> 55, no. 2 (June 1973): 240-59.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 241, n. 8; reproduced: P. 243, fig. 4", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/i354270"}, {"citation": "Spear, Richard E. <em>Caravaggio and His Followers</em>. New York: Harper &amp; Row, 1975.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 110, cat. 35; Reproduced: p. 111", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 153", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n173"}, {"citation": "Nicolson, Benedict<em>. The International Caravaggesque Movement: Lists of Pictures by Caravaggio and His Followers Throughout Europe from 1590 to 1650</em>. Oxford: Phaidon, 1979.", "page_number": "Mentioned: 58; Reproduced: pl. 55 (detail)", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Catalogue of Paintings, Part 3: European Paintings of the 16th, 17th, and 18th Centuries</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1982.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 244; Reproduced: p. 245", "url": null}, {"citation": "Sumowski, Werner. <em>Gema\u0308lde der Rembrandt-Schu\u0308ler</em>. 6 vols Landau: Edition PVA, 1983-.", "page_number": "Mentioned: vol. 3, p. 1778 (under no. 1183 [Lievens])", "url": null}, {"citation": "Sutton, Peter C. <em>A Guide to Dutch Art in America</em>. Washington, DC: Netherlands-American Amity Trust, 1986.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 338, fig. 89", "url": null}, {"citation": "Muller-Hofstede, Justus. \"Artificial Light in Honthorst and Terbrugghen: Form and Iconography.\" In <em>Hendrick ter Brugghen und die Nachfolger Caravaggios in Holland, </em>13-44. Ru\u0308diger Klessmann, ed. Braunschweig: Herzog Anton Ulrich-Museum, 1987.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 26; Reproduced: p. 27, fig. 25.", "url": null}, {"citation": "Judson, J. Richard. \"New Light on Honthorst.\" In <em>Hendrick ter Brugghen und die Nachfolger Caravaggios in Holland, </em>111-120 . Ru\u0308diger Klessmann, ed. Braunschweig: Herzog Anton Ulrich-Museum, 1987.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 111, 116; Reproduced: fig. 140", "url": null}, {"citation": "Klessmann, Ru\u0308diger. <em>Hendrick ter Brugghen und die Nachfolger Caravaggios in Holland.</em> Braunschweig: Herzog Anton Ulrich-Museum, 1987.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 26, fig. 25; Mentioned: n. 125", "url": null}, {"citation": "Nicolson, Benedict, and Luisa Vertova. <em>Caravaggism in Europe</em>. 3 vols. Torino: U. Allemandi, 1989.", "page_number": "Mentioned: vol. 1, pp. 41, 122, 221; Reproduced: vol. 3, pls. 1247, 1248.", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kren, Thomas, and Jan Miel. <em>Jan Miel (1599-1644): A Flemish Painter in Rome</em>. 1989.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Chong, Alan. <em>European &amp; American Painting in the Cleveland Museum of Art: A Summary Catalogue</em>. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1993.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 108", "url": null}, {"citation": "Gutbrod, Helga. \"\"Simson und Delila.' Rembrandts Grisaille im Rijksmuseum Amsterdam.\" In <em>Festschrift fu\u0308r Christian Lenz: von Duccio bis Beckmann; anla\u0308sslich seines 60. Geburtstages am 11. Mai 1998.</em> Felix Billeter, Helga Gutbrod, and Andrea Pophanken, 29-44. Frankfurt a.M: Verlag Blick in die Welt, 1998.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 31, fig. 2", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Kupferberg, Herbert. \"Song of Solomon,\" <em>Stagebill </em>(February 1998): 12-16.<em><br></em>", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 12", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Sinners &amp; Saints: Darkness and Light : Caravaggio and His Dutch and Flemish Followers.</em> Dennis P. Weller, Leonard J. Slatkes, and Roger B. Ward. Exh. cat. Raleigh, NC: North Carolina Museum of Art, 1998.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 128-130, cat no. 19; reproduced: p. 221, fig. 3,", "url": null}, {"citation": "Papi, Gianni. <em>Gherardo delle Notti: Gerrit Honthorst in Italia</em>. Soncino: Edizioni dei Soncino, 1999.", "page_number": "Mentioned: 161-162; reproduced: pl. 39", "url": null}, {"citation": "Judson, J. Richard, and Rudolf E. O. Ekkart. <em>Gerrit Van Honthorst, 1592-1656</em>. Doornspijk, The Netherlands: Davaco, 1999.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 54-55, cat. no. 10; Reproduced: pls 4, 4a-b.", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>The Genius of Rome, 1592-1623</em>. Edited by Beverly Louise Brown. Exh cat. London: Royal Academy of Arts, 2001.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: pp. 304-305 (detail),313 cat. no 116.", "url": null}, {"citation": "Wheelock, Arthur K., Stephanie Dickey, and Jan Lievens. <em>Jan Lievens: A Dutch Master Rediscovered</em>. Washington DC: National Gallery of Art, 2008.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 110, fig. 1", "url": null}, {"citation": "Hilaire, Michel, and Axel He\u0301mery. <em>Corps et ombres: Caravage et le caravagisme europe\u0301en</em>. Exh. cat. Mus\u00e9e des Augustins, Toulouse (June 23-Oct. 14, 2012); Los Angeles County Museum of Art (Nov. 11, 2012-Feb. 10, 2013); and Wadsworth Atheneum Museum of Art, Hartford, Connecticut, (Mar. 8-June 16, 2013). Milan: 5 continents, 2012.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 228 no. 52; Reproduced:p. 229. p.", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Caravaggio and His Legacy</em>.J. Patrice Marandel, Gianni Papi, et al. Exh. cat. Los Angeles Museum of Art and Wadsworth Atheneum Museum of Art, Hartford, in association with DelMonico Books / Prestel, 2012.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 121, 163; Reproduced: p. 120", "url": null}, {"citation": "Neuman, Robert. <em>Baroque and Rococo Art and Architecture</em>. Boston, MA : Pearson, 2013.", "page_number": "Mentioned & reproduced: p. 186-187", "url": null}, {"citation": "Schnackenburg, Bernhard. <em>Jan Lievens: Friend and Rival of the Young Rembrandt: with a Catalogue Raisonne\u0301 of His Early Leiden Work 1623-1632</em>. Petersberg: Michael Imhof Verlag, 2016.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 73, fig. 88; Mentioned: p. 74", "url": null}, {"citation": "Osnabrugge, Marije.  <em>The Neapolitan Lives and Careers of Netherlandish Immigrant Painters (1575-1655)</em>. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2019.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 207; Reproduced: p. 208", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lima Taub, Stefanie. \"Celebrate Light: Holiday opportunities for illumination.\u201d <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine </em>63, no. 4 (2023): 36-37.", "page_number": "Reproduced and Mentioned: P. 36", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2023-04/page/36/mode/2up"}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1968.23", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1968.23/1968.23_web.jpg", "width": "646", "height": "893", "filesize": "320671", "filename": "1968.23_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1968.23/1968.23_print.jpg", "width": "2459", "height": "3400", "filesize": "4750908", "filename": "1968.23_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1968.23/1968.23_full.tif", "width": "4578", "height": "6328", "filesize": "86943236", "filename": "1968.23_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2007-01-22T18:41:42", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1968.23/1968.23_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "656", "height": "893", "filesize": "337877"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1968.23/1968.23_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "2496", "height": "3400", "filesize": "4899873"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1968.23/1968.23_alt0_full.tif", "width": "3876", "height": "5280", "filesize": "61427296"}}, {"date_created": "2010-03-01T17:36:39", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1968.23/1968.23_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "668", "height": "893", "filesize": "362664"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1968.23/1968.23_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "2545", "height": "3400", "filesize": "5823724"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1968.23/1968.23_alt1_full.tif", "width": "4992", "height": "6668", "filesize": "99887804"}}, {"date_created": "2010-03-01T17:48:05", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1968.23/1968.23_alt2_web.jpg", "width": "661", "height": "893", "filesize": "382178"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1968.23/1968.23_alt2_print.jpg", "width": "2515", "height": "3400", "filesize": "7125068"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1968.23/1968.23_alt2_full.tif", "width": "4612", "height": "6233", "filesize": "86266844"}}, {"date_created": "2010-03-01T19:01:20", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1968.23/1968.23_alt3_web.jpg", "width": "687", "height": "893", "filesize": "382256"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1968.23/1968.23_alt3_print.jpg", "width": "2615", "height": "3400", "filesize": "5555022"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1968.23/1968.23_alt3_full.tif", "width": "4992", "height": "6490", "filesize": "97230640"}}], "creditline": "Mr. and Mrs. William H. Marlatt Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Donna and James Reid Gallery", "athena_id": 143803, "creators": [{"id": 2747, "description": "Gerrit van Honthorst (Dutch, 1590\u20131656)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1590", "death_year": "1656", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1968-03-09T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1615, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 1616", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": true, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:07:01.963000"}, {"id": 142769, "accession_number": "1966.473", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Turtle Bell Push, c. 1895\u20131915. House of Faberg\u00e9 (Russian, 1842\u20131918). Agate, gold, silver, diamonds, rubies; overall: 2.6 x 7.7 x 6.1 cm (1 x 3 1/16 x 2 3/8 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, The India Early Minshall Collection, 1966.473", "current_location": "211 Faberg\u00e9", "title": "Turtle Bell Push", "creation_date": "c. 1895\u20131915", "creation_date_earliest": 1890, "creation_date_latest": 1918, "artists_tags": ["gender unknown"], "culture": ["Russia, St. Petersburg"], "technique": "agate, gold, silver, diamonds, rubies", "support_materials": [], "department": "Decorative Art and Design", "collection": "Decorative Arts", "type": "Miscellaneous", "measurements": "Overall: 2.6 x 7.7 x 6.1 cm (1 x 3 1/16 x 2 3/8 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"height": 0.026, "width": 0.077, "depth": 0.061}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "7434 scratched", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 301086, "title": "The India Early Minshall Collection: Faberge and his Contemporaries", "description": "<i>The India Early Minshall Collection: Faberge and his Contemporaries</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (March 15, 1967-January 21, 1968).", "opening_date": "1967-03-15T05:00:00"}, {"id": 301129, "title": "Year in Review: 1967", "description": "<i>Year in Review: 1967</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (November 29-December 31, 1967).", "opening_date": "1967-11-29T05:00:00"}, {"id": 211192, "title": "Faberg\u00e9's Menagerie: The Animal Creations of the Faberg\u00e9 Workshop", "description": "<i>Faberg\u00e9's Menagerie: The Animal Creations of the Faberg\u00e9 Workshop</i>. The Walters Art Museum, Baltimore, MD (organizer) (February 14-July 27, 2003); Columbus Museum of Art, Columbus, OH (October 12, 2003-January 4, 2004); Portland Art Museum, Portland, OR (February 8-May 2, 2004).", "opening_date": "2003-02-14T00:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "Walters Art Museum (2/14/2003-7/27/2003); Columbus Museum of Art (10/12/2003-1/4/2004); Portland Art Museum (2/8/2004-5/2/2004): \"Faberg\u00e9's Menagerie: The Animal Creations of the Faberg\u00e9 Workshop,\" ex. cat. no. 120, p. 188.", "opening_date": "2003-02-14T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "India Early Minshall [1885\u20131965], Cleveland, OH, bequest to the Cleveland Museum of Art", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "?-1966", "sortorder": null}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1966-", "sortorder": 2}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "To summon the butler, a quick push on the turtle's head would ring the bell downstairs.", "description": "In creating luxurious accessories for a desk or tabletop, Faberg\u00e9 often used native hardstones such as multicolored agate and jasper, green nephrite, pink rhodonite, and rock crystal found in the Ural Mountains of western Russia. By paying careful attention to the unique colors and textures of the stones, Faberg\u00e9 and his craftsmen brought them to life, turning milky agate into this turtle bell push or black jasper into sleeping puppies. The use of native materials also promoted Russian nationalism, which appealed greatly to the tsar and his family.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60761841"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1966.473-turtle-bell-push"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Hawley, Henry H. <em>Faberge\u0301 and His Contemporaries: The India Early Minshall Collection of the Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1967.", "page_number": "Mentioned:  p. 84, cat. 41; reproduced: p. 85", "url": "https://ingallslibrary.on.worldcat.org/oclc/836254532"}, {"citation": "Faberge\u0301, Peter Carl, and Deborah E. Horowitz. <em>The Faberge\u0301 Menagerie</em>. Exh. Cat. Baltimore: The Walters Art Museum, in association with London: Philip Wilson Pub, 2003.", "page_number": "Reproduced:  p. 188, cat. 120", "url": "https://ingallslibrary.on.worldcat.org/oclc/196795062"}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1966.473", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1966.473/1966.473_web.jpg", "width": "1263", "height": "871", "filesize": "624396", "filename": "1966.473_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1966.473/1966.473_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2344", "filesize": "4471220", "filename": "1966.473_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1966.473/1966.473_full.tif", "width": "3783", "height": "2608", "filesize": "29635896", "filename": "1966.473_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2005-04-14T20:40:05", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1966.473/1966.473_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "1263", "height": "797", "filesize": "568611"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1966.473/1966.473_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2145", "filesize": "3696132"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1966.473/1966.473_alt0_full.tif", "width": "5000", "height": "3154", "filesize": "47325624"}}, {"date_created": "2008-06-09T12:52:47", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1966.473/1966.473_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "1263", "height": "827", "filesize": "578928"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1966.473/1966.473_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2227", "filesize": "3881272"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1966.473/1966.473_alt1_full.tif", "width": "4018", "height": "2632", "filesize": "31764024"}}], "creditline": "The India Early Minshall Collection", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 142769, "creators": [{"id": 55332, "description": "House of Faberg\u00e9 (Russian, 1842\u20131918)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "maker", "biography": "Peter Carl Faberge (1846-1920) took over the House of Faberge in 1870 from his father Carl Gustav Faberge who had founded the firm in 1842. Until 1881, the firm manufactured primarily jewelry for Saint Petersburg's aristocrats and wealthy elite. In 1885 the firm was awarded the coveted imperial warrant as goldsmith to the tsar and began to produce elaborate presentation Easter eggs as a gift for the tsarina from her husband every year. They also produced luxurious accessories, jewelry, and hardstone sculptures. At one point, Faberge employed over 300 workers including 22 workmasters who oversaw the production of the firm's jewelry and precious objects. A branch of the firm opened in Moscow in 1887, specializing in neo-Russian and pan-Slavic motifs in jewelry, silver, and enamel. Other branches followed in Kiev, London, and Odessa as well as new premises in Saint Petersburg. At the onset of the Russian Revolution, Peter Carl Faberge fled the country to Paris then Switzerland, where he died in 1920. His firm was nationalized by the Bolsheviks in 1918.", "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1842", "death_year": "1918", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1966-11-05T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1890, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 1895\u20131915", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-04-11 11:17:14.807000"}, {"id": 147862, "accession_number": "1974.22", "share_license_status": "Copyrighted", "tombstone": "The Red Light, 1972. George Segal (American, 1924\u20132000). Plaster and mixed media; overall: 289.5 x 243.8 x 91.4 cm (114 x 96 x 36 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Andrew R. and Martha Holden Jennings Fund, 1974.22. \u00a9  Estate of William Schwedler / Licensed by VAGA at Artists Rights Society (ARS), NY", "current_location": null, "title": "The Red Light", "creation_date": "1972", "creation_date_earliest": 1972, "creation_date_latest": 1972, "artists_tags": ["male", "Jewish artists"], "culture": ["America"], "technique": "plaster and mixed media", "support_materials": [], "department": "Contemporary Art", "collection": "CONTEMP - Sculpture", "type": "Sculpture", "measurements": "Overall: 289.5 x 243.8 x 91.4 cm (114 x 96 x 36 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"height": 2.895, "width": 2.438, "depth": 0.914}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": "\u00a9  Estate of William Schwedler / Licensed by VAGA at Artists Rights Society (ARS), NY", "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 301821, "title": "Contemporary American Artists", "description": "<i>Contemporary American Artists</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (December 18, 1973-February 10, 1974).", "opening_date": "1973-12-18T05:00:00"}, {"id": 302084, "title": "Year in Review: 1974", "description": "<i>Year in Review: 1974</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (March 11-April 6, 1975).", "opening_date": "1975-03-11T04:00:00"}, {"id": 302145, "title": "Traditions and Revisions: Themes from the History of Sculpture", "description": "<i>Traditions and Revisions: Themes from the History of Sculpture</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (September 24-November 16, 1975).", "opening_date": "1975-09-24T04:00:00"}, {"id": 302349, "title": "Materials and Techniques of 20th-Century Artists", "description": "<i>Materials and Techniques of 20th-Century Artists</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (November 17, 1976-January 2, 1977).", "opening_date": "1976-11-17T05:00:00"}, {"id": 443848, "title": "George Segal: Sculptures", "description": "<i>George Segal: Sculptures</i>. Walker Art Center, Minneapolis, MN (organizer) (October 29, 1978-January 7, 1979); San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, San Francisco, CA (February 18-April 1, 1979); Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, NY (May 16-July 8, 1979).", "opening_date": "1978-10-29T04:00:00"}, {"id": 441481, "title": "Gallery One 2012", "description": "<i>Gallery One 2012</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (December 12, 2012-March 5, 2017).", "opening_date": "2012-12-12T05:00:00"}, {"id": 313809, "title": "Life is a Highway: American Car Culture", "description": "<i>Life is a Highway: American Car Culture</i>. The Toledo Museum of Art, Toledo, OH (organizer) (June 15-September 15, 2019).", "opening_date": "2019-06-15T04:00:00"}, {"id": 383281, "title": "Stories from Storage", "description": "<i>Stories from Storage</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (February 7-May 16, 2021).", "opening_date": "2021-02-06T05:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "CMA 1973: \"Contemporary American Artists,\" cat. #24, repr. p. 17", "opening_date": "1973-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "CMA 1975: \"Year in Review 1974,\" Bulletin, LXII (March 1975), p. 102, cat. #138, repr. p. 87", "opening_date": "1975-03-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "CMA 1975: \"Traditions and Revisions,\" cat. #116, repr. p. 136", "opening_date": "1975-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "CMA 1976: \"Materials and Techniques of 20th Century Artists,\" cat. #9", "opening_date": "1976-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Minneapolis, MN, Walker Art Center, 1978-1979: \"George Segal: Sculptures,\" cat. no. 28, repr. p. 82 (Approved: Trustees' Meg 7/25/1977).", "opening_date": "1977-07-25T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": ["former loan number"], "did_you_know": "Segal pioneered the unique use of plaster bandages to make his sculpted figures.", "description": "George Segal began his career as a figurative painter, but in the 1960s his interest turned toward \"the theater of the street,\" and he began to create three-dimensional \"environments.\" Built like stage sets that incorporated real objects as props\u2014the truck in <em>The Red Ligh</em>t was Segal's own\u2014the settings usually evoke an urban environment. Segal felt that \"a minute of existence is miraculous and extraordinary.\" His work freezes those minutes, allowing them to be studied in depth. To achieve this effect in <em>The Red Light</em>, Segal worked with a live model, soaking cloth in a durable white industrial plaster to cast the figure in sections. He then cut the cast into sections, reassembled the pieces, and adjusted the pose. The figure's all-white surface and lack of specific facial features convey a sadly anonymous presence, offering a metaphor for the reality of city life.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79927478"], "internet_archive": []}, "citations": [{"citation": "\u201cAcquisitions of Modern Art by Museums.\u201d <em>The Burlington Magazine</em> CXVII (May 1975), mentioned p. 328, reproduced p. 334, no. 90.", "page_number": "", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Henning, Edward B. \u201cThe Red Light by George Segal.\u201d <em>CMA Bulletin</em> LXIII, vol. 63, no. 5, (May 1976), mentioned p.146-150, reproduced p.147, fig. 1.", "page_number": "", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Hunter, Sam. George Segal. New York: Rizzoli, 1984, pp. 54, 58, reproduced color fig. 50, p. 57.", "page_number": "", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Lym, Glenn Robert. \u201cWhen Places Include People: Edward Hopper and George Segal<em>.</em>\u201d<em> Places: A Quarterly Journal of Environmental Design</em>, vol. 2, no. 1, (1985), mentioned p.28-29, reproduced p.29, no. 14.", "page_number": "", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Lee, Sherman E. \u201cThe Year in Review for 1974.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 62, no. 3 (March 1975): 62\u2013102.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 62, 64, 102; Reproduced: p. 86, no. 138", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25152580"}, {"citation": "Henning, Edward B. \u201cSky Cathedral-Moon Garden Wall by Louise Nevelson.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 64, no. 7 (September 1977): 242\u201351.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 243-244", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25159539"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 256", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n276"}, {"citation": "Greenberg, Jan, and Sandra Jordan. The Sculptor\u2019s Eye : Looking at Contemporary American Art. New York: Delacorte Press, 1993.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: pp. 44-45, fig. 15", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Lucie-Smith, Edward. \"Artistic Trends.\" <em>\u85dd\u8853\u5bb6 = Yi shu jia </em>589, no. 6 (June 2024): 278-289", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 286", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1974.22", "images": {}, "alternate_images": [], "creditline": "Andrew R. and Martha Holden Jennings Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 147862, "creators": [{"id": 3950, "description": "George Segal (American, 1924\u20132000)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1924", "death_year": "2000", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1974-03-08T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1972, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1972", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:09:59.638000"}, {"id": 156813, "accession_number": "1992.398", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "On Bos'n's Hill, 1901. Edmund C. Tarbell (American, 1862\u20131938). Oil on canvas; framed: 126 x 100.3 x 5.8 cm (49 5/8 x 39 1/2 x 2 5/16 in.); unframed: 106 x 78 cm (41 3/4 x 30 11/16 in.); former: 127.6 x 101.6 x 8.9 cm (50 1/4 x 40 x 3 1/2 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Gift of Mr. and Mrs. Thomas A. Mann and Robert A. Mann, 1992.398", "current_location": "208 American Gilded Age and Realism", "title": "On Bos'n's Hill", "creation_date": "1901", "creation_date_earliest": 1901, "creation_date_latest": 1901, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["America, early 20th Century"], "technique": "oil on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "American Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "American - Painting", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 126 x 100.3 x 5.8 cm (49 5/8 x 39 1/2 x 2 5/16 in.); Unframed: 106 x 78 cm (41 3/4 x 30 11/16 in.); Former: 127.6 x 101.6 x 8.9 cm (50 1/4 x 40 x 3 1/2 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 1.26, "width": 1.003, "depth": 0.058}, "unframed": {"height": 1.06, "width": 0.78}, "former": {"height": 1.276, "width": 1.016, "depth": 0.089}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 226326, "title": "Impressionism Transformed: The Paintings of Edmund C. Tarbell", "description": "<i>Impressionism Transformed: The Paintings of Edmund C. Tarbell</i>. Currier Museum of Art, Manchester, NH (organizer) (October 13, 2001-January 13, 2002); Delaware Art Museum, Wilmington, DE (February 15-April 28, 2002); Terra Museum of American Art (May 11-July 21, 2002).", "opening_date": "2001-10-13T00:00:00"}, {"id": 184052, "title": "Cleveland Collects American Art of the Gilded Age", "description": "<i>Cleveland Collects American Art of the Gilded Age</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (February 23-May 18, 2003).", "opening_date": "2003-02-23T00:00:00"}, {"id": 211073, "title": "Jewel City:  Art of the Panama-Pacific International Exposition", "description": "<i>Jewel City:  Art of the Panama-Pacific International Exposition</i>. Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, de Young Museum (October 17, 2015-January 10, 2016).", "opening_date": "2015-10-17T00:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "Pittsburgh, Carnegie Institute, Sixth Annual Exhibition ( 7 November 1901-1 January 1902), cat. no. 94.", "opening_date": "1901-11-07T00:00:00"}, {"description": "New York, Durand-Ruel Galleries (31 March-14 April 1902), cat. no. 27; (see References: Ten American Painters).", "opening_date": "1902-03-31T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Boston, St. Boltoph Club (21 April-10 May 1902), cat. no. 23; (see References: Ten American Painters; painting misspelled in this).", "opening_date": "1902-04-21T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Cincinnati, Cincinnati Art Museum, Ninth Annual Exhibition (1902).", "opening_date": "1902-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Worcester, MA, Worcester Art Museum, A Collection of Paintings by Edmund C. Tarbell of Boston (1905), cat. no. 10, lent by S.D. Bush.", "opening_date": "1905-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "New York, Montross Gallery, One-Man Exhibition [not official title], (1-14 February 1907).", "opening_date": "1907-02-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Cincinnati, Cincinnati Art Museum, Fourteenth Annual Exhibition of American Art (1907), cat. no. 19.", "opening_date": "1907-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, Retrospective Exhibition of The Ten American Painters (11 April-3 May 1908), cat. no. 78 as lent by L.D. Bush.", "opening_date": "1908-04-11T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Boston, Copley Hall, Exhibition of Paintings by Edmund C. Tarbell (May, 1912), cat. no. 27.", "opening_date": "1912-05-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, Exhibition of Contemporary Art (1912), cat. no. 27.", "opening_date": "1912-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "San Francisco, Palace of Fine Arts, Panama-Pacific International Exposition (1915), cat. no. 3958.", "opening_date": "1915-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "New York, Knoedler &amp; Co. (February, 1918), cat. no. 1.", "opening_date": "1918-02-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Boston, Museum of Fine Arts, Frank W. Benson, Edmund C. Tarbell: Exhibition of Paintings, Drawings, and Prints (16 November-15 December 1938), cat. no. 174, as lent by Mrs. Dacre Bush.", "opening_date": "1938-11-16T00:00:00"}, {"description": "New York, Wickersham Gallery, American Paintings, Drawings, Watercolors (1968)", "opening_date": "1968-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Washington, D.C., The White House, Extended loan from Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Mann (1976-1992); for the Carter Collection.", "opening_date": "1976-01-01T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "The artist was a popular art professor in Boston, and his followers were nicknamed \"Tarbellites.\"", "description": "Located in New Castle, New Hampshire, Bos\u2019n\u2019s Hill was a favored leisure spot for Tarbell\u2019s family, which included four children. It provides the luminous setting for this depiction of the artist\u2019s wife, Emeline, who strolls through the landscape with a parasol to protect her from the sun, while a beloved pet dog accompanies her. Four years later, the couple purchased a summer house nearby.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60476933"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1992.398-on-bos-n-s-hill"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Strickler, Susan E., Linda Jones Docherty, Erica E. Hirshler, and Edmund Charles Tarbell. <em>Impressionism Transformed: The Paintings of Edmund C. Tarbell</em>. Manchester, N.H.: Currier Gallery of Art, 2001.", "page_number": "illus. plate 12, p. 50; pp. 23, 51, 146", "url": null}, {"citation": "Pierce, Patricia Jobe, and John Douglas Ingraham. <em>Edmund C. Tarbell and the Boston School of Painting, 1889-1980</em>. Hingham, MA: Pierce Galleries, 1980.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 85-93; Reproduced: pl. 26", "url": null}, {"citation": "Gerdts, William H. <em>Ten American Painters</em>. New York, NY: Spanierman Gallery, 1990.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 21; Mentioned: 22-23, 126, 184", "url": null}, {"citation": "\u201c1993 Annual Report.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 81, no. 6 (July 1994): 143\u2013218.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 160", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25161457"}, {"citation": "Buckley, Laurene. <em>Joseph DeCamp: Master Painter of the Boston School</em>. Munich, Germany; New York, NY: Prestel, 1995.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 63-68; Reproduced: p. 78", "url": null}, {"citation": "Buckley, Laurene, and Edmund Charles Tarbell. <em>Edmund C. Tarbell: Poet of Domesticity</em>. New York, NY: Hudson Hills Press, 2001.", "page_number": "Mentioned p. 51-59, 107-120; Reproduced: pl. 22", "url": null}, {"citation": "Strickler, Susan E., Linda Jones Docherty, and Erica E. Hirshler. <em>Impressionism Transformed: The Paintings of Edmund C. Tarbell</em>. Manchester, NH.: Currier Gallery of Art, 2001.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 50; Mentioned: p. 23, 51, 146", "url": null}, {"citation": "Ganz, James A.ed. Jewel City: Art from San Francisco's Panama-Pacific International Exhibition. San Francisco, CA: Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco; Oakland, CA: University of California Press, 2015.", "page_number": "P. 134; reproduced: p. 186, figure 60", "url": null}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1992.398", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1992.398/1992.398_web.jpg", "width": "659", "height": "893", "filesize": "545614", "filename": "1992.398_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1992.398/1992.398_print.jpg", "width": "2510", "height": "3400", "filesize": "7442333", "filename": "1992.398_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1992.398/1992.398_full.tif", "width": "3601", "height": "4877", "filesize": "52718140", "filename": "1992.398_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2008-06-23T14:40:40", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1992.398/1992.398_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "716", "height": "893", "filesize": "586954"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1992.398/1992.398_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "2726", "height": "3400", "filesize": "7435286"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1992.398/1992.398_alt0_full.tif", "width": "2958", "height": "3690", "filesize": "32790116"}}], "creditline": "Gift of Mr. and Mrs. Thomas A. Mann and Robert A. Mann", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "The Cleveland Foundation Gallery", "athena_id": 156813, "creators": [{"id": 3303, "description": "Edmund C. Tarbell (American, 1862\u20131938)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1862", "death_year": "1938", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1993-02-17T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1901, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1901", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:04:42.921000"}, {"id": 115163, "accession_number": "1935.310", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Disk Pendant (akrafok\u0254nmu), 1800s, before 1896. Africa, West Africa, Ghana, Asante Empire/Kingdom, probably Kumasi, member of the goldsmiths\u2019 guild. Gold; diameter: 9.8 cm (3 7/8 in.); overall: 1.3 cm (1/2 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Dudley P. Allen Fund, 1935.310", "current_location": "108C African Jewelry and Metalwork", "title": "Disk Pendant (akrafok\u0254nmu)", "creation_date": "1800s, before 1896", "creation_date_earliest": 1800, "creation_date_latest": 1895, "artists_tags": [], "culture": ["Africa, West Africa, Ghana, Asante Empire/Kingdom, probably Kumasi, member of the goldsmiths\u2019 guild"], "technique": "Gold", "support_materials": [], "department": "African Art", "collection": "African Art", "type": "Jewelry", "measurements": "Diameter: 9.8 cm (3 7/8 in.); Overall: 1.3 cm (1/2 in.)", "dimensions": {"diameter": {"width": 0.098}, "overall": {"height": 0.013}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 301819, "title": "African Textiles and Decorative Arts", "description": "<i>African Textiles and Decorative Arts</i>. The Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY (organizer) (October 11, 1972-January 31, 1973); Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles, CA (March 20-May 31, 1973); Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, de Young Museum, San Francisco, CA (July 2-August 31, 1973); The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (October 3-December 2, 1973).", "opening_date": "1972-08-16T04:00:00"}, {"id": 444266, "title": "The Arts of Ghana", "description": "<i>The Arts of Ghana</i>. Frederick S. Wight Art Gallery, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA (organizer) (October 11-December 11, 1977); Walker Art Center, Minneapolis, MN (February 11-March 26, 1978); The Dallas Museum of Art, Dallas, TX (May 3-July 2, 1978).", "opening_date": "1977-10-11T04:00:00"}, {"id": 207289, "title": "Perfect Documents: Walker Evans and African Art", "description": "<i>Perfect Documents: Walker Evans and African Art</i>. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY (organizer) (February 1-September 3, 2000).", "opening_date": "2000-02-01T00:00:00"}, {"id": 181802, "title": "The Persistence of Geometry: Form, Content and Culture in the Collection of the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>The Persistence of Geometry: Form, Content and Culture in the Collection of the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. Museum of Contemporary Art Cleveland (MOCA), Cleveland, OH (June 9-August 20, 2006).", "opening_date": "2006-06-09T00:00:00"}, {"id": 297093, "title": "The Power of Gold: Asante Royal Regalia from Ghana", "description": "<i>The Power of Gold: Asante Royal Regalia from Ghana</i>. The Dallas Museum of Art, Dallas, TX (organizer) (April 15-August 12, 2018).", "opening_date": "2018-04-15T04:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "NY, Museum of Modern Art, 1935: \"African Negro Art,\" cat. no. 162, (also to CMA 9/27 - 10/27, 1935).", "opening_date": "1927-09-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "NY: The Brooklyn Museum:  Masterpieces of African Art, cat. no. 34.", "opening_date": null}, {"description": "NY: The Museum of Modern Art, 1972-1973:  African Textiles and Decorative Arts.  Also to Los Angeles County Museum of Art, 1973; M. H. de Young Memorial Museum, San Francisco, 1973; and the Cleveland Museum of Art, 1973, cat. no. 162.", "opening_date": "1972-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Los Angeles, CA: University of California, Dickson Art Center, 1977-1978:  The Arts of Ghana, cat. no. 324, p. 153, repr. p. 155.  Also to the Walker Art Center, Minneapolis, February 11-March 26, 1978, and the Dallas Museum of Art, May 30-July 2, 1978.", "opening_date": "1978-02-11T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Washington, DC:  National Museum of African Art, Smithsonian Institution, African Emblems of Status, October 21, 1982-April 30, 1983.", "opening_date": "1982-10-21T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Washington, DC:  National Museum of African Art, Smithsonian Institution, African Art in the Cycle of Life, September 15, 1987-March 20, 1988.", "opening_date": "1987-09-15T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Washington, DC:  National Museum of African Art, Smithsonian Institution, Elmina:  Art and Trade on the West African Coast, October 14, 1992-February 28, 1993.", "opening_date": "1992-10-14T00:00:00"}, {"description": "NY: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. \"Perfect Documents: Walker Evans and African Art\" 2/1/00 - 9/3/00, exh. cat. no. 18, p. 68.", "opening_date": "2000-02-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "MOCA Cleveland (6/9/2006 - 8/20/2006):  \"The Persistence of Geometry: Form, Content and Culture in the Collection of the Cleveland Museum of Art\", no. 36, p. 117, color repr. p. 32.", "opening_date": "2006-06-09T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Treasury of asantehene (King) Agyeman Prempeh I, Kumasi, Ghana", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->Exhibition Catalogue <em>African Negro Art</em> (1935), cat. no. 162; Original object card, 9/14/35 (CMA Curatorial File)</div>"], "date": "?-1896", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "(Charles Ratton Gallery, Paris, France via Pierre Matisse, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->Exhibition Catalogue <em>African Negro Art</em> (1935), cat. no. 162; Original object card, 9/14/35 (CMA Curatorial File)</div>"], "date": "?\u20131935", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1935\u2013", "sortorder": 3}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Akan goldsmiths were organized into guilds, a kind of specialized group of artisans.", "description": "Gold discs dangling on the chests of Akan state officials and elites showed their rank and duties. Worn by these <em>akrafo </em>(\u201csoul people\u201d) since the 1800s, they are often linked to <em>kradware, </em>officials who represent and purify (\u201cwash\u201d) the king\u2019s soul. To make them, goldsmiths cast or flattened gold. Muslim North African gold coins likely inspired their form and material, while concentric water rings influenced their composition. This small disc is a typical pre-colonial example: <em>asantehene</em> (king) Prempeh I reportedly owned this disk. The British emptied his treasury after deposing and exiling him in 1896. Gold ornament making ceased until 1924; court officials now wear large discs.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80008268"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1935.310-disk-pendant-akrafok"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Sieber, Roy. <em>African Textiles and Decorative Arts</em>. New York: Museum of Modern Art, 1972. P. 137.", "page_number": "P. 137.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. \u201cAfrican Textiles and Decorative Arts.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 60, no. 9 (November 1973).", "page_number": "Repr. back cover.", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/i25152495"}, {"citation": "Wixom, William D. \u201cAfrican Art in the Cleveland Museum of Art,\u201d <em>African Arts</em> 10, no. 3 (April 1977): 16-24.", "page_number": "Repr. p. 21.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Sieber, Roy, and Roslyn Adele Walker. <em>African Art in the Cycle of Life</em>. Washington, DC: National Museum of African Art, Smithsonian Institution Press, 1987. Exhibition catalog.", "page_number": "p. 102, cat. no. 53, repr.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Geary, Christraud M. and Andrea Nicolls. <em>Elmina: Art and Trade on the West African Coast</em>. Washington, DC: National Museum of African Art, Smithsonian Institution Press, 1992. Exhibition catalogue.", "page_number": "Repr. p. 8.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Hudon, Fran\u00e7ois, Line Lamarre, and Michel Vervais. <em>R\u00e9alit\u00e9s : Histoire et \u00e9ducation \u00e0 La Citoyennet\u00e9. </em>Qu\u00e9bec : ERP Inc., 2008.", "page_number": "Fig. 5.18.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Milliken, William. \"Exhibition of Gold.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art </em>34, no. 9 (November 1947): 211-212.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 211-212; Reproduced: p. 235", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25141408"}, {"citation": "Petridis, Constantijn. <em>South of the Sahara: selected works of African art. </em>Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2003.", "page_number": "Reproduced: cat. 19, p. 68 - 69", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Sims, Lowery Stokes. <em>The Persistence of Geometry: Form, Content, and Culture in the Collection of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2006.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 32, no. 35", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Museum of Modern Art (New York, N.Y.), and James Johnson Sweeney. <em>African Negro Art.</em> New York: Museum of Modern Art, 1935.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 39, no. 162", "url": null}, {"citation": "Webb, Virginia-Lee, and Walker Evans. <em>Perfect Documents: Walker Evans and African Art, 1935</em>. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 22; reproduced: p. 23, fig. 13, p. 68, no. 18.", "url": null}, {"citation": "Petridis, Constantine. \"A World of Great Art for Everyone.\" In <em>Representing Africa in American Art Museums: A Century of Collecting and Display. </em>Kathleen Bickford Berzock and Christa Clarke, 104-121. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2011.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 112", "url": null}, {"citation": "Brooklyn Museum. <em>Masterpieces of African Art. Exhibition Dates: October 21, 1954-January 2, 1955.</em> [Brooklyn]: Brooklyn Museum, 1954.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 40", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cole, Herbert M., and Doran H. Ross. <em>The Arts of Ghana</em>. Los Angeles: Museum of Cultural History, University of California, 1977.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 153; reproduced: p. 155, fig. 324", "url": null}, {"citation": "Robbins, Warren M., and Nancy Ingram Nooter. <em>African Art in American Collections, Survey 1989.</em> Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1989.", "page_number": "Reproduced and mentioned: pp. 202-203, fig. 515", "url": null}, {"citation": "Walker, Roslyn A., Martha J. Ehrlich, Christraud M. Geary, M. D. McLeod, and Doran H. Ross. <em>The Power of Gold: Asante Royal Regalia from Ghana. </em>Yale University Press, New Haven and London. Dallas : Dallas Museum of Art, 2018.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 101, cat. 58", "url": null}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1935.310", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1935.310/1935.310_web.jpg", "width": "808", "height": "900", "filesize": "186512", "filename": "1935.310_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1935.310/1935.310_print.jpg", "width": "3051", "height": "3400", "filesize": "2282990", "filename": "1935.310_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1935.310/1935.310_full.tif", "width": "9556", "height": "10650", "filesize": "305343528", "filename": "1935.310_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2009-06-10T16:13:14", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1935.310/1935.310_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "939", "height": "893", "filesize": "519695"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1935.310/1935.310_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "3234", "filesize": "5962830"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1935.310/1935.310_alt0_full.tif", "width": "4082", "height": "3883", "filesize": "47572344"}}, {"date_created": "2025-10-02T22:29:04", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1935.310/1935.310_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "804", "height": "900", "filesize": "183651"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1935.310/1935.310_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "3036", "height": "3400", "filesize": "2204322"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1935.310/1935.310_alt1_full.tif", "width": "9509", "height": "10650", "filesize": "303841696"}}], "creditline": "Dudley P. Allen Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 115163, "creators": [], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1935-10-24T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1800, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1800s, before 1896", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Soul Disk Pendant (krakonmu)"], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:03:10.411000"}, {"id": 135173, "accession_number": "1958.20", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "The Brook, c. 1895\u20131900. Paul Cezanne (French, 1839\u20131906). Oil on fabric; framed: 74.9 x 97.2 x 8.3 cm (29 1/2 x 38 1/4 x 3 1/4 in.); unframed: 59.2 x 81 cm (23 5/16 x 31 7/8 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Bequest of Leonard C. Hanna Jr., 1958.20", "current_location": "222 Impressionism & Post-Impressionism", "title": "The Brook", "creation_date": "c. 1895\u20131900", "creation_date_earliest": 1895, "creation_date_latest": 1900, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["France, late 19th-early 20th Century"], "technique": "oil on fabric", "support_materials": [], "department": "Modern European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "Mod Euro - Painting 1800-1960", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 74.9 x 97.2 x 8.3 cm (29 1/2 x 38 1/4 x 3 1/4 in.); Unframed: 59.2 x 81 cm (23 5/16 x 31 7/8 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 0.749, "width": 0.972, "depth": 0.083}, "unframed": {"height": 0.592, "width": 0.81}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 703013, "title": "Highlights of the 19th Century", "description": "<i>Highlights of the 19th Century</i>. Akron Art Museum, Akron, OH (organizer) (March 3-31, 1959).", "opening_date": "1959-03-03T05:00:00"}, {"id": 338838, "title": "Masterpiece of the Month", "description": "<i>Masterpiece of the Month</i>. Akron Art Museum (organizer) (April 2-26, 1959).", "opening_date": "1959-04-02T05:00:00"}, {"id": 444758, "title": "\u30bb\u30b6\u30f3\u30cc\u5c55 (Paul Cezanne Exhibition)", "description": "<i>\u30bb\u30b6\u30f3\u30cc\u5c55 (Paul Cezanne Exhibition)</i>. National Museum of Western Art, Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (organizer) (March 29-May 25, 1974); Kyoto Municipal Museum of Art, Kyoto, Japan (June 1-July 17, 1974); Fukuoka Art Museum, Fukuoka, Japan (July 24-August 18, 1974).", "opening_date": "1974-03-29T04:00:00"}, {"id": 338835, "title": "Cezanne Retrospective", "description": "<i>Cezanne Retrospective</i>. K\u00fcnsthalle Tubingen, D-72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany (organizer) (January 16-April 27, 1993).", "opening_date": "1993-01-16T05:00:00"}, {"id": 223815, "title": "Cezanne au fil de l'eau", "description": "<i>Cezanne au fil de l'eau</i>. Mus\u00e9e Granet, 13100 Aix-en-Provence, France (organizer) (June 15-September 15, 2000).", "opening_date": "2000-06-15T00:00:00"}, {"id": 182153, "title": "Monet to Dal\u00ed: Modern Masters from the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Monet to Dal\u00ed: Modern Masters from the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. Beijing World Art Museum (May 26-August 27, 2006); Mori Art Center (September 16-November 26, 2006); Seoul Art Center, South Korea (December 22, 2006-March 28, 2007); Seoul Olympic Museum of Art, South Korea (April 7-May 20, 2007); Vancouver Art Gallery, Vancouver, Canada (June 9-September 16, 2007); The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 21, 2007-January 13, 2008); Frist Art Museum, Nashville, TN (February 15-June 1, 2008); Utah Museum of Fine Arts, Salt Lake City, UT (June 22-September 21, 2008); The Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit, MI (October 12, 2008-January 18, 2009).", "opening_date": "2006-05-27T00:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "Galerie Heinemann. Possibly Munich, Germany (1928),", "opening_date": "1928-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Modern Paintings from Boston Collections</em>. Institute of Modern Art, Boston, MA (1937).", "opening_date": "1937-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Art in New England-Paintings, Drawings, Prints from Private Collections in New England</em>. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. MA (1939).", "opening_date": "1939-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Centennial Exhibition 1839-1939</em>. Marie Harriman Gallery, New York, NY (1939).", "opening_date": "1939-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Summer Loan - group of fourteen Hanna paintings on loan</em>. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY. (June-September 1949).", "opening_date": "1949-06-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>C\u00e9zanne-Rarely Shown Works</em>. Fine Arts Associates, New York, NY (1952).", "opening_date": "1952-01-01T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Ambroise Vollard [1866-1939], Paris, France", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "Walther Halvorsen [1887-1972]. Oslo, Norway", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "(Galerie Brummer, Paris, France/New York, NY)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "(Galerie Heinemann, Munich, Germany, by 1928, sold to a Private Collection)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "by 1928", "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "Private Collection, Vienna, Austria", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": 5}, {"description": "Robert Treat Paine, Jr., Boston, MA", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": 6}, {"description": "Thomas Metcalf, Boston, MA", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "by 1939", "sortorder": 7}, {"description": "(Knoedler Galleries, New York, NY)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": 8}, {"description": "(Sam Salz, New York, NY, March 12, 1945, sold to Leonard C. Hanna, Jr.)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1945", "sortorder": 9}, {"description": "Leonard C. Hanna, Jr. [1889-1957], Cleveland, OH, bequeathed to the Cleveland Museum of Art", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1945-1958", "sortorder": 10}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1958-", "sortorder": 11}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Cezanne rarely did preparatory sketches for his paintings. The shapes on the canvas are provided by tonal contrasts and color sensation.", "description": "Although Cezanne exhibited twice with the Impressionists, he rejected his friends\u2019 goals of capturing the fleeting effects of light and atmosphere in their art. Instead, he sought to create balance among the forms and colors in his compositions. This painting depicts the valley of the Arc River that runs southeast of Cezanne\u2019s home in Aix-en-Provence. Throughout the composition, he juxtaposed strokes of different hues, describing the leaves, branches, and the stream with color rather than drawing the outlines of forms.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60517676"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1958.20-the-brook"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Venturi, Lionello. <em>Ce\u0301zanne, Son Art, Son Oeuvre; 1,600 Illustrations</em>. Paris: P. Rosenberg, 1936.", "page_number": "Mentioned: vol. 1, p. 233, no. 783; reproduced: vol. 2, pl. 258, no. 783", "url": null}, {"citation": "Coe, Nancy. <em>The History of the Collecting of European Paintings and Drawings in the City of Cleveland.</em> Thesis M.A. Oberlin College 1955.", "page_number": "Reproduced: vol. 2, p. 71", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>In Memoriam: Leonard C. Hanna, Jr.</em> Cleveland: The Museum, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: no. 4", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Great Show of French Masters: Cleveland Celebrates Legacy of Hanna Collection.\" <em>Life</em> 45, no. 8 (August 25, 1958): 41-46.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 43", "url": null}, {"citation": "Henning, E. B. \u201cCleveland Museum of Art: From Turner to Guston.\u201d <em>Apollo: The International Magazine for Collectors</em> 78 (December 1963): 481\u201388.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 485", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 177", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n201"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 177", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n201"}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Art of the Twentieth Century in the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: Dept. of Art History &amp; Education, CMA, 1969.", "page_number": "Mentioned p. 1", "url": "https://archive.org/details/20thCenturyArtCMA/page/n1"}, {"citation": "Orienti, Sandra. <em>The Complete Paintings of Ce\u0301zanne.</em> New York: H.N. Abrams, 1972.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 120, no. 746", "url": null}, {"citation": "Reff, Theodore, William Rubin, et. al. <em>Ce\u0301zanne: The Late Work: Essays. </em>New York: Museum of Modern Art, 1977.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 26; reproduced: p. 273, pl. 70", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 219", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n239"}, {"citation": "Hata, Ko\u0304hei, Kazuo Anazawa, and Kunio Motoe. <em>Sezannu.</em> Tokyo: Sh\u014dgakkan, Sh\u014dwa 54, 1979.", "page_number": "Reproduced: fig. 50", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bourges, M. R. <em>Itine\u0301raires de Ce\u0301zanne</em>. [Aix-en-Provence]: Ville d'Aix-en-Provence, 1982.", "page_number": "Reproduced: La Vallee de l'Arc, fig. 1", "url": null}, {"citation": "Landau, Ellen G. \"Space and Pictorial Life: Hans Hofmann's <em>Smaragd Red and Germinating Yellow</em>.\" The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art. 72, no. 5 (September 1985): 310-323.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 316, fig. 11", "url": null}, {"citation": "Chong, Alan. <em>European &amp; American Painting in the Cleveland Museum of Art: A Summary Catalogue.</em> Cleveland, Ohio: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1993.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 33", "url": null}, {"citation": "Adriani, Go\u0308tz, Paul Ce\u0301zanne, and Walter Feilchenfeldt. <em>Cezanne: Gema\u0308lde</em>. Ko\u0308ln: DuMont, 1993.", "page_number": "Referenced: cat. no. 75, Reproduced", "url": null}, {"citation": "Patin, Sylvie. <em>Ce\u0301zann</em>e. Paris: Re\u0301union des Muse\u0301es Nationaux, 1995.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 76", "url": null}, {"citation": "Orienti, Sandra. <em>Tout l'Oeuvre Peint de Ce\u0301zann</em>e. Paris: Flammarion, 1995.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 120, no. 746", "url": null}, {"citation": "Rewald, John, Walter Feilchenfeldt, and Jayne Warman. <em>The Paintings of Paul Ce\u0301zanne: A Catalogue Raisonne\u0301.</em> New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1996.", "page_number": "Mentioned: vol. 1, p. 465, no. 766", "url": null}, {"citation": "D' Argencourt, Louise and Roger Diederen. <em>Catalogue of Paintings. Pt. 4. European Paintings of the 19th Century.</em> Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1999.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: v.1, p.125-126, no. 47", "url": null}, {"citation": "Sims, Lowery Stokes. <em>The Persistence of Geometry: Form, Content, and Culture in the Collection of the Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2006.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 56; reproduced: p. 58, fig. 8", "url": null}, {"citation": "Mothe, Alain. Ce Que Voyait Ce\u0301zanne: Les Paysages Impressionnistes a\u0300 la Lumie\u0300re des Cartes Postales. Paris: RMN Editions, Grandpalais, 2011.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 121", "url": null}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1958.20", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1958.20/1958.20_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "651", "filesize": "318429", "filename": "1958.20_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1958.20/1958.20_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2460", "filesize": "4116585", "filename": "1958.20_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1958.20/1958.20_full.tif", "width": "15414", "height": "11154", "filesize": "515816820", "filename": "1958.20_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2007-10-19T16:28:41", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1958.20/1958.20_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "1239", "height": "893", "filesize": "914203"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1958.20/1958.20_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2451", "filesize": "6579161"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1958.20/1958.20_alt0_full.tif", "width": "5670", "height": "4088", "filesize": "69572828"}}], "creditline": "Bequest of Leonard C. Hanna Jr.", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Nancy F. and Joseph P. Keithley Gallery", "athena_id": 135173, "creators": [{"id": 1754, "description": "Paul Cezanne (French, 1839\u20131906)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": "The son of a wealthy banker, C\u00e9zanne began his studies in Aix-en-Provence at the \u00c9cole Saint-Joseph in 1849, then attended the Coll\u00e8ge Bourbon from 1852 until 1858. \u00c9mile Zola, the future author, was to become one of his closest friends. C\u00e9zanne enrolled at the \u00c9cole Gratuite de Dessin in 1857, entering the studio of Joseph Gibert (1806-1884). Two years later, complying with his father's wishes, he began studying law at the Universit\u00e9 d'Aix while still at the \u00c9cole Gratuite de Dessin. In 1861 C\u00e9zanne finally left law school and followed Zola to Paris where he met Pissarro (q.v.) at the Acad\u00e9mie Suisse. Probably after his failure to enter the \u00c9cole des Beaux-Arts, he returned to Aix and began working at his father's bank. In 1862, however, C\u00e9zanne returned to Paris, where he studied at the Acad\u00e9mie Suisse and copied the works of the Old Masters in the Louvre. The works he produced during this period reflect the influence of Spanish painters such as Ribera (1591-1562) and Zurbar\u00e1n (1598-1664), and other predecessors such as Delacroix (q.v.). His submissions to the Salons of 1865 through 1870 (and even through 1881) did not receive the jury's approval; the reinstatement of the Salon des Refus\u00e9s was repeatedly but unsuccessfully demanded. C\u00e9zanne traveled often between Aix and Paris until 1870. To escape the Franco-Prussian War (1870-71) he stayed in the south in L'Estaque, along with his mistress, Hortense Fiquet, whom he had met in 1869. C\u00e9zanne moved back north to Pontoise with Hortense and his son, Paul, in 1872 and worked with Pissarro and met Dr. Paul Gachet. The following year he moved again to nearby Auvers-sur-Oise with his family, continuing his work with Pissarro. In 1874 and 1877 C\u00e9zanne participated in the first and third impressionist exhibitions, but the severe criticism of his works led him to abstain from using this venue again. In 1878 his father learned of the existence of Hortense and Paul, who at that point were living in Marseille, and threatened to discontinue his allowance. While in the Midi, C\u00e9zanne often worked with Monticelli (q.v.). His art increasingly matured, and he began concentrating on the order and internal structure within his compositions, limiting his palette. During these years he also met Gauguin (q.v.) and Renoir (q.v.), and always trav-eled, chiefly between Aix and L'Estaque. In 1886 C\u00e9zanne married Hortense, his father died, and the inheritance provided him with the financial means to live without constraints. He bought a house in Marlotte near Fontainebleau in 1892. In 1895 he had his first solo show at the gallery of Ambroise Vollard, who two years later bought all the artist's works from his studio near Corbeil. The dealer Paul Durand-Ruel became another important client. C\u00e9zanne participated in the Salon des Ind\u00e9pendants in 1899, 1901, and 1902 and exhibited at La Libre Esth\u00e9tique in Brussels in 1901 and 1904, the Secession in Vienna in 1903, and the Salon d'Automne in 1904-6. He continued to study the underlying structure of nature, at times approaching abstraction by denying traditional perspective and using multiple viewpoints. He also began leaving portions of the canvas bare, giving some works an unfinished appearance. C\u00e9zanne's work had a tremendous influence on the artists of his time as well as those of subsequent generations, and he is considered one of the most influential figures in the development of modern art.", "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1839", "death_year": "1906", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1958-11-29T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1895, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 1895\u20131900", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:09:07.896000"}, {"id": 123424, "accession_number": "1943.654", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Overmantel Decoration, c. 1675\u201377. Grinling Gibbons (British, 1648\u20131721). Lindenwood; part 1: 69.3 x 178.4 cm (27 5/16 x 70 1/4 in.); part 2: 164.5 x 27.3 cm (64 3/4 x 10 3/4 in.); part 3: 177.8 x 26.7 cm (70 x 10 1/2 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Grace Rainey Rogers Fund, 1943.654", "current_location": "203A British Painting and Decorative Arts", "title": "Overmantel Decoration", "creation_date": "c. 1675\u201377", "creation_date_earliest": 1675, "creation_date_latest": 1677, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["England, 17th century (Charles II)"], "technique": "lindenwood", "support_materials": [], "department": "European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "Sculpture", "type": "Sculpture", "measurements": "Part 1: 69.3 x 178.4 cm (27 5/16 x 70 1/4 in.); Part 2: 164.5 x 27.3 cm (64 3/4 x 10 3/4 in.); Part 3: 177.8 x 26.7 cm (70 x 10 1/2 in.)", "dimensions": {"part 1": {"height": 0.693, "width": 1.784}, "part 2": {"height": 1.645, "width": 0.273}, "part 3": {"height": 1.778, "width": 0.267}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 309664, "title": "Consuming Passions: The Art of Food and Drink", "description": "<i>Consuming Passions: The Art of Food and Drink</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (July 26-October 9, 1983).", "opening_date": "1983-07-26T04:00:00"}, {"id": 306699, "title": "British Gallery Reinstallation  (June 2020)", "description": "<i>British Gallery Reinstallation  (June 2020)</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art (organizer).", "opening_date": "2020-06-30T04:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "No legacy exhibitions.", "opening_date": null}]}, "provenance": [], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "The swags of fruit and foliage featured in this wooden overmantel decoration evoke the bounty of the English countryside.", "description": "The arrangement of architectural elements within grand interior spaces in the late 1600s and early 1700s emphasized symmetry and height. Decorative elements such as elaborately carved mantels, mirrors, paintings, and applied wall decorations were often stacked to achieve a visual focal point at one or both ends of the room. This particular overmantel decoration once hung above the fireplace in the Green Drawing Room of the Earl of Essex at Cassiobury in Watford, near London. In 1823, the British painter William Henry Hunt (1790\u20131864) produced a watercolor of the drawing room which featured this overmantel decoration.<br><br>Grinling Gibbons was born in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, of English parents. After training there as an artist, he came to England in the 1660s and soon began to work as a sculptor of interior ornament, particularly in wood. One of his first large-scale decorative projects was the series of interiors at Cassiobury House.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79900620"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1943.654-overmantel-decoratio"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Esterly, David. <em>Grinling Gibbons and the Art of Carving</em>. London: V&amp;A Publishing, 1998.", "page_number": "Mentioned P 183, cat. no. 115", "url": "http://library.clevelandart.org/opac/?func=find-b&find_code=OCL&submit=Search&request=862221831"}, {"citation": "Wilcop, Mary, Karen Bishop, Beth M. Edelstein, Colleen Snyder, and Marcus Brathwaite. \"Tilia and Tilt-A-Jet: Abrasive Jet-machining Towards the Treatment and Re-mounting of a Grinling Gibbons Overmantel. <em>Wooden Artifacts Group Postprints (</em>2018).", "page_number": "pp. 51-65", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Conservation. 17th Century Meets 21st: To restore a 17th-century wood carving and simplify its installation in the new British gallery. conservators collaborated with CWRU Sears think[box].\u201d <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine </em>60, no. 2 (March/April 2020): 38-39.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 38; Mentioned: P. 38-39.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Grinling Gibbons Society, <em>Grinling Gibbons Online, </em>accessed 7/2022.", "page_number": "", "url": "https://grinling-gibbons.org/artworks/overmantel-decoration/"}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1943.654", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1943.654/1943.654_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "813", "filesize": "", "filename": "1943.654_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1943.654/1943.654_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "3072", "filesize": "", "filename": "1943.654_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1943.654/1943.654_full.tif", "width": "10457", "height": "9447", "filesize": "", "filename": "1943.654_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2017-07-13T17:48:59", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1943.654/1943.654_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "798", "filesize": "203282"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1943.654/1943.654_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "3013", "filesize": "2964880"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1943.654/1943.654_alt0_full.tif", "width": "4402", "height": "3901", "filesize": "51542824"}}, {"date_created": "2020-03-12T08:22:40", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1943.654/1943.654_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "740", "filesize": ""}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1943.654/1943.654_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2794", "filesize": ""}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1943.654/1943.654_alt1_full.tif", "width": "11314", "height": "9296", "filesize": ""}}], "creditline": "Grace Rainey Rogers Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Paul J. and Edith Ingalls Vignos Gallery", "athena_id": 123424, "creators": [{"id": 8579, "description": "Grinling Gibbons (British, 1648\u20131721)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1648", "death_year": "1721", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1943-12-29T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1675, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 1675\u201377", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "cover", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:00:43.071000"}, {"id": 123435, "accession_number": "1943.659", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Sophie Crouzet, c. 1801. Louis Hersent (French, 1777\u20131860). Oil on fabric; framed: 101 x 85.5 x 12.5 cm (39 3/4 x 33 11/16 x 4 15/16 in.); unframed: 81.2 x 65 cm (31 15/16 x 25 9/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Grace Rainey Rogers Fund, 1943.659", "current_location": "202 French Neoclassical Decorative Arts", "title": "Sophie Crouzet", "creation_date": "c. 1801", "creation_date_earliest": 1796, "creation_date_latest": 1806, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["France, late 18th-early 19th century"], "technique": "oil on fabric", "support_materials": [], "department": "Modern European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "Mod Euro - Painting 1800-1960", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 101 x 85.5 x 12.5 cm (39 3/4 x 33 11/16 x 4 15/16 in.); Unframed: 81.2 x 65 cm (31 15/16 x 25 9/16 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 1.01, "width": 0.855, "depth": 0.125}, "unframed": {"height": 0.812, "width": 0.65}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 300853, "title": "Baron Gros, Painter of Battles: The First Romantic Painter", "description": "<i>Baron Gros, Painter of Battles: The First Romantic Painter</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (March 8-April 15, 1956).", "opening_date": "1956-03-08T05:00:00"}, {"id": 515776, "title": "Problem Pictures", "description": "<i>Problem Pictures</i>. The Frances Lehman Loeb Art Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (organizer) (October 13-November 15, 1965).", "opening_date": "1965-10-13T04:00:00"}, {"id": 309658, "title": "Portraiture: The Image of the Individual", "description": "<i>Portraiture: The Image of the Individual</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (November 22, 1983-January 22, 1984).", "opening_date": "1983-11-22T05:00:00"}, {"id": 310251, "title": "Rococo, Revolution, Restoration", "description": "<i>Rococo, Revolution, Restoration</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (July 11-September 24, 1989).", "opening_date": "1989-07-11T04:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "Hartford, Wadsworth Atheneum. Loan Exhibition of Distinguished Works of Art (1928), no. 25, Jacques-Louis David, Portrait of a Woman, lent by Wildenstein &amp; Co.", "opening_date": "1928-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Cambridge, Mass., Fogg Art Museum. Exhibition of French Painting of the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries (1929), no. 23 (repr.), David, Citoyenne Crouzet, Wildenstein &amp; Co.", "opening_date": "1929-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Toledo Museum of Art; Art Gallery of Toronto. The Spirit of Modern France: An Essay on Painting in Society 1745-1946 (1946-47), no. 13, La Citoyenne Courzet [sic] 1795 (repr.).", "opening_date": "1946-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "New York, Wildenstein &amp; Co. French XVIIIth Century Paintings (1948), 5, David, La Citoyenne Crouzet.", "opening_date": "1948-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Detroit Institute of Arts. From David to Courbet (1950), no. 3, David, La Citoyenne Crouzet.", "opening_date": "1950-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Seattle Art Museum. Masterpieces of Nineteenth Century Painting and Sculpture (7 March-6 May 1951), no cat.", "opening_date": "1951-03-07T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Omaha, Joslyn Art Museum. Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition-The Beginnings of Modern Painting, France 1800-1900 (1951), 4, David, La Citoyenne Crouzet.", "opening_date": "1951-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Winnipeg Art Gallery. French Pre-Impressionist Painters of the Nineteenth Century (1954), 8, no. 3 (repr.), David, La Citoyenne Crouzet.", "opening_date": "1954-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Fort Worth Art Center. Inaugural Exhibition (1954), no. 18, David, La Citoyenne Crouzet (repr.).", "opening_date": "1954-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Art Gallery of Toronto. Comparisons (1957), no. 20, David, La Citoyenne Couzet [sic].", "opening_date": "1957-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Akron (Ohio) Art Institute. Masterpiece of the Month (2-28 September 1958), as David; no cat.", "opening_date": "1958-09-02T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Indianapolis, Herron Museum of Art. The Romantic Era: Birth and Flowering 1750-1850 (1965), no. 26 (repr.), Circle of David, La Citoyenne Crouzet.", "opening_date": "1965-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Poughkeepsie, Vassar College Art Gallery. Problem Pictures: Paintings without Authors (1965), no. 22, Circle of Jacques Louis David, La Citoyenne Crouzet (?), ca. 1800.", "opening_date": "1965-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Kansas City, Nelson Gallery and Atkins Museum of Fine Arts. The Taste of Napoleon (1969), no. 23 (repr.), Circle of David, La Citoyenne Crouzet.", "opening_date": "1969-01-01T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Sophie Crouzet, retained by, until her death in 1844.", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "By inheritance to her son F\u00e9lix-Adolphe Crouzet.", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "By inheritance to his daughter Sophie Crouzet, wife of Gustave-Fran\u00e7ois Bourotte.", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "By inheritance to their first-born son Eug\u00e8ne (d. 1899).", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "By inheritance to his brother \u00c9mile Bourotte, then by inheritance to his wife, Mme Jos\u00e9phine Darte-Bourotte, Versailles.", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": 5}, {"description": "Sold to Wildenstein & Co., New York, probably in the early 1920s.", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": 6}, {"description": "Grace Rainey Rogers sale, Parke-Bernet Galleries, New York, 18 November 1943 (lot 51), as Jacques-Louis David, Citoyenne Crouzet.", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": 7}, {"description": "Purchased by the CMA in 1943.", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": 8}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Sophie Crouzet, the sitter in this portrait, is a first cousin of the artist.", "description": "The sitter's dress deliberately evokes ancient Roman costume. However, the white muslin and straightforward cut also derives from earlier English fashions that favored simplicity in contrast to the elaborate, colorful clothing favored earlier in the 1700s. The transparency of her dress also carries political and cultural meaning: during the French Revolution in 1789, costume began to signify political allegiance, a sign of the character of the person who wore it. For women, transparency became increasingly literal, as in the sheer fabric worn by Crouzet, who came from a family of active revolutionaries.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60514930"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1943.659-sophie-crouzet"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "<em>Paintings in the Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> [Cleveland]: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1945.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 33", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAPaintings1945/page/n41"}, {"citation": "Francis, Henry S. \u201cA Portrait by Jacques Louis David.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 32, no. 6 (June 1945): 83\u201385. <br><br>Attributed to: Jacques Louis David", "page_number": "Mentioned : p. 83-85; Reproduced: Cover", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25141209"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Handbook.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 492", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1958/page/n90"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 164", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n188"}, {"citation": "D\u2019Argencourt, Louise. \u201cThe Story of a Painting: A Romance in Attribution.\u201d <em>Cleveland Studies in the History of Art</em> 1 (1996): 116\u2013129.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 116-129; Reproduced: p. 117, fig. 1", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/20079684"}, {"citation": "Argencourt, Louise d', and Roger Diederen. <em>Catalogue of Paintings</em>. <em>Pt. 4. European Paintings of the 19th Century</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1974.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 357-360, Vol. II, no. 125", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Jackall, Yuriko. <em>America Collects Eighteenth-Century French Painting.</em> Chicago, IL : Art Stock Books, Independent Publishers Group, 2017.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 104, fig. 3", "url": null}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1943.659", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1943.659/1943.659_web.jpg", "width": "714", "height": "893", "filesize": "396865", "filename": "1943.659_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1943.659/1943.659_print.jpg", "width": "2718", "height": "3400", "filesize": "5374139", "filename": "1943.659_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1943.659/1943.659_full.tif", "width": "3943", "height": "4932", "filesize": "58373356", "filename": "1943.659_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [], "creditline": "Grace Rainey Rogers Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "M. Roger and Anne Clapp Gallery", "athena_id": 123435, "creators": [{"id": 1682, "description": "Louis Hersent (French, 1777\u20131860)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": "The son of Romain-Th\u00e9odore Hersent, a silversmith, Louis Hersent was sent to learn the art of painting in the studio of Jean-Baptiste Regnault (1754-1829). He achieved second place for the Prix de Rome in 1797 but became seriously ill the following year and was forced to withdraw from the studio. He then briefly ventured into business but soon returned to art. A cousin of Hersent, Pierre Crouzet, worked as director of the military academy at Compi\u00e8gne. Through this connection Hersent became a drawing instructor to its students in 1800. Crouzet transferred to Saint-Cyr the following year, and Hersent may have followed him there. Hersent was first accepted at the Salon of 1802 with Narcissus (Mus\u00e9e des Beaux-Arts, Arras). His early work recalls David (q.v.), but soon Hersent expanded his subject matter to include contemporary history; depictions of Native Americans based on legends, stories, or anthropological studies; official portraits; and European history. He enjoyed official success, receiving the Legion of Honor in 1819 and being elected to the Acad\u00e9mie des Beaux-Arts in 1822. His wife, Louise-Marie-Jeanne Mauduit (1784-1862), was a painter herself who ran a studio to teach other women artists. Hersent became professor at the \u00c9cole des Beaux-Arts in 1825, replacing Girodet (q.v.). He opened his own studio at that time, and his pupils included Charles Gleyre (1806-1874), Paul Chenavard (1807-1895), and Jacques-Raymond Brascassat (1804-1867). In 1837 he became vice president of the Acad\u00e9mie des Beaux-Arts, and the following year served as its president.", "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1777", "death_year": "1860", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1943-12-29T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1796, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 1801", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": true, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-26 23:59:36.762000"}, {"id": 136290, "accession_number": "1960.176.2", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Youth (from Chateau de Chaumont set), 1512\u201315. France, Lyon(?), early 16th century. Silk and wool; tapestry weave; overall: 321.8 x 452 cm (126 11/16 x 177 15/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, John L. Severance Fund, 1960.176.2", "current_location": "113 French Tapestries & Illuminated Manuscripts", "title": "Youth (from Chateau de Chaumont set)", "creation_date": "1512\u201315", "creation_date_earliest": 1512, "creation_date_latest": 1515, "artists_tags": [], "culture": ["France, Lyon(?), early 16th century"], "technique": "silk and wool; tapestry weave", "support_materials": [], "department": "Textiles", "collection": "Textiles", "type": "Tapestry", "measurements": "Overall: 321.8 x 452 cm (126 11/16 x 177 15/16 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"height": 3.218, "width": 4.52}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "French verse in Gothic letters translates as follows: Youth triumphs while its heart is healthy, And when it seems to hold all in its hand. But this triumph is without eternity.  Here one sees the example full well: Those who are happy hide death in thier heart. Let the young heed this warning.", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 445010, "title": "Chefs d'oeuvre de la Tapisserie du XIV\u00e8me au XVI\u00e8me si\u00e8cle (Tapestry Masterpieces from the 14th to the 16th Century)", "description": "<i>Chefs d'oeuvre de la Tapisserie du XIV\u00e8me au XVI\u00e8me si\u00e8cle (Tapestry Masterpieces from the 14th to the 16th Century)</i>. Mus\u00e9e du Louvre, Paris, France (organizer) (October 26, 1973-January 7, 1974); The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY (February 7-April 19, 1974).", "opening_date": "1973-10-26T04:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "Chefs d'oeuvre de la tapisserie du XIVe au XVIe siecle. Grand Palais, Paris, France (October 26, 1973- January 7, 1974); Masterpieces of Tapestry. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York (February 7-April 19, 1974).", "opening_date": "1974-02-07T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Gallery 113 tapestry rotation. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (November 20, 2012- ).", "opening_date": "2012-11-20T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "one of set of three allegorical tapestries from the Chateau de Chaumont until 1907; Duveen Collection, New York, in 1925; Clarence H. MacKay Collection until 1939; (French & Co., New York).", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": null}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": ["1960.177"], "did_you_know": null, "description": "Louise of Savoy (1476-1531), queen mother of King Francis I, is depicted here in a sumptuous brocaded velvet in the center. She addresses youthful figures including \u00c9l\u00e9onore, Pierre Sala\u2019s daughter who is facing her future husband, Hector. On the right, King Louis XII (died 1514) stands in front of the Chateau Langais where he had married Anne of Brittany. Above is Hector\u2019s deceased father with a partially concealed skull under his robe, while a woman expresses surprise at the sight. The verse in Old French at the top states that youthful happiness is not eternal: Youth makes sounds as long as its heart is healthy, And thinks that it holds all in its hand. But this triumph is not eternal. Here you see clearly an example: He that is happy has death in his breast. Of this you people should take note.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60757083"], "internet_archive": []}, "citations": [{"citation": "Shepherd, Dorothy G. \"Three Tapestries from Chaumont.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 48, no. 7 (1961): 159-77", "page_number": "p. 159-177", "url": "www.jstor.org/stable/25142461"}, {"citation": "Saisselin, Remy G. \"Literary Background of the Chaumont Tapestries.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 48, no. 7 (1961).", "page_number": "p. 178-181", "url": "www.jstor.org/stable/25142462"}, {"citation": "Wixom, William D., and Leona E. Prasse. \"Traditions in the Chaumont Tapestries.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 48, no. 7 (1961): 182-90.", "page_number": "p. 182-190", "url": "www.jstor.org/stable/25142463"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 75", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n99"}, {"citation": "Wixom, William D. <em>Treasures from Medieval France.</em> [Cleveland]: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1967.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 336-337", "url": "https://archive.org/details/TreasuresMedievalFrance/page/n363"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 75", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n99"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 85", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n105"}, {"citation": "Seaton, Douglass. Ideas and Styles in the Western Musical Tradition. Mountain View, Calif: Mayfield Pub. Co, 1991.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Vignon, Charlotte, and Ian Wardropper. Duveen Brothers and the Market for Decorative Arts, 1880-1940. 2019.", "page_number": "Mentioned & reproduced:  pp. 218, fig. 78 - 219", "url": null}, {"citation": "Passot, Sebastien. \"\"Are You Sure This Is What He Means?\" Considerations on Dress Terminology in French Sources and Their Subsequent Translation.\" In <em>Structuring Fashion: Foundation Garments Through History</em>. Frank Matthias Kammel, and Johannes Pietsch, eds., 63-71. Munich: Bayerisches Nationalmuseum; Munich: Hirmer, 2019.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 64-65, fig. 2", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1960.176.2", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1960.176.2/1960.176.2_web.jpg", "width": "1240", "height": "893", "filesize": "1103860", "filename": "1960.176.2_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1960.176.2/1960.176.2_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2449", "filesize": "8251086", "filename": "1960.176.2_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1960.176.2/1960.176.2_full.tif", "width": "5738", "height": "4134", "filesize": "71199620", "filename": "1960.176.2_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2005-06-01T15:27:23", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1960.176.2/1960.176.2_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "1226", "height": "893", "filesize": 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Severance Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "The Honey and Leighton Rosenthal Family Gallery", "athena_id": 136290, "creators": [], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1960-08-13T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1512, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1512\u201315", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "component", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": "1960.176", "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-26 23:59:57.444000"}, {"id": 122348, "accession_number": "1942.644", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "A Young Man with a Chain, c. 1629 or 1632. Rembrandt van Rijn (Dutch, 1606\u20131669), and Studio. Oil on wood; framed: 83.8 x 69.9 x 12.7 cm (33 x 27 1/2 x 5 in.); unframed: 57.8 x 43.8 cm (22 3/4 x 17 1/4 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Bequest of John L. Severance, 1942.644", "current_location": "213 Dutch Painting", "title": "A Young Man with a Chain", "creation_date": "c. 1629 or 1632", "creation_date_earliest": 1625, "creation_date_latest": 1632, "artists_tags": ["male", "gender unknown"], "culture": ["Netherlands"], "technique": "oil on wood", "support_materials": [], "department": "European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "P - Netherlandish-Dutch", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 83.8 x 69.9 x 12.7 cm (33 x 27 1/2 x 5 in.); Unframed: 57.8 x 43.8 cm (22 3/4 x 17 1/4 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 0.838, "width": 0.699, "depth": 0.127}, "unframed": {"height": 0.578, "width": 0.438}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "Signed at right: \"RHL van Rijn / 1632 [RHL in monogram]\"", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 312517, "title": "The Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition", "description": "<i>The Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 26-October 4, 1936).", "opening_date": "1936-06-26T04:00:00"}, {"id": 335856, "title": "Exhibition of the John L. Severance Collection", "description": "<i>Exhibition of the John L. Severance Collection</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (November 12, 1942-March 14, 1943).", "opening_date": "1942-11-12T04:00:00"}, {"id": 300448, "title": "Dutch Painting, The Golden Age", "description": "<i>Dutch Painting, The Golden Age</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (January 5-February 27, 1955).", "opening_date": "1955-01-05T05:00:00"}, {"id": 301805, "title": "Dutch Art and Life in the Seventeenth Century", "description": "<i>Dutch Art and Life in the Seventeenth Century</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (July 10-September 2, 1973).", "opening_date": "1973-07-10T04:00:00"}, {"id": 311444, "title": "Object Lessons: Cleveland Creates an Art Museum", "description": "<i>Object Lessons: Cleveland Creates an Art Museum</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 7-September 8, 1991).", "opening_date": "1991-06-07T04:00:00"}, {"id": 226545, "title": "Rembrandt Rembrandt", "description": "<i>Rembrandt Rembrandt</i>. Kyoto National Museum, Kyoto, Japan (organizer) (November 3, 2002-January 13, 2003); St\u00e4del Museum, Franfurt am Main, Germany (January 31-May 11, 2003).", "opening_date": "2002-11-03T00:00:00"}, {"id": 214325, "title": "Rembrandt in America", "description": "<i>Rembrandt in America</i>. North Carolina Museum of Art, Raleigh, NC (organizer) (October 30, 2011-January 22, 2012); The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (February 19-May 28, 2012); Minneapolis Institute of Art, Minneapolis, MN (June 24-September 16, 2012).", "opening_date": "2011-10-30T00:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "Verein Ausstellung. Kaiser Friederich Museum, Berlin, Germany (1906).", "opening_date": "1906-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Rembrandt Exhibition. Kroller M\u00fcller Museum, Amsterdam, Netherlands (1913-1914).", "opening_date": "1913-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Loan Exhibition of Paintings by Rembrandt. Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit, MI (1930).", "opening_date": "1930-01-01T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Once identified as Rembrandt himself, the sitter is now considered an anonymous study of human character.", "description": "This painting is an example of a<em> tronie</em>, a Dutch word meaning \u201chead\u201d or \u201cfacial expression.\u201d Tronies were not intended to be identifiable portraits, but artistic investigations of facial appearance and fanciful costume. Particularly in the years around 1630, Rembrandt used this popular format to explore different lighting effects and facial expressions. Here, the strong contrast of light and shade shapes the contours of the young man\u2019s face; unusual accessories such as the striped scarf and glittering pendant on a jeweled chain add an exotic touch. Although this painting bears Rembrandt\u2019s monogram, the authorship is not certain. Some scholars have attributed it to Isaac de Joudreville (1613\u20131648), a pupil and associate of Rembrandt who painted comparable tronies in a similarly smooth and elegant style.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21505931"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1942.644-a-young-man-with-a-c"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Smith, John. <em>A Catalogue Raisonne\u0301 of the Works of the Most Eminent Dutch, Flemish and French Painters</em>; London, United Kingdom: Smith and Son, 1829.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 92, no. 233, vol. 7", "url": null}, {"citation": "Dutuit, Euge\u0300ne. <em>Tableaux et Dessins de Rembrandt: Catalogue Historique et Descriptif.</em> Paris: Le\u0301vy, 1885.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 20-21", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bode, Wilhelm von, Cornelis Hofstede de Groot, and Auguste Marguillier. <em>L' Oeuvre Complet de Rembrandt: Reproduction par l'he\u0301liogravure de tous les Tableaux du Mai\u0302tre, Accompagne\u0301e de leur Histoire, de leur Description et d'une e\u0301tude Biographique et Critique. </em>8. Paris: Sedelmeyer, 1906.", "page_number": "Reproduced and mentioned: vol. VIII, no. 7, p. 156, 160", "url": null}, {"citation": "Hofstede de Groot, <em>Catalogue Raisonne\u0301 of the Works of the Most Eminent Dutch Painters of the Seventeenth Century</em>. London, United Kingdom: Macmillan and Co, 1908.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 275, vol. VI", "url": null}, {"citation": "Rosenberg, Adolf and Wilhelm Reinhold Valentiner.<em> Rembrandt; des Meisters Gema\u0308lde in 643 Abbildungen, mit einer biographischen Einleitung.</em> Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 1909.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 522", "url": null}, {"citation": "M. Knoedler &amp; Co. Portrait of a Youth by Rembrant, 1606-1669. London: M. Knoedler &amp; Co, n.d.", "page_number": "Reproduced and mentioned: [1-10]", "url": null}, {"citation": "Valentiner, Wilhelm Reinhold.  <em>Rembrandt: Wiedergefundene Gema\u0308lde (1910-1922).</em> Stuttgart: Dt. Verl.-Anst, 1923.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 26", "url": null}, {"citation": "Detroit Institute of Arts, and Wilhelm Reinhold Valentiner. <em>The Thirteenth Loan Exhibition of Old Masters, Paintings by Rembrandt</em>: The Detroit Institute of Arts, May 2 to 31, 1930. Detroit, MI: The Institute, 1930.", "page_number": "Reproduced: opp. no. 66 and on cover", "url": null}, {"citation": "Valentiner, Wilhelm Reinhold. <em>Rembrandt Paintings in America.</em> New York: S.W. Frankel, 1931.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pl. 16", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bredius, Abraham, ed.,<em>The Paintings of Rembrandt</em>. Vienna. Austria: Phaidon-Verlag, 1936.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 7, pl. 156", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Catalogue of the Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition of the Cleveland Museum of Art: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition: June Twenty-Sixth to October Fourth 1936.</em> [Cleveland, Ohio]: [Cleveland Museum of Art], 1936.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 93-94, no. 232", "url": null}, {"citation": "Milliken, William. \u201cThe Twentieth Annual Exhibition of the Cleveland Museum of Art.\u201d <em>ARTnews </em>34, pt. 2 (June 13, 1936): 7-14.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 12", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Catalogue of the Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition of the Cleveland Museum of Art: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition : June Twenty-Sixth to October Fourth 1936</em>. [Cleveland, Ohio]: [Cleveland Museum of Art], 1936.", "page_number": "Mentioned: cat. no. 232", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Catalogue of the John L. Severance Collection: Bequest of John L. Severance, 1936.</em> [Cleveland, Ohio]: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1942.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. [17], Plate V, cat. no. 13; Mention: p. 22, cat. no. 13", "url": "https://archive.org/details/SeveranceBequest/page/n26"}, {"citation": "Berryman, F. S. \"Important Bequest to Cleveland Museum.\" <em>Magazine of Art </em>35 (November 1942): 264.<em>  </em>", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 264", "url": null}, {"citation": "Francis, Henry S. \"Department of Paintings.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland</em> <em>Museum of Art XXIX</em>, no. 9 (November, 1942):132-136.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 135", "url": null}, {"citation": "\u201cCleveland Installs Last Gifts of John L. Severance.\u201d <em>Art Digest </em>17 (December 1, 1942): 8.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 8", "url": null}, {"citation": "Francis, Henry. \"Rembrandt's 'Portrait of a Young Student.'\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art </em>37, no. 9 (November 1950): 191-193.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 193", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25141663"}, {"citation": "<em>Paintings in the Cleveland Museum of Art: Picture Book No. 4 .</em> [Cleveland]: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1952.", "page_number": "Reproduced; p. 24", "url": "Paintings in the Cleveland Museum of Art: Picture Book No. 4 . [Cleveland]: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1952."}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Handbook.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 446", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1958/page/n82"}, {"citation": "Jaffe, Michael. \"The Figurative Arts of the West, c. 1400-1800.\" <em>Apollo: The International Magazine for Collectors 77</em> (December 1963) p. 467.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 467", "url": null}, {"citation": "Gimpel, Rene\u0301. <em>Journal d'un Collectionneur, Marchand de Tableau</em>x. [Paris]: Calmann-Le\u0301vy, 1963.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 236", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bauch, Kurt. <em>Rembrandt Gema\u0308lde</em>. Berlin, Germany: W. de Gruyter, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 142", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 123", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n147"}, {"citation": "Erpel, Fritz. <em>Die Selbstbildnisse Rembrandts</em>. Wien: A. Langen, 1967.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 202, no. 124", "url": null}, {"citation": "Gerson, H., ed., <em>Rembrandt Paintings</em>. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Reynal &amp; Co, 1968.", "page_number": "Reproduced: fig. 101, Mentioned: p. 256-493", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bredius, Abraham and H. Gerson. <em>The Complete Edition of the Paintings [of]</em> <em>Rembrandt</em>. London, United Kingdom: Phaidon, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 560. no. 156", "url": null}, {"citation": "Paolo Lecaldano, Paolo. <em>L'opera pittorica completa di Rembrandt.</em> Milano, Italy: Rizzoli, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 73", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 123", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n147"}, {"citation": "D' Argencourt, Louise,  and Roger Diederen. <em>Catalogue of Paintings. Pt. 3. European Paintings of the 16th, 17th, and 18th Centuries.</em> Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1974.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 111", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 158", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n178"}, {"citation": "Morse, John D. <em>Old Master Paintings in North America: Over 3000 Masterpieces by 50 Great Artists</em>. New York, NY: Abbeville Press, 1979.", "page_number": "Listed: p. 232", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bruyn, J., Ernst van de Wetering, C. J. van Nes, and Murray Pearson. <em>A Corpus of Rembrandt Paintings</em>. The Hague, Netherlands: M. Nijhoff Publishers, 1982.", "page_number": "Reproduced: a 23, Mentioned: p. 214-248", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bruyn, J.,  Ernst van de Wetering, C. J. van Nes, and Murray Pearson. <em>A</em> <em>corpus of Rembrandt paintings</em>. The Hague, Netherlands: M. Nijhoff Publishers, 1982.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 82, fig. 3, vol. II", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Catalogue of Paintings, Part 3: European Paintings of the 16th, 17th, and 18th Centuries.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1982.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 255; Mentioned: p. 254-256", "url": null}, {"citation": "Schwartz, Gary. <em>Rembrandt: zijn leven, zijn schilderijen : een nieuwe biografie met alle beschikbare schilderijen in klur afgebeeld</em>. Maarssen: Uitgeverij Gary Schwartz, 1984.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 196, pl. 209", "url": null}, {"citation": "Guillaud, Jacqueline, and Maurice Guillaud. <em>Rembrandt, The Human form</em> <em>and Spirit.</em> Paris, France: Guillaud Editions, 1986.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 270, fig. 319", "url": null}, {"citation": "Sutton, Peter C. A <em>Guide to Dutch Art in America</em>. Washington, D.C.: Netherlands-American Amity Trust, 1986.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 66, 345", "url": null}, {"citation": "Van de Wetering, E. <em>Corrigenda et Addenda to Volume I. In: A Corpus of Rembrandt Paintings.</em> Stichting Foundation Rembrandt Research Project Foundation, vol 2. Springer, Dordrecht, 1986.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 838", "url": null}, {"citation": "Liedtke, Walter. \"Reconstructing Rembrandt: Portraits from the early years in Amsterdam.\" <em>Apollo: The International Magazine for Collectors 129 </em>(May 1989): p. 331, 372.", "page_number": "Reproduced: n. 64", "url": null}, {"citation": "Tu\u0308mpel, Christian, and Astrid Tu\u0308mpel, <em>Rembrandt: All Paintings in Colour.</em> Antwerp, Belgium: Fonds Mercator, 1993.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 189, 427, cat. no. A 37", "url": null}, {"citation": "Chong, Alan. <em>European &amp; American Painting in the Cleveland Museum of Art: A Summary Catalogue.</em> Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1993.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 193", "url": null}, {"citation": "Fleischer, Roland E., and Susan C. Scott. <em>Rembrandt, Rubens, and the Art of Their Time: Recent Perspectives</em>. University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University, 1997.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 6", "url": null}, {"citation": "Giltaij, Jeroen and Shinji Hata.<em> Rembrandt Rembrandt</em>. Hakko\u0304: Shiboruto zaidan, 2002.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 59, Mentioned: p. 58-59", "url": null}, {"citation": "Scallen, Catherine B., <em>Rembrandt, Reputation, and the Practice of Connoisseurship</em>. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Amsterdam University Press, 2004.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 260, fig. 61", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bleker, E. J., and A. A. H. Bleker-Poot. <em>Rembrandt en de Blekerfamilie. </em>Lochem, Netherlands: Silverborgh B.V., 2005.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 203, Vol. 2", "url": null}, {"citation": "S.A.C. Dudok Van Heel, \"Rembrandt als Portretschilder bij Hendrick Uylenburgh, 1631-1635, met opdrachten in Den Haag, Leiden en Rotterdam.\" <em>Amstelodamum</em> 107-2 (April-June 2020)", "page_number": "p. 77, no. 26", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Giltaij, Jeroen. <em>Het grote Rembrandt boek: alle 684 schilderijen</em>. Zwolle : WBOOKS, 2022.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 127, no. 176", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1942.644", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1942.644/1942.644_web.jpg", "width": "668", "height": "893", "filesize": "228572", "filename": "1942.644_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1942.644/1942.644_print.jpg", "width": "2545", "height": "3400", "filesize": "3491330", "filename": "1942.644_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1942.644/1942.644_full.tif", "width": "4992", "height": "6668", "filesize": "99891756", "filename": "1942.644_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2009-04-27T16:11:33", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1942.644/1942.644_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "668", "height": "893", "filesize": "451942"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1942.644/1942.644_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "2545", "height": "3400", "filesize": "6768804"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1942.644/1942.644_alt0_full.tif", "width": "4992", "height": "6668", "filesize": "99892780"}}, {"date_created": "2007-11-26T00:00:00", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1942.644/1942.644_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "763", "height": "893", "filesize": "557306"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1942.644/1942.644_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "2520", "height": "2950", "filesize": "5563756"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1942.644/1942.644_alt1_full.tif", "width": "2520", "height": "2950", "filesize": "22345108"}}, {"date_created": "2008-09-30T18:28:45", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1942.644/1942.644_alt2_web.jpg", "width": "750", "height": "893", "filesize": "370267"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1942.644/1942.644_alt2_print.jpg", "width": "2857", "height": "3400", "filesize": "4487672"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1942.644/1942.644_alt2_full.tif", "width": "3078", "height": "3663", "filesize": "33864476"}}, {"date_created": "2009-04-27T16:01:14", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1942.644/1942.644_alt3_web.jpg", "width": "745", "height": "893", "filesize": "412375"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1942.644/1942.644_alt3_print.jpg", "width": "2837", "height": "3400", "filesize": "6071573"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1942.644/1942.644_alt3_full.tif", "width": "4274", "height": "5122", "filesize": "65706828"}}], "creditline": "Bequest of John L. Severance", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "The Harold C. Schott Foundation Gallery", "athena_id": 122348, "creators": [{"id": 2520, "description": "Rembrandt van Rijn (Dutch, 1606\u20131669)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1606", "death_year": "1669", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}, {"id": 61762, "description": "Studio", "extent": null, "qualifier": "and", "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 2}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1942-07-24T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1625, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 1629 or 1632", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Portrait of a Man", "Portrait of a Youth"], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:02:52.666000"}, {"id": 163543, "accession_number": "2004.85", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Staff of Office, early to mid-1800s. Central Africa, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Luba. Wood and iron; overall: 170 x 13.3 cm (66 15/16 x 5 1/4 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, John L. Severance Fund, 2004.85", "current_location": null, "title": "Staff of Office", "creation_date": "early to mid-1800s", "creation_date_earliest": 1800, "creation_date_latest": 1850, "artists_tags": [], "culture": ["Central Africa, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Luba"], "technique": "Wood and iron", "support_materials": [], "department": "African Art", "collection": "African Art", "type": "Sculpture", "measurements": "Overall: 170 x 13.3 cm (66 15/16 x 5 1/4 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"height": 1.7, "width": 0.133}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 229166, "title": "Art and Power in the Central African Savanna", "description": "<i>Art and Power in the Central African Savanna</i>. Menil Collection, Houston, TX (September 26, 2008-January 4, 2009); The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (March 1-May 31, 2009); Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, de Young Museum, San Francisco, CA (June 20-October 11, 2009).", "opening_date": "2008-09-18T00:00:00"}, {"id": 441598, "title": "Artlens Exhibition 2019", "description": "<i>Artlens Exhibition 2019</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer).", "opening_date": "2019-06-11T04:00:00"}, {"id": 535628, "title": "Narrative Wisdom and African Arts", "description": "<i>Narrative Wisdom and African Arts</i>. Saint Louis Art Museum, St. Louis, MO (organizer) (October 19, 2024-January 5, 2025) https://www.slam.org/exhibitions/narrative-wisdom-and-african-arts/.", "opening_date": "2024-10-19T04:00:00"}], "legacy": []}, "provenance": [{"description": "Chief Msidi (c. 1830\u20131891), Yeke (Garanzange) Kingdom (present-day Democratic Republic of the Congo), 1888, given to British missionary Frederick Stanley Arnot.", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->\"Msidi's farewell was quite touching in its way. He was anxious that I should wait for his son to go with me. I did not care to encourage this, so declined to wait. At last, after finding that I sought nothing from him, he gave me from his side his rod of authority, or sceptre, assuring me that it would be, to all who knew him, an assurance of the friendship that exists between us.\" March 13, 1888 letter from Frederick Stanley Arnot reproduced in Arnot, Frederick. S. 1893. <em>Bihe\u0301 And Garenganze:Or Four Years' Further Work and Travel in Central Africa</em>. London: J.E. Hawkin, pp. 244\u201345.</div>", "<ul><li><!--block-->Msidi is often referred to as Msiri, or by the fuller name Mwenda Msiri Ngelengwa Shitambi</li></ul><div><!--block--><br></div>", ""], "date": "?\u20131888", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "Frederick Stanley Arnot [1858-1914], probably Glasgow, Scotland, 1914, by descent to his son Dr. Arthur B. Arnot.", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1888\u20131914", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "Dr. Arthur B. Arnot, New York, NY, 1987, consigned for auction at Sotheby\u2019s.", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1914\u20131987", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "(Sotheby\u2019s, Important Tribal Art, New York, NY, Nov. 10, 1987, Lot #79, sold to Philippe and H\u00e9l\u00e8ne Leloup for George Feher)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1987", "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "George Feher, New York, NY, 1990s, acquired by Morris Pinto", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1987\u20131990s", "sortorder": 5}, {"description": "Morris Pinto, New York, NY, 1996, acquired by Philippe and H\u00e9l\u00e8ne Leloup", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "?\u20131996", "sortorder": 6}, {"description": "Philippe and H\u00e9l\u00e8ne Leloup, Paris, France, 2004, donated to Marie Victoire Koch", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1996\u20132004", "sortorder": 7}, {"description": "Marie Victoire Koch, Saint Mand\u00e9, France, 2004, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "2004", "sortorder": 8}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "2004\u2013", "sortorder": 9}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "The Yeke kingdom ruler Chief Msidi gave this as a gift of appreciation to the British missionary Frederick Stanley Arnot, whom the chief had invited to his kingdom.", "description": "Sanctified by a ritual specialist and enhanced with medicinal substances, the staff possessed supernatural qualities and was endowed with healing power. Luba staffs are among the most important regalia of Luba kings. The metal point alludes to the kingdom's stability and durability. Each staff has its own distinctive iconography to reflect regional styles. As Chief Msidi (former owner of this staff) ruled over the Yeke kingdom (and not the Luba kingdom), it begs the question of how he acquired this symbol of another realm's power.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79989789"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-2004.85-staff-of-office"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Arnot, Fred S. <em>Bihe and Garenganze: A record of four years\u2019 work and journeying in Africa. </em>London: J.E. Hawkins &amp; Co, LTD., 1893, front cover.", "page_number": "Front cover", "url": null}, {"citation": "Sotheby\u2019s. <em>Important Tribal Art. </em>New York: Sotheby\u2019s, 1987: Lot. 79.", "page_number": "lot. 79", "url": null}, {"citation": "Nooter, Robert and Nancy. <em>The Art of Collecting African Art</em>. New York City, NY: New York Center for African Art, 1988, 20-21.", "page_number": "p. 20-21", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bacquart, Jean-Baptiste. <em>The Tribal Arts of Africa.</em> New York: Thames and Hudson, 1998, 159.", "page_number": "p. 159", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Annual Report 2004</em>. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 67.", "page_number": "p. 67", "url": "https://www.clevelandart.org/sites/default/files/documents/annual-report/2004_annual_report.pdf"}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. \u201cMajor Acquisitions: 2000-2005.\u201d In <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine: July/August 2005.</em> (Summer 2005): 12.", "page_number": "p. 12", "url": null}, {"citation": "Petridis, Constantine. <em>Art and Power in the Central African Savanna: Luba, Songye, Chokwe, Luluwa. </em>Brussels: Mercatorfonds, 2008, 58-9, fig. 39.", "page_number": "p. 58, 59: fig. 39", "url": null}, {"citation": "Petridis, Constantine. \"New Acquisitions of African Art at the Cleveland Museum of Art\". In <em>African Arts</em>, 44, no. 1 (Spring 2011): 54, fig. 2.", "page_number": "p. 54: fig. 2", "url": null}, {"citation": "Petridis, Constantine, et al. <em>Fragments of the Invisible</em>: <em>The Rene\u0301 and Odette Delenne Collection of Congo Sculpture.</em> Milan: 5 Continents, 2013, 107.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 107", "url": null}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/2004.85", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/2004.85/2004.85_web.jpg", "width": "277", "height": "893", "filesize": "82866", "filename": "2004.85_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/2004.85/2004.85_print.jpg", "width": "1053", "height": "3400", "filesize": "1157143", "filename": "2004.85_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/2004.85/2004.85_full.tif", "width": "1548", "height": "5000", "filesize": "23239736", "filename": "2004.85_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": 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The Cleveland Museum of Art, Silver Jubilee Treasure Fund, 1953.181", "current_location": "228B Cleveland Artists", "title": "Necklace", "creation_date": "1953", "creation_date_earliest": 1953, "creation_date_latest": 1953, "artists_tags": ["male", "Cleveland Institute of Art (faculty)", "Cleveland School", "May Show", "Cleveland Institute of Art (alumni)", "LGBTQ+ (after 1900)"], "culture": ["America, Ohio, Cleveland"], "technique": "gold", "support_materials": [], "department": "Decorative Art and Design", "collection": "Decorative Arts", "type": "Jewelry", "measurements": "Overall: 43.2 cm (17 in.); Pendant: 7 x 4.6 cm (2 3/4 x 1 13/16 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"height": 0.432}, "pendant": {"height": 0.07, "width": 0.046}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 383020, "title": "The May Show: 35th Annual Exhibition of Works by Cleveland Artists and Craftsmen", "description": "<i>The May Show: 35th Annual Exhibition of Works by Cleveland Artists and Craftsmen</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (May 6-June 14, 1953).", "opening_date": "1953-05-06T04:00:00"}, {"id": 701740, "title": "Craftsmanship in a Changing World", "description": "<i>Craftsmanship in a Changing World</i>. Museum of Arts and Design, New York, NY (organizer) (September 29-November 4, 1956).", "opening_date": "1956-09-29T04:00:00"}, {"id": 702409, "title": "Work of John Paul Miller", "description": "<i>Work of John Paul Miller</i>. The Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL (organizer) (March 1-April 20, 1957).", "opening_date": "1957-03-01T05:00:00"}, {"id": 702631, "title": "Contemporary Crafts from Museum Collections", "description": "<i>Contemporary Crafts from Museum Collections</i>. Museum of Arts and Design, New York, NY (organizer) (September 25-November 30, 1958).", "opening_date": "1958-09-25T04:00:00"}, {"id": 515620, "title": "Exhibition of Crafts", "description": "<i>Exhibition of Crafts</i>. The Society of Arts and Crafts, Boston, MA (organizer) (April 4-May 1, 1965).", "opening_date": "1965-04-04T05:00:00"}, {"id": 301224, "title": "May Show Retrospective - 50 Years", "description": "<i>May Show Retrospective - 50 Years</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art (April 23-June 16, 1968).", "opening_date": "1968-04-23T05:00:00"}, {"id": 302646, "title": "A Study in Regional Taste: May Show 1919 - 1975", "description": "<i>A Study in Regional Taste: May Show 1919 - 1975</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (July 13-August 21, 1977).", "opening_date": "1977-07-13T04:00:00"}, {"id": 311444, "title": "Object Lessons: Cleveland Creates an Art Museum", "description": "<i>Object Lessons: Cleveland Creates an Art Museum</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 7-September 8, 1991).", "opening_date": "1991-06-07T04:00:00"}, {"id": 197431, "title": "The Jewelry of John Paul Miller", "description": "<i>The Jewelry of John Paul Miller</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 13, 2010-January 2, 2011).", "opening_date": "2010-06-15T00:00:00"}, {"id": 232050, "title": "Crafting Modernism:  Mid-Century American Art & Design", "description": "<i>Crafting Modernism:  Mid-Century American Art & Design</i>. Museum of Arts and Design, New York, NY (organizer) (October 11, 2011-January 15, 2012); Memorial Art Gallery of the University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (February 25-May 20, 2012).", "opening_date": "2011-10-11T00:00:00"}, {"id": 441481, "title": "Gallery One 2012", "description": "<i>Gallery One 2012</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (December 12, 2012-March 5, 2017).", "opening_date": "2012-12-12T05:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "Fine Arts Center, Indiana University, IN (2/2/1959 - 2/25/1959), Newcomb College, Tulane University, LA (3/10/1959 - 2/31/1959); \"The Medieval Craftsman and his Modern Counterpart\" cat. no. 11g", "opening_date": "1959-02-02T00:00:00"}, {"description": "CMA 2010: \"The Jewerly of John Paul Miller\" (6/15/2010- 1/2/2011), no catalogue", "opening_date": "2010-06-15T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Museum of Arts and Design (10/11/2011 - 1/15/2012) and Rochester Memorial Art Gallery, NY (2/25/2012 - 5/20/2012): \"Crafting Modernism: Mid-Century American Art &amp; Design\"), ex. cat. no. 165, p. 218.", "opening_date": "2011-10-11T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Designer-Craftsmen, U.S.A. 1953, The Brooklyn Museum (10/22/1953-12/30/1953); Art Institute of Chicago (03/15/1954-04/26/1954).", "opening_date": null}]}, "provenance": [], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": null, "description": "John Paul Miller's fascination with jewelry technique emerged in his groundbreaking rediscovery in the early 1950s of granulation, an ancient, forgotten technique of fusing gold beads to a gold surface without using solder. The fleeting creatures of earth, sea, and sky, such as the insect on this necklace, became his muses, inspiring a body of work full of curiously textured forms.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60781199"], "internet_archive": []}, "citations": [{"citation": "John Paul Miller Entry Card to 1953 May Show. Cleveland Museum of Art May Show Records, Cleveland Museum of Art Archives.", "page_number": null, "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMS10003/"}, {"citation": "Hoffman, Jay, Dee Driscole, and Mary Clare Zahler. <em>A Study in Regional Taste: The May Show, 1919-1975</em>. [Cleveland]: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1977.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 63, no. 70; Mentioned: P. 80, no. 70", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 150", "url": ""}, {"citation": "John Paul Miller collection. 1850-2010, bulk 1940-2000. Cleveland Museum of Art Archives.", "page_number": null, "url": "https://archive.org/details/JohnPaulMiller"}, {"citation": "Channing, Laurence, \"Before Neo: The May Show\", Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Cleveland Art: The Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em>. Vol. 45 no. 07, September 2005", "page_number": "Mentioned & reproduced: p. 8", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2005-07/page/8"}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1953.181", "images": {}, "alternate_images": [], "creditline": "Silver Jubilee Treasure Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 130421, "creators": [{"id": 56027, "description": "John Paul Miller (American, 1918\u20132013)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1918", "death_year": "2013", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1953-05-04T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1953, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1953", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:03:15.432000"}, {"id": 154710, "accession_number": "1989.3", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Bell (Lai Zhong) (\u9028\u9418), c. 800\u2013700 BCE. China, Shaanxi province, Meixian, Western Zhou dynasty (c. 1046\u2013771 BCE). Bronze; overall: 70.3 x 37 x 26.6 cm (27 11/16 x 14 9/16 x 10 1/2 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund, 1989.3", "current_location": "241A Arts of Ancient China", "title": "Bell (Lai Zhong)", "title_in_original_language": "\u9028\u9418", "creation_date": "c. 800\u2013700 BCE", "creation_date_earliest": -810, "creation_date_latest": -690, "artists_tags": [], "culture": ["China, Shaanxi province, Meixian, Western Zhou dynasty (c. 1046\u2013771 BCE)"], "technique": "bronze", "support_materials": [], "department": "Chinese Art", "collection": "China - Zhou Dynasty", "type": "Metalwork", "measurements": "Overall: 70.3 x 37 x 26.6 cm (27 11/16 x 14 9/16 x 10 1/2 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"height": 0.703, "width": 0.37, "depth": 0.266}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "\tLai proclaimed: \"Great and illustrious was my august late father who made his heart clean following the disciplined virtue of his forefathers and dutifully served the past king. I, Lai, now succeed him in service and dare not fail. Respectfully, from dawn to dusk I will earnestly--even unto death--serve the Son of Heaven, taking as a model the obligation of my forefathers.\"\r\n\r\n\tI, Lai, was presented with many things.\r\n\r\n\tThen came the [king's] gracious command: \"Manage the fisheries and forests of the realm.\"\r\n\r\n\t\"I, Lai, dare to respond to the great, illustrious, sagely, and gracious favor of the Son of Heaven, extolling him and using this as cause to make for my august late father Gongshu a set of harmonized bells. Ding, dong, bing, bong, ding, dong, bing, bong. May they be used in acts of piety, reverently gladdening past luminaries. May the past luminaries who dwell on high help perpetuate this command, sending down upon me good fortune, tranquility, and purity. May I, Lai, live long in service to the Son of Heaven.\"\r\n\r\n\tMay sons' sons and grandsons' grandsons forever treasure these [bells].", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 311440, "title": "Notable Acquisitions", "description": "<i>Notable Acquisitions</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 7-September 15, 1991).", "opening_date": "1991-06-07T04:00:00"}, {"id": 311620, "title": "Asian Autumn: New Objects/New Insights: Cleveland's Recent Chinese Acquisitions", "description": "<i>Asian Autumn: New Objects/New Insights: Cleveland's Recent Chinese Acquisitions</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 18-December 31, 1994).", "opening_date": "1994-10-18T04:00:00"}], "legacy": []}, "provenance": [{"description": "(Robert H. Ellsworth, Ltd., New York, NY, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "?-1989", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1989-", "sortorder": 2}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "The technical sophistication of the unusual lens-shaped cavity allowed the bell to produce two different tones.", "description": "In ancient China, music and ritual had political significance and were linked inseparably to the power of states. During the Zhou dynasty, bronze bells were made in sets of eight to sixty bells. This bell is the second largest from a set of eight. <br><br>This bell bears an inscription of 118 characters about its owner, Lai, and why it was cast. Lai's ancestors dutifully served the Western Zhou royal court, and he was granted a hereditary position by the \"Son of Heaven\" (the ruler). To express filial piety, Lai commissioned a set of bells as an offering to his father, Gongshu, in the hope that they would be forever treasured by future generations. This important inscription also provides an early example of Chinese calligraphy highlighting the purely abstract lines and construction of characters.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60759551"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1989.3-bell-lai-zhong"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Liu Huaijun. \"Meixian chutu yipi Xi Zhou jiaocang qingtong yueqi (A group of Western Zhou bronze musical instruments buried in a pit and excavated at Meixian).\" <em>Wen bo </em>\u6587\u535a, vol. 17, no. 2 (1987): 17-25.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1991.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 7", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1991/page/n22"}, {"citation": "Turner, Evan H., et al. \u201cNotable Acquisitions.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>, vol. 78, no. 3, 1991, pp. 63\u2013147.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 125", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25161319"}, {"citation": "Wilson, J. Keith, and Anne E. Wardwell. \"New Objects/New Insights: Cleveland's Recent Chinese Acquisitions.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art </em>81, no. 8 (1994): 270-347.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 288; Mentioned: p. 287-291, 346", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25161465"}, {"citation": "Cunningham, Michael R., Stanislaw J. Czuma, Anne E. Wardwell, and J. Keith Wilson. <em>Masterworks of Asian Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1998.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pp. 26-27", "url": null}, {"citation": "Liu Huaijun. \"Shaanxi Meixian chutu jiaocang qingtong qi bitan (Discussion on the bronzes buried in a pit at Meixian, Shaanxi province). <em>Wen wu </em>\u6587\u7269, no. 6 (2003): 49-50.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 93", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1989.3", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1989.3/1989.3_web.jpg", "width": "668", "height": "893", "filesize": "59341", "filename": "1989.3_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1989.3/1989.3_print.jpg", "width": "2545", "height": "3400", "filesize": "784269", "filename": "1989.3_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1989.3/1989.3_full.tif", "width": "4992", "height": "6668", "filesize": "99921380", "filename": "1989.3_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1989.3/1989.3_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "686", "height": "893", "filesize": "382365"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1989.3/1989.3_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "1180", "height": "1536", "filesize": "1236555"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1989.3/1989.3_alt0_full.tif", "width": "1180", "height": "1536", "filesize": "5439668"}}, {"date_created": "2011-12-20T13:47:36", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1989.3/1989.3_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "668", "height": "893", "filesize": "148508"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1989.3/1989.3_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "2545", "height": "3400", "filesize": "1913189"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1989.3/1989.3_alt1_full.tif", "width": "4992", "height": "6668", "filesize": "99887012"}}, {"date_created": "2011-12-20T14:42:47", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1989.3/1989.3_alt2_web.jpg", "width": "1193", "height": "893", "filesize": "143699"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1989.3/1989.3_alt2_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2545", "filesize": "966217"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1989.3/1989.3_alt2_full.tif", "width": "6668", "height": "4992", "filesize": "99883076"}}, {"date_created": "2011-12-20T15:28:29", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1989.3/1989.3_alt3_web.jpg", "width": "690", "height": "893", "filesize": "62356"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1989.3/1989.3_alt3_print.jpg", "width": "2627", "height": "3400", "filesize": "859675"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1989.3/1989.3_alt3_full.tif", "width": "4579", "height": "5926", "filesize": "81441112"}}, {"date_created": "2011-12-20T17:44:51", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1989.3/1989.3_alt4_web.jpg", "width": "695", "height": "893", "filesize": "217367"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1989.3/1989.3_alt4_print.jpg", "width": "2646", "height": "3400", "filesize": "2559907"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1989.3/1989.3_alt4_full.tif", "width": "3309", "height": "4251", "filesize": "42222984"}}, {"date_created": "2011-12-20T17:47:28", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1989.3/1989.3_alt5_web.jpg", "width": "684", "height": "893", "filesize": "208990"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1989.3/1989.3_alt5_print.jpg", "width": "2603", "height": "3400", "filesize": "2741806"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1989.3/1989.3_alt5_full.tif", "width": "3314", "height": "4328", "filesize": "43053312"}}, {"date_created": "2011-12-20T18:07:37", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1989.3/1989.3_alt6_web.jpg", "width": "690", "height": "893", "filesize": "173338"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1989.3/1989.3_alt6_print.jpg", "width": "2627", "height": "3400", "filesize": "2078402"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1989.3/1989.3_alt6_full.tif", "width": "3573", "height": "4624", "filesize": "49588156"}}], "creditline": "Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 154710, "creators": [], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1989-02-24T00:00:00", "sortable_date": -810, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 800\u2013700 BCE", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Master Lai's Bell"], "is_highlight": true, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:10:15.964000"}, {"id": 135875, "accession_number": "1959.38", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Portrait of King Charles II of England, 1653. Philippe de Champaigne (French, 1602\u20131674). Oil on canvas; framed: 182 x 141 x 15 cm (71 5/8 x 55 1/2 x 5 7/8 in.); unframed: 129.5 x 97.2 cm (51 x 38 1/4 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, The Elisabeth Severance Prentiss Collection, 1959.38", "current_location": "210A Armor Court", "title": "Portrait of King Charles II of England", "creation_date": "1653", "creation_date_earliest": 1653, "creation_date_latest": 1653, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["France, 17th century"], "technique": "oil on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "P - French 17th Century", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 182 x 141 x 15 cm (71 5/8 x 55 1/2 x 5 7/8 in.); Unframed: 129.5 x 97.2 cm (51 x 38 1/4 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 1.82, "width": 1.41, "depth": 0.15}, "unframed": {"height": 1.295, "width": 0.972}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "Inscribed lower center: \"A\u00b0.1653\"", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 520126, "title": "Carolina Charter Tercentenary Exhibition", "description": "<i>Carolina Charter Tercentenary Exhibition</i>. North Carolina Museum of Art, Raleigh, NC (organizer) (March 23-April 28, 1963).", "opening_date": "1963-03-23T05:00:00"}, {"id": 304248, "title": "Style, Truth and the Portrait", "description": "<i>Style, Truth and the Portrait</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (October 1-November 19, 1963).", "opening_date": "1963-10-01T04:00:00"}, {"id": 515959, "title": "La Peinture Francaise dans les Collections Americaines", "description": "<i>La Peinture Francaise dans les Collections Americaines</i>. Mus\u00e9e des Beaux-Arts de Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France (organizer) (May 13-September 15, 1966).", "opening_date": "1966-05-13T04:00:00"}, {"id": 515942, "title": "A Pageant of Canada: The European Contribution to the Iconography of Canadian History", "description": "<i>A Pageant of Canada: The European Contribution to the Iconography of Canadian History</i>. National Gallery of Canada (organizer) (October 27, 1967-January 19, 1968).", "opening_date": "1967-10-27T04:00:00"}, {"id": 310008, "title": "Real Prints: Reproduction or Invention", "description": "<i>Real Prints: Reproduction or Invention</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (April 7-May 17, 1987).", "opening_date": "1987-04-07T04:00:00"}, {"id": 301651, "title": "The Paston Treasure: Microcosm of the Known World", "description": "<i>The Paston Treasure: Microcosm of the Known World</i>. Yale Center for British Art, New Haven, CT (organizer) (February 15-May 27, 2018).", "opening_date": "2018-02-15T05:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "Pittsburg, Carnegie Insitute, 1951: \"French Painting 1100-1900,\" cat. no. 68, illus.", "opening_date": "1900-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Paris, Orangerie des Tuilleries, 1952: \"Philippe de Champaigne,\" cat. no. 28 (incorrectly gives duke as Grafton as ex collection).", "opening_date": "1952-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Ghent, Museum of Fine Arts, 1952: \"Philippe de Champaigne,\" cat. no. 28, illus. p. 16.", "opening_date": "1952-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "New York, Duvee Brothers, 1952: \"French Art in Painting and Sculpture of the Eighteenth Century,\" cat. no. 7.", "opening_date": "1952-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "CMA Dec. 1959: \"Year in Review,\" Bull.,  p. 230.", "opening_date": "1959-12-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Raleigh, North Carolina Museum of Art, 1963: \"Carolina Charter Tercentenary Exhibition,\" cat. no. 64, pl. 64, repr. color on cover.", "opening_date": "1963-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Mus\u00e9e de Bordeaux, France 1966: \"La Peinture Fran\u00e7aise dans les Collections Am\u00e9ricaines,\" cat. no. 5, illus.", "opening_date": "1966-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Ottawa, The National Gallery of Canada, October 1967-January 1968: \"The European Contribution to the Iconography of Canadian History,\" cat. no. 36, pl. XV (color).", "opening_date": "1967-10-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Yale Center for British Art, New Haven, CT (2/15/2108 \u2013 5/27/2018):  \"The Paston Treasure: Microcosm of the Known World\"", "opening_date": "2018-05-27T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Jules Feral (sale: Paris, Hotel Drouot, May 30, 1903, as portrait of James II by Lely); [E. Gimpel and Wildenstein, New York]; Stanley Mortimer, New York (sale: Parke-Bernet, December 2, 1944, no. 85, illus. p. 57); [Duveen Brothers, Inc., New York]. The Elisabeth Severance Prentiss Fund, 1959.", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": 1}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Charles is wearing a typical French cuirassier's armor. Meant for cavalry, the style indicates it was made around 1630 and was likely a gift as Charles would have been an infant at the time it was created.", "description": "Charles II (1630\u20131685) fled England in 1651 during the English civil war and commissioned this portrait during his exile in France. Charles II never fought on the battlefield, but he was the last British monarch to wear a full suit of armor, which represented his rank and status. The king gestures to the sea beyond the Dover cliffs, and the waiting fleet reveals his intention to return to England, which he did in 1660.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60465232"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1959.38-portrait-of-king-cha"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, \u201c17th Century French Painting Acquired by the Cleveland Museum of Art,\u201d April 2, 1959, Cleveland Museum of Art Archives.", "page_number": null, "url": "https://archive.org/details/cmapr0364"}, {"citation": "Wixom, Nancy. \"Charles II, King of England.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art </em>46, no. 7 (September 1959): 163-164.", "page_number": "Reproduced: cover, p. 162; Mentioned: p. 163", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25142349"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 118", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n142"}, {"citation": "Lee, Sherman E. \"The Forest and the Trees and Chinese Painting.\" <em>National Palace Museum Quarterly </em>\u6545\u5bae\u9031\u520a 1, no. 2 (October 1966): 1\u201314.", "page_number": "Reproduced: Pl. X", "url": ""}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 118", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n142"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 171", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n191"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. The Cleveland Museum of Art Catalogue of Paintings, Part 3: European Paintings of the 16th, 17th, and 18th Centuries. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1982.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 57-59; Reproduced: p. 58", "url": null}, {"citation": "Fliegel, Stephen N. \"An English Pikeman's Armor from the Severance Collection.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 81, no. 7 (1994): 252-67.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 262; Mentioned: p. 262-63, 267", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25161462"}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 189", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Fils, Nathan. \"Phillipe de Champaigne (French, 1602-1674) King Charles II of England, 1653.\" In <em>The Paston Treasure: Microcosm of the Known World. </em>Andrew Moore, et al, 518-519. New Haven : Yale Center for British Art ; Norwich : Norfolk Museums Service ; New Haven ; London : Yale University Press, 2018.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 518; Reproduced: p. 519", "url": null}, {"citation": "Dobson, Chris. <em>Beaten Black and Blue: The Myth of the Medieval Knight in Shining Armour</em>. Sant'Albano Stura, Italy: Chris Dobson, 2023.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 43, fig. 40", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1959.38", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1959.38/1959.38_web.jpg", "width": "674", "height": "893", "filesize": "406842", "filename": "1959.38_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1959.38/1959.38_print.jpg", "width": "2567", "height": "3400", "filesize": "5233656", "filename": "1959.38_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1959.38/1959.38_full.tif", "width": "4153", "height": "5500", "filesize": "68556504", "filename": "1959.38_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2013-08-05T13:09:23", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1959.38/1959.38_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "688", "height": "893", "filesize": "155556"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1959.38/1959.38_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "2619", "height": "3400", "filesize": "2283715"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1959.38/1959.38_alt0_full.tif", "width": "5321", "height": "6906", "filesize": "110269584"}}, {"date_created": "2013-08-05T13:03:58", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1959.38/1959.38_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "674", "height": "893", "filesize": "144562"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1959.38/1959.38_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "2567", "height": "3400", "filesize": "1928682"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1959.38/1959.38_alt1_full.tif", "width": "5193", "height": "6878", "filesize": "107182568"}}], "creditline": "The Elisabeth Severance Prentiss Collection", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Jack, Joseph, and Morton Mandel Armor Court", "athena_id": 135875, "creators": [{"id": 1891, "description": "Philippe de Champaigne (French, 1602\u20131674)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1602", "death_year": "1674", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1959-02-21T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1653, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1653", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": true, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Charles II", "Charles II, King of England"], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:00:24.320000"}, {"id": 134430, "accession_number": "1956.87", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "The Illustrated Miraculous Origins of the Y\u016bz\u016b Nenbutsu School (\u878d\u901a\u5ff5\u4ecf\u7e01\u8d77\u7d75\u5dfb), early 1300s. Japan, Kamakura period (1185\u20131333). Handscroll; ink, color, and gold on paper; painting: 29.7 x 1232.4 cm (11 11/16 x 485 3/16 in.); mounted: 30.3 x 1373.5 cm (11 15/16 x 540 3/4 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Mr. and Mrs. William H. Marlatt, John L. Severance, and Edward L. Whittemore Funds, 1956.87", "current_location": "235B Japanese", "title": "The Illustrated Miraculous Origins of the Y\u016bz\u016b Nenbutsu School", "title_in_original_language": "\u878d\u901a\u5ff5\u4ecf\u7e01\u8d77\u7d75\u5dfb", "creation_date": "early 1300s", "creation_date_earliest": 1300, "creation_date_latest": 1333, "artists_tags": [], "culture": ["Japan, Kamakura period (1185\u20131333)"], "technique": "Handscroll; ink, color, and gold on paper", "support_materials": [], "department": "Japanese Art", "collection": "ASIAN - Handscroll", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Painting: 29.7 x 1232.4 cm (11 11/16 x 485 3/16 in.); Mounted: 30.3 x 1373.5 cm (11 15/16 x 540 3/4 in.)", "dimensions": {"painting": {"height": 0.297, "width": 12.324}, "mounted": {"height": 0.303, "width": 13.735}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 302033, "title": "Japanese Decorative Style", "description": "<i>Japanese Decorative Style</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art (August 30-October 15, 1961); The Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL (November 9-December 17, 1961).", "opening_date": "1961-08-30T04:00:00"}, {"id": 444680, "title": "Japanese Picture Scrolls", "description": "<i>Japanese Picture Scrolls</i>. Tokyo National Museum, Tokyo, Japan (organizer) (October 9-November 24, 1974).", "opening_date": "1974-10-09T04:00:00"}, {"id": 442415, "title": "Journey of the Three Jewels: Japanese Buddhist Paintings in Western Collections", "description": "<i>Journey of the Three Jewels: Japanese Buddhist Paintings in Western Collections</i>. Asia House Galleries, New York City, NY (organizer) (October 11-December 9, 1979); Denver Art Museum, Denver, CO (March 27-May 11, 1980).", "opening_date": "1979-10-11T04:00:00"}, {"id": 309646, "title": "Reflections of Reality in Japanese Art", "description": "<i>Reflections of Reality in Japanese Art</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (March 16-May 1, 1983).", "opening_date": "1983-03-16T04:00:00"}, {"id": 441933, "title": "Emaki", "description": "<i>Emaki</i>. Kyoto National Museum, Kyoto, Japan (organizer) (March 21-April 30, 1987).", "opening_date": "1987-03-21T05:00:00"}, {"id": 311446, "title": "Asian Autumn: Masterpieces from the Collection", "description": "<i>Asian Autumn: Masterpieces from the Collection</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (September 17, 1991-January 5, 1992).", "opening_date": "1991-09-17T04:00:00"}, {"id": 211775, "title": "Highlights of Asian Paintings from The Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Highlights of Asian Paintings from The Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. Nara National Museum (organizer) (February 21-March 29, 1998); Suntory Museum of Art (April 28-June 21, 1998).", "opening_date": "1998-02-21T00:00:00"}, {"id": 196054, "title": "Streams and Mountains Without End: Asian Art and the Legacy of Sherman E. Lee at the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Streams and Mountains Without End: Asian Art and the Legacy of Sherman E. Lee at the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 27-August 23, 2009).", "opening_date": "2009-06-27T04:00:00"}, {"id": 226559, "title": "Honen: The Life and Art of the Founder of the Pure Land Buddhist Sect", "description": "<i>Honen: The Life and Art of the Founder of the Pure Land Buddhist Sect</i>. Kyoto National Museum, Kyoto, Japan (organizer) (March 26-May 8, 2011).", "opening_date": "2011-03-26T00:00:00"}, {"id": 202129, "title": "Admired from Afar: Masterworks of Japanese Painting from the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Admired from Afar: Masterworks of Japanese Painting from the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. Tokyo National Museum, Tokyo, Japan (January 15-February 23, 2014); Kyushu National Museum, Fukuoka, Japan (July 8-August 31, 2014).", "opening_date": "2014-01-15T00:00:00"}, {"id": 309312, "title": "Shinto: Discovering the Divine in Japanese Art \u795e\u9053\uff0d\u65e5\u672c\u7f8e\u8853\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u795e\u6027\u306e\u767a\u898b", "description": "<i>Shinto: Discovering the Divine in Japanese Art \u795e\u9053\uff0d\u65e5\u672c\u7f8e\u8853\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u795e\u6027\u306e\u767a\u898b</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (April 9-June 30, 2019).", "opening_date": "2019-04-09T04:00:00"}, {"id": 698362, "title": "Highlights of Japanese Art", "description": "<i>Highlights of Japanese Art</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (December 7, 2025-June 14, 2026).", "opening_date": "2025-12-07T05:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>Main Asian Rotation (Gallery 120)</em>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (March 11-July 13, 2004).", "opening_date": "2004-03-11T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Masterpieces of Japanese Art</em>. Dallas Museum of Fine Arts, Dallas, Texas (October 4-November 30, 1969)", "opening_date": "1969-10-04T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Kashima Seibei [19th century]", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1800s", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "(Howard Hollis and Co., Cleveland, OH, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "?\u20131956", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1956\u2013", "sortorder": 3}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "The other scroll from this two-scroll set belongs to the Art Institute of Chicago.", "description": "This painting is the second of a set of two illustrated handscrolls. The first scroll depicts the biography of the Japanese Buddhist monk Ry\u014dnin. This scroll begins with scenes of Ry\u014dnin\u2019s death and relates episodes illustrating the efficacy of following his teachings. Ry\u014dnin asserted the total interconnectedness of all things and the spiritual benefit of chanting the name of the Buddha Amida for one another.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60517401"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1956.87-the-illustrated-mira"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Handbook.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 914", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1958/page/n161"}, {"citation": "Lee, Sherman E. <em>Japanese Decorative Style</em>. [Cleveland]: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1961.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 5; cat. no. 20", "url": "https://archive.org/details/JapaneseDecorativeStyle/page/n17"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 277", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n301"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 277", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n301"}, {"citation": "<em>Masterpieces of Japanese Art; [Catalogue of the Exhibition] October 4 Through November 30, 1969, Dallas Museum of Fine Arts</em>. Dallas, TX: Dallas Museum of Fine Arts, 1969.", "page_number": "Mentioned: cat. no. 24", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 374", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n394"}, {"citation": "Lee, Sherman E, Ursula Korneitchouk, Michael R Cunningham, Ursula Korneitchouk, Cleveland Museum of Art, Japan House Gallery, Japan Society (New York, N.Y.), and Japan House Gallery. <em>One Thousand Years of Japanese Art (650-1650): From the Cleveland Museum of Art: Catalogue</em>. New York: Japan Society, 1981.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: pp. 40\u201341, no. 19", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Grotennuis, Elizabeth Ten. \"Visions of a Transcendent Realm: Pure Land Images in the Cleveland Museum of Art.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 78, no. 7 (1991): 274\u2013300.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 298, 274", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25161334"}, {"citation": "<em>T\u014dy\u014d kaiga no seika: tokubetsuten: Kur\u012bvurando Bijutsukan no korekushon kara </em>[\u6771\u6d0b\u7d75\u753b\u306e\u7cbe\u83ef: \u7279\u522b\u5c55: \u30af\u30ea\u30fc\u30f4\u30e9\u30f3\u30c8\u7f8e\u8853\u9928\u306e\u30b3\u30ec\u30af\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u304b\u3089= Highlights of Asian painting from the Cleveland Museum of Art]. Nara, Japan: Nara National Museum, 1998.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pp. 96\u201397, cat. no. 63", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Admired from afar: masterworks of Japanese painting from the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> [\u30af\u30ea\u30fc\u30d6\u30e9\u30f3\u30c9\u7f8e\u8853\u9928\u5c55 : \u540d\u753b\u3067\u305f\u3069\u308b\u65e5\u672c\u306e\u7f8e Kur\u012bburando Bijutsukan ten: meiga de tadoru Nihon no bi ]. Tokyo: T\u014dky\u014d Kokuritsu Hakubutsukan, 2014.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pp. 38\u201343, cat. no. 7", "url": null}, {"citation": "Vilbar, Sin\u00e9ad. \u201cShinto Masterworks: Rarely seen Japanese treasures offer encounters with the divine.\" <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine </em>59, no. 2 (March/April 2019): 30\u201331.", "page_number": "Reproduced and Mentioned: p. 31", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2019-02/page/n15/mode/2up"}, {"citation": "Vilbar, Sine\u0301ad, and Kevin Gray Carr. <em>Shinto: Discovery of the Divine in Japanese Art. </em>Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2019.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: pp. 256\u2013261, no. 101", "url": null}, {"citation": "Murakami, Takashi, and Asian Art Museum of San Francisco. <em>Murakami: Unfamiliar People, Swelling of Monsterized Human Ego</em>. Edited by Laura W. Allen. San Francisco, CA, New Haven, CT: Asian Art Museum; Yale University Press, 2023.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: pp. 18\u201319, fig. 10.", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1956.87", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1956.87/1956.87_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "21", "filesize": "139870", "filename": "1956.87_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1956.87/1956.87_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "79", "filesize": "205317", "filename": "1956.87_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1956.87/1956.87_full.tif", "width": "104600", "height": "2435", "filesize": "764176772", "filename": "1956.87_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1956.87/1956.87_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "1263", "height": "364", "filesize": "99524"}, "print": {"url": 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"creditline": "Mr. and Mrs. William H. Marlatt, John L. Severance, and Edward L. Whittemore Funds", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 134430, "creators": [], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1956-04-05T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1300, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "early 1300s", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Legends of the Yuzu Nembutsu Sect: Yuzu Nembutsu Engi", "Yuzu Nembutsu Engi: Efficacy of Repeated Invocations to the Amida Buddha"], "is_highlight": true, "updated_at": "2026-04-10 11:44:47.395000"}, {"id": 128067, "accession_number": "1950.86", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Buddha of the Future (Miroku Bosatsu) (\u5f25\u52d2\u83e9\u85a9\u50cf), late 600s. Japan, Asuka period (538\u2013710). Cast bronze, incised, with traces of gilding; overall: 45.8 cm (18 1/16 in.); figure: 39.4 cm (15 1/2 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, John L. Severance Fund, 1950.86", "current_location": "235B Japanese", "title": "Buddha of the Future (Miroku Bosatsu)", "title_in_original_language": "\u5f25\u52d2\u83e9\u85a9\u50cf", "creation_date": "late 600s", "creation_date_earliest": 675, "creation_date_latest": 699, "artists_tags": [], "culture": ["Japan, Asuka period (538\u2013710)"], "technique": "cast bronze, incised, with traces of gilding", "support_materials": [], "department": "Japanese Art", "collection": "Japanese Art", "type": "Sculpture", "measurements": "Overall: 45.8 cm (18 1/16 in.); Figure: 39.4 cm (15 1/2 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"height": 0.458}, "figure": {"height": 0.394}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 311898, "title": "35th Anniversary Exhibition", "description": "<i>35th Anniversary Exhibition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 20-September 30, 1951).", "opening_date": "1951-06-20T04:00:00"}, {"id": 702560, "title": "Asia and the West", "description": "<i>Asia and the West</i>. San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, San Francisco, CA (organizer) (October 28-December 1, 1957).", "opening_date": "1957-10-28T05:00:00"}, {"id": 518305, "title": "Japanese Art in America", "description": "<i>Japanese Art in America</i>. The Ruth Chandler Williamson Gallery, Scripps College, Claremont, CA (April 19-May 15, 1960).", "opening_date": "1960-04-19T05:00:00"}, {"id": 520110, "title": "Evolution of the Buddha Image", "description": "<i>Evolution of the Buddha Image</i>. The Asia Society Museum, New York, NY (organizer) (May 7-June 30, 1963).", "opening_date": "1963-05-07T04:00:00"}, {"id": 302145, "title": "Traditions and Revisions: Themes from the History of Sculpture", "description": "<i>Traditions and Revisions: Themes from the History of Sculpture</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (September 24-November 16, 1975).", "opening_date": "1975-09-24T04:00:00"}, {"id": 304427, "title": "Korea: Bridge of Culture", "description": "<i>Korea: Bridge of Culture</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art (organizer) (June 11-August 10, 1980).", "opening_date": "1980-06-11T04:00:00"}, {"id": 309887, "title": "The Twain Shall Meet", "description": "<i>The Twain Shall Meet</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 30, 1985-January 5, 1986).", "opening_date": "1985-10-30T05:00:00"}, {"id": 374890, "title": "Rinpa (\u7433\u6d3e)", "description": "<i>Rinpa (\u7433\u6d3e)</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (April 23-October 3, 2021).", "opening_date": "2021-04-23T04:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>Special Loan Exhibition of Art treasures from Japan</em>. Boston Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA (September-October 1936).", "opening_date": "1936-09-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Masterpieces of Japanese Art</em>. Dallas Museum of Fine Arts, Dallas, Texas (October 4-November 30, 1969)", "opening_date": "1969-10-04T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>One Thousand Years of Japanese Art (650-1650) from The Cleveland Museum of Art. </em>Japan House Gallery, New York, NY (March 19-May 17, 1981).", "opening_date": "1981-03-19T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Kansetsu Hashimoto \u6a4b\u672c\u95a2\u96ea [1883\u20131945] to Hollis and Company", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "?by October 1936\u2013?", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "(Hollis and Company, Cleveland, OH, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "? after 1936\u20131950", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1950\u2013", "sortorder": 3}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "The Sanskrit name of this being, Maitreya, derives from the Sanskrit word for friend, <em>mita</em>.", "description": "Buddhism was introduced to Japan in the sixth century. For early Japanese devotees, Buddhism offered the promise of salvation through faith in the Buddha of the Future, who would appear at the end of the world. The concept of eternal salvation held particular resonance with the Japanese aristocracy, who became the staunchest supporters of this new faith. Small sculptures like this one, with its gentle grace and powerful presence, were popular devotional objects.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79908456"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1950.86-buddha-of-the-future"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Edgell, George Harold. <em>Illustrated Catalogue of a Special Loan Exhibition of Art Treasures from Japan</em>. [Tokyo, Japan]: [Sanseido Press], 1936.", "page_number": "Reproduced: cat. no. 6", "url": null}, {"citation": "Tomita, Kojiro. \u201cThe Special Exhibition of Art Treasures from Japan.\u201d <em>Bulletin of the Museum of Fine Arts</em>, vol. 34, no. 205, 1936, pp. 64\u201377.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 66", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/4170599"}, {"citation": "\u201cFront Matter.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>, vol. 37, no. 10, 1950.", "page_number": "Reproduced: cover", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25141669"}, {"citation": "Milliken, William M. \u201cA Miroku of the Suiko Period.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>, vol. 37, no. 10, 1950, pp. 203\u2013204.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 203-204", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25141670"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Handbook.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 896", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1958/page/n158"}, {"citation": "\u201cAnnual Report of the Year 1958.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 46, no. 6 (June 1959): 111\u2013158.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 114", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Bingham, Woodbridge, Hilary Conroy, and Frank William Ikle\u0301. <em>A History of Asia</em>. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1964.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 273", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n297"}, {"citation": "Mayuyama, Junkichi \u7e6d\u5c71\u9806\u5409. <em>Japanese Art in the West</em>. [Tokyo]: Mayuyama &amp; Co, 1966.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 341; Reproduced: p. 4, pl. 2", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 273", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n297"}, {"citation": "<em>Masterpieces of Japanese Art; [Catalogue of the Exhibition] October 4 Through November 30, 1969, Dallas Museum of Fine Arts</em>. Dallas, TX: Dallas Museum of Fine Arts, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pl. 6", "url": null}, {"citation": "Morant, Henry de, and Ge\u0301rald Gassiot-Talabot. <em>Histoire des arts de\u0301coratifs, des origines a\u0300 nos jours. Suivie de Le design et les tendances actuelles</em>. [Paris]: Hachette, 1970.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 99, no. 176", "url": null}, {"citation": "Paine, Robert Treat, and Alexander Coburn Soper. <em>The Art and Architecture of Japan</em>. Harmondsworth, Eng: Penguin Books, 1975.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 39; Reproduced: p. 38, fig. 10", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>The Sun</em>, no 21 (Winter 1977), Special Issue, \"Japanese Art in the World.\"", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 6, fig. 2", "url": ""}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 368", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n388"}, {"citation": "Moore, Janet Gaylord. <em>The Eastern Gate : An Invitation to the Arts of China and Japan</em>. Cleveland: Collins, 1979.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pp. 165 and 178", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Shimizu, Zenzo \u6e05\u6c34\u5584\u4e09. \"Japanese Sculptures in America and Canada.\" <em>Ars Buddhica </em>\u4f5b\u6559\u85dd\u8853, no. 126, part I (September 1979), pp. 67\u201388.", "page_number": "Reproduced: fig. 10", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Lee, Sherman E., Michael R. Cunningham, and Ursula Korneitchouk. <em>One Thousand Years of Japanese Art (650-1650): From the Cleveland Museum of Art: Catalogue</em>. New York: Japan Society, 1981.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: pp. 14\u201315, no. 1", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cunningham, Michael R., Stanislaw J. Czuma, Anne E. Wardwell, and J. Keith Wilson.<em> Masterworks of Asian Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1998.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: pp. 182\u2013183", "url": ""}, {"citation": "May, Sally Ruth, Jane Takac, and Barbara J. Bradley. <em>Knockouts: A Pocket Guide</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 2001.", "page_number": "Mentioned: no. 86, pp. 80\u201381, p. 119; Reproduced: p. 81", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Franklin, David and C. Griffith Mann. <em>Treasures from the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 2012.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: pp. 72\u201373", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Lin, Nancy. \"5000 Years of Korean Art: Exhibitions abroad as cultural diplomacy.\" <em>Journal of the History of Collections </em>Vol. 28, no. 3 (2016): 383-400.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 396, fig. 9", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Vilbar, Sin\u00e9ad. \"The Japanese Art Collection of the Cleveland Museum of Art, 1915-1951.\" In <em>Great Waves &amp; Mountains: Perspectives and Discoveries in Collecting the Arts of Japan. </em>Natsu Oyobe, and Allysa B. Peyton, eds., 160\u2013197. 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"https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1950.86/1950.86_alt9_full.tif", "width": "8243", "height": "10838", "filesize": "268038288"}}], "creditline": "John L. Severance Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": "60c29a8c17404a6091342637987e2713", "sketchfab_url": "https://sketchfab.com/models/60c29a8c17404a6091342637987e2713", "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 128067, "creators": [], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1950-03-16T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 675, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "late 600s", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "cover", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Hanka-shiyui-zo: Miroku in Meditation", "Miroku Bodhisattva (Bosatsu) in Hanka-Shiyui Pose"], "is_highlight": true, "updated_at": "2026-04-17 19:32:52.065000"}, {"id": 102417, "accession_number": "1921.106", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Saint Catherine with a Kneeling Male Donor, 1400s. France, Poitou, Melle, 15th century. Pot metal, white glass with silver stain; overall: 158.7 x 49.2 cm (62 1/2 x 19 3/8 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Dudley P. Allen Fund, 1921.106", "current_location": "110B Late Gothic", "title": "Saint Catherine with a Kneeling Male Donor", "creation_date": "1400s", "creation_date_earliest": 1400, "creation_date_latest": 1499, "artists_tags": [], "culture": ["France, Poitou, Melle, 15th century"], "technique": "pot metal, white glass with silver stain", "support_materials": [], "department": "Medieval Art", "collection": "MED - Gothic", "type": "Glass", "measurements": "Overall: 158.7 x 49.2 cm (62 1/2 x 19 3/8 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"height": 1.587, "width": 0.492}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [], "legacy": []}, "provenance": [{"description": "Henry C. Lawrence (American Art Galleries sale, 24 January 1921, cat. #383).", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": null}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "When donors commissioned art during the medieval period, they often requested their image to be included alongside the divine figures. This anonymous kneeling figure paid for this stained glass window, creating a visual reminder of his generosity and piety.", "description": "This panel was originally part of a much larger composition. Saint Catherine stands behind a donor, a cleric, who faces a missing scene representing either the Crucifixion or the standing Virgin, which would have formed the object of the donor\u2019s devotion. In the lower right corner an inscription identifies the donor as rector de Melle, a clergyman in charge of the parish of the town of Melle in western France. The panel must have been commissioned for a church in this town with which the donor was affiliated. A scroll near the donor reads Miserere mei deus (God have mercy on me).", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60752844"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1921.106-saint-catherine-with"]}, "citations": [], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1921.106", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1921.106/1921.106_web.jpg", "width": "392", "height": "893", "filesize": "91861", "filename": "1921.106_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1921.106/1921.106_print.jpg", "width": "1492", "height": "3400", "filesize": "1170099", "filename": "1921.106_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1921.106/1921.106_full.tif", "width": "2890", "height": "6585", "filesize": "57120500", "filename": "1921.106_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [], "creditline": "Dudley P. Allen Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 102417, "creators": [], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1921-02-17T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1400, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1400s", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:01:23.398000"}, {"id": 134236, "accession_number": "1956.718", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Claire Campbell, 1876. \u00c9douard Manet (French, 1832\u20131883). Pastel with oil on fine-weave canvas; unframed: 55.2 x 45.7 cm (21 3/4 x 18 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, The Fanny Tewksbury King Collection, 1956.718", "current_location": "004 Special Exhibition Gallery", "title": "Claire Campbell", "creation_date": "1876", "creation_date_earliest": 1876, "creation_date_latest": 1876, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["America"], "technique": "Pastel with oil on fine-weave canvas", "support_materials": [{"description": "fabric, nailed to wooden stretcher", "watermarks": []}], "department": "Drawings", "collection": "DR - French", "type": "Drawing", "measurements": "Unframed: 55.2 x 45.7 cm (21 3/4 x 18 in.)", "dimensions": {"unframed": {"height": 0.552, "width": 0.457}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "inscribed, lower left, in light gray pastel: Manet [partially underlined]; lower left, in light blue pastel: 1876", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 338065, "title": "French Art Since Eighteen Hundred", "description": "<i>French Art Since Eighteen Hundred</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (November 8-December 8, 1929).", "opening_date": "1929-11-08T05:00:00"}, {"id": 200460, "title": "Mary Cassatt and the Feminine Ideal in 19th-Century Paris", "description": "<i>Mary Cassatt and the Feminine Ideal in 19th-Century Paris</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art (organizer) (October 14, 2012-January 20, 2013).", "opening_date": "2012-10-04T00:00:00"}, {"id": 283693, "title": "Pure Color: Pastels from the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Pure Color: Pastels from the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (November 19, 2016-March 19, 2017).", "opening_date": "2016-11-19T05:00:00"}, {"id": 324628, "title": "Nineteenth-Century French Drawings from the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Nineteenth-Century French Drawings from the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (January 20-June 11, 2023).", "opening_date": "2023-01-19T05:00:00"}, {"id": 668924, "title": "Manet & Morisot", "description": "<i>Manet & Morisot</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (co-organizer) (March 29-July 5, 2026).", "opening_date": "2025-10-11T04:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>Exposition des oeuvres de \u00c9douard Manet</em>. \u00c9cole des Beaux-Arts, Paris (January 1884).", "opening_date": null}, {"description": "<em>Manet: Trente-cinq tableaux de la collection Pellerin. </em>Moderne Galerie, Munich (1910); Paul Cassirer Gallery, Berlin (March 24 - April 24, 1910); Bernheim Jeune &amp; Cie., Paris (June 1910).", "opening_date": "1910-03-24T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Manet and the Post-Impressionists</em>. Grafton Gallery, London (November 8, 1910 - January 15, 1911).", "opening_date": "1910-11-08T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Exhibition of Paintings by Contemporary French Artists at the Galleries of M. Knoedler &amp; Co</em>. Knoedler &amp; Co., New York (January 5 - 29, 1916).", "opening_date": "1916-01-05T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Exhibition of Paintings by Edouard Manet, Berthe Morisot, and Pierre Auguste Renoir</em>. Cleveland Museum of Art (December 9, 1924 - January 15, 1925).", "opening_date": "1924-12-09T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Claire Campbell", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->Exposition des oeuvres de \u00c9douard Manet (Paris: \u00c9cole nationale des beaux-arts, 1884), no. 131.</div>"], "date": "1882 - at least 1884", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "Auguste Pellerin [1853\u20131929], Paris", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "after 1884 - by 1910", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "(purchased jointly from him by Bernheim-Jeune, Paris; Paul Cassirer, Berlin; and Durand-Ruel, Paris)", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->Manet: Trente-cinq tableaux de la collection Pellerin (Paris: Bernheim Jeune et Cie, 1910), no. 23.</div>"], "date": "1911", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "(transferred to Durand-Ruel, New York)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1911 - 1916", "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "(M. Knoedler & Co., New York)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1916", "sortorder": 5}, {"description": "(M. Knoedler & Co., sold to Mr. and Mrs. Ralph King, Cleveland, OH)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1916", "sortorder": 6}, {"description": "Ralph Thrall [1855\u20131926] and Fanny Tewksbury [1867\u20131949] King, Cleveland, given to the Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1916-1956", "sortorder": 7}, {"description": "Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1956-", "sortorder": 8}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Edouard Manet almost always depicted the subjects of his pastel portraits against plain colored backgrounds, as seen in this work.", "description": "During the late 1870s, Edouard Manet began to experience health problems that made it difficult for him to work in oil painting. Instead, he began to draw using pastel, a powdery medium that allowed him to render line and color with each stroke. This work is one of numerous portraits that Manet created around this time with the medium. It depicts Claire Campbell, a fashionable young British woman whose father published <em>The Daily Telegraph</em>, a British newspaper. Manet used the velvety texture of pastel to render the subject's skin and hair, limiting his palette to mostly neutral tones such as white, gray, and black.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80026742"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1956.718-claire-campbell"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "<em>Exposition des oeuvres de E\u0301douard Mane</em>t. Exh. Cat. Paris: \u00c9cole nationale des Beaux-Arts, 1884.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 62, no. 131", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Manet: trente-cinq tableaux de la collection Pellerin</em>. Exh. Cat. Paris: Bernheim Jeune et Cie, 1910.", "page_number": "Mentioned: no. 23", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Manet and the Post-Impressionists</em>. Exh. Cat. London: Grafton Galleries, 1910.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 30, no. 151", "url": null}, {"citation": "Duret, Th\u00e9odore. <em>Manet and the French Impressionists</em>. trans. J.E. Crawford Flitch. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1910.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 264, no. 9", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Edouard Manet, Sammlung Pellerin, Paris</em>. Exh. Cat. Berlin: Paul Cassirer: 1910.", "page_number": "Mentioned: no. 32", "url": null}, {"citation": "Waldmann, E. \"\u00c9douard Manet. Aus der Sammlung Pellerin.\" <em>Kunst und Kunstler</em> 8 (May 1910).", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 401", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Exhibition of Paintings by Contemporary French Artists at the Galleries of M. Knoedler &amp; Co.</em> Exh. Cat. New York: Knoedler, 1916.", "page_number": "Mentioned: no. 48", "url": "https://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/api/collection/p15324coll8/id/7135/download"}, {"citation": "\"Recent Changes in the Painting Galleries.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 5, no. 2/3 (1918): 22-27.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 22", "url": "www.jstor.org/stable/25136174"}, {"citation": "Milliken, William M. \"French Impressionists and Post-Impressionists at the Cleveland Museum of Art.\" <em>The Arts</em> 2 (November 1921): 68-70.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 68", "url": null}, {"citation": "Forthuny, Pascal. \"A propos de l'exposition des impressioninistes et post-impressionnistes fran\u00e7ais au mus\u00e9e de Cleveland,\" <em>Bulletin de la vie artistique </em>3, no. 4 (1922): 94-95.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 94", "url": null}, {"citation": "Duret, Th\u00e9odore. <em>Histoire de Edouard Manet et de son oeuvre</em>. Paris: Bernheim-Jeune, 1926.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 286, no. 9", "url": null}, {"citation": "Moreau-N\u00e9laton, \u00c9tienne. <em>Manet racont\u00e9 par lui-m\u00eame</em>. Paris: Henri Laurens, 1926", "page_number": "Mentioned: vol. II, p. 98, 136, 143, 146; Reproduced: vol. II, p. 130", "url": null}, {"citation": "\u201cLists of Objects in the Exhibition.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 16, no. 9 (1929): 159\u201375.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 161", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25137248."}, {"citation": "Tabarant, A. <em>Manet, histoire catalographique</em>. Paris: \u00c9ditions Montaigne, 1931.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 448, no. 4", "url": null}, {"citation": "Blanche, Jacques Emile. \"Les Pastels de Manet.\" <em>Formes</em> 24 (April 1932): 254-55.", "page_number": "Reproduced: between pp. 254 and 255", "url": null}, {"citation": "Jamot, Paul and Georges Wildenstein. <em>Manet</em>. Paris: Beaux-Arts, 1932.", "page_number": "Mentioned: vol. I, p. 182, no. 527", "url": null}, {"citation": "Rey, Robert. <em>Manet</em>. trans. Eveline Byam Shaw. Paris: Hyperion, 1938.", "page_number": "Reproduced: n.p.", "url": null}, {"citation": "Rewald, John. <em>Edouard Manet Pastels</em>. Oxford: Cassirer, 1947.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 48", "url": null}, {"citation": "Tabarant, A. <em>Manet et ses oeuvres</em>. Paris: Gallimard, 1947.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 277, 395, 492, 545", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Handbook.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 498", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1958/page/n91"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 172", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n196"}, {"citation": "Venturi, Marcello. <em>L'opera pittorica di Edouard Manet</em>. Milan: Rizzoli, 1967.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: no. 410", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 172", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n196"}, {"citation": "Rouart, Denis and Daniel Wildenstein. <em>Edouard Manet, catalogue raisonn\u00e9</em>. Lausanne: Biblioth\u00e8que des Arts, 1975.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 26, no. 70, frontispiece", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 211", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n231"}, {"citation": "Robins, Anna Gruetzner. \"'Manet and the Post-Impressionists': A Checklist of Exhibits.\" <em>Burlington Magazine </em>152 (December 2010): 782-93.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 784", "url": null}, {"citation": "Salsbury, Britany. <em>Nineteenth-Century French Drawings: The Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Lewes, UK, Cleveland, Ohio: GILES; Cleveland Museum of Art, 2023.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 136-137, no. 24", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Brown, Heather Lemonedes. \"Manet &amp; Morisot Pastels.\" In <em>Manet &amp; Morisot</em>. Emily Beeny, Heather Lemonedes Brown, Anne Higonnet, Kimberly A. Jones, Nicole R. Myers, et al., 209-221. San Francisco, New Haven: Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco; Yale University Press, 2025.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 209-212, 219-221; Reproduced: p. 136, no. 54", "url": ""}], "catalogue_raisonne": "Rouart and Wildenstein 70", "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1956.718", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1956.718/1956.718_web.jpg", "width": "741", "height": "900", "filesize": "179451", "filename": "1956.718_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1956.718/1956.718_print.jpg", "width": "2799", "height": "3400", "filesize": "3937897", "filename": "1956.718_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1956.718/1956.718_full.tif", "width": "11421", "height": "13872", "filesize": "475325580", "filename": "1956.718_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1956.718/1956.718_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "734", "height": "893", "filesize": "457579"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1956.718/1956.718_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "1536", "height": "1870", "filesize": "1160855"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1956.718/1956.718_alt0_full.tif", "width": "1536", "height": "1870", "filesize": "8620132"}}, {"date_created": "2016-10-14T15:22:26", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1956.718/1956.718_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "739", "height": "900", "filesize": "169515"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1956.718/1956.718_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "2792", "height": "3400", "filesize": "2888664"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1956.718/1956.718_alt1_full.tif", "width": "5581", "height": "6796", "filesize": "113814872"}}, {"date_created": "2017-05-09T15:01:07", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1956.718/1956.718_alt2_web.jpg", "width": "707", "height": "900", "filesize": "232750"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1956.718/1956.718_alt2_print.jpg", "width": "2671", "height": "3400", "filesize": "3263842"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1956.718/1956.718_alt2_full.tif", "width": "5291", "height": "6736", "filesize": "106950520"}}], "creditline": "The Fanny Tewksbury King Collection", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "The Kelvin and Eleanor Smith Foundation Gallery", "athena_id": 134236, "creators": [{"id": 1796, "description": "\u00c9douard Manet (French, 1832\u20131883)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": "Born into a wealthy family, \u00c9douard Manet was encouraged in his artistic curiosity by his uncle and often visited the Louvre with his college friend Antonin Proust. Initially, however, Manet wanted to pursue a naval career. It was not until he failed the entrance exams for the naval academy that he decided to pursue a career as an artist. In 1850 he entered the studio of Couture (q.v.), whose reputation had risen sharply after exhibiting his Romans of the Decadence (Salon 1847, Mus\u00e9e d'Orsay, Paris). Couture wanted to circumvent conventional academic training and combined traditional painting methods with new techniques-for example, allowing underpaint to form an intrinsic part of the final composition, which resulted in a sketchy appearance. Manet would absorb this technique into his work. He had no strict need to sell his artwork; rather, he longed for recognition as an artist. He responded to Charles Baudelaire's call to young artists to paint contemporary life rather than antiquity and take a distanced point of view, because, as Baudelaire stated in his article The Painter of Modern Life (published in Le Figaro, 1863), objectivity is more sincere and honest. In 1863 the Salon jury rejected more than half of the five thousand works submitted, including Manet's D\u00e9jeuner sur l'herbe (Mus\u00e9e d'Orsay, Paris). In response to the conservative jury of that year, Napoleon III, in an effort to appease the artists as well as discourage antigovernment sentiment, organized the Salon des Refus\u00e9s, which took place in the Palais des Champs-\u00c9lys\u00e9es two weeks after the opening of the official Salon. The painting caused a formidable succ\u00e8s de scandale both for its technique and subject matter. The majority of the people failed to understand that the artist wanted to translate the conventions of the Old Masters into a new idiom that would reflect contemporary society. Two years later the scandal was repeated when Manet's Olympia (Mus\u00e9e d'Orsay, Paris) was accepted into the Salon of 1865. This time the jury was more lenient because fewer academicians were among its members. Even though his work often received severe criticism, Manet continued to submit works to the Salon, which he felt was the only legitimate place to compete and prove himself as an artist. At the time of the Universal Exposition in Paris in 1867, Manet, following Courbet's (q.v.) lead set in 1855, organized his own pavilion next to the Exposition where he showed more than fifty paintings. \u00c9mile Zola, the French writer and critic who may have collaborated with Manet in writing the preface for his one-man exhibition, recognized his talent and modernity. Zola rejected academic painting of the day, including Alexandre Cabanel's (1823-1889) The Birth of Venus (Mus\u00e9e d'Orsay, Paris), which not only won the gold medal at the Salon of 1863 but was purchased by Napoleon III. Zola vehemently defended Manet against harsh criticism and exalted him as the greatest painter of the nineteenth century. Manet painted a portrait of Zola (Salon 1868, Mus\u00e9e d'Orsay, Paris) that reflected the artist's interest in Japanese prints as well as photography. By the 1870s Manet's palette had lightened and his brushwork became freer and more sketchy. These new features in his painting technique may have resulted from his contact with the younger impressionist group that began exhibiting as such in 1874. Although Manet was friendly with its members and sympathized with their goals, he never exhibited with them and continued to show his paintings at the official Salon. Manet was truly innovative in depicting subjects of urban life. However, during his lifetime he enjoyed little support, and it was not until the impressionists gained general recognition that Manet was acknowledged as a truly modern painter. Henri Matisse (1869-1954) would express his immense admiration for Manet as follows: \"He was the first to act by reflex, thus simplifying the painter's m\u00e9tier, . . . Manet was direct as could be.\"1 1. Matisse in L'Intransigeant (25 January 1932), cited in Manet 1832-1883, 18.", "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1832", "death_year": "1883", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1956-12-11T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1876, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1876", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Mademoiselle Claire Campbell", "Mlle. Claire Campbell"], "is_highlight": true, "updated_at": "2026-04-10 11:44:47.383000"}, {"id": 136682, "accession_number": "1961.220", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Portrait of Catherine Grey, Lady Manners, 1794. Thomas Lawrence (British, 1769\u20131830). Oil on canvas; framed: 280.5 x 185 x 9 cm (110 7/16 x 72 13/16 x 3 9/16 in.); unframed: 255.3 x 158 cm (100 1/2 x 62 3/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Bequest of John D. Rockefeller Jr., 1961.220", "current_location": "203A British Painting and Decorative Arts", "title": "Portrait of Catherine Grey, Lady Manners", "creation_date": "1794", "creation_date_earliest": 1794, "creation_date_latest": 1794, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["England, 18th century"], "technique": "oil on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "P - British before 1800", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 280.5 x 185 x 9 cm (110 7/16 x 72 13/16 x 3 9/16 in.); Unframed: 255.3 x 158 cm (100 1/2 x 62 3/16 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 2.805, "width": 1.85, "depth": 0.09}, "unframed": {"height": 2.553, "width": 1.58}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 302039, "title": "Year in Review (1961)", "description": "<i>Year in Review (1961)</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (November 1-26, 1961).", "opening_date": "1961-11-01T05:00:00"}, {"id": 304248, "title": "Style, Truth and the Portrait", "description": "<i>Style, Truth and the Portrait</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (October 1-November 19, 1963).", "opening_date": "1963-10-01T04:00:00"}, {"id": 300779, "title": "Juxtapositions", "description": "<i>Juxtapositions</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (September 11-October 10, 1965).", "opening_date": "1965-09-11T04:00:00"}, {"id": 309658, "title": "Portraiture: The Image of the Individual", "description": "<i>Portraiture: The Image of the Individual</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (November 22, 1983-January 22, 1984).", "opening_date": "1983-11-22T05:00:00"}, {"id": 441904, "title": "The Swagger Portrait", "description": "<i>The Swagger Portrait</i>. Tate, London SW1P 4RG (organizer) (October 14, 1992-January 10, 1993).", "opening_date": "1992-10-14T04:00:00"}, {"id": 179662, "title": "Masterpieces of European Painting from the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Masterpieces of European Painting from the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. Maltz Museum of Jewish Heritage, Beachwood, OH (March 29-July 8, 2007).", "opening_date": "2007-03-29T00:00:00"}, {"id": 224007, "title": "Thomas Lawrence: Regency, Power & Brilliance", "description": "<i>Thomas Lawrence: Regency, Power & Brilliance</i>. Yale Center for British Art, New Haven, CT (organizer) (February 24-June 5, 2011).", "opening_date": "2011-02-24T00:00:00"}, {"id": 306699, "title": "British Gallery Reinstallation  (June 2020)", "description": "<i>British Gallery Reinstallation  (June 2020)</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art (organizer).", "opening_date": "2020-06-30T04:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "Royal Academy, London, United Kingdom (1794).", "opening_date": "1794-01-01T04:56:02Z"}, {"description": "<em>Woman and Child in Art</em>. National Gallery, London, United Kingdom (1913-1914).", "opening_date": "1913-01-01T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "property of the artist, Sir Thomas Lawrence [1769-1830]", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1794-1830", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "(Christie's, London Sir Thomas Lawrence sale, June 18, 1831, no. 147, purchased by Samuel Woodburn)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1831", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "Samuel Woodburn; sold to Frederick John Fifth Baron Monson", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1831-?", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "Frederick John, Fifth Baron Monson [died 1841], and his heirs, Gatton Park, Surrey; sold at Christie's, London", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->correspondence among the Monson papers now deposited in the Lincoln County archives</div>"], "date": "?-1888", "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "(Christie's, London, May 12, 1888, no. 21, sold to Davis)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": 5}, {"description": "Davis", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1888", "sortorder": 6}, {"description": "William, Fifth Earl of Carysfort", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1888-?", "sortorder": 7}, {"description": "Lady Carysfort; by descent to her nephew Douglas James Proby", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": 8}, {"description": "Colonel Douglas James Proby, Elton Hall, Huntingdonshire", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": 9}, {"description": "(Duveen Brothers)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1919-?", "sortorder": 10}, {"description": "Jules S. Bach, New York", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1924-?", "sortorder": 11}, {"description": "John D. Rockefeller, Jr. [1874-1960]; by bequest to the Cleveland Museum of Art", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "?-1960", "sortorder": 12}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1961-", "sortorder": 13}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Catherine was an Irish poet who wrote of longing to escape the fashionable world.", "description": "The Irish poet Lady Manners rejected as \u201cunflattering\u201d this portrait representing her as the goddess Juno, symbolized here by the peacock. Thomas Lawrence exhibited the painting at the Royal Academy in 1794 with the label \u201cto be disposed of [sold],\u201d but it was still in the artist\u2019s collection when he died. Though it offended Lady Manners, the painting displays all the hallmarks of Lawrence\u2019s flamboyant style:dazzling, fluid brushwork and an innovative use of unconventional colors that helped secure his role as the most fashionable portrait painter in turn-of-the-century Britain.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60465933"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1961.220-portrait-of-catherin"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Williams, John. <em>Memoirs of the Royal Academicians; Being an Attempt to Improve the National Taste.</em> [London]: H.D. Symonds, P. M'Queen, and T. Bellamy, 1796.", "page_number": "Mentioned:P. 28, no. 173", "url": "https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t8qc09z12"}, {"citation": "Redford, George. <em>Art Sales. A History of Sales of Pictures and Other Works of Art. With Notices of the Collections Sold, Names of Owners, Titles of Pictures, Prices and Purchasers, Arranged Under the Artists of the Different Schools in Order of Date. Including the Purchases and Prices of Pictures for the National Gallery</em>. London, United Kindgom: Bradbury, Agnew, &amp; Co., Printers, the \"Whitefriars\" Press, 1888.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 454, vol. I", "url": null}, {"citation": "Gower, Ronald Sutherland, and Algernon Graves. <em>Sir Thomas Lawrence, With a Catalogue of the Artist's Exhibited and Engraved Works</em>. London, United Kingdom: Goupil, J. Boussod, Manzi, Joyant, successors, 1900.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 454", "url": null}, {"citation": "Graves, Algernon. <em>The Royal Academy of Arts; A Complete Dictionary of Contributors and Their Work from Its Foundation in 1769 to 1904</em>. London, United Kingdom: H. Graves and Co, 1905.", "page_number": "Reproduced: vol. 3", "url": null}, {"citation": "Armstrong, Walter. <em>Lawrence</em>. New York,, NY: C. Scribner's, 1913.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 129; Reproduced: p. 150, pl. XIV", "url": null}, {"citation": "Graves, Algernon. <em>Art Sales from Early in the Eighteenth Century to Early in the Twentieth Century (Mostly Old Master and Early English Pictures).</em> London: A. Graves, 1918.", "page_number": "Mentioned: Vol. II, P. 128", "url": null}, {"citation": "Farington, Joseph, and James Greig. <em>The Farington Diary</em>. London, United Kingdom: Hutchinson, 1922.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 44", "url": null}, {"citation": "Proby, Douglas James, Tancred Borenius, James Vaughan Hodgson, and Granville Proby. <em>A Catalogue of the Pictures at Elton Hall in Huntingdonshire, in the Possession of Colonel Douglas James Proby</em>. London, United Kingdom: Medici Society, 1924.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 117", "url": null}, {"citation": "Garlick, Kenneth. <em>Sir Thomas Lawrence</em>. London, United Kingdom : Routledge &amp; Paul,1954.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 88, pl. 32", "url": null}, {"citation": "Saarinen, Aline B. <em>The Proud Possessors: The Lives, Times, and Tastes of Some Adventurous American Art Collectors</em>. New York, NY: Random House, 1958.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 349", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, \u201cRecent Acquisition Press Release,\u201d October 11, 1961, Cleveland Museum of Art Archives.", "page_number": null, "url": "https://archive.org/details/cmapr0811"}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, \u201cThe Portrait of the Countess of Dysart as Juno,\u201d October 26, 1961, Cleveland Museum of Art Archives.", "page_number": null, "url": "https://archive.org/details/cmapr0823"}, {"citation": "Garlick, Kenneth. \"A Catalogue of the Paintings, Drawings, and Pastels of Sir Thomas Lawrence.\" The Walpole Society, XXXIX (1962-64)", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 138", "url": null}, {"citation": "\u201cLady Louisa Manners, Later Countess of Dysart, as Juno.\u201d <em>Gazette Des Beaux Arts</em>, February 1962, sup36.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 36", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 160", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n184"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 160", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n184"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 195", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n215"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Catalogue of Paintings, Part 3: European Paintings of the 16th, 17th, and 18th Centuries</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1982.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 200; Reproduced: p. 201", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"1992 Annual Report.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 80, no. 6 (1993): 215-95.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 247", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25161418"}, {"citation": "Uerlings, Herbert, Karl Ho\u0308lz, and Viktoria Schmidt-Linsenhoff. <em>Das Subjekt und die Anderen: Interkulturalita\u0308t und Geschlechterdifferenz vom 18. Jahrhundert bis zur Gegenwart</em>. Berlin, Germany: Erich Schmidt, 2001.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 116, fig. 6", "url": null}, {"citation": "Rosenthal, Angela. 2004. \u201cVisceral Culture: Blushing and the Legibility of Whiteness in Eighteenth-Century British Portraiture.\u201d <em>Art History</em> 27 (4): 563\u201392.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 576-578; reproduced: P. 577", "url": null}, {"citation": "Badea-Pa\u0306un, Gabriel. <em>The Society Portrait: From David to Warhol</em>. New York, NY: Vendome Press, 2007.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 56-58", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bindman, David, Tim Ayers, and Chris Stephens. <em>The History of British Art</em>. New Haven, CT: Yale Center for British Art, 2008.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 108, fig. 61", "url": null}, {"citation": "Palmer, Caroline. \"Brazen Cheek: Face-Painters in Late Eighteenth-Century England.\" <em>Oxford Art Journal</em> 31, no. 2 (2008): 197-213.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 209; reproduced: P. 211", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/20108020."}, {"citation": "Albinson, A. Cassandra, Peter Funnell, and Lucy Peltz. <em>Thomas Lawrence: Regency Power &amp; Brilliance</em>. New Haven, CT: Yale Center for British Art, 2010.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 118-119", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 194-195", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Montgomery, Janelle. \"Every Picture Tells a Story: A Family Chronicle in George Romney's <em>Lady Mary Every.</em>\" <em>Transactions of the Romney Society </em>21, (2016).<em><br></em>", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 4-11; Reproduced: p. 9, fig. 5", "url": null}, {"citation": "Day, C.A., et. al. \"Thomas Lawrence's Consumptive Chic: Reinterpretting Lady Manners Hectic Flush in 1794.\" Eighteenth-Century Studies 49, no. 4 (Summer 2016).", "page_number": "Mentioned: 455-474; Reproduced: p. 456, fig. 1", "url": null}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1961.220", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1961.220/1961.220_web.jpg", "width": "551", "height": "893", "filesize": "320390", "filename": "1961.220_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1961.220/1961.220_print.jpg", "width": "2097", "height": "3400", "filesize": "4420661", "filename": "1961.220_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1961.220/1961.220_full.tif", "width": "4704", "height": "7628", "filesize": "107677908", "filename": "1961.220_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [], "creditline": "Bequest of John D. Rockefeller Jr.", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Paul J. and Edith Ingalls Vignos Gallery", "athena_id": 136682, "creators": [{"id": 2515, "description": "Thomas Lawrence (British, 1769\u20131830)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1769", "death_year": "1830", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1961-10-07T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1794, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1794", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Catherine Gray, Lady Manners", "Lady Louisa (Tollemache) Manners (1745-1840), Later Countess of Dysart, as Juno", "Lady Louisa Manners, later Countess of Dysart, as Juno"], "is_highlight": true, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:04:46.616000"}, {"id": 101363, "accession_number": "1920.1976", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Fragment of an Inlay Headdress, c. 1353\u20131295 BCE. Egypt, New Kingdom (1540\u20131069 BCE), Dynasty 18. Lavender blue faience with deep blue overglaze; overall: 6.7 x 7.7 x 2.8 cm (2 5/8 x 3 1/16 x 1 1/8 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Gift of the John Huntington Art and Polytechnic Trust, 1920.1976", "current_location": "107 Egyptian", "title": "Fragment of an Inlay Headdress", "creation_date": "c. 1353\u20131295 BCE", "creation_date_earliest": -1353, "creation_date_latest": -1295, "artists_tags": [], "culture": ["Egypt, New Kingdom (1540\u20131069 BCE), Dynasty 18"], "technique": "lavender blue faience with deep blue overglaze", "support_materials": [], "department": "Egyptian and Ancient Near Eastern Art", "collection": "Egypt - New Kingdom", "type": "Inlays", "measurements": "Overall: 6.7 x 7.7 x 2.8 cm (2 5/8 x 3 1/16 x 1 1/8 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"height": 0.067, "width": 0.077, "depth": 0.028}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 207517, "title": "Gifts of the Nile: Ancient Egyptian Faience", "description": "<i>Gifts of the Nile: Ancient Egyptian Faience</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (May 10-July 5, 1998); Museum of Art, Rhode Island School of Design, RI (August 25, 1998-January 3, 1999).", "opening_date": "1998-05-10T00:00:00"}, {"id": 188842, "title": "Conserving the Past for the Future", "description": "<i>Conserving the Past for the Future</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (March 4-May 6, 2001).", "opening_date": "2001-03-04T00:00:00"}, {"id": 281475, "title": "Pharaoh: King of Ancient Egypt", "description": "<i>Pharaoh: King of Ancient Egypt</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (March 13-June 12, 2016).", "opening_date": "2016-03-13T05:00:00"}], "legacy": []}, "provenance": [{"description": "Said to come from el-Amarna. Purchased from P. Kytikas, Cairo, through Howard Carter", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": null}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": ["3943.20"], "did_you_know": "It has been suggested that this fragment was part of a headdress that belonged to a queen. The fine, carved details of this headdress attest to the great skill of its maker and the luster of the blue lapis lazuli faience would have been appropriate for Egyptian royalty.", "description": "This fragment is part of the curled headdress of an inlay figure, probably of a queen, assembled of various materials fit together like the pieces of a jigsaw puzzle. The front part of the headdress (directly over the forehead) is to the left, followed by the ear tab and part of the cutout above the ear. The luster of the faience is marvelously preserved. Blue, primarily associated with lapis lazuli, was an appropriate color for kings' and gods' hair and was part of the apparatus signaling them as otherworldly beings.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60753875"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1920.1976-fragment-of-an-inlay"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Cooney, John D. \u201cAmarna Art in the Cleveland Museum.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 55, no. 1 (January 1968): 2\u201317.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 16, fig. 16", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25152189"}, {"citation": "Berman, Lawrence M., and Kenneth J. Boha\u010d.<em> Catalogue of Egyptian Art: The Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1999", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 306; Mentioned: p. 306-307", "url": null}, {"citation": "Vandenbeusch, Marie, Aude Semat, and Margaret Maitland. <em>Pharaoh: King of Ancient Egypt</em>. Cleveland: The Cleveland Museum of Art ; London : The British Museum, 2016.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 163, fig. 72", "url": null}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1920.1976", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1920.1976/1920.1976_web.jpg", "width": "1228", "height": "893", "filesize": "543947", "filename": "1920.1976_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1920.1976/1920.1976_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2472", "filesize": "3856566", "filename": "1920.1976_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1920.1976/1920.1976_full.tif", "width": "3919", "height": "2849", "filesize": "33526524", "filename": "1920.1976_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [], "creditline": "Gift of the John Huntington Art and Polytechnic Trust", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 101363, "creators": [], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1920-12-30T00:00:00", "sortable_date": -1353, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 1353\u20131295 BCE", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:01:18.583000"}, {"id": 125978, "accession_number": "1948.206", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Tea Bowl (\u5efa\u7aaf\u8336\u76de), 1100s\u20131200s. China, Fujian province, Southern Song dynasty (1127-1279). Stoneware with black \u201chare\u2019s fur\u201d glaze and metal-bound rim, Jian ware; diameter: 17.8 cm (7 in.); overall: 8.7 cm (3 7/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Purchase from the J. H. Wade Fund, 1948.206", "current_location": "238 Chinese Ceramics", "title": "Tea Bowl", "title_in_original_language": "\u5efa\u7aaf\u8336\u76de", "creation_date": "1100s\u20131200s", "creation_date_earliest": 1100, "creation_date_latest": 1299, "artists_tags": [], "culture": ["China, Fujian province, Southern Song dynasty (1127-1279)"], "technique": "Stoneware with black \u201chare\u2019s fur\u201d glaze and metal-bound rim, Jian ware", "support_materials": [], "department": "Chinese Art", "collection": "China - Song Dynasty", "type": "Ceramic", "measurements": "Diameter: 17.8 cm (7 in.); Overall: 8.7 cm (3 7/16 in.)", "dimensions": {"diameter": {"width": 0.178}, "overall": {"height": 0.087}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 520087, "title": "Tea Taste in Japanese Art", "description": "<i>Tea Taste in Japanese Art</i>. The Asia Society Museum, New York, NY (organizer) (February 20-April 21, 1963).", "opening_date": "1963-02-20T05:00:00"}, {"id": 395234, "title": "China\u2019s Southern Paradise: Treasures from the Lower Yangzi Delta", "description": "<i>China\u2019s Southern Paradise: Treasures from the Lower Yangzi Delta</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (September 10, 2023-January 7, 2024).", "opening_date": "2023-09-10T04:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>The World of Ceramics: Masterpieces from the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 30-September 5, 1982).", "opening_date": "1982-06-30T04:00:00Z"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "(Dikran G. Kelekian [1867\u20131951], New York, NY, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "?\u20131948", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1948\u2013", "sortorder": 2}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "The reddish-brown streaks and spots have been affectionately termed \"hare's fur\" among connoisseurs.", "description": "Due to its exceptional size, this Fujian tea bowl is rather rare. The enjoyment of Jian ware rests with the glaze transmutation due to iron in the glaze, which developed into reddish-brown streaks and spots against a rich black glaze after firing. Connoisseurs called these iron formations \"hare\u2019s fur\" marks, and the ware was very popular with the tea cultures in China and Japan.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60778927"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1948.206-tea-bowl"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Lee, Sherman E. <em>Tea Taste in Japanese Art</em>. New York, NY: The Asia House Gallery, dist. by H. Abrams, 1963.", "page_number": "Mentioned: cat. no. 9, p. 96; Reproduced: cat. no. 9, p. 23", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Neils, Jenifer. <em>The World of Ceramics: Masterpieces from the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Museum in cooperation with Indiana University Press, 1982.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 108, no. 112", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Griswold, William, Xiaofei Tian, Richard Von Glahn, Feng Zhao, S. J. Vainker, Masaaki Itakura, Jiang Wu, et al. <em>China\u2019s Southern Paradise: Treasures from the Lower Yangzi Delta</em>. Edited by Clarissa Von Spee. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 2023.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 202, no. 81", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1948.206", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1948.206/1948.206_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "627", "filesize": "144390", "filename": "1948.206_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1948.206/1948.206_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2369", "filesize": "774140", "filename": "1948.206_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1948.206/1948.206_full.tif", "width": "10398", "height": "7244", "filesize": "225996204", "filename": "1948.206_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2012-08-29T19:44:48", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1948.206/1948.206_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "1263", "height": "867", "filesize": "85419"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1948.206/1948.206_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2333", "filesize": "567898"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1948.206/1948.206_alt0_full.tif", "width": "3476", "height": "2386", "filesize": "24904924"}}, {"date_created": "2012-08-29T15:51:01", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1948.206/1948.206_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "1191", "height": "893", "filesize": "180137"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1948.206/1948.206_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2550", "filesize": "1071552"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1948.206/1948.206_alt1_full.tif", "width": "8000", "height": "6000", "filesize": "144030388"}}, {"date_created": "2023-08-02T18:37:46", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1948.206/1948.206_alt2_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "630", "filesize": "151028"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1948.206/1948.206_alt2_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2379", "filesize": "835334"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1948.206/1948.206_alt2_full.tif", "width": "10398", "height": "7276", "filesize": "226994468"}}, {"date_created": "2023-08-02T18:08:24", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1948.206/1948.206_alt3_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "633", "filesize": "150575"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1948.206/1948.206_alt3_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2392", "filesize": "837553"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1948.206/1948.206_alt3_full.tif", "width": "10398", "height": "7315", "filesize": "228211100"}}, {"date_created": "2023-08-02T18:44:55", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1948.206/1948.206_alt4_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "634", "filesize": "146714"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1948.206/1948.206_alt4_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2394", "filesize": "788921"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1948.206/1948.206_alt4_full.tif", "width": "10398", "height": "7322", "filesize": "228429428"}}, {"date_created": "2023-08-02T21:05:49", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1948.206/1948.206_alt5_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "802", "filesize": "259247"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1948.206/1948.206_alt5_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "3028", "filesize": "2152307"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1948.206/1948.206_alt5_full.tif", "width": "10083", "height": "8981", "filesize": "271695104"}}, {"date_created": "2023-08-02T22:10:37", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1948.206/1948.206_alt6_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "840", "filesize": "242523"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1948.206/1948.206_alt6_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "3172", "filesize": "2054499"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1948.206/1948.206_alt6_full.tif", "width": "10597", "height": "9887", "filesize": "314346552"}}], "creditline": "Purchase from the J. H. Wade Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 125978, "creators": [], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1948-07-20T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1100, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1100s\u20131200s", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Tea Bowl:  Chien Ware"], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:04:50.069000"}, {"id": 133111, "accession_number": "1955.51", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Agni, God of Fire, c. 1000. India, Uttar Pradesh. Sandstone; overall: 73 x 40.6 cm (28 3/4 x 16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Edward L. Whittemore Fund, 1955.51", "current_location": "243 Indian and Southeast Asian", "title": "Agni, God of Fire", "creation_date": "c. 1000", "creation_date_earliest": 995, "creation_date_latest": 1005, "artists_tags": [], "culture": ["India, Uttar Pradesh"], "technique": "sandstone", "support_materials": [], "department": "Indian and Southeast Asian Art", "collection": "Indian Art", "type": "Sculpture", "measurements": "Overall: 73 x 40.6 cm (28 3/4 x 16 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"height": 0.73, "width": 0.406}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 300857, "title": "Art: The International Language", "description": "<i>Art: The International Language</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art (October 2-November 4, 1956).", "opening_date": "1956-10-02T04:00:00"}, {"id": 383281, "title": "Stories from Storage", "description": "<i>Stories from Storage</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (February 7-May 16, 2021).", "opening_date": "2021-02-06T05:00:00"}, {"id": 676976, "title": "Reinstallation of \u201cKrishna Lifting Mount Govardhan\u201d", "description": "<i>Reinstallation of \u201cKrishna Lifting Mount Govardhan\u201d</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 12, 2024-November 2, 2025).", "opening_date": "2024-10-12T04:00:00"}], "legacy": []}, "provenance": [{"description": "Sir Eric Geddes [1875\u20131937]", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "(Spink & Son, Ltd., London, England, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "?\u20131955", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1955\u2013", "sortorder": 3}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "This sculpture is on the cover of the Penguin Classics edition of the Hindu \"Laws of Manu.\"", "description": "The Hindu god Agni, with flames rising behind him, is the figural form of the sacrificial fire, central to religious practice in India since the early second millennium BC. Agni\u2019s mount is the goat, and together they preside over the Southeast. In the upper registers, Brahmans perform fire sacrifice, preach to disciples, and practice \"hot yoga.\"", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80025313"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1955.51-agni-god-of-fire"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "\u201cPart II. Annual Report Issue for the Year 1955.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>, vol. 43, no. 6, 1956, pp. 131\u2013167.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 142", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25142140"}, {"citation": "Ward, William. \"Agni, God of Fire.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art </em>42, no. 9 (November 1955): 205\u2013208.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 206; Mentioned: p. 207", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25142076"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Handbook.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 758", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1958/page/n136"}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1955.51", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1955.51/1955.51_web.jpg", "width": "590", "height": "900", "filesize": "257883", "filename": "1955.51_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1955.51/1955.51_print.jpg", "width": "2228", "height": "3400", "filesize": "2538589", "filename": "1955.51_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1955.51/1955.51_full.tif", "width": "8478", "height": "12935", "filesize": "175281316", "filename": "1955.51_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2013-06-17T16:41:36", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1955.51/1955.51_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "696", "height": "893", "filesize": "124517"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1955.51/1955.51_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "2651", "height": "3400", "filesize": "1692614"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1955.51/1955.51_alt0_full.tif", "width": "3539", "height": "4538", "filesize": "48200180"}}, {"date_created": "2020-09-25T12:45:25", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1955.51/1955.51_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "641", "height": "900", "filesize": "261125"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1955.51/1955.51_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "2422", "height": "3400", "filesize": "2573755"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1955.51/1955.51_alt1_full.tif", "width": "8946", "height": "12559", "filesize": "171746236"}}, {"date_created": "2020-09-25T12:57:00", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1955.51/1955.51_alt2_web.jpg", "width": "613", "height": "900", "filesize": "249650"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1955.51/1955.51_alt2_print.jpg", "width": "2314", "height": "3400", "filesize": "2319952"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1955.51/1955.51_alt2_full.tif", "width": "8661", "height": "12728", "filesize": "164923668"}}, {"date_created": "2020-09-25T13:05:47", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1955.51/1955.51_alt3_web.jpg", "width": "661", "height": "900", "filesize": "286744"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1955.51/1955.51_alt3_print.jpg", "width": "2497", "height": "3400", "filesize": "2982792"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1955.51/1955.51_alt3_full.tif", "width": "8772", "height": "11942", "filesize": "314293144"}}], "creditline": "Edward L. Whittemore Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 133111, "creators": [], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1955-03-10T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 995, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 1000", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:01:25.761000"}, {"id": 136289, "accession_number": "1960.176.1", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "The Triumph of Eternity (from Chateau de Chaumont set), 1512\u201315. France, Lyon(?), early 16th century. Silk and wool; tapestry weave; overall: 319.3 x 377.6 cm (125 11/16 x 148 11/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Gift from various donors by exchange, 1960.176.1", "current_location": "113 French Tapestries & Illuminated Manuscripts", "title": "The Triumph of Eternity (from Chateau de Chaumont set)", "creation_date": "1512\u201315", "creation_date_earliest": 1512, "creation_date_latest": 1515, "artists_tags": [], "culture": ["France, Lyon(?), early 16th century"], "technique": "silk and wool; tapestry weave", "support_materials": [], "department": "Textiles", "collection": "Textiles", "type": "Tapestry", "measurements": "Overall: 319.3 x 377.6 cm (125 11/16 x 148 11/16 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"height": 3.193, "width": 3.776}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "French verse in Gothic letters translates as follows: \"Nothing triumphs by right authority, Unless it be conducted by Eternity. Nothing is permanent beneath the firmament, But above us triumphs Eternity.\"", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [], "legacy": [{"description": "Exhibition in Honor of 50th Anniversary of the Baltimore Museum of Art. Baltimore Museum of Art, Baltimore, MD (March 3-April 5, 1964).", "opening_date": "1964-03-03T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Chefs d'oeuvre de la tapisserie du XIVe au XVIe siecle. Grand Palais, Paris, France (October 26, 1973- January 7, 1974); Masterpieces of Tapestry. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York (February 7-April 19, 1974).", "opening_date": "1974-02-07T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Gallery 113 tapestry rotation. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (November 20, 2012- ).", "opening_date": "2012-11-20T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "one of set of three allegorical tapestries from the Chateau de Chaumont until 1907; Duveen Collection, New York, in 1925; Clarence H. MacKay Collection until 1939; (French & Co., New York).", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": null}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": ["60.176"], "did_you_know": null, "description": "The Triumph of Eternity is represented by the Coronation of the Virgin. Dressed in crimson velvet with an opulent brocaded velvet shawl, the Virgin is seated in the center as two angels hold a crown over her head. Five musical angels surround her playing an organ, recorder, straight cornetto, harp, and lute, while another sings from an open music book. The scenes in the set display a conservative style in which the figures are placed in shallow landscapes, thereby ignoring pictorial innovations for depicting space and mass. The verse in Old French at the top states: Nothing triumphing by due authority Remains permanent and durable. Nothing is permanent under the heavens, But above, eternity triumphs.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60763210"], "internet_archive": []}, "citations": [{"citation": "Shepherd, Dorothy G. \"Three Tapestries from Chaumont.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 48, no. 7 (1961): 159-77", "page_number": "p. 159-177", "url": "www.jstor.org/stable/25142461"}, {"citation": "Saisselin, Remy G. \"Literary Background of the Chaumont Tapestries.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 48, no. 7 (1961).", "page_number": "p. 178-181", "url": "www.jstor.org/stable/25142462"}, {"citation": "Wixom, William D., and Leona E. Prasse. \"Traditions in the Chaumont Tapestries.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 48, no. 7 (1961): 182-90.", "page_number": "p. 182-190", "url": "www.jstor.org/stable/25142463"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 74", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n98"}, {"citation": "Wixom, William D. <em>Treasures from Medieval France.</em> [Cleveland]: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1967.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 338-339", "url": "https://archive.org/details/TreasuresMedievalFrance/page/n365"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 74", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n98"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 85", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n105"}, {"citation": "Seaton, Douglass. <em>Ideas and Styles in the Western Musical Tradition</em>. 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The figures of Jesus, Mary, and eight saints are framed by a golden background that would have glistened in the flickering candlelight of the church.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60466017"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1961.40-virgin-and-child-wit"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Francis, Henry. \"An Altarpieve by Ugolino da Siena.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art </em>48, no. 8 (October 1961): 195-205.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cover, 194-205.", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25142467"}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, \u201cThe Madonna and Child with Saints,\u201d October 26, 1961, Cleveland Museum of Art Archives.", "page_number": null, "url": "https://archive.org/details/cmapr0824"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 54", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n78"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 54", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n78"}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Catalogue of Paintings. Pt. 1. European Paintings before 1500. </em>Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1974.", "page_number": "Reproduced: fig. 46, p. 130 - 132", "url": ""}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 63", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n83"}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, and Holger A. Klein<em>. Sacred Gifts and Worldly Treasures: Medieval Masterworks from the Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> Cleveland, Ohio: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2007.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 258-259, no. 96", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 268", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Giura, Giovanni.<em> San Francesco di Asciano: opere, fonti e contesti per la storia della Toscana francescana</em>.Firenze: Mandragora, 2018.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 128; Reproduced: p. 129, III.43", "url": null}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1961.40", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1961.40/1961.40_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "579", "filesize": "220895", "filename": "1961.40_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1961.40/1961.40_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2189", "filesize": "1731937", "filename": "1961.40_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1961.40/1961.40_full.tif", "width": "5000", "height": "3219", "filesize": "48340532", "filename": "1961.40_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2006-11-07T21:10:54", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1961.40/1961.40_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "1263", "height": "813", "filesize": "845002"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1961.40/1961.40_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2189", "filesize": "5396253"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1961.40/1961.40_alt0_full.tif", "width": "5000", "height": "3219", "filesize": "48319128"}}, {"date_created": "2005-10-27T17:10:15", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1961.40/1961.40_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "1263", "height": "822", "filesize": "836816"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1961.40/1961.40_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2213", "filesize": "4941689"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1961.40/1961.40_alt1_full.tif", "width": "5000", "height": "3255", "filesize": "48843008"}}, {"date_created": "2006-12-05T19:50:23", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1961.40/1961.40_alt2_web.jpg", "width": "1263", "height": "836", "filesize": "603877"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1961.40/1961.40_alt2_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2250", "filesize": "4065815"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1961.40/1961.40_alt2_full.tif", "width": "7358", "height": "4870", "filesize": "107532344"}}], "creditline": "Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Mr. and Mrs. Michael J. Horvitz Gallery", "athena_id": 136922, "creators": [{"id": 2352, "description": "Ugolino di Nerio (Italian)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1961-02-20T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1320, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 1320", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": true, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Polyptych: Madonna and Child with St. Francis, St. John the Baptist, St. James the Great, and Mary Magdalen"], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:08:04.605000"}, {"id": 148214, "accession_number": "1975.2", "share_license_status": "Copyrighted", "tombstone": "Harlequin with Violin, 1918. Pablo Picasso (Spanish, 1881\u20131973). Oil on canvas; framed: 171 x 132 x 7.5 cm (67 5/16 x 51 15/16 x 2 15/16 in.); unframed: 142.2 x 100.3 cm (56 x 39 1/2 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund, 1975.2. \u00a9 Estate of  Pablo Picasso / Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York", "current_location": "223 20th Century Avant-Garde", "title": "Harlequin with Violin", "creation_date": "1918", "creation_date_earliest": 1918, "creation_date_latest": 1918, "artists_tags": ["male", "Latine and Hispanic Artists"], "culture": ["Spain, 20th century"], "technique": "oil on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "Modern European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "Mod Euro - Painting 1800-1960", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 171 x 132 x 7.5 cm (67 5/16 x 51 15/16 x 2 15/16 in.); Unframed: 142.2 x 100.3 cm (56 x 39 1/2 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 1.71, "width": 1.32, "depth": 0.075}, "unframed": {"height": 1.422, "width": 1.003}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": "\u00a9 Estate of  Pablo Picasso / Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York", "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "Signed lower right: \"Picasso / Montrouge 18\"", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 302170, "title": "Year in Review: 1975", "description": "<i>Year in Review: 1975</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (February 3-March 7, 1976).", "opening_date": "1976-02-03T05:00:00"}, {"id": 442780, "title": "Pablo Picasso: A Retrospective", "description": "<i>Pablo Picasso: A Retrospective</i>. The Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY (organizer) (May 22-September 16, 1980).", "opening_date": "1980-05-22T04:00:00"}, {"id": 310025, "title": "Creativity in Art and Science, 1860-1960", "description": "<i>Creativity in Art and Science, 1860-1960</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (September 16-November 8, 1987).", "opening_date": "1987-09-16T04:00:00"}, {"id": 211314, "title": "Picasso and Theatre (Parade, Pulcinella, Mercure)", "description": "<i>Picasso and Theatre (Parade, Pulcinella, Mercure)</i>. Museu Picasso (organizer) (November 19, 1996-January 23, 1997).", "opening_date": "1996-11-19T00:00:00"}, {"id": 182153, "title": "Monet to Dal\u00ed: Modern Masters from the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Monet to Dal\u00ed: Modern Masters from the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. Vancouver Art Gallery, Vancouver, Canada (June 9-September 16, 2007); The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 21, 2007-January 13, 2008); Frist Art Museum, Nashville, TN (February 15-June 1, 2008); Utah Museum of Fine Arts, Salt Lake City, UT (June 22-September 21, 2008); The Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit, MI (October 12, 2008-January 18, 2009).", "opening_date": "2006-05-27T00:00:00"}, {"id": 211307, "title": "Picasso and the Circus", "description": "<i>Picasso and the Circus</i>. Museu Picasso, Barcelona, Spain (organizer) (November 15, 2006-February 18, 2007); Fondation Pierre Gianadda, Martigny, Switzerland (March 9-June 10, 2007).", "opening_date": "2006-11-15T00:00:00"}, {"id": 221994, "title": "Picasso: The Great War, Experimentation, and Change", "description": "<i>Picasso: The Great War, Experimentation, and Change</i>. The Barnes Foundation, Philadelphia, PA (February 21-May 9, 2016); Columbus Museum of Art, Columbus, OH (organizer) (June 10-September 11, 2016).", "opening_date": "2016-02-13T00:00:00"}, {"id": 283589, "title": "Picasso: The Artist and His Models", "description": "<i>Picasso: The Artist and His Models</i>. Buffalo AKG Art Museum, Buffalo, NY (organizer) (November 5, 2016-February 19, 2017).", "opening_date": "2016-11-05T04:00:00"}, {"id": 287321, "title": "Pablo Picasso between Cubism and Classicism, 1915-1925", "description": "<i>Pablo Picasso between Cubism and Classicism, 1915-1925</i>. Scuderie del Quirinale, Rome, Italy (organizer) (September 21, 2017-January 21, 2018).", "opening_date": "2017-09-21T04:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>Picasso, Forty Years of his Art</em>. Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY (1939).,", "opening_date": "1939-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Picasso, an American Tribute</em>. Paul Rosenberg &amp; Co., New York, NY. (April 15-May 12, 1962).", "opening_date": "1962-04-15T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em> Fifty Years of Modern Art</em>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (1966).", "opening_date": "1966-01-01T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Sold to Paul Rosenberg, Paris, France", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": null}, {"description": "John Quinn [1870-1924] New York, NY", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1926", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "(Paul Roseneberg, Paris, France and New York, NY, by 1937)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "by 1937-", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "(Alexandre Rosenberg, New York, NY, 1975, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1975", "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1975-", "sortorder": 5}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Picasso associated himself with the character Harlequin, a jokester from the popular commedia dell'arte, a happy-go-lucky and nimble sprite, juggler, and conjurer in whom Picasso recognized his own artistic abilities.", "description": "The diamond-patterned costume and triangular hat identify the musician in this painting as one of Pablo Picasso\u2019s alter egos, Harlequin, a jokester from the popular commedia dell\u2019arte (a theatrical form in which a cast of colorful stock characters spoke in improvised dialogue).The phrase <em>Si tu veux </em>(\u201cIf you wish\u201d) on the music sheet may refer to a contemporary popular song that began, \"If you wish, Marguerite, make me happy by giving me your heart.\u201d The inclusion of this lyric may refer to Picasso\u2019s marriage to Russian ballerina Olga Khokhlova the year this painting was made.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60472774"], "internet_archive": []}, "citations": [{"citation": "Barr, Alfred H. <em>Picasso: Forty Years of His Art</em>. New York, NY: Museum of Modern Art, 1939.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 40", "url": null}, {"citation": "Richardson, John. <em>Picasso: an American Tribute. [Exhibition] April 25-May 12, 1962</em>. New York, NY: Public Education Association, in cooperation with Chanticleer Press, 1962.", "page_number": "Reproduced: in color, part III", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, \u201cRecent Acquisition Press Release,\u201d February 18, 1975, Cleveland Museum of Art Archives.", "page_number": null, "url": "https://archive.org/details/cmapr2234"}, {"citation": "Henning, Edward B. \u201cPicasso: Harlequin with Violin (Si Tu Veux).\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 63, no. 1 (January 1976): 1\u201311.", "page_number": "Reproduced: Cover, p. 4, fig. 5; Mentioned: p. 2-11", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25152619"}, {"citation": "Lee, Sherman E. \u201cThe Year in Review for 1975.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 63, no. 2 (February 1976): 31\u201371.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 48; Mentioned: p. 70, no. 139", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25152624"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 242", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n262"}, {"citation": "Henning, Edward B. \u201cTwo New Cubist Paintings by Juan Gris and Pablo Picasso.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 68, no. 2 (February 1981): 39\u201350.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 39-40, fig. 4", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25159711"}, {"citation": "Borowitz, Helen O. \u201cThree Guitars: Reflections of Italian Comedy in Watteau, Daumier, and Picasso.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 71, no. 4 (April 1984): 116\u201329.", "page_number": "", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25159858"}, {"citation": "Henning, Edward B. <em>Creativity in Art and Science, 1860-1960. </em>[Cleveland, Ohio]: Published by the Cleveland Museum of Art in cooperation with Indiana University Press, 1987.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 49, pl. IV; Mentioned and reproduced: P. 116, no. 24", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Henning, Edward B. \u201cA \u2018Memento Mori\u2019 by Picasso.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 75, no. 8 (October 1988): 320\u2013327.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 323-324, fig. 6", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25160045"}, {"citation": "Boggs, Jean Sutherland, Brigitte Le\u0301al, and Marie-Laure Bernadac. <em>Picasso and Things: The Still Lifes of Picasso.</em> Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1992.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P.184, fig. 71a", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 297", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Keller, Mariah, Simonetta Fraquelli, Kenneth E. Silver, Elizabeth Cowling, and Dominique H. Vasseur. <em>Picasso: The Great War, Experimentation, and Change</em>. New York, NY: Scala, 2016", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Shields, Chris. \"A New Model.\" <em>Art &amp; Antiques</em>, (Nov. 2016): 70-77.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 77", "url": null}, {"citation": "Berggruen, Olivier. <em>Picasso: tra cubismo e classicismo: 1915-1925</em>. Milano : Skira, 2017.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 105, pl. 5", "url": null}, {"citation": "Berggruen, Olivier, ed. <em>Picasso: Between Cubism and Classicism 1915-1925.</em> Milano, Italy: Skira, 2017.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 105, no. 5", "url": null}, {"citation": "Robinson, William H. \"Harlequin with Violin: A new take on Picasso's mysterious painting.\u201d <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em> 57, no. 4 (July/August 2017): 16-17.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 16; Mentioned: P. 17", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2017-04/page/n7/mode/2up"}, {"citation": "Henning, Edward B. <em>Fifty Years of Modern Art, 1916-1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 9", "url": null}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1975.2", "images": {}, "alternate_images": [], "creditline": "Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Michael J. Horvitz Family Gallery", "athena_id": 148214, "creators": [{"id": 2160, "description": "Pablo Picasso (Spanish, 1881\u20131973)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": "Pablo Ruiz Picasso (1881-1973), the most prolific and influential artist of the 20th century, shifted the emphasis of art from its traditional concern with beauty toward radical innovation. The son of an art teacher, Picasso demonstrated remarkable talents as a child and entered the royal art academy in Madrid at age sixteen. Less than a year later, he abandoned his studies and soon joined several avant-garde artist and anarchist groups in Barcelona and Paris. After passing through a succession of stylistic periods, most notably the Blue (1901-1904) and Rose (1904-1906) Periods, he collaborated with Georges Braque (1882-1963) in 1908 to invent Cubism, a revolutionary method of restructuring pictorial space. Picasso remained active until his death in 1973. Although his art still appears radical, many of his works are over one hundred years old. Cubism, perhaps the most important development in 20th-century art, was invented around 1908 by Pablo Picasso (1881-1973) and Georges Braque (1882-1963). The most revolutionary aspect of the style was not its obvious emphasis on geometric form; rather, it was the introduction of a radically new approach to configuring pictorial space. Since the Renaissance, artists had used various methods to create the illusion of distant space receding behind the canvas surface. The Cubists rejected that idea and collapsed space by compressing foreground, middle ground, and background into a continuous web of overlapping, intersecting planes. During the 1910s, other painters and sculptors embraced or adapted Cubism to their own ends. This revolutionary approach inspired a host of related movements and continues to influence the visual language of artists, architects, and designers throughout the world.", "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1881", "death_year": "1973", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1975-02-07T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1918, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1918", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-04-03 13:35:09.213000"}, {"id": 121697, "accession_number": "1942.1511", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Leaf from a Lectionary with St. Luke, 1057\u20131063. Byzantium, Constantinople. Ink, tempera and gold on vellum; sheet: 28.9 x 22.6 cm (11 3/8 x 8 7/8 in.); matted: 48.9 x 36.2 cm (19 1/4 x 14 1/4 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Purchase from the J. H. Wade Fund, 1942.1511", "current_location": "105 Byzantine", "title": "Leaf from a Lectionary with St. Luke", "creation_date": "1057\u20131063", "creation_date_earliest": 1057, "creation_date_latest": 1063, "artists_tags": [], "culture": ["Byzantium, Constantinople"], "technique": "ink, tempera and gold on vellum", "support_materials": [], "department": "Medieval Art", "collection": "MED - Byzantine", "type": "Manuscript", "measurements": "Sheet: 28.9 x 22.6 cm (11 3/8 x 8 7/8 in.); Matted: 48.9 x 36.2 cm (19 1/4 x 14 1/4 in.)", "dimensions": {"sheet": {"height": 0.289, "width": 0.226}, "matted": {"height": 0.489, "width": 0.362}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 358591, "title": "Early Christian and Medieval Art", "description": "<i>Early Christian and Medieval Art</i>. Seattle Art Museum.", "opening_date": "1949-02-01T05:00:00"}, {"id": 355730, "title": "The World of Miniature Painting", "description": "<i>The World of Miniature Painting</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (September 20-November 10, 1953).", "opening_date": "1953-09-20T04:00:00"}, {"id": 700123, "title": "Liturgical Arts", "description": "<i>Liturgical Arts</i>. Chapman Gallery at Milwaukee-Downer College, Milwaukee, WI (organizer) (March 1-31, 1955).", "opening_date": "1955-03-01T05:00:00"}, {"id": 358594, "title": "Byzantine Manuscript Illumination", "description": "<i>Byzantine Manuscript Illumination</i>. Allen Memorial Art Museum.", "opening_date": "1957-12-02T05:00:00"}, {"id": 520398, "title": "Byzantine Art: A European Art", "description": "<i>Byzantine Art: A European Art</i>. Byzantine & Christian Museum, Athens, Greece (organizer) (April 1-June 15, 1964).", "opening_date": "1964-04-01T05:00:00"}, {"id": 445224, "title": "Greek and Byzantine Manuscripts", "description": "<i>Greek and Byzantine Manuscripts</i>. Princeton University Art Museum, Princeton, NJ (organizer) (April 13-May 20, 1973).", "opening_date": "1973-04-13T05:00:00"}, {"id": 358597, "title": "Gifts from the Byzantine Court", "description": "<i>Gifts from the Byzantine Court</i>. Dumbarton Oaks Collection, Washington, DC (organizer) (February 6-June 1, 1980).", "opening_date": "1980-02-06T05:00:00"}, {"id": 304558, "title": "When Angels Bent Near the Earth to Touch Their Harps of Gold: The Christmas Story", "description": "<i>When Angels Bent Near the Earth to Touch Their Harps of Gold: The Christmas Story</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (December 1, 1981-January 17, 1982).", "opening_date": "1981-12-01T05:00:00"}, {"id": 211519, "title": "The Glory of Byzantium", "description": "<i>The Glory of Byzantium</i>. The Metropolitan Museum of Art (organizer) (March 3-July 6, 1997).", "opening_date": "1997-03-03T00:00:00"}, {"id": 180667, "title": "Sacred Gifts and Worldly Treasures: Medieval Masterworks from the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Sacred Gifts and Worldly Treasures: Medieval Masterworks from the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. National Museum of Bavaria, Munich, Germany (May 10-September 16, 2007); J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, CA (October 30, 2007-January 20, 2008); Frist Art Museum, Nashville, TN (February 13-June 7, 2009).", "opening_date": "2007-05-10T00:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "Exposition d'Art Byzantin, Paris, (March 28 - July 1931); cat. no. 653. (Phanar Gospel with the Mark and John still in it)", "opening_date": "1931-03-28T05:00:00Z"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Dikran G. Kelekian, New York, NY, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1942-", "sortorder": 2}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [{"id": 121708, "description": "Gospel Book with Commentaries, c. 1000\u20131100. Byzantium, Constantinople. Ink, tempera, and gold on vellum; leather binding; sheet: 28 x 23 cm (11 x 9 1/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Purchase from the J. H. Wade Fund, 1942.152", "relationship": null}, {"id": 121698, "description": "Leaf from a Lectionary with St. Matthew, 1057\u20131063. Byzantium, Constantinople. Tempera and gold on vellum; sheet: 28.8 x 24.3 cm (11 5/16 x 9 9/16 in.); framed: 52.4 x 39.7 cm (20 5/8 x 15 5/8 in.); matted: 48.9 x 36.2 cm (19 1/4 x 14 1/4 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Purchase from the J. H. Wade Fund, 1942.1512", "relationship": null}], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Commissioning a lectionary was a way for patrons to show their devotion to a particular church.", "description": "These leaves are from a lectionary (a book of gospel readings used in church services) that was presented to the Holy Trinity Monastery at Chalke in Constantinople by the Empress Katherine Komnene in 1063. The tools of the scribe\u2019s trade are laid out before the evangelists: a stylus (a pointed tool for writing, drawing, and engraving), a pair of dividers (a device resembling a compass, used for dividing lines and transferring measurements), pens, a knife, a burnisher (polishing tool), and inkpots. Portraits of the authors of the Gospels\u2014Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John\u2014appear frequently in gospel books throughout the Christian world. Understood to be eyewitnesses to the texts they wrote, their presence in these books served to \u201cauthenticate\u201d the gospels.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80018066"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1942.1511-leaf-from-a-lectiona"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Charles Diehl. \u201cL\u2019Eveng\u00e9laire de l\u2019Imp\u00e9ratice Catherine Commn\u00e8ne\u201d <em>Compte Rendu de S\u00e9ances de l\u2019Acad\u00e9mie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres </em>(Paris, 1922)", "page_number": "pp 243-248", "url": null}, {"citation": "Diehl, Charles, \u201cMonuments Byzantins In\u00e9dits du Onzi\u00e8me Si\u00e8cle\u201d Art Studies: Medieval, Renaissance and Modern. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1927.", "page_number": "p. 9", "url": null}, {"citation": "Mus\u00e9e du Louvre, and Exposition Internationale d'Art Byzantin. Exposition Internationale d'Art Byzantin 28 mai - 9 juillet 1931, Mus\u00e9e des Arts D\u00e9coratifs, Palais du Louvre. 1931.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Clark, Kenneth W. A Descriptive Catalogue of Greek New Testament Manuscripts in America. 1937.", "page_number": "pp. 122-3", "url": null}, {"citation": "Milliken, William M. \u201cByzantine Manuscript Illumination\u201d The <em>Cleveland Museum of Art Bulletin</em> 34 (March 1947)", "page_number": "pp 50-56", "url": null}, {"citation": "Walters Art Gallery (Baltimore, Md.), and Dorothy Eugenia Miner. Early Christian and Byzantine Art, An Exhibition Held at the Baltimore Museum of Art, April 25-June 22 [1947]. Baltimore: Trustees of the Walters Art Gallery, 1947.", "page_number": "p. 137", "url": null}, {"citation": "William M. Milliken, \"Early Christian and Byzantine Art in America,\" The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism (June 1947)", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Martin, John Rupert. The Illustration of The Heavenly Ladder of John Climacus. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1954.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Capps, Edward Jr. \"Byzantine Manuscript Illumination.\" <em>Allen Memorial Art Museum Bulletin</em> XV (Winter 1958)", "page_number": "p. 46", "url": null}, {"citation": "K.M. Swoboda, \"In der Jahren 1950 bis 1961 erschienede Werke zur byzantinischen und weiteren ostchristthchen Kunst\" Kunstgeschichliche Anzeigen 5 (1961/2)", "page_number": "p. 66, no. 20", "url": null}, {"citation": "Ricci, Seymour de, William Jerome Wilson, Christopher Urdahl Faye, and William Henry Bond. Supplement to the Census of Medieval and Renaissance Manuscripts: In the United States and Canada. New York, N.Y.: The Bibliographical Society of America, 1962.", "page_number": "428", "url": null}, {"citation": "Wixom, William D. \u201cThe Byzantine Art Exhibition at Athens\u201d <em>The Art Quarterly</em> Vol. 27 No. 4 (1964)", "page_number": "pp 445-474", "url": null}, {"citation": "Hayward, Helena, and Douglas Ash. World Furniture: An Illustrated History. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1965.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Wixom, William D. \u201cA Manuscript Painting from Cluny\u201d <em>Cleveland Museum of Art Bulletin</em> LVI (April 1969)", "page_number": "pp 131-135", "url": null}, {"citation": "Vikan, Gary, and Kurt Weitzmann. Illuminated Greek Manuscripts from American Collections: An Exhibition in Honor of Kurt Weitzmann. Princeton (N.J.): Princeton Univ. Press, 1973.", "page_number": "pp. 85-86", "url": null}, {"citation": "Evans, Helen C. The Glory of Byzantium: Art an Culture of the Middle Byzantine Era A.D. 843-1261 ; [in Conjunction with the Exhibition \"The Glory of Byzantium\", Held at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York from March 11 Through July 6, 1997]. New York, NY: Abrams, 1997.", "page_number": "p. 103", "url": null}, {"citation": "Fliegel, Stephen N., \"St. Luke in Ethiopia\", Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Cleveland Art: The Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em>. Vol. 40 no. 04, April 2000", "page_number": "Mentioned & reproduced: p. 4-5", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2000-04/page/4"}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, and Holger A. Klein. Sacred Gifts and Worldly Treasures: Medieval Masterworks from the Cleveland Museum of Art. Cleveland, Ohio: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2007.", "page_number": "pp 83-85", "url": null}, {"citation": "Popova, O. S. Vizantii\u0306skai\ufe20a\ufe21 miniati\ufe20u\ufe21ra vtoroi\u0306 poloviny X--nachala XII veka = The byzantine miniature from the second half of the 10th century to early 12th century. 2012.", "page_number": "p. 73, fig. 51", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Collis Lecture.\u201d <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine </em>58, no. 5 (September/October 2018): 20.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 20", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2018-05/page/n9/mode/2up"}, {"citation": "Popova, O. S., and V. D. Sarab\u02b9i\ufe20a\ufe21nov. <em>Mozai\u0306ki i freski Svi\ufe20a\ufe21toi\u0306 Sofii Kievskoi\u0306.</em> \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430: \u0413\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430-\u041f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441, 2017.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 468, fig. 395", "url": null}, {"citation": "Theis, Lioba, Galina Fingarova, Fani Gargova, and Margaret Mullett. Illuminations: studies presented to Lioba Theis. Wien : Phoibos Verlag, 2022.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: pp. 123-124, fig. 6", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1942.1511", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1942.1511/1942.1511_web.jpg", "width": "713", "height": "893", "filesize": "616850", "filename": "1942.1511_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1942.1511/1942.1511_print.jpg", "width": "1536", "height": "1924", "filesize": "1426131", "filename": "1942.1511_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1942.1511/1942.1511_full.tif", "width": "1536", "height": "1924", "filesize": "8869052", "filename": "1942.1511_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [], "creditline": "Purchase from the J. H. Wade Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "The Robert P. Bergman Memorial Gallery", "athena_id": 121697, "creators": [], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1942-02-13T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1057, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1057\u20131063", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:08:21.013000"}, {"id": 142024, "accession_number": "1965.550", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Shell with Seated Noble, 600\u2013900. Mexico or Central America, Maya. Conch shell; overall: 16.6 x 7.9 x 3.5 cm (6 9/16 x 3 1/8 x 1 3/8 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, The Norweb Collection, 1965.550", "current_location": "233 Mesoamerican and Intermediate Region", "title": "Shell with Seated Noble", "creation_date": "600\u2013900", "creation_date_earliest": 600, "creation_date_latest": 900, "artists_tags": [], "culture": ["Mexico or Central America, Maya"], "technique": "conch shell", "support_materials": [], "department": "Art of the Americas", "collection": "AA - Mesoamerica", "type": "Sculpture", "measurements": "Overall: 16.6 x 7.9 x 3.5 cm (6 9/16 x 3 1/8 x 1 3/8 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"height": 0.166, "width": 0.079, "depth": 0.035}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 309959, "title": "The Blood of Kings: A New Interpretation of Maya Art", "description": "<i>The Blood of Kings: A New Interpretation of Maya Art</i>. Kimbell Art Museum, Fort Worth, TX (organizer) (May 17-August 24, 1986); The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (October 8-December 14, 1986).", "opening_date": "1986-05-17T04:00:00"}, {"id": 311444, "title": "Object Lessons: Cleveland Creates an Art Museum", "description": "<i>Object Lessons: Cleveland Creates an Art Museum</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 7-September 8, 1991).", "opening_date": "1991-06-07T04:00:00"}, {"id": 399396, "title": "The World of the Maya", "description": "<i>The World of the Maya</i>. Roemer und Pelizaeus Museum, Hildesheim, Hildesheim, Germany (organizer) (June 14-December 6, 1992); Rautenstrauch-Joest-Museum, K\u00f6ln, Germany (February 18-May 23, 1994).", "opening_date": "1992-06-14T04:00:00"}, {"id": 208770, "title": "Courtly Art of the Ancient Maya", "description": "<i>Courtly Art of the Ancient Maya</i>. National Gallery of Art, Landover, MD (April 4-July 25, 2004); Fine Arts Museum of San Francisco, Legion of Honor, San Francisco, CA (September 4, 2004-January 2, 2005).", "opening_date": "2004-04-04T00:00:00"}, {"id": 231234, "title": "The Fiery Pool: The Maya and the Mythic Sea", "description": "<i>The Fiery Pool: The Maya and the Mythic Sea</i>. Peabody Essex Museum, Salem, MA (organizer) (March 27-July 18, 2010); Kimbell Art Museum, Fort Worth, TX (August 29, 2010-January 2, 2011); Saint Louis Art Museum, St. Louis, MO (February 13-May 8, 2011).", "opening_date": "2010-03-27T00:00:00"}, {"id": 221002, "title": "Maya: Secrets of Their Ancient World", "description": "<i>Maya: Secrets of Their Ancient World</i>. Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto M5S 2C6, Canada (organizer) (November 19, 2011-April 9, 2012); Canadian Museum of Civilization, Gatineau, Canada (May 17-October 28, 2012).", "opening_date": "2011-11-19T00:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art; September 10- October 16, 1966. \" Golden Anniversary Acquisitions.\" Cat. no. 49. repr. p. 278.", "opening_date": "1966-09-10T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art; 1986. Forth Worth, TX: Kimbell Art Museum; (1986). \"The Blood of Kings: A New Interpretation of Maya Art.\"", "opening_date": "1986-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Hildesheim, Germany: Roemer und Pelizaeus Museum; June 14- December 6, 1992. Vienna, Ausria: Kunstlerhaus; January 31- June 27, 1993. Cologne, Germany: Rautenstrauch-Joest-Museum; February 18- May 15, 1994. \"The World of the Maya.\" cat. no. 99, repr.p. 421.", "opening_date": "1992-06-14T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Washington, D.C.: National Gallery of Art; April 4- July 25, 2004. San Francisco, CA: California Palace of the Legion of Honor; September 4, 2004- January 2, 2005. \"Courtly Art of the Ancient Maya.\" exh. cat. no. 69, p. 137.", "opening_date": "2004-04-04T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Boston, MA: Peabody Essex Museum; March 27- July 18, 2010. Fort Worth, TX: The Kimbell Art Museum; August 29, 2010- January 2, 2011. St. Louis, MO: The Saint Louis Art Museum; February 13- May 8, 2011. \"The Fiery Pool: The Maya and the Mythic Sea.\" cat. no. 40, plate 35, p. 114-115 and 301.", "opening_date": "2010-03-27T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Emery May Holden Norweb [1895-1984] and Raymond Henry Norweb [1894-1983], Cleveland OH, 1965, given to the Cleveland Museum of Art", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "?-1965", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1965", "sortorder": 2}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "A Maya nobleman smokes a cigar as he reaches toward a shell with a serpent.", "description": "This plaque, perhaps meant to be held in the hand for close viewing, is delicately incised with a ruler who leans toward a serpent-headed conch shell at the lower left. The lord, who smokes a cigar, is simply dressed in a loincloth; a band of body paint or tattoos appears on his chest.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60755913"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1965.550-shell-with-seated-no"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 293", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n317"}, {"citation": "Stechow, Wolfgang. \"Cleveland's Golden Anniversary Acquisitions.\" <em>Art News</em> (September 1966)", "page_number": "p. 34 & 64,", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lee, Sherman E. \"Golden Anniversary Acquisitions: September 10 through October 16.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 53, no. 7 (1966)", "page_number": "No. 49, p. 275", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25152110"}, {"citation": "<em>The Art Gallery Magazine</em> (October 1966).", "page_number": "p. 12", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"The Cleveland Museum of Art, Golden Anniversary.\" <em>Archaeology</em> (October 1966).", "page_number": "p. 282", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Golden Anniversary: Acquisitions by the Cleveland Museum of Art.\" <em>The Burlington Magazine</em> CVIII(November 1966).", "page_number": "p. 579, fig. 51", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland museum of art. <em>Selected Works: The Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. [Cleveland]: The Cleveland museum of art, 1967.", "page_number": "No. 229", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 293", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n317"}, {"citation": "Jewkes, W. T., and Northrop Frye. <em>Man the Myth-Maker. </em>Orlando: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1981.", "page_number": "p. 396", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 396", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n416"}, {"citation": "Robicsek, Francis. <em>The Smoking Gods. </em>Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1978.", "page_number": "p. 118, 140, fig. 155, pl. 124", "url": null}, {"citation": "Berjonneau, Gerald, Emile Deletaille, and Jean-Louis Sonnery. <em>Rediscovered Masterpieces of Mesoamerica: Mexico-Guatemala-Honduras. </em>Boulogne, France: Editions Arts, 1985. .", "page_number": "p. 283, pl. 24", "url": null}, {"citation": "Berjonneau, Gerald, Emile Deletaille, and Jean-Louis Sonnery. <em>Rediscovered Masterpieces of Mesoamerica: Mexico-Guatemala-Honduras</em>. Boulogne, France: Editions Arts, 1985.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Lucena Salmoral, Manuel. <em>Ame\u0301rica 1492: retrato de un continente hace quinientos an\u0303os. </em>Barcelona: Ci\u0301rculo de Lectores, 1991.", "page_number": "p. 62", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Masterpieces from East and West</em>. New York, NY: Rizzoli International, 1992.", "page_number": "p. 180", "url": null}, {"citation": "Sorenson, John L.<em> Images of Ancient America: Visualizing Book of Mormon Life.</em> Provo, Utah: FARMS, 1998.", "page_number": "p. 151", "url": null}, {"citation": "Miller, Mary Ellen, and Megan E. O'Neill. <em>Maya Art and Architecture.</em> London: Thames &amp; Hudson, 2014.", "page_number": "p. 221, pl. 197", "url": null}, {"citation": "Ahrndt, Wiebke. <em>Starker Tobak: ein Wunderkraut erobert die Welt.</em> Basel: Museum der Kulturen, 2000.", "page_number": "p. 71", "url": null}, {"citation": "Grube, Nikolai. <em>Maya Divine Kings of the Rainforest. </em>H F Ullmann, 2016.", "page_number": "p. 450", "url": null}, {"citation": "Blume<strong>, </strong>Anne. \"Royal Visions: Art of the Maya Courts.\" <em>Art in America</em> (December 2004).", "page_number": "pp 102-6, 151", "url": null}, {"citation": "Jackson, Sarah E. Politics of the Maya Court: Hierarchy and Change in the Late Classic Period. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2013. .", "page_number": "p. 134, fig. 43", "url": null}, {"citation": "Gra\u00f1a-Behrens, Daniel, \u201cDeath and Deer Riding among the Ancient Maya of Northwest Yucat\u00e1n, Mexico.\u201d  In <em>The Archaeology of Yucat\u00e1n </em>(Travis Stanton, ed.), <em>Archaeopress Pre-Columbian Archaeology </em>1 (2014).", "page_number": "fig. 1.7", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1965.550", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1965.550/1965.550_web.jpg", "width": "567", "height": "893", "filesize": "297420", "filename": "1965.550_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1965.550/1965.550_print.jpg", "width": "2157", "height": "3400", "filesize": "3792993", "filename": "1965.550_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1965.550/1965.550_full.tif", "width": "3172", "height": "5000", "filesize": "47603064", "filename": "1965.550_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [], "creditline": "The Norweb Collection", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 142024, "creators": [], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1966-01-03T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 600, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "600\u2013900", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Seated Figure"], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:01:52.500000"}, {"id": 167459, "accession_number": "2009.271", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Julius Caesar, c. 1455\u201360. Mino da Fiesole (Italian, c. 1430\u20131484), garland by Mino da Fiesole and Workshop (Italian, c. 1430\u20131484). Marble with traces of bole (red clay) and limestone with traces of paint; overall: 83 x 84 x 25 cm (32 11/16 x 33 1/16 x 9 13/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, John L. Severance Fund, 2009.271", "current_location": "117A Italian Renaissance", "title": "Julius Caesar", "creation_date": "c. 1455\u201360", "creation_date_earliest": 1455, "creation_date_latest": 1460, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["Italy, Florence, 15th century"], "technique": "marble with traces of bole (red clay) and limestone with traces of paint", "support_materials": [], "department": "European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "Sculpture", "type": "Sculpture", "measurements": "Overall: 83 x 84 x 25 cm (32 11/16 x 33 1/16 x 9 13/16 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"height": 0.83, "width": 0.84, "depth": 0.25}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 217155, "title": "The Springtime of the Renaissance. Sculpture and the Arts in Florence, 1400-1460", "description": "<i>The Springtime of the Renaissance. Sculpture and the Arts in Florence, 1400-1460</i>. Fondazione Palazzo Strozzi, Firenze, Italy (March 21-August 18, 2013); Mus\u00e9e du Louvre, Paris, France (organizer) (September 23, 2013-January 6, 2014).", "opening_date": "2013-03-21T00:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>The Springtime of the Renaissance: Sculpture and the Arts in Florence.</em> Palazzo Strozzi, Florence, Italy (March 21-August 18, 2013); Mus\u00e9e du Louvre, Paris, France (September 23, 2013 - January 8, 2014).", "opening_date": "2013-03-21T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Private Collection (Bourges, France), sold to a private dealer and Gertrud Rudigier", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": null}, {"description": "Private dealer and Gertrud Rudigier (Munich, Germany), sold to Gertrud Rudigier, 2008", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": null}, {"description": "Gertrud Rudigier, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art, 2009", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": null}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Traces of paint on this white marble relief indicated that it was once brightly painted.", "description": "Renowned Roman general and statesman Julius Caesar (100\u201344 BCE) appears here as a political rather than military leader, worn by the burdens of office, with carefully described signs of aging. Mino probably used ancient coins from the collection of the Medici, Florence's ruling family, as his starting point for this sculpture. However, the complex carving, the clinging drapery, and the psychological intensity all characterize the inventiveness Renaissance artists brought to classical subject matter. In this case, Caesar offered an important model for leadership, masculinity, and composure. The garland is clearly by a different hand, but passages, such as the ribbons and flowers in low relief, correspond to details found in other decorative carvings from Mino's workshop. Initially, the limestone setting was probably put into a wall, perhaps in a lunette over the door, from which it was later removed. However, the relationship between the garland and the relief has not yet been clarified and is the subject of ongoing research.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60755713"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-2009.271-julius-caesar"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Seydl, Jon L. \"High Renaissance Sculpture.\" <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine </em>50, no. 4 (July/August 2010): 10-12.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 11", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2010-04/page/n9/mode/2up"}, {"citation": "<em>Treasures of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Scala Books, 2012.London, United Kingdom: Scala Books, 2012.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 140-141", "url": null}, {"citation": "Calzona, Arturo, and Matteo Ceriana. <em>Per un nuovo Agostino di Duccio: studi e documenti</em>. VeronaItaly: Scripta, 2012.", "page_number": "Reproduced: fig. 9, Mentioned: p. 85-86", "url": null}, {"citation": "Paolozzi Strozzi, Beatrice, and Marc Bormand. <em>The Springtime of the Renaissance: Sculpture and the Arts in Florence 1400-60</em>. Firenze, Italy: Mandragora, 2013.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 484-485", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bormand, Marc, and Beatrice Paolozzi Strozzi. <em>Le printemps de la Renaissance la sculpture et les arts a\u0300 Florence, 1400-1460 : [exposition, Florence, Palazzo Strozzi, 23 mars-18 aou\u0302t 2013 ; Paris, Muse\u0301e du Louvre, 26 septembre 2013-6 janvier 2014]</em>. Paris: Muse\u0301e du Louvre, 2013.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 485, fig. X.6", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 172", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/2009.271", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/2009.271/2009.271_web.jpg", "width": "957", "height": "893", "filesize": "149569", "filename": "2009.271_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/2009.271/2009.271_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "3173", "filesize": "1643899", "filename": "2009.271_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/2009.271/2009.271_full.tif", "width": "4943", "height": "4614", "filesize": "68460368", "filename": "2009.271_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2010-02-01T16:13:17", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2009.271/2009.271_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "678", "height": "893", "filesize": "417363"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2009.271/2009.271_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "2581", "height": "3400", "filesize": "6099863"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2009.271/2009.271_alt0_full.tif", "width": "4212", "height": "5548", "filesize": "70134808"}}, {"date_created": "2010-02-01T16:20:30", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2009.271/2009.271_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "422", "height": "893", "filesize": "255039"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2009.271/2009.271_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "1605", "height": "3400", "filesize": "4026992"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2009.271/2009.271_alt1_full.tif", "width": "2844", "height": "6022", "filesize": "51407520"}}, {"date_created": "2010-02-01T16:28:20", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2009.271/2009.271_alt2_web.jpg", "width": "671", "height": "893", "filesize": "421618"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2009.271/2009.271_alt2_print.jpg", "width": "2554", "height": "3400", "filesize": "6276563"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2009.271/2009.271_alt2_full.tif", "width": "3956", "height": "5265", "filesize": "62515348"}}, {"date_created": "2010-02-01T16:34:14", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2009.271/2009.271_alt3_web.jpg", "width": "369", "height": "893", "filesize": "228326"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2009.271/2009.271_alt3_print.jpg", "width": "1405", "height": "3400", "filesize": "3575722"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2009.271/2009.271_alt3_full.tif", "width": "2328", "height": "5632", "filesize": "39361572"}}, {"date_created": "2012-02-27T16:01:43", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2009.271/2009.271_alt4_web.jpg", "width": "972", "height": "893", "filesize": "190030"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2009.271/2009.271_alt4_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "3123", "filesize": "2054852"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2009.271/2009.271_alt4_full.tif", "width": "5008", "height": "4600", "filesize": "69133756"}}, {"date_created": "2010-02-01T15:59:12", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2009.271/2009.271_alt5_web.jpg", "width": "690", "height": "893", "filesize": "102713"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2009.271/2009.271_alt5_print.jpg", "width": "2627", "height": "3400", "filesize": "1408336"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2009.271/2009.271_alt5_full.tif", "width": "4742", "height": "6137", "filesize": "87334764"}}], "creditline": "John L. Severance Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 167459, "creators": [{"id": 7122, "description": "Mino da Fiesole (Italian, c. 1430\u20131484)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1430", "death_year": "1484", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}, {"id": 62862, "description": "Mino da Fiesole and Workshop (Italian, c. 1430\u20131484)", "extent": null, "qualifier": "garland by", "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1430", "death_year": "1484", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 2}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "2009-09-14T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1455, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 1455\u201360", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Marble Relief of Julius Caesar"], "is_highlight": true, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:09:34.013000"}, {"id": 140437, "accession_number": "1964.369", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "A Guardian of Shiva, 1200s. Southwestern India, Karnataka. Chloritic schist; overall: 113.3 x 49.2 x 29 cm (44 5/8 x 19 3/8 x 11 7/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, John L. Severance Fund, 1964.369", "current_location": "244 Indian and Southeast Asian", "title": "A Guardian of Shiva", "creation_date": "1200s", "creation_date_earliest": 1200, "creation_date_latest": 1299, "artists_tags": [], "culture": ["Southwestern India, Karnataka"], "technique": "Chloritic schist", "support_materials": [], "department": "Indian and Southeast Asian Art", "collection": "Indian Art", "type": "Sculpture", "measurements": "Overall: 113.3 x 49.2 x 29 cm (44 5/8 x 19 3/8 x 11 7/16 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"height": 1.133, "width": 0.492, "depth": 0.29}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 300917, "title": "Golden Anniversary of Acquisitions", "description": "<i>Golden Anniversary of Acquisitions</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (September 10-October 16, 1966).", "opening_date": "1966-09-10T04:00:00"}, {"id": 219866, "title": "Yoga: The Art of Transformation", "description": "<i>Yoga: The Art of Transformation</i>. National Museum of Asian Art, Washington, DC (organizer) (October 19, 2013-January 26, 2014); Asian Art Museum of San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (February 21-May 25, 2014); The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (June 22-September 7, 2014).", "opening_date": "2013-10-19T04:00:00"}, {"id": 292699, "title": "Artlens Exhibition 2017", "description": "<i>Artlens Exhibition 2017</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 24, 2017-May 29, 2019).", "opening_date": "2017-06-24T04:00:00"}, {"id": 676976, "title": "Reinstallation of \u201cKrishna Lifting Mount Govardhan\u201d", "description": "<i>Reinstallation of \u201cKrishna Lifting Mount Govardhan\u201d</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 12, 2024-November 2, 2025).", "opening_date": "2024-10-12T04:00:00"}], "legacy": []}, "provenance": [{"description": "(William H. Wolff [1906\u20131991], New York, NY, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "?\u20131964", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1964\u2013", "sortorder": 2}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "A three-hooded cobra winds its way up the shaft, while another slithers through the sockets of the skull.", "description": "Guardians at Shiva temples sometimes appear as a form of the deity himself. Carved in the ornate style favored by kings of the Hoyshala dynasty (1026\u20131343), this four-armed figure holds a drum that indicates the ongoing passage of time in his upper right hand. In his upper left hand, he holds a staff surmounted by a decomposing head of the god of creation, Brahma. The soft contours of the face, complete with third eye of knowledge, temper his ferocity and create a gently alluring figure.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60762597"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1964.369-a-guardian-of-shiva"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 236", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n260"}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, \u201cGolden Anniversary Acquisition,\u201d 1966, Cleveland Museum of Art Archives.", "page_number": null, "url": "https://archive.org/details/cmapr1421"}, {"citation": "Stechow, Wolfgang. \"Cleveland's Golden Anniversary Acquisitions.\" <em>Artnews</em> 65, no. 5 (September 1966): 30-64.", "page_number": "Reproduced p. 31, mentioned p. 64", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 236", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n260"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 300", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n320"}, {"citation": "Davidson, Ronald M. I<em>ndian Esoteric Buddhism: A Social History of the Tantric Movement</em>. NY: Columbia University Press, 2002.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 212, fig. 12", "url": null}, {"citation": "Davidson, Ronald M. <em>Indian Esoteric Buddhism: A Social History of the Tantric Movement</em>. New York: Columbia University Press, 2002.", "page_number": "Reproduced: fig. 12", "url": null}, {"citation": "Diamond, Debra, and Molly Emma Aitken.<em> Yoga: The Art of Transformation</em>. Washington, D.C.: Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution, 2013.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 1B, pp. 108\u2013109", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 209", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Larson, Kay. \"Yoga: The Art of Transformation.\" <em>Curator: The Museum Journal </em>57, no. 3 (July 2014): 363\u2013373.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 367, photo 4", "url": null}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1964.369", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1964.369/1964.369_web.jpg", "width": "517", "height": "893", "filesize": "306306", "filename": "1964.369_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1964.369/1964.369_print.jpg", "width": "1970", "height": "3400", "filesize": "4262279", "filename": "1964.369_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1964.369/1964.369_full.tif", "width": "2897", "height": "5000", "filesize": "43478084", "filename": "1964.369_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2006-06-08T16:49:39", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1964.369/1964.369_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "491", "height": "893", "filesize": "281865"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1964.369/1964.369_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "1869", "height": "3400", "filesize": "4005651"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1964.369/1964.369_alt0_full.tif", "width": "2749", "height": "5000", "filesize": "41259404"}}], "creditline": "John L. Severance Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Nancy F. & Joseph P. Keithley Gallery", "athena_id": 140437, "creators": [], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1964-10-31T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1200, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1200s", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["A Guardian of \u015aiva"], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:09:22.974000"}, {"id": 136207, "accession_number": "1960.108", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Flowers in a Glass, 1606. Ambrosius Bosschaert (Dutch, 1573\u20131621). Oil on copper; framed: 60.3 x 52.8 x 6.4 cm (23 3/4 x 20 13/16 x 2 1/2 in.); unframed: 35.6 x 29.3 cm (14 x 11 9/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Gift of Carrie Moss Halle in memory of Salmon Portland Halle, 1960.108", "current_location": "213 Dutch Painting", "title": "Flowers in a Glass", "creation_date": "1606", "creation_date_earliest": 1606, "creation_date_latest": 1606, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["Netherlands"], "technique": "oil on copper", "support_materials": [], "department": "European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "P - Netherlandish-Dutch", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 60.3 x 52.8 x 6.4 cm (23 3/4 x 20 13/16 x 2 1/2 in.); Unframed: 35.6 x 29.3 cm (14 x 11 9/16 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 0.603, "width": 0.528, "depth": 0.064}, "unframed": {"height": 0.356, "width": 0.293}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "Signed lower left: \"AB 1606. [AB ligated]\"", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 300794, "title": "Year in Review: 1965", "description": "<i>Year in Review: 1965</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 27-November 14, 1965).", "opening_date": "1965-10-27T04:00:00"}, {"id": 310012, "title": "The Magic of Still Life", "description": "<i>The Magic of Still Life</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (November 4, 1986-February 1, 1987).", "opening_date": "1986-11-04T05:00:00"}, {"id": 191843, "title": "Still-Life Paintings from the Netherlands, 1550-1720", "description": "<i>Still-Life Paintings from the Netherlands, 1550-1720</i>. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, Netherlands (June 19-September 19, 1999); The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 31, 1999-January 9, 2000).", "opening_date": "1999-10-31T00:00:00"}], "legacy": []}, "provenance": [{"description": "Carrie Moss Halle [1872-1965], Cleveland, OH, by gift to the Cleveland Museum of Art1", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->1Although there are a handful of paintings by Bosschaert listed in 18th-, 19th-, and 20th-century auction catalogues that appear similar to this painting in terms of description, medium, and approximate dimensions, the absence of reproductions and lack of later provenance make it difficult to determine whether any of them are indeed the CMA picture.</div>"], "date": "Until 1960", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, Ohio", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1960-", "sortorder": 2}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Snails, butterflies, moths, dragonflies, and other insects make this \"still life\" come alive!", "description": "One of the first artists to specialize in flower painting, Ambrosius Bosschaert may have been inspired by the botanical gardens and scientific collections in his hometown of Middelburg. The flowers in this bouquet might be common today, but in the 1600s they were costly rarities. Bosschaert captured their fragile beauty with luminous colors and exquisite detail.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20669019"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1960.108-flowers-in-a-glass"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "\"Accessions of American and Canadian Museums.\" <em>The Art Quarterly</em> 28, no. 3 (Autumn 1965): 209-224.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 215", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lee, Sherman E. \"Year in Review.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 52, no. 9 (1965): 124-57.", "page_number": "Referenced: cat. no. 91, p. 154, Reproduced: p. 130", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25152069."}, {"citation": "Stechow, Wolfgang. \"Ambrosius Bosschaert Still LIfe.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 53, no. 3 (March 1966): 59-65.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 60-65; reproduced: cover", "url": null}, {"citation": "Davidson, Ruth. \"In the Museum, Paintings.\" <em>The Magazine Antique </em>89 (March 1966): 416-431.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 416", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Catalogue of Paintings, Part 3: European Paintings of the 16th, 17th, and 18th Centuries</em>. Entry by Jean Kubota Cassill. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1982.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 225; Mentioned: p. 224", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bergstr\u00f6m, Ingvar. \"Composition in Flower Pieces of 1605-1609 by Ambrosius Bosschaert the Elder.\" <em>Tableau</em> 5, no. 2 (November-December 1982): 174-178.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 176", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bakker, Noortje, Ingvar Bergstr\u00f6m, Guido Jansen, Simon H Levie, and Sam Segal. <em>Masters of Middelburg: Exhibition in the Honour of Laurens J. Bol.</em> Amsterdam: Kunsthandel K. &amp; V. Waterman, 1984.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 33, pl. 2; Mentioned: p. 31-41", "url": null}, {"citation": "Chong, Alan. <em>European &amp; American Painting in the Cleveland Museum of</em> <em>Art: A Summary Catalogue.</em> Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1993.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 18", "url": null}, {"citation": "Chong, Alan, W T. Kloek, and Celeste Brusati. <em>Still-life Paintings from the Netherlands, 1550-1720</em>. Zwolle: Waanders Publishers, 1999.", "page_number": "Referenced: cat. no. 5, p. 117-119", "url": null}, {"citation": "Alpers, Svetlana. <em>The Vexations of Art: Vela\u0301zquez and Others</em>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2005.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 22, fig. 14", "url": null}, {"citation": "Runia, Epco. <em>Flowers</em>. The Hague: Royal Picture Gallery, Mauritshuis, 2007.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 7", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Cleveland Art: The Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em>. Vol. 53 no. 01, January/February 2013", "page_number": "Mentioned & reproduced: p. 13", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2013-01/page/12"}, {"citation": "De Clippel, Karolien and David van der Linden. \"The genesis of the Netherlandish flower piece: Jan Brueghel, Abrosius Bosschaert and Middelburg.\" <em>Simiolus </em>38, no. 1/2 (2015-2016): 73-86", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: pp. 78-79, fig. 6", "url": ""}, {"citation": "De Clippel, Karolien and David van der Linden. \"The Genesis of the Netherlandish Flower Piece: Jan Brueghel, Ambrosius Bosschaert and Middelburg.\" <em>Simiolus</em> 38, no. 1/2 (2015-2016): 73-86.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 79, fig. 6", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bru\u0308derle-Krug, Nicole and Anna Roemers Visscher. <em>An Engraved Ro\u0308mer for Huygens. </em>Amsterdam: Rijksmuseum Amsterdam, 2018.", "page_number": "Reproduced; p. 16, fig. 11", "url": null}, {"citation": "Segal, Sam, and Klara Alen. Dutch and Flemish Flower Pieces: Paintings, Drawings and Prints Up to the Nineteenth Century. 2020.", "page_number": "Reproduced and mentions; pp. 156-157, Fig. 5.26 (D2)", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1960.108", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1960.108/1960.108_web.jpg", "width": "747", "height": "893", "filesize": "472240", "filename": "1960.108_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1960.108/1960.108_print.jpg", "width": "2845", "height": "3400", "filesize": "5826550", "filename": "1960.108_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1960.108/1960.108_full.tif", "width": "3987", "height": "4764", "filesize": "57015268", "filename": "1960.108_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [], "creditline": "Gift of Carrie Moss Halle in memory of Salmon Portland Halle", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "The Harold C. Schott Foundation Gallery", "athena_id": 136207, "creators": [{"id": 2653, "description": "Ambrosius Bosschaert (Dutch, 1573\u20131621)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1573", "death_year": "1621", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1960-04-25T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1606, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1606", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": true, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:02:07.074000"}, {"id": 144721, "accession_number": "1969.51", "share_license_status": "Copyrighted", "tombstone": "Amorpha: Fugue in Two Colors II, 1910\u201311. Frantisek Kupka (Czech, 1871\u20131957). Oil on canvas; framed: 129.5 x 84.8 x 7.6 cm (51 x 33 3/8 x 3 in.); unframed: 111.7 x 68.6 cm (44 x 27 in.); former: 129.9 x 84.8 x 6.5 cm (51 1/8 x 33 3/8 x 2 9/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Contemporary Collection of The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.51. \u00a9 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / ADAGP, Paris", "current_location": "223 20th Century Avant-Garde", "title": "Amorpha: Fugue in Two Colors II", "creation_date": "1910\u201311", "creation_date_earliest": 1910, "creation_date_latest": 1911, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["Czechoslovakia, 20th century"], "technique": "oil on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "Modern European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "Mod Euro - Painting 1800-1960", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 129.5 x 84.8 x 7.6 cm (51 x 33 3/8 x 3 in.); Unframed: 111.7 x 68.6 cm (44 x 27 in.); Former: 129.9 x 84.8 x 6.5 cm (51 1/8 x 33 3/8 x 2 9/16 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 1.295, "width": 0.848, "depth": 0.076}, "unframed": {"height": 1.117, "width": 0.686}, "former": {"height": 1.299, "width": 0.848, "depth": 0.065}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": "\u00a9 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / ADAGP, Paris", "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "signed lower left:  Kupka", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 301313, "title": "Year in Review: 1969", "description": "<i>Year in Review: 1969</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (January 27-February 22, 1970).", "opening_date": "1970-01-27T05:00:00"}, {"id": 444467, "title": "Frantisek Kupka: A Retrospective", "description": "<i>Frantisek Kupka: A Retrospective</i>. Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York, NY (organizer) (October 10-December 7, 1975); Kunsthaus Z\u00fcrich, CH-8024 Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland (January 14-March 14, 1976).", "opening_date": "1975-10-10T04:00:00"}, {"id": 442755, "title": "Abstraction: Towards a New Art", "description": "<i>Abstraction: Towards a New Art</i>. Tate, London SW1P 4RG (organizer) (February 5-April 13, 1980).", "opening_date": "1980-02-05T05:00:00"}, {"id": 310025, "title": "Creativity in Art and Science, 1860-1960", "description": "<i>Creativity in Art and Science, 1860-1960</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (September 16-November 8, 1987).", "opening_date": "1987-09-16T04:00:00"}, {"id": 441746, "title": "Kupka", "description": "<i>Kupka</i>. Mus\u00e9e d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris, Paris, France (November 22, 1989-February 25, 1990).", "opening_date": "1989-11-22T05:00:00"}, {"id": 213392, "title": "Painting the Universe:  Frantisek Kupka, Pioneer of Abstraction", "description": "<i>Painting the Universe:  Frantisek Kupka, Pioneer of Abstraction</i>. The Dallas Museum of Art (organizer) (June 1-August 24, 1997); Kunstmuseum Wolfsburg (September 27, 1997-January 5, 1998); National Gallery, Prague (February 2-May 10, 1998).", "opening_date": "1997-06-01T00:00:00"}, {"id": 220476, "title": "Musical Analogies, Kandinsky and his Contemporaries", "description": "<i>Musical Analogies, Kandinsky and his Contemporaries</i>. Museo Nacional Thyssen-Bornemisza, Madrid, Spain (organizer) (February 11-May 25, 2003).", "opening_date": "2003-02-11T00:00:00"}, {"id": 227252, "title": "Sons et Lumi\u00e8res", "description": "<i>Sons et Lumi\u00e8res</i>. Centre national d'art et de culture Georges Pompidou, Paris cedex O4, France (organizer) (September 22, 2004-January 3, 2005).", "opening_date": "2004-09-22T00:00:00"}, {"id": 182153, "title": "Monet to Dal\u00ed: Modern Masters from the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Monet to Dal\u00ed: Modern Masters from the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. Beijing World Art Museum (May 26-August 27, 2006); Mori Art Center (September 16-November 26, 2006); Seoul Art Center, South Korea (December 22, 2006-March 28, 2007); Seoul Olympic Museum of Art, South Korea (April 7-May 20, 2007); Vancouver Art Gallery, Vancouver, Canada (June 9-September 16, 2007); The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 21, 2007-January 13, 2008); Frist Art Museum, Nashville, TN (February 15-June 1, 2008); Utah Museum of Fine Arts, Salt Lake City, UT (June 22-September 21, 2008); The Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit, MI (October 12, 2008-January 18, 2009).", "opening_date": "2006-05-27T00:00:00"}, {"id": 285374, "title": "Kupka. Pioneer of Abstraction", "description": "<i>Kupka. Pioneer of Abstraction</i>. Galeries Nationales du Grand Palais, 75008 Paris, France (March 19-July 30, 2018); National Gallery, Prague (September 7, 2018-January 20, 2019); Ateneum Art Museum, Helsinki, Finland (February 11-June 16, 2019).", "opening_date": "2018-03-19T04:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "Museo Thyssen-Bornesmisza, Madrid (2/11/2003-5/25/2003): \"Muscial Analogies, Kandinsky and his Contemporaries\"", "opening_date": "2003-02-11T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Centre natinal d'art et de cullture Georges Pompidou, Paris (9/22/2004 - 1/3/2005): \"Sons et Lumi\u00e8res\"", "opening_date": "2004-09-22T00:00:00"}, {"description": "CMA (organizer). Beijing World Art Museum, China, May 26 - Aug. 27, 2006; Mori Arts Center, Tokyo, Japan: Sept. 9 - Nov. 26, 2006; Seoul Arts Center, Seoul, Korea: Dec. 18, 2006 - March 31, 2007; Seoul Olympic Museum of Art, Seoul, Korea: Apr. 7 - May 20, 2007; Vancouver Art Gallery, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada: June 9 - Sept. 16, 2007; Cleveland Museum of Art, Oct. 21, 2007- January 13, 2008; Frist Center for the Visual Arts, Nashville, TN, Feb. 21-June 1, 2008; Utah Museum of Fine Arts, Salt Lake City, UT, June 22 - September 21, 2008; and the Detroit Institute of Arts, MI, October 12, 2008 - January 18, 2009: \"Modern Masters from the Cleveland Museum of Art\"", "opening_date": "2006-05-26T00:00:00"}, {"description": "R\u00e9union des mus\u00e9es nationaux - Grand Palais. Galeries Nationales du Grand Palais, Paris, France (3/19/2018 \u2013 7/30/2018), National Gallery, Prague, Czech Republic (9/15/2018 \u2013 1/20/2019), and Ateneum Art Museum, Helsinki, Finland (2/11/2019 \u2013 6/16/2019): \"Kupka. Pioneer of Abstraction\"", "opening_date": "2018-03-19T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Purchased from the artist by Alexander Liberman, New York, in 1953.", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "[Eugene Victor Thaw and Co., New York]", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": 2}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Inspired by the music of Johann Sebastian Bach, Kupka employed color to try to create something that involved both the visual and the auditory in his art.", "description": "The initial subject for this painting was the artist\u2019s stepdaughter Andr\u00e9e playing in the garden with a ball, but as he worked, Franti\u0161ek Kupka came to believe that accurately capturing both the movement of the ball and the child at play was impossible. Kupka created an abstract composition comprised of vibrantly colorful curving forms to suggest Andr\u00e9e\u2019s gestures and the movement of the ball in space. It is one of the earliest steps toward pure abstract painting in the history of modern art.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60470631"], "internet_archive": []}, "citations": [{"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Art of the Twentieth Century in the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: Dept. of Art History &amp; Education, CMA, 1969.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 2", "url": "https://archive.org/details/20thCenturyArtCMA/page/n3"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 243", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n263"}, {"citation": "Henning, Edward B. <em>Creativity in Art and Science, 1860-1960.</em> [Cleveland, Ohio]: Published by the Cleveland Museum of Art in cooperation with Indiana University Press, 1987.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 70, pl. V; Mentioned and reproduced: P. 120, no. 28", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Swartz, Anne. \"A Redating of Kupka's \"Amorpha, Fugue in Two Colors II\".\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 80, no. 8 (1993): 327-51.", "page_number": "Reproduced: cover, p. 328; Mentioned: p. 327-51", "url": "www.jstor.org/stable/25161426"}, {"citation": "Kosinski, Dorothy M. and Jaroslav Ande\u030cl. <em>Painting the Universe: Frantis\u030cek Kupka, Pioneer in Abstraction</em>. Ostfildern-Ruit, Germany: Verlag Gerd Hatje, 1997.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 118", "url": null}, {"citation": "Sims, Lowery Stokes. <em>The Persistence of Geometry: Form, Content, and Culture in the Collection of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2006.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 62, fig. 11", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Lekes\u030c, Vladimi\u0301r, et. al. <em>Frantis\u030cek Kupka: catalogue raisonne\u0301 des huiles = Catalogue raisonne\u0301 of oil paintings = Soupis olejomaleb.</em> Praha: Adolf Loos Apartment and Gallery; London: Koenig Books, 2016.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p.166, no. 094", "url": null}, {"citation": "Von Bonsdorff, Anna Marie. \"L'Abstraction sonore de Kupka Musicalit\u00e9, couleur et spiritualisme.\" In <em>Kupka: pionnier de l'abstraction. </em>Brigitte Le\u0301al, Marke\u0301ta Theinhardt, Pierre Brulle\u0301, Jean-Franc\u0327ois Allain, and Jean-Gaspard Pa\u0301leni\u0301cek, 113-131. Paris: \u00c9ditions de la R\u00e9union des mus\u00e9es nationaux, 2018.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 123, cat. 113", "url": null}, {"citation": "Von Bonsdorff, Anna-Maria. \"Kupkova Zvukova Abstrakce--Hudba, Barva a Spiritualita.\" In <em>Frantis\u030cek Kupka, 1871-1957. </em>Pravdova\u0301, Anna, Marketa Theinhardt, Nathalie Ernoult, and Brigitte Le\u0301al, eds., 80-89. Paris: \u00c9ditions de la R\u00e9union des mus\u00e9es nationaux-Grand Palais; Prague: N\u00e1rodn\u00ed Galerie; Helsinki: Finnish National Gallery, Ateneum Art Museum. 2018.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 84, fig. 117", "url": null}, {"citation": "Pravdova\u0301, Anna. <em>Frantis\u030cek Kupka 1871-1957. </em>[Prague]: Na\u0301rodni\u0301 galerie v Praze, 2018.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 86-87", "url": ""}, {"citation": "von Bonsdorff, Anna-Maria. \"Frantisek Kupka. Sounding Abstraction -- Musicality, Colour and Spiritualism.\" In <em>Frantis\u030cek Kupka. </em>Anne-Maria Pennonen, Hanne Selkokari, and Lene Wahlsten, eds., 11-27. Helsinki: Ateneum, Finnish National Gallery, 2018.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 13-14", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1969.51", "images": {}, "alternate_images": [], "creditline": "Contemporary Collection of The Cleveland Museum of Art", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Michael J. Horvitz Family Gallery", "athena_id": 144721, "creators": [{"id": 3161, "description": "Frantisek Kupka (Czech, 1871\u20131957)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1871", "death_year": "1957", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1969-12-13T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1910, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1910\u201311", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:06:33.055000"}, {"id": 112307, "accession_number": "1930.730", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Finial, 475\u2013221 BCE. China, Henan province, Jincun, Warring States period (475\u2013221 BCE). Bronze inlaid with gold and silver; overall: 13.1 cm (5 3/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Purchase from the J. H. Wade Fund, 1930.730", "current_location": "241A Arts of Ancient China", "title": "Finial", "creation_date": "475\u2013221 BCE", "creation_date_earliest": -475, "creation_date_latest": -221, "artists_tags": [], "culture": ["China, Henan province, Jincun, Warring States period (475\u2013221 BCE)"], "technique": "bronze inlaid with gold and silver", "support_materials": [], "department": "Chinese Art", "collection": "China - Zhou Dynasty", "type": "Metalwork", "measurements": "Overall: 13.1 cm (5 3/16 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"height": 0.131}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 312517, "title": "The Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition", "description": "<i>The Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 26-October 4, 1936).", "opening_date": "1936-06-26T04:00:00"}, {"id": 312341, "title": "The Silver Jubilee Exhibition", "description": "<i>The Silver Jubilee Exhibition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 23-September 28, 1941).", "opening_date": "1941-06-23T04:00:00"}, {"id": 520038, "title": "Chinese Art of Late Eastern Chou Dynasty", "description": "<i>Chinese Art of Late Eastern Chou Dynasty</i>. Chinese Art Society of America, New York, NY (organizer) (November 13-December 11, 1962).", "opening_date": "1962-11-13T05:00:00"}, {"id": 378943, "title": "East-West in Art", "description": "<i>East-West in Art</i>. Indiana University Art Museum, Bloomington, IN (June 22-October 31, 1966).", "opening_date": "1966-06-22T04:00:00"}, {"id": 445621, "title": "Animal Style in Nomadic Asia", "description": "<i>Animal Style in Nomadic Asia</i>. Asia House Galleries, New York City, NY (organizer) (January 14-March 15, 1970); Philadelphia Museum of Art, Philadelphia, PA (April 2-May 31, 1970); Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, de Young Museum, San Francisco, CA (June 15-July 30, 1970).", "opening_date": "1970-01-14T05:00:00"}, {"id": 310291, "title": "Powerful Form and Potent Symbol: The Dragon in Asia", "description": "<i>Powerful Form and Potent Symbol: The Dragon in Asia</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (July 24-November 25, 1990).", "opening_date": "1990-07-24T04:00:00"}, {"id": 311444, "title": "Object Lessons: Cleveland Creates an Art Museum", "description": "<i>Object Lessons: Cleveland Creates an Art Museum</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 7-September 8, 1991).", "opening_date": "1991-06-07T04:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>Edgar Worch Collection of Antique Chinese Art</em>. Fifty-Sixth Street Gallery, Inc., New York, NY (1930).", "opening_date": "1930-01-01T05:00:00Z"}, {"description": "<em>International Exhibition of Chinese Art. </em>Burlington House, Royal Academy of Arts, London, England (November 28, 1935-March 7, 1936).", "opening_date": "1935-11-28T05:00:00Z"}, {"description": "<em>Exhibition of Chinese Bronzes</em>. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY (October 19-November 27, 1938).", "opening_date": "1938-10-19T05:00:00Z"}, {"description": "<em>La D\u00e9couverte de l'Asie: Hommage \u00e0 Ren\u00e9 Grousset</em>. Mus\u00e9e Cernuschi, Paris, France (May 14-July 31, 1954).", "opening_date": "1954-05-14T04:00:00Z"}, {"description": "<em>The Age of Bronze</em>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (July 13-October 17, 1982).", "opening_date": "1982-07-13T04:00:00Z"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "said to be from Hsin-hsiang in Northern Honan [Henan] Province, China", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "Jo\u0308rg Tru\u0308bner [1903\u20131930] acquired in China, to his brother-in-law, Edgar Worch", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "after 1925\u2013by 1930", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "(Edgar Worch [1880\u20131972], New York, NY, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "?\u20131930", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1930\u2013", "sortorder": 4}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "This finial is made to be placed on the top of a pole or staff.", "description": "Chariots and weapons were associated with hunting and warfare in the ancient world. Those bronze fittings with lavish inlaid decoration were status symbols of rulers and high-ranking officials. <br><br>This finial combines extravagance and ferocious beauty to reveal the aesthetics of the time. The birds with hooked beaks are above the intertwined serpent-dragons. Such artistic conception emphasizes the power of the bird in combat. Every facet of this finial is exquisitely crafted to give full play to the inlaid decoration.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60762458"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1930.730-finial"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Ku\u0308mmel, Otto. <em>Jo\u0308rg Tru\u0308bner zum Geda\u0308chtnis. Ergebnisse seiner letzten chinesischen Reisen</em>. Berlin: Klinkhardt &amp; Biermann, 1930.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: pl. 47, pp. 94\u201395", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Hollis, Howard C. \u201cTwo Chinese Bronzes.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 18, no. 4 (April 1931): 66\u201373.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pp. 70\u201371", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25137378"}, {"citation": "Spendlove, F. St. George, ed. C<em>atalogue of the International Exhibition of Chinese Art, 1935-6</em>. London: Royal Academy of Arts, 1935.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 387, pp. 29, 38", "url": ""}, {"citation": "<em>Catalogue of the Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition of the Cleveland Museum of Art: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition: June Twenty-Sixth to October Fourth 1936</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1936.", "page_number": "no. 383", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>The Chinese Exhibition; A Commemorative Catalogue of the International Exhibition of Chinese Art, Royal Academy of Arts, November 1935-March 1936</em>. London: Faber and Faber, 1936.", "page_number": "no. 387", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Chinese Bronzes of the Shang (1766-1122 B.C.) Through the T\u02bbang Dynasty (A.D. 618-906); An Exhibition Lent by American Collectors and Museums and Shown in Gallery D6 from October 19 Through November 27, 1938</em>. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1938.", "page_number": "no. 177", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>La de\u0301couverte de l'Asie. [Exposition] hommage a\u0300 Rene\u0301 Grousset</em>. Paris: Muse\u0301e Cernuschi, 1954.", "page_number": "no. 409", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Handbook.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 803", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1958/page/n143"}, {"citation": "Bunker, Emmy Cadwalader. <em>The Art of Eastern Chou, 772-221 B.C.: A Loan Exhibition [the China House, Nov. 13-Dec. 15, 1962]</em>. New York, NY: Chinese Art Society of America, 1962.", "page_number": "no. 7", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 246", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n270"}, {"citation": "Bowie, Theodore Robert. <em>East-West in Art: Patterns of Cultural &amp; Aesthetic Relationships</em>. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1966.", "page_number": "no. 134", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 246", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n270"}, {"citation": "Bunker, Emma C., Bruce Chatwin, and Ann E. Farkas. <em>Animal Style Art from East to West [Catalogue of an Exhibition]</em>. New York: Asia Society; Distributed by New York Graphic Society, 1970.", "page_number": "no. 74", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 326", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n346"}, {"citation": "Wilson, J. Keith. \"Powerful Form and Potent Symbol: The Dragon in Asia.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 77, no. 8 (1990): 286-323.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pp. 293, 314, cat. no. 9", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25161297"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1991.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 9", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1991/page/n24"}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1930.730", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1930.730/1930.730_web.jpg", "width": "537", "height": "893", "filesize": "295226", "filename": "1930.730_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1930.730/1930.730_print.jpg", "width": "2043", "height": "3400", "filesize": "3944338", "filename": "1930.730_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1930.730/1930.730_full.tif", "width": "3004", "height": "5000", "filesize": "45074040", "filename": "1930.730_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1930.730/1930.730_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "537", "height": "893", "filesize": "294088"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1930.730/1930.730_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "2043", "height": "3400", "filesize": "3704435"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1930.730/1930.730_alt0_full.tif", "width": "3004", "height": "5000", "filesize": "45080180"}}, {"date_created": "2012-09-20T18:35:04", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1930.730/1930.730_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "837", "height": "893", "filesize": "51554"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1930.730/1930.730_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "3187", "height": "3400", "filesize": "693791"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1930.730/1930.730_alt1_full.tif", "width": "4576", "height": "4881", "filesize": "67028356"}}, {"date_created": "2012-09-20T19:16:01", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1930.730/1930.730_alt2_web.jpg", "width": "854", "height": "893", "filesize": "54780"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1930.730/1930.730_alt2_print.jpg", "width": "3252", "height": "3400", "filesize": "726795"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1930.730/1930.730_alt2_full.tif", "width": "4579", "height": "4787", "filesize": "65781036"}}], "creditline": "Purchase from the J. H. Wade Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 112307, "creators": [], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1930-12-09T00:00:00", "sortable_date": -475, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "475\u2013221 BCE", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Shaft Mounting"], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:04:37.917000"}, {"id": 95287, "accession_number": "1916.1056", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Summer, 1891. Pierre Puvis de Chavannes (French, 1824\u20131898). Oil on fabric; framed: 189.5 x 270.5 x 14.6 cm (74 5/8 x 106 1/2 x 5 3/4 in.); unframed: 149.6 x 232.4 cm (58 7/8 x 91 1/2 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Gift of Mr. and Mrs. J. H. Wade, 1916.1056", "current_location": "222 Impressionism & Post-Impressionism", "title": "Summer", "creation_date": "1891", "creation_date_earliest": 1891, "creation_date_latest": 1891, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["France, 19th century"], "technique": "oil on fabric", "support_materials": [], "department": "Modern European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "Mod Euro - Painting 1800-1960", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 189.5 x 270.5 x 14.6 cm (74 5/8 x 106 1/2 x 5 3/4 in.); Unframed: 149.6 x 232.4 cm (58 7/8 x 91 1/2 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 1.895, "width": 2.705, "depth": 0.146}, "unframed": {"height": 1.496, "width": 2.324}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "Signed lower left: P. Puvis de Chavannes / 91\r\n", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 312517, "title": "The Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition", "description": "<i>The Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 26-October 4, 1936).", "opening_date": "1936-06-26T04:00:00"}, {"id": 312333, "title": "French Drawings and Watercolors from French Public and Private Collections", "description": "<i>French Drawings and Watercolors from French Public and Private Collections</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (January 6-February 15, 1942).", "opening_date": "1942-01-06T05:00:00"}, {"id": 312176, "title": "19th and 20th Century French Art and Leonard C. Hanna, Jr. Loans", "description": "<i>19th and 20th Century French Art and Leonard C. Hanna, Jr. Loans</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 22-September 1, 1943).", "opening_date": "1943-06-22T04:00:00"}, {"id": 311898, "title": "35th Anniversary Exhibition", "description": "<i>35th Anniversary Exhibition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 20-September 30, 1951).", "opening_date": "1951-06-20T04:00:00"}, {"id": 338198, "title": "Puvis de Chavannes: Public and Private Works", "description": "<i>Puvis de Chavannes: Public and Private Works</i>. Van Gogh Museum (organizer) (February 25-May 29, 1994).", "opening_date": "1994-02-25T05:00:00"}, {"id": 222616, "title": "Verso l'Arte Moderna, da Puvis de Chavannes a Matisse e Picasso", "description": "<i>Verso l'Arte Moderna, da Puvis de Chavannes a Matisse e Picasso</i>. Palazzo Grassi spa, 30124 Venice, Italy (organizer) (February 10-June 16, 2002).", "opening_date": "2002-02-10T00:00:00"}, {"id": 182153, "title": "Monet to Dal\u00ed: Modern Masters from the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Monet to Dal\u00ed: Modern Masters from the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 21, 2007-January 13, 2008).", "opening_date": "2006-05-27T00:00:00"}, {"id": 205846, "title": "Gauguin, C\u00e9zanne, Matisse: Visions of Arcadia", "description": "<i>Gauguin, C\u00e9zanne, Matisse: Visions of Arcadia</i>. Philadelphia Museum of Art, Philadelphia, PA (organizer) (June 20-September 3, 2012).", "opening_date": "2012-06-20T00:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>World's Columbian Exposition</em>. Art Palace, Chicago, IL (1893).", "opening_date": "1893-01-01T05:00:00Z"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Bought from the artist by Durand-Ruel, Paris (stock number 1882), 29 October 1891.", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1891-1892", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "Sold to Durand-Ruel, New York (stock number 864), 5 January 1892.", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1892", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "(Durand-Ruel, New York, NY, January 5, 1892, no. 864.)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1892", "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "(Durand-Ruel, New York, NY, November 16, 1892 sold to Jeptha H. Wade)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1892", "sortorder": 5}, {"description": "Jeptha H. Wade [1811-1980] Cleveland, OH, gifted to the Cleveland Museum of Art,1916", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1892-1916", "sortorder": 6}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1916-", "sortorder": 7}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Puvis de Chavannes was considered one of the foremost artists in France in the second half of the 1800, and was particularly admired for his murals. This painting is a version of a mural he painted in 1889, which was particularly difficult because the wall had a door in the middle.", "description": "This painting is a smaller version of a mural on the same subject painted for the H\u00f4tel de Ville in Paris, which has a companion mural titled <em>Winter</em>. A writer at the time described <em>Summer</em> as \"filled with joy, happiness, rest, and the apotheosis of life.\" Georges Seurat, Paul Gauguin, and Pablo Picasso were among the many modernists influenced by Puvis de Chavannes\u2019s dreamlike themes and anti-naturalistic style of simplified, flattened forms.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60502429"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1916.1056-summer"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Godet, Pierre. \"Puvis de Chavannes et la Peinture d'Aujourd'hui.\" <em>Art Decoratif </em>(January, 1912): 43.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 43", "url": null}, {"citation": "Warner, Langdon. \"The Wade Collection.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art IV,</em> no. 1 (January, 1917): 3-4.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p.3; Reproduced: p. 16", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"The Wade Collection.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 4, no. 1 (1917): 3-12.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 3; reproduced: p. 10", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25136053"}, {"citation": "Underhill, Gertrude. \"Some Recent Acquisitions of the Cleveland Museum of Art.\" <em>Art and Archaeology </em>VI, no. 1 (July, 1917): 41-49.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 44", "url": null}, {"citation": "Whiting, Frederic Allen. \"The Cleveland Museum of Art.\" <em>Art and Archaeology</em> XVI, no. 4/5 (November, 1923): 186-194.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 194", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1925.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 30", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook_80839/page/n32"}, {"citation": "Milliken, William M., \"In Memorium Jeptha Homer Wade.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art XIII</em>, no. 4. (April 1926): 76.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 64; Reproduced: p. 76", "url": null}, {"citation": "Werth, Le\u0301on. <em>Puvis de Chavannes</em>. Paris, France: Les E\u0301ditions G. Cre\u0300s &amp; cie, 1926.", "page_number": "Plate 19", "url": null}, {"citation": "Meryem, Jean. \"La Musee de Cleveland.\" <em>L'Art et les Artistes </em>13, no. 69 (July, 1926): 341-346.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 344", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1928.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 37", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1928/page/n41"}, {"citation": "Wilenski, R. H. <em>French Painting</em>. Boston, MA: Hale, Cushman &amp; Flint, inc., 1931.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 193, pl. 79", "url": null}, {"citation": "Milliken, William. \"The Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition of the Cleveland Museum of Art.\" <em>ARTnews </em>(June 13, 1936): 7-14.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 13", "url": null}, {"citation": "Milliken, W. M., and P. Boswell. \"Superb Art Display Marks Cleveland Museum's 20th Anniversary; With List.\" <em>Art Digest </em>10 (July 1936): 5-22.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 11", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Treasure Trove of Great Art Masterpieces.\" <em>Life </em>15 (Sept. 20, 1943): 64-68.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 68", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Paintings in the Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> [Cleveland]: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1945.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 34", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAPaintings1945/page/n42"}, {"citation": "Coe, Nancy. <em>The History of the Collecting of European Paintings and Drawings in the City of Cleveland. </em>Thesis M.A. Oberlin College, 1955.", "page_number": "Reproduced: vol. 2, p. 253", "url": null}, {"citation": "Gilson, Etienne. <em>Painting and Reality</em>. New York, NY Pantheon Books, 1957.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 148, Figure 55", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Handbook.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 499", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1958/page/n92"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 171", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n194"}, {"citation": "Arnason, H. H. <em>History of Modern Art: Painting, Sculpture, Architecture.</em> New York, NY: H.N. Abrams, 1968.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 60; Figure 61", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 171", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n194"}, {"citation": "Daval, Jean Luc. <em>Journal de l'art moderne, 1884-1914</em>. [Gene\u0300ve]: Skira, 1973.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 92", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Puvis de Chavannes, 1824-1898. </em>Paris: E\u0301ditions des Muse\u0301es Nationaux, 1976.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Phaidon Encyclopedia of Art and Artists</em>. Oxford, United Kingdom: Phaidon, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 536", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 212", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n232"}, {"citation": "Boucher, Marie-Christine. <em>Catalogue des dessins et peintures de Puvis de</em> <em>Chavannes</em>. Paris, France: Palais des beaux-arts de la ville de Paris, Muse\u0301e du Petit Palais, 1979.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 104", "url": null}, {"citation": "Van Liere, Eldon N. \"Solutions and Dissolutions: The Bather in Nineteenth-century French Painting.\" <em>Arts Magazine </em>55 (May 1980): 104.", "page_number": "Reproduced: fig. 25", "url": null}, {"citation": "Masini, Lara Vinca. <em>Art Nouveau</em>. London, United Kingdom: Thames and Hudson, 1984.", "page_number": "Figure: 195", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kiefer, Geraldine W. <em>Alfred Stieglitz: Scientist, Photographer, and Avatar of</em> <em>Modernism, 1880-1913</em>. New York, NY: Garland, 1991.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 225, Figure 55", "url": null}, {"citation": "Robinson, William H. \"Puvis de Chavannes 's Summer and the Symbolist Avant-garde.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> <em>LXXVIII.</em> (1991): 2-27.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 2-27", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25161310"}, {"citation": "Breuille, Jean-Philippe. <em>L'Art du XIXe sie\u0300cle: dictionnaire de peinture et de sculpture</em>. Paris, France: Larousse, 1993.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 576-577", "url": null}, {"citation": "Chong, Alan. <em>European &amp; American Painting in the Cleveland Museum of Art: A Summary Catalogue.</em> Cleveland, Ohio: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1993.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 188", "url": null}, {"citation": "Price, Aime\u0301e Brown, Genevieve Lacambre, and Jon Whiteley. <em>Pierre Puvis De Chavannes</em>. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Van Gogh Museum, 1994.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Ross, Novelene, and David Cateforis. <em>Toward an American Identity: Selections from the Wichita Art Museum Collection of American Art.</em> Wichita, KS: Wichita Art Museum, 1997.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 62", "url": null}, {"citation": "Shaw, Jennifer L. \"Imagining the Motherland: Puvis de Chavannes, Modernism, and the Fantasy of France.\" <em>The Art Bulletin </em>79 (December 1997): 586-610.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 586-610", "url": null}, {"citation": "Arnason, H. H., and Marla Prather. <em>History of Modern Art: Painting, Sculpture, Architecture, Photography</em>. New York, NY: Harry N. Abrams, Inc, 1998.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 72, Plate 75", "url": null}, {"citation": "D' Argencourt, Louise, and Roger Diederen. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art: Catalogue of Paintings, Part II; European Paintings of the 19th Century.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1999.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 508", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lemoine, Serge. <em>From Puvis De Chavannes to Matisse and Picasso:</em> <em>Toward Modern Art.</em> Milan, Italy: Bompiani, 2002.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 316-317, front cover", "url": null}, {"citation": "Werth, Margaret. <em>The Joy of Life: The Idyllic in French Art, Circa 1900. </em>Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2002.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 65, Figure 46", "url": null}, {"citation": "Shaw, Jennifer Laurie. <em>Dream States: Puvis De Chavannes, Modernism, and the Fantasy of France</em>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2002.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 167; Figure 27", "url": null}, {"citation": "Rishel, Joseph J., ed. <em>Gauguin, Ce\u0301zanne, Matisse: Visions of Arcadia</em>. Philadelphia, PA: Philadelphia Museum of Art, 2012.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 33", "url": null}, {"citation": "Daverio, Philippe.<em> Il secolo lungo della modernita\u0300: il museo immaginato. </em>Milan, Italy: Rizzoli, 2012.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 475", "url": null}, {"citation": "Gil, Alberto. Mediterra\u0301neo: Una Arcadia Reinventada: de Signac a Picasso. 2018.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 24, fig. 4", "url": null}, {"citation": "Carr, Carolyn Kinder. <em>Sara Tyson Hallowell: Pioneer Curator and Art Advisor in the Gilded Age. </em>Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press, 2009.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 144", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Shields, Scott. <em>Breaking the Rules: Paul Wonner and Theophilus Brown. </em>New York, NY: Scala Arts Publishers, 2023.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 129", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Le Bacon, C\u00e9line. \"Valadon et Puvis de Chavannes.\" In <em>Suzanne Valadon: Un Monde a\u0300 Soi,\" </em>edited by Chiara Parisi, 85-94. Metz: Centre Pompidou Metz, 2023.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 88, fig. 17", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1916.1056", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1916.1056/1916.1056_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "577", "filesize": "", "filename": "1916.1056_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1916.1056/1916.1056_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2179", "filesize": "", "filename": "1916.1056_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1916.1056/1916.1056_full.tif", "width": "6292", "height": "4032", "filesize": "", "filename": "1916.1056_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [], "creditline": "Gift of Mr. and Mrs. J. H. Wade", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Nancy F. and Joseph P. Keithley Gallery", "athena_id": 95287, "creators": [{"id": 1649, "description": "Pierre Puvis de Chavannes (French, 1824\u20131898)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": "Pierre Puvis de Chavannes was born into a bourgeois family. His father intended his son to enroll at the \u00c9cole Polytechnique in Paris. After a prolonged illness, however, Puvis instead entered the Facult\u00e9 de Droit. He became interested in art during a trip to Italy in 1846, and the following year he began studying with Henri Scheffer (1798-1862). Puvis returned to Italy in 1848 with Louis Bauderon de Vermeron (1809-1870), where he became interested in the art of mural painting. He entered the atelier of Delacroix (q.v.) for only two weeks, and later that of Couture (q.v.) for three months. Yet, Puvis's chief method of study was to work independently after live models. He was accepted in the Salon of 1850, but his submissions from 1852 through 1859 were rejected. In 1854-55 he decorated the dining room at his brother's country house, Le Brouchy, near Cuiseaux. He won a second-class medal at the Salon of 1861 for Concordia (Mus\u00e9e de Picardie, Amiens), which was purchased by the state. Inspired by the frescoes of Pompeii and by Piero della Francesca's Legend of the True Cross in Arezzo, Puvis pursued his interest in mural painting with great success. He received commissions to create works for the Palais des Arts in Lyons, the Pantheon and the H\u00f4tel de Ville in Paris, the Boston Public Library, and many others. The artist strove to integrate his mural paintings with the surrounding architecture and to maintain the integrity of the flat wall surface by using broad areas of subdued color. In 1890, together with Meissonier (q.v.) and Rodin (1840-1917), Puvis founded the Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale des Beaux-Arts, as a more progressive alternative for the regular Salon. Puvis's art had a significant impact on later artists, particularly the symbolists.", "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1824", "death_year": "1898", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1916-10-02T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1891, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1891", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:03:06.847000"}, {"id": 107310, "accession_number": "1925.1293", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Ivory Plaque with Enthroned Mother of God (\"The Stroganoff Ivory\"), 950\u20131025. Byzantium, Constantinople, Byzantine period. Ivory; overall: 25.3 x 17.2 x 1.8 cm (9 15/16 x 6 3/4 x 11/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Gift of J. H. Wade, 1925.1293", "current_location": "105 Byzantine", "title": "Ivory Plaque with Enthroned Mother of God (\"The Stroganoff Ivory\")", "creation_date": "950\u20131025", "creation_date_earliest": 950, "creation_date_latest": 1025, "artists_tags": [], "culture": ["Byzantium, Constantinople, Byzantine period"], "technique": "ivory", "support_materials": [], "department": "Medieval Art", "collection": "MED - Byzantine", "type": "Ivory", "measurements": "Overall: 25.3 x 17.2 x 1.8 cm (9 15/16 x 6 3/4 x 11/16 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"height": 0.253, "width": 0.172, "depth": 0.018}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 312517, "title": "The Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition", "description": "<i>The Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 26-October 4, 1936).", "opening_date": "1936-06-26T04:00:00"}, {"id": 312341, "title": "The Silver Jubilee Exhibition", "description": "<i>The Silver Jubilee Exhibition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 23-September 28, 1941).", "opening_date": "1941-06-23T04:00:00"}, {"id": 355520, "title": "The Madonna in Art", "description": "<i>The Madonna in Art</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (December 9, 1947-February 9, 1948).", "opening_date": "1947-12-09T05:00:00"}, {"id": 311444, "title": "Object Lessons: Cleveland Creates an Art Museum", "description": "<i>Object Lessons: Cleveland Creates an Art Museum</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 7-September 8, 1991).", "opening_date": "1991-06-07T04:00:00"}, {"id": 211519, "title": "The Glory of Byzantium", "description": "<i>The Glory of Byzantium</i>. The Metropolitan Museum of Art (organizer) (March 3-July 6, 1997).", "opening_date": "1997-03-03T00:00:00"}, {"id": 221733, "title": "The Mother of God:  Representations of the Virgin in Byzantine Art", "description": "<i>The Mother of God:  Representations of the Virgin in Byzantine Art</i>. Benaki Museum, Athens, Greece (organizer) (October 11, 2000-January 14, 2001).", "opening_date": "2000-10-11T00:00:00"}, {"id": 180667, "title": "Sacred Gifts and Worldly Treasures: Medieval Masterworks from the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Sacred Gifts and Worldly Treasures: Medieval Masterworks from the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. National Museum of Bavaria, Munich, Germany (May 10-September 16, 2007); J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, CA (October 30, 2007-January 20, 2008); Frist Art Museum, Nashville, TN (February 13-June 7, 2009).", "opening_date": "2007-05-10T00:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>Malcolm Collection, </em>The Burlington Club, London (1879)", "opening_date": null}, {"description": "<em>Early Christian and Byzantine Art, </em>The Walters Art Gallery, Baltimore, Maryland (April 25 - June 22, 1947.", "opening_date": "1947-04-25T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Bastard Collection, Paris, France", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "Francis Douce, London (d. 1834)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "?-1834", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "Douce and Meyrick Collection", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "June 1836", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "Collection of Count Stroganoff (1794-1882), Rome, Italy", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "Malcolm Collection, sold at Christie's May 1, 1913, No. 20", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "?-1913", "sortorder": 5}, {"description": "Tartaglia & Co. Sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "?-1925", "sortorder": 6}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1925-", "sortorder": 7}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "This ivory is also known as the <em>Stroganoff Ivory </em>because it was once in the collection of Sergei Grigoryevich Stroganoff, a Russian statesman and art historian.", "description": "The Mother of God is seated on a lavishly carved, high-backed throne. Two angels hover above, drawing attention to the Christ child poised in her lap. Representations of the enthroned Virgin and Child have a long tradition in Byzantine art, stretching back as far as the 6th century. With one hand raised in blessing, the other holding a scroll, Christ is portrayed here as an emotionless and supernatural child, visualizing for the pious beholder the mystery of his incarnation.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60761435"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1925.1293-ivory-plaque-with-en"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "\"Catalogue of the Douceau Museum\" <em>Gentleman's Magazine </em>(June 1836)", "page_number": "No. 39", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Tre\u0301sor de numismatique et de glyptique ou recueil ge\u0301ne\u0301ral de me\u0301dailles, monnaies, pierres grave\u0301es, bas-reliefs,</em> etc ... Choix historique des me\u0301dailles des Papes, depuis les milieu du XVe sie\u0300cle jusqu' a\u0300 nos jours. Paris: Rittner et Goupil, 1839.", "page_number": "pl. 51", "url": null}, {"citation": "Didron, A.N. <em>Annales Arch\u00e9ologiques </em>vol XVII (1857)", "page_number": "p. 362", "url": null}, {"citation": "Labarte, J. <em>Les Arts Industriels</em> vol. 1 (1864).", "page_number": "p. 88", "url": null}, {"citation": "Westwood, J. O.<em> A Descriptive Catalogue of the Fictile Ivories in the South Kensington Museum: With an Account of the Continental Collections of Classical and Medi\u00e6val Ivories. </em>1876.", "page_number": "p. 79, no. 55.26", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bayet, Ch. <em>L'art Byzantin.</em> Paris: Ancienne maison quantin, Librairies-imprimeries re\u0301unies, May &amp; Motteroz, 1883.", "page_number": "p. 192", "url": null}, {"citation": "Molinier, Emile.<em> Les ivoires. Paris: Librairie centrale des beaux-arts</em>, 1896.", "page_number": "p. 102, 103", "url": null}, {"citation": "Hermanin, F. <em>l'Arte</em> vol. 1 (1898)", "page_number": "p. 9", "url": null}, {"citation": "Graeven, Hans. <em>Fru\u0308hchristliche und mittelalterliche Elfenbeinwerke in photographischer Nachbildung.</em> Rom: Instituto archeol. germanico, 1898.", "page_number": "p. 36, no. 67", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kraus, Franz Xaver, and Joseph Sauer. Geschichte der christlichen Kunst. Freiburg im Breisgau: Herder'sche Verlagshandlung, 1896.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Venturi, Adolfo.<em> Storia dell'arte italiana. </em>Milano: U. Hoepli, 1901.", "page_number": "p. 598, fig. 426", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Les Arts</em> I (1902)", "page_number": "p. 40", "url": null}, {"citation": "Mu\u00f1oz, A. <em>Ausonia</em> vol. II (Rome, 1907).", "page_number": "p. 109", "url": null}, {"citation": "Pollak, Ludwig, and Antonio Mun\u0303oz. Pieces de choix de la collection du comte Gregoire Stroganoff a Rome. Rome: Imprimerie de l'Union editrice, 1911.", "page_number": "plate CXVI, p. 161", "url": null}, {"citation": "Dalton, O. M. <em>Byzantine Art and Archaeology.</em> Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, 1911.", "page_number": "p. 230", "url": null}, {"citation": "Pollak, Ludwig, and Antonio Mun\u0303oz<em>. Pieces de choix de la collection du comte Gregoire Stroganoff a Rome</em>. Rome: Imprimerie de l'Union editrice, 1911.", "page_number": "p. 161, pl CXVI", "url": null}, {"citation": "Christie's, May 1, 1913", "page_number": "Lot. No. 20", "url": null}, {"citation": "Volbach, Wolfgang Fritz.<em> Mittelalterliche elfenbeinarbeiten</em>. Berlin: E. Wasmuth a. g, 1922.", "page_number": "p. 26", "url": null}, {"citation": "Pelka, Otto.<em> Elfenbein</em>. Berlin: R.C. Schmidt &amp; Co, 1923.", "page_number": "p. 77, fig. 44", "url": null}, {"citation": "Glu\u0308ck, Heinrich.<em> Die christliche Kunst des Ostens.</em> Berlin: B. Cassirer, 1923.", "page_number": "p. 44, pl. 64", "url": null}, {"citation": "W. M. M. \"The Stroganoff Ivory.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 13, no. 2 (1926)", "page_number": "pp. 27-29", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25136900"}, {"citation": "<em>The Art News</em> (January 9, 1926).", "page_number": "p. 11", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>The Art News</em> (February 27, 1926).", "page_number": "p. 6", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>The Wade Memorial Bulletin</em> (April 1926).", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>The Graphic London</em> (December 25, 1926).", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Duthuit, Georges.<em> Byzance et l'art du XIIe sie\u0300cle.</em> Paris: Stock, 1926.", "page_number": "p. 33", "url": null}, {"citation": "Schmitz, Hermann. <em>The Encyclopedia of Furniture, An Outline History of Furniture Design in Egypt, Assyria, Persia, Greece, Rome, Italy, France, the Netherlands, Germany, England, Scandinavia, Spain, Russia and in the Near and Far East Up to the Middle of the Nineteenth Century.</em> New York: McBride, 1926.", "page_number": "p. 22", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1928.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 13", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1928/page/n17"}, {"citation": "Bossert, Helmuth Theodor. <em>Geschichte des Kunstgewerbes aller Zeiten und Vo\u0308lker, in Verbindung mit zahlreichen Fachgelehrten herausgegeben von Dr. H. Th. Bossert</em>. Berlin: E. Wasmuth, a.g, 1928.", "page_number": "p. 174", "url": null}, {"citation": "Goldschmidt, Adolph and Kurt Weitzmann.<em> Die Byzantinischen Elfenbeinskulptures des X-XXXII </em>(Berlin, B. Cassirer 1934).", "page_number": "no. 79, pl. XXXII", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Catalogue of the Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition of the Cleveland Museum of Art: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition : June Twenty-Sixth to October Fourth 1936</em>. [Cleveland, Ohio]: [Cleveland Museum of Art], 1936.", "page_number": "No. 10", "url": null}, {"citation": "Roos, Frank J. <em>An Illustrated Handbook of Art History.</em> New York: Macmillan, 1954.", "page_number": "pl. A, p. 73", "url": null}, {"citation": "Milliken, William. \"Silver Jubilee Exhibition.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art </em>28, no.6 (June 1941): 88-108", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 90; Reproduced: p. 96", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25140932"}, {"citation": "Walters Art Gallery (Baltimore, Md.), and Dorothy Eugenia Miner. Early <em>Christian and Byzantine Art, An Exhibition Held at the Baltimore Museum of Art,</em> April 25-June 22 [1947]. Baltimore: Trustees of the Walters Art Gallery, 1947.", "page_number": "Cat. No. 126", "url": null}, {"citation": "Milliken, William M. \"Early Christian and Byzantine Art in America.\" <em>The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism</em> 5, no. 4 (1947).", "page_number": "fig. 1", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/426132"}, {"citation": "\"Arts\" <em>Beaux-Arts </em>(May 18, 1947).", "page_number": "p. 3", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Handbook.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 85", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1958/page/n29"}, {"citation": "Ilaria Toesca, \"La Madonna di S. Maria della Valle a Subiaco\" <em>Bollettino d'Arte Anno</em> XLIX (Fascicolo III, Serie IV, 1964).", "page_number": "p. 223, repr. fig. 9, p. 222", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 41", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n65"}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Selected Works: Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> 1967.", "page_number": "p. 3", "url": null}, {"citation": "Volbach, Wolfgang Fritz, and Jacqueline Lafontaine-Dosogne. <em>Byzanz und der christliche Osten. </em>Berlin: Propyla\u0308en Verlag, 1968.", "page_number": "p. 197 Pl. 98", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 41", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n63"}, {"citation": "Frere-Cook, Gervis. A<em>rt and Architecture of Christianity. </em>Cleveland: Press of Case Western Reserve University, 1972.", "page_number": "Dust jacket", "url": null}, {"citation": "Rademacher, Franz.<em> Die Regina Angelorum in der Kunst des fru\u0308hen Mittelalters. </em>Du\u0308sseldorf: Schwann, 1972.", "page_number": "p. 256, fig. 1 or p. 55, No. 46", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 43", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n63"}, {"citation": "Muse\u0301e du Louvre, Re\u0301union des muse\u0301es nationaux (France), and Bibliothe\u0300que nationale (France). <em>Byzance: l'art byzantin dans les collections publiques franc\u0327aises</em> : Muse\u0301e du Louvre, 3 novembre 1992-1er fe\u0301vrier 1993. Paris: E\u0301ditions de la Re\u0301union des muse\u0301es nationaux, 1992.", "page_number": "Cat. No. 159, p. 246-247", "url": null}, {"citation": "Evans, Helen C., and William D. Wixom. <em>The Glory of Byzantium: Art and Culture of the Middle Byzantine Era, A.D. 843-1261</em>. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1997.", "page_number": "cat. no. 87, p. 14", "url": null}, {"citation": "Speyer, Festschr W. \"Byzantinische Elfenbeine aus Westlichen Wekstatten und ihre Rezeption Im 19. Jahrhundert\" <em>Jahrbuch fu\u0308r Antike und Christentum</em>. 28 (June 1998)", "page_number": "pp. 199-227", "url": null}, {"citation": "Vasilake\u0304, Maria. <em>Mother of God: Representations of the Virgin in Byzantine Art.</em> Milano: Skira, 2000.", "page_number": "Cat. No. 19, p. 302-03", "url": null}, {"citation": "May, Sally Ruth, Jane Takac, and Barbara J. Bradley. <em>Knockouts: A Pocket Guide. </em>Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2001.", "page_number": "p. 116", "url": null}, {"citation": "Fisher, Susannah. \"The Tabernacle of the Most High: The Florentine Santa Maria Maggiore Madonna\". <em>Arte Medievale </em>/ Istituto Della Enciclopedia Italiana. 07/2 (2007)", "page_number": "pp. 75-85", "url": null}, {"citation": "Eikelmann, Renate, Holger A. Klein, Stephen N. Fliegel, and Virginia Brilliant. T<em>he Cleveland Museum of Art: Meisterwerke von 300 bis 1550.</em> Mu\u0308nchen: Hirmer, 2007.", "page_number": "p. 76-77, no. 22", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, and Holger A. Klein. <em>Sacred Gifts and Worldly Treasures: Medieval Masterworks from the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, Ohio: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2007.", "page_number": "p. 74, cat. no. 19", "url": null}, {"citation": "Schroeder, Rossitza. \"Revelations in Relief: An Italo-Byzantine Panel with the Virgin and Child.\" <em>The Journal of the Walters Art Museum</em> 68/69 (2010)", "page_number": "p. 112, fig. 4", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/24412678"}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, David Franklin, and C. Griffith Mann. <em>Treasures from the Cleveland Museum of Art. </em>Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2012.", "page_number": "pp. 80-81", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 259", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Corriveau, Bethany. \"Yearly Traditions Old and New.\u201d <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em> 56, no. 5 (September/October 2016): 29.", "page_number": "Reproduced and Mentioned: p. 29", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2016-05"}, {"citation": "Eliot W Rowlands, \u2018An indefatigable intermediary\u2019: Harold Woodbury Parsons (1882\u20131967) and the formation of the European collections at the Cleveland Museum of Art: part 1, <em>Journal of the History of Collections.</em>", "page_number": "p. 2", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/jhc/advance-article/doi/10.1093/jhc/fhz042/5802835"}, {"citation": "Rowlands, Eliot W. \"An indefatigable intermediary: Harold Woodbury Parsons (1882-1967) and the formation of the European collections at the Cleveland Museum of Art: part 2.\" <em>Journal of the History of Collections </em>33, no.1 (2021): 93-109.", "page_number": "Reproduced p.94, mentioned p. 93-95, 103", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1925.1293", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1925.1293/1925.1293_web.jpg", "width": "690", "height": "893", "filesize": "435203", "filename": "1925.1293_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1925.1293/1925.1293_print.jpg", "width": "2627", "height": "3400", "filesize": "1627729", "filename": "1925.1293_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1925.1293/1925.1293_full.tif", "width": "4348", "height": "5627", "filesize": "73432808", "filename": "1925.1293_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [], "creditline": "Gift of J. H. Wade", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": "2b9cc1056e644660a965657bbdb052b5", "sketchfab_url": "https://sketchfab.com/models/2b9cc1056e644660a965657bbdb052b5", "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 107310, "creators": [], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1925-12-30T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 950, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "950\u20131025", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Plaque: The Virgin and Child\r\n", "Madonna and Child Enthroned with Angels"], "is_highlight": true, "updated_at": "2026-04-17 19:32:29.885000"}, {"id": 136312, "accession_number": "1960.193.1", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Arrival of the \"Southern Barbarians\" (\u5357\u86ee\u56f3\u5c4f\u98a8), c. 1600. Japan, Momoyama period (1573\u20131615). One of a pair of six-panel folding screens; ink, color, and gold on paper; image: 146.7 x 337.2 cm (57 3/4 x 132 3/4 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund, 1960.193.1", "current_location": "235A Japanese", "title": "Arrival of the \"Southern Barbarians\"", "title_in_original_language": "\u5357\u86ee\u56f3\u5c4f\u98a8", "creation_date": "c. 1600", "creation_date_earliest": 1595, "creation_date_latest": 1605, "artists_tags": [], "culture": ["Japan, Momoyama period (1573\u20131615)"], "technique": "One of a pair of six-panel folding screens; ink, color, and gold on paper", "support_materials": [], "department": "Japanese Art", "collection": "ASIAN - Folding screen", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Image: 146.7 x 337.2 cm (57 3/4 x 132 3/4 in.)", "dimensions": {"image": {"height": 1.467, "width": 3.372}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 302015, "title": "Year in Review - Nineteen Hundred Sixty", "description": "<i>Year in Review - Nineteen Hundred Sixty</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (November 30, 1960-January 1, 1961).", "opening_date": "1960-11-30T05:00:00"}, {"id": 302033, "title": "Japanese Decorative Style", "description": "<i>Japanese Decorative Style</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art (August 30-October 15, 1961); The Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL (November 9-December 17, 1961).", "opening_date": "1961-08-30T04:00:00"}, {"id": 378943, "title": "East-West in Art", "description": "<i>East-West in Art</i>. Indiana University Art Museum, Bloomington, IN (June 22-October 31, 1966).", "opening_date": "1966-06-22T04:00:00"}, {"id": 302380, "title": "Japanese Screens from the Museum and Cleveland Collections", "description": "<i>Japanese Screens from the Museum and Cleveland Collections</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (March 23-May 8, 1977).", "opening_date": "1977-03-23T05:00:00"}, {"id": 310241, "title": "Autumn Grasses: Arts of the Momoyama Period (1573-1615)", "description": "<i>Autumn Grasses: Arts of the Momoyama Period (1573-1615)</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 4-December 11, 1988).", "opening_date": "1988-10-04T04:00:00"}, {"id": 214165, "title": "Restoration at Tokyo National Research Institute of Cultural Properties", "description": "<i>Restoration at Tokyo National Research Institute of Cultural Properties</i>. Tokyo National Research Institute of Cultural Properties (organizer) (May 22, 1997-April 28, 1998).", "opening_date": "1997-05-22T00:00:00"}, {"id": 185596, "title": "Unfolding Beauty:  Japanese Screens from the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Unfolding Beauty:  Japanese Screens from the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (July 15-September 16, 2001).", "opening_date": "2001-07-15T00:00:00"}, {"id": 698362, "title": "Highlights of Japanese Art", "description": "<i>Highlights of Japanese Art</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (December 7, 2025-June 14, 2026).", "opening_date": "2025-12-07T05:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>Main Japanese Rotation (Gallery 237)</em>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (May 29-December 23, 2013).", "opening_date": "2013-05-29T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Ogiware Yasunosuke", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "Nagami Takutaro \u6c38\u898b \u5fb3\u592a\u90ce [1890\u20131950], Nagasaki, Japan", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "(Mayuyama and Company, Tokyo, Japan, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "?\u20131960", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1960\u2013", "sortorder": 4}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": ["1960.193"], "did_you_know": "Europeans were called \"Southern Barbarians\" because their ships arrived in Japan from the south.", "description": "This screen and its corresponding screen show Portuguese merchants arriving in Japan, having crossed the oceans in their large ship with a multinational crew. The Portuguese were known in Japan as the \u201cSouthern Barbarians\u201d because they arrived from the south and their customs and manners were unfamiliar to the Japanese, who had not encountered anyone from Europe until their first appearance in 1543. In 1639, the Portuguese were forced out of Japan, mainly owing to internal difficulties caused by their Catholic missionaries, but they were a major conduit for both objects and ideas from Europe for nearly 100 years.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60465493"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1960.193.1-arrival-of-the-south"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Yoshida, Teruji \u5409\u7530\u668e\u4e8c. <em>Ukiyoe taisei</em> \u6d6e\u4e16\u7e6a\u5927\u6210. Tokyo \u6771\u4eac: Toho Shoin \u6771\u65b9\u66f8\u9662, Showa \u662d\u548c 5\u20136 [1930 \u20131931].", "page_number": "Reproduced: pls. 108\u2013110", "url": ""}, {"citation": "<em>Ho\u0304un </em>\u5bf3\u96f2, no. 4 (1932): pp. 64\u201383.", "page_number": "", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Buhot, Jean. \"Les Paravents Des Portugais: A Propos du Paravent du Mus\u00e9e Guimet.\" <em>Revue Des Arts Asiatiques</em> 12, no. 2/3 (June-September 1938): 113\u2013124.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pls. 2\u20134", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/43474404"}, {"citation": "Okamoto, Yoshitomo \u5ca1\u672c\u826f\u77e5. <em>Nanban byo\u0304bu ko\u0304 </em>\u5357\u86ee\u5c5b\u98a8\u8003. To\u0304kyo\u0304: Sho\u0304shinsha, 1955.", "page_number": "Reproduced: title page", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Narazaki, Muneshige \u6962\u5d0e \u5b97\u91cd. \"Japan's Trade with Western Countries\" <em>Kokka</em> no. 764 (November, 1955).", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 361, pl. 6", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Kondo\u0304, Ichitaro\u0304 \u8fd1\u85e4\u5e02\u592a\u90ce. <em>Momoyama sho\u0304hekiga meisaku ten</em> \u6843\u5c71\u969c\u58c1\u753b\u540d\u4f5c\u5c55. To\u0304kyo\u0304: Nihon Keizai Shinbunsha, 1957.", "page_number": "Reproduced:  no. 14", "url": ""}, {"citation": "<em>Zusetsu sekai bunkashi taikei </em>\u56f3\u8aaa\u4e16\u754c\u6587\u5316\u53f2\u5927\u7cfb. Tokyo: Kadokawa shoten, 1959.", "page_number": "Reproduced: vol. 23, part 4 , figs. 60\u201361", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Lee, Sherman E. \"Year in Review| 1960.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 47, no. 10 (1960): 223\u2013254.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 34, pp. 224\u2013225; Mentioned: no. 34, pp. 223 and 251", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25142422"}, {"citation": "Lee, Sherman E. <em>Japanese Decorative Style</em>. Tokyo: Makoto Nakao, 1962.", "page_number": "cat. no. 96", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Von Ragu\u00e9, Beatrix. \"A Pair of Screens with the \"Southern Barbarians\".\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 52, no. 2 (1965): 27\u201333.", "page_number": "", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25152033"}, {"citation": "Narazaki, Muneshige \u6962\u5d0e \u5b97\u91cd. \"The Types of Namban Screens\" <em>Kokka </em>no. 881 (August, 1965): pp. 33\u201338.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pls. 7\u20139", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Bowie, Theodore Robert, J. Leroy Davidson, and Rudolf Wittkower. <em>East-West in Art: Patterns of Cultural &amp; Aesthetic Relationships</em>. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pl. 186", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Mayuyama, Junkichi \u7e6d\u5c71\u9806\u5409. <em>Japanese Art in the West</em>. [Tokyo]: Mayuyama &amp; Co, 1966.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 351; Reproduced: pp. 168\u2013169, pls. 198a and b", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Katsuki Takashi. \"Namban Byobu.\" <em>Oriental Art</em>, vol. 13 (Winter, 1967).", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 257, fig. 5", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Charleston, R. J., and John Ayers. <em>World Ceramics: An Illustrated History</em>. London: Hamlyn, 1968.", "page_number": "Reproduced:  p. 67, pl. 187", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Shimada, Shu\u0304jiro\u0304 \u5cf6\u7530\u4fee\u4e8c\u90ce. <em>Zaigai hiho\u0304: O\u0304bei shu\u0304zo\u0304 nihon kaiga shu\u0304sei </em>\u5728\u5916\u79d8\u5b9d : \u6b27\u7c73\u6536\u8535\u65e5\u672c\u7d75\u753b\u96c6\u6210.  Tokyo: Gakushu kenkyusha, Showa 44 [1969].", "page_number": "Reproduced: vol. 1, pt. 1, pls. 42 and 43", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Grilli, Elise. <em>The Art of the Japanese Screen</em>. New York: Weatherhill, 1970.", "page_number": "Reproduced:  pp. 234\u2013235, pl. 130", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Okamoto, Yoshitomo \u5ca1\u672c\u826f\u77e5, and Takamizawa Tadao \u9ad8\u898b\u6ca2\u5fe0\u96c4. <em>Nanban byo\u0304bu </em>\u5357\u86ee\u5c5b\u98a8. To\u0304kyo\u0304: Kajima Shuppankai, 1970.", "page_number": "Reproduced: vol. 1, p. 179, pl. 48", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Sakamoto, Mitsuru \u5742\u672c\u6e80, Tadashi Sugase \u83c5\u702c\u6b63, and Fujio\u0304 Naruse \u6210\u702c\u4e0d\u4e8c\u96c4. <em>Nanban bijutsu to Yo\u0304fu\u0304ga</em> \u5357\u86ee\u7f8e\u8853\u3068\u6d0b\u98a8\u753b. To\u0304kyo\u0304: Sho\u0304gakkan, 1970.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pls. 52\u201353", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Varley, H. Paul. <em>Japanese Culture; a Short History</em>. New York: Praeger, 1973.", "page_number": "Reproduced: fig. 40 (left screen only)", "url": ""}, {"citation": "\"Japanese Art in the West.\" <em>The Sun</em>, no. 21 (Winter, 1977): pp. 82-83.", "page_number": "Reproduced: fig. 62", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Lee, Sherman E. <em>Japanese Screens from the Museum and Cleveland Collections</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Museum, 1977.", "page_number": "cat. no. 11", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Sakamoto, Mitsuru \u5742\u672c\u6e80. <em>Fu\u0304zokuga: Nanban fu\u0304zoku </em>\u98a8\u4fd7\u753b: \u5357\u86ee\u98a8\u4fd7. To\u0304kyo\u0304: Ko\u0304dnsha, 1977.", "page_number": "Reproduced:  pp. 88\u201389 and 92, pls. 97, 98, 105", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Sakamoto, Mitsuru. Nanban byo\u0304bu. To\u0304kyo\u0304: Shibundo\u0304, 1977.", "page_number": "Reproduced:  pl. 32", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Moore, Janet Gaylord. <em>The Eastern Gate: An Invitation to the Arts of China and Japan</em>. Cleveland, OH: Collins, 1979.", "page_number": "pp. 228\u2013230", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Vollmer, John, E. J. Keall, and E. Nagai-Berthrong. <em>Silk Roads, China Ships</em>. Toronto, ON: Royal Ontario Museum, 1983.", "page_number": "pp. 136, 181", "url": ""}, {"citation": "\"Fugetsu sansui \u98a8\u6708\u5c71\u6c34<em>.\" </em>Vol. 12 in <em>Nihon no isho\u0304</em> \u65e5\u672c\u306e\u610f\u5320. Yoshioka, Yukio \u5409\u5ca1\u5e78\u96c4, editor. Kyo\u0304to-shi: Kyo\u0304to Shoin, 1986.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pp. 74\u201375, color pl. 75", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Tsutsui, Hiroichi \u7b52\u4e95\u7d18\u4e00 and Tatsuro\u0304 Akai \u8d64\u4e95\u9054\u90ce. <em>Chanoyu kaiga shiryo\u0304 shu\u0304sei </em>\u8336\u306e\u6e6f\u7d75\u753b\u8cc7\u6599\u96c6\u6210. To\u0304kyo\u0304: Heibonsha, 1992.", "page_number": "p. 31, no. 14", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cunningham, Michael R. <em>Unfolding Beauty: Japanese Screens from the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2001.", "page_number": "Reproduced and Mentioned: cat. no. 9, pp. 24\u201325", "url": null}, {"citation": "Grossman, Nancy, James T. Ulak, Marjorie Williams, and Laurence Channing. <em>Art of Japan: Masterpieces from the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 2005.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 78", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Rivero Lake, Rodrigo. <em>Namban: Art in Viceregal Mexico</em>. [Madrid]: Estilome\u0301xico Editores, 2005.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: pp.165\u2013167", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Franklin, David and C. Griffith Mann. <em>Treasures from the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 2012.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: pp. 182\u2013183", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Welsh, Jennifer L. \"Cultural Trends and Cross-Cultural Interest: The 'Southern Barbarian Screens,' and Early Modern Japan.\" <em>Japan Studies Association Journal </em>10 (2012).", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 164, ill. 2", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 243; Reproduced: pp. 232\u2013233", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Usanov-Geissler, Nora. <em>Kyo\u0304to und seine Anderen: bildku\u0308nstlerische Imaginationen der Ku\u0308ste auf japanischen nanban byo\u0304bu</em>. Mu\u0308nchen: Iudicium, 2019.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 79, fig. 56", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1960.193.1", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1960.193.1/1960.193.1_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "409", "filesize": "", "filename": "1960.193.1_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1960.193.1/1960.193.1_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "1544", "filesize": "", "filename": "1960.193.1_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1960.193.1/1960.193.1_full.tif", "width": "13767", "height": "6251", "filesize": "", "filename": "1960.193.1_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2007-11-26T15:48:03", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1960.193.1/1960.193.1_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "1263", "height": "573", "filesize": "718608"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1960.193.1/1960.193.1_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "1540", "filesize": "5134697"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1960.193.1/1960.193.1_alt0_full.tif", "width": "5000", "height": "2264", "filesize": "34018148"}}, {"date_created": "2011-08-03T17:55:02", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1960.193.1/1960.193.1_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "668", "height": "893", "filesize": "106431"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1960.193.1/1960.193.1_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "2545", "height": "3400", "filesize": "2659489"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1960.193.1/1960.193.1_alt1_full.tif", "width": "4717", "height": "6301", "filesize": "237837120"}}, {"date_created": "2011-08-03T17:55:02", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1960.193.1/1960.193.1_alt2_web.jpg", "width": "674", "height": "900", "filesize": ""}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1960.193.1/1960.193.1_alt2_print.jpg", "width": "2545", "height": "3400", "filesize": ""}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1960.193.1/1960.193.1_alt2_full.tif", "width": "4717", "height": "6301", "filesize": ""}}, {"date_created": "2011-08-03T18:11:19", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1960.193.1/1960.193.1_alt3_web.jpg", "width": "668", "height": "893", "filesize": "172367"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1960.193.1/1960.193.1_alt3_print.jpg", "width": "2543", "height": "3400", "filesize": "2017379"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1960.193.1/1960.193.1_alt3_full.tif", "width": "4698", "height": "6280", "filesize": "118071728"}}, {"date_created": "2011-08-03T18:11:19", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1960.193.1/1960.193.1_alt4_web.jpg", "width": "673", "height": "900", "filesize": ""}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1960.193.1/1960.193.1_alt4_print.jpg", "width": "2544", "height": "3400", "filesize": ""}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1960.193.1/1960.193.1_alt4_full.tif", "width": "4698", "height": "6280", "filesize": ""}}, {"date_created": "2011-08-03T18:16:23", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1960.193.1/1960.193.1_alt5_web.jpg", "width": "663", "height": "893", "filesize": "184592"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1960.193.1/1960.193.1_alt5_print.jpg", "width": "2526", "height": "3400", "filesize": "2088507"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1960.193.1/1960.193.1_alt5_full.tif", "width": "4698", "height": "6323", "filesize": "148601220"}}, {"date_created": "2011-08-03T18:16:23", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1960.193.1/1960.193.1_alt6_web.jpg", "width": "669", "height": "900", "filesize": ""}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1960.193.1/1960.193.1_alt6_print.jpg", "width": "2526", "height": "3400", "filesize": ""}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1960.193.1/1960.193.1_alt6_full.tif", "width": "4698", "height": "6323", "filesize": ""}}], "creditline": "Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 136312, "creators": [], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1960-11-12T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1595, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 1600", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "component", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": "1960.193", "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Namban Byobu: Screen of Southern Barbarians"], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:06:44.605000"}, {"id": 141476, "accession_number": "1964.89", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Portrait of Jean-Gabriel du Theil at the Signing of the Treaty of Vienna, 1738\u201340. Jacques Andr\u00e9 Joseph Aved (French, 1702\u20131766). Oil on canvas; framed: 153.5 x 121.5 x 13.5 cm (60 7/16 x 47 13/16 x 5 5/16 in.); unframed: 124.5 x 92.4 cm (49 x 36 3/8 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, John L. Severance Fund, 1964.89", "current_location": "216B French and German", "title": "Portrait of Jean-Gabriel du Theil at the Signing of the Treaty of Vienna", "creation_date": "1738\u201340", "creation_date_earliest": 1738, "creation_date_latest": 1740, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["France, 18th century"], "technique": "oil on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "P - French 18th Century", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 153.5 x 121.5 x 13.5 cm (60 7/16 x 47 13/16 x 5 5/16 in.); Unframed: 124.5 x 92.4 cm (49 x 36 3/8 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 1.535, "width": 1.215, "depth": 0.135}, "unframed": {"height": 1.245, "width": 0.924}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 304723, "title": "Year in Review (1964)", "description": "<i>Year in Review (1964)</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (December 8, 1964-January 31, 1965).", "opening_date": "1964-12-08T05:00:00"}, {"id": 337083, "title": "The Age of Louis XV: French Painting, 1710 - 1774", "description": "<i>The Age of Louis XV: French Painting, 1710 - 1774</i>. The Toledo Museum of Art (organizer) (October 26-December 7, 1975); The Art Institute of Chicago (January 10-February 22, 1976); National Gallery of Canada (March 21-May 2, 1976).", "opening_date": "1975-10-26T04:00:00"}, {"id": 442299, "title": "Das Meschenbuild in der europ\u00e4ischen Kunst (Images of Man in Western Art)", "description": "<i>Das Meschenbuild in der europ\u00e4ischen Kunst (Images of Man in Western Art)</i>. Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Nationalgalerie, Berlin, Germany (July 5-September 28, 1980).", "opening_date": "1980-07-05T04:00:00"}, {"id": 442651, "title": "Nicolas de Largillierre and the Role of the Portrait in 18th Century France", "description": "<i>Nicolas de Largillierre and the Role of the Portrait in 18th Century France</i>. Montr\u00e9al Museum of Fine Arts, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (organizer) (September 19-November 15, 1981).", "opening_date": "1981-09-19T04:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "Paris, <em>Salon</em>, 1740, cat. no. 85 (\"Un Tableau repr\u00e9sentant M. du Theil, Secretaire du Cabinet du Roy, premier Commis des Affaires \u00e9trang\u00e8res, ci-devant Ministre &amp; Pl\u00e9nipotentiaire de Sa Majeste aupr\u00e8s de l'Empereur, au moment qu'il vient de signer un des Actes de la derni\u00e8re Pacification.\")", "opening_date": null}, {"description": "<em>Style, Truth, and the Portrait. </em>Cleveland Museum of Art (October 1 - November 10, 1963), cat. no. 48.", "opening_date": "1963-10-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "T<em>he Age of Louis XV, French Painting 1710-1774. </em>Toledo Museum of Art (October 26-December 7, 1975); Art Institute of Chicago (January 10-February 22, 1976); Ottawa, National Gallery of Canada (March 21-May 2, 1976), cat. no. 2.", "opening_date": "1975-10-26T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Bilder vom Menschen in der Kunst des Abendlandes. </em>Berlin, Nationalgalerie, Staatliche museen Preussischer Kulturbesitz (July 5 - September 28, 1980), cat. no. 43.", "opening_date": "1980-07-05T00:00:00"}, {"description": "N<em>icolas de Largillierre and the Role of the Portrait in 18th-Century France. </em>The Montreal Museum of Fine Arts, Quebec, Canada (September 19 - November 15, 1981), cat. no. 77.", "opening_date": "1981-09-19T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Edouard Kann [1873-1927], Paris, France", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->The circumstances of Edouard's acquisition of the Aved painting are not known.&nbsp; The nephew of Rodolphe Kann and the son of Maurice Kann, both prominent collectors, Edouard does not appear to have inherited the painting from either.</div>"], "date": "by 1922", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "Possibly Madame Delaney, Paris, France", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->1The original source for the inclusion of Delaney in this provenance is unknown. The Aved catalogue raisonn\u00e9 has several paintings with \"Delaunay\" in their provenances, suggesting the possibility that this name have at some point been incorrectly recorded as \u201cDelaney.\u201d&nbsp; However, a Tiepolo painting in the Samuel Kress Collection at the National Gallery (1952.5.78) contains Edouard Kann in its provenance followed by Mme. D[elaney], indicating that \u201cDelaney\u201d is, in fact, the correct name.&nbsp; A 1933 Galerie Charpentier sale in which the Tiepolo appears lists the owner as \u201cMme. D,\u201d while <em>Paintings and Sculpture from the Kress Collection </em>(1951) identifies Madame Delaney as the owner following Kann.&nbsp; The original source connecting Mme. Delaney to the Tiepolo is unknown.&nbsp; That the Tiepolo was previously owned by Edouard Kann and then by Delaney does give credence to the inclusion of Delaney following Kann in the Aved provenance.</div>"], "date": "Until 1956?", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "(Sale: H\u00f4tel Drouot, Dec. 10, 1956, lot J, sold to Wildenstein & Co.)", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->1 In addition to the Aved painting, Wildenstein also purchased Rigaud's <em>Portrait of Cardinal Guillaume Dubois</em> (CMA 1967.17) at this sale.&nbsp; Madame Delaney may be one of the \u201cdivers amateurs\u201d (various private collectors) whose collection comprised this sale, although this is unconfirmed.&nbsp;</div>"], "date": "Dec. 10, 1956", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "(Wildenstein & Co., New York, NY, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1956-1964", "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, Ohio", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1964-", "sortorder": 5}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Smoke rising from the candle suggests that du Theil has just added his molten wax seal to the document before him.", "description": "<em>As </em>secretary of foreign affairs for Louis XV of France, Jean-Gabriel du Theil (1685\u20131755) helped negotiate the 1738 Treaty of Vienna, which ceded the Duchy of Lorraine to France. The seal du Theil holds in his hand, the silver-gilt writing set, and the thick document all allude to these negotiations, while the wisp of smoke rising from the candle used to melt the sealing wax suggests that the treaty has only just concluded. Du Thiel\u2019s relaxed posture conveys calm assurance, but his sharp gaze is that of a shrewd negotiator. A costume encrusted with gold embroidery and (just visible at his chest) the pink ribbon and star of the royal Order of Saint Lazarus, are visible manifestations of du Theil\u2019s prestigious position.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60469450"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1964.89-portrait-of-jean-gab"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Notice historique er biographique sur J.-G. de la Porte du Theil, ambassadeur du roi Louis XV.", "page_number": "", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Guiffrey, Jules Marie Joseph. <em>Collection des livrets des anciennes expositions depuis 1673 jusqu'en 1800</em>. 44 vols in 3. Paris: Liepmannssohn et Dufour, 1869-1873.", "page_number": "Mentioned: vol. 7 (1), 24.", "url": null}, {"citation": "Wildenstein, Georges. <em>Le peintre Aved, sa vie et son oeuvre 1702-1766</em>. 2 vols. Paris: Les Beaux-arts, e\u0301dition d'e\u0301tudes et de documents, 1922.", "page_number": "Mentioned: vol. 1, 51, 53-55, 56, 72, 118, 121; vol. 2, no. 47 and reproduced opp. p. 66", "url": null}, {"citation": "Wildenstein, Georges. <em>Le peintre Aved, sa vie et son oeuvre 1702-1766</em>. Paris: Les Beaux-arts, e\u0301dition d'e\u0301tudes et de documents, 1922.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Claude, Pierre. \"Un grand realiste Jacques Aved,\" <em>La Renaissance de l'Art </em>V no. 6 (June 1922), 374-381.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: 376", "url": "https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k61277151/f732.item"}, {"citation": "Boucher, Francois. Review of Georges Wildenstein, <em>Le Peintre Aved, sa vie et son oeuvre</em>, in <em>Gazette des Beaux-Arts </em>VI, no. 1 (1922), 255-256, pl. opp. 254.", "page_number": "Mentioned: 255; Reproduced: opposite254", "url": "https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k97652932/f289.item"}, {"citation": "Ho\u0302tel Drouot. <em>Tableaux anciens\u2026Par ou attribu\u00e9s \u00e0: J. Aved \u2013 Moreau L\u2019Ain\u00e9 \u2013 A. van der Neer \u2013 H. Rigaud et des \u00e9coles anglaise, fran\u00e7aise et hollandaise appartenant \u00e0 divers amateurs. </em>Dec. 10, 1956.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Vodo, Nina Nikolaevna. \"Neopublikovannyj portret dramaturga Krebijona raboty Aveda [An unpublished portrait of the playwright Cr\u00e9billon by Aved].\" <em>Trudy Gosudarstvennogo Muzeja Izobrazitel'nych Iskusstv Imeni A.S. Pus\u030ckina</em> [<em>Travaux du Muse\u00e9 Pouchkine des Beaux-Arts</em>] (1960), 247-260.", "page_number": "Mentioned: 256; Reproduced: 254", "url": null}, {"citation": "Saisselin, Re\u0301my G. <em>Style, Truth, and the Portrait</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1963.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: cat. no. 48", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Accessions of American and Canadian Museums, April - June 1964.\" <em>The Art Quarterly </em>27 (1964): <em><br></em>", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: 383", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Accessions of American and Canadian Museums, April - June 1964.\" <em>The Art Quarterly </em>27 (1964).<em><br></em>", "page_number": "Reproduced: 383", "url": null}, {"citation": "Francis, Henry S. \"Two Portraits by Aved and Gros.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 51, no. 8 (1964): 196-205.", "page_number": null, "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25152012"}, {"citation": "Frankfurter, Alfred. \"Museum Evaluations, l: Cleveland.\" <em>Art News </em>63 (December 1964): 26-29, 58-61.", "page_number": "Reproduced: 27; Mentioned: 58-59.", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"La Chronique des Arts.\" <em>Gazette des Beaux-Arts</em> ser. 6, vol. 65 (February 1965): suppl. <em><br></em>", "page_number": "Reproduced: 45, no. 190", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 134", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n158"}, {"citation": "<em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 134", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n158"}, {"citation": "Talbot, William S. \"Comte De Richebourg le Toureil.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 58, no. 1 (1971): 2-9", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: 3, fig. 3", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25152356"}, {"citation": "Rosenberg, Pierre, in <em>The Age of Louis XV: French Painting 1710-1774. </em>Exh. cat.Toledo, OH: Toledo Museum of Art, 1975.", "page_number": "Mentioned: 13, 19 cat. 2; Reproduced: pl. 58", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 177", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n197"}, {"citation": "\"Berichte:Bilder vom Menschen in der Kunst des Abendlandes.\" <br><em>Die Kunst </em>(July 1980):<em><br></em>", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 406", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Bilder vom Menschen in der Kunst des Abendlandes: Jubila\u0308umsausstellung der Preussischen Museen Berlin 1830-1980</em> . Exh. cat. Berlin: Staatliche Museen Preussischer Kulturbesitz, 1980.", "page_number": "Mentioned: 187-188(cat. no. 43); Reproduced:color pl. 16.", "url": null}, {"citation": "Conisbee, Philip. <em>Painting in Eighteenth-Century France</em>. Oxford, England: Phaidon Press, 1981.", "page_number": "Mentioned: 124-125; Reproduced: 128, fig. 102", "url": null}, {"citation": "Rosenfeld, Myra Nan. <em>Largillierre and the Eighteenth-Century Portrait.</em> Montre\u0301al, Que\u0301bec, Canada: Montreal Museum of Fine Arts, 1981.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: 368-36, cat. no. 779", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>The Cleveland Museum of Art: Catalogue of Paintings</em>. Part 3: <em>European Paintings of the 16th, 17th, and 18th Centuries.</em> Cleveland: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1982.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 49-51; Reproduced: p. 50", "url": null}, {"citation": "Vincent, Margaret. <em>A Delicate Art: Flemish Lace, 1700-1940: an Exhibition Selected from the Collection of the Allentown Art Museum. </em>Exh. cat. Allentown, PA: Allentown Art Museum, 1986.", "page_number": "Reproduced: 12, fig. 3", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lespes, Michelle. 2003 \"Aved, Jacques(-Andr\u00e9-Joseph).\" <em>Grove Art Online.</em>", "page_number": "Mentioned", "url": "http://www.oxfordartonline.com/groveart/view/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/oao-9781884446054-e-7000005273."}, {"citation": "Lespes, Michelle. \"Le peintre Aved et la cour de Stanislas.\" <em>Pays Lorrain </em>101 (September 2005): 167-176.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: 169", "url": null}, {"citation": "Heyen, E.V. \"Councillors and Officials in the Early Modern Period.\" <em>Yearbook of European Administrative History</em> no. 19 (2007).", "page_number": "p. 240", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Wilson, Gillian, Charissa Bremer-David, and Jeffrey Weaver. <em>French Furniture and Gilt Bronzes: Baroque and Re\u0301gence: Catalogue of the J. Paul Getty Museum Collection</em>. Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum, 2008.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: 358, fig. 43-e.", "url": null}, {"citation": "Clark, Alvin L., ed. <em>Tradition &amp; Transitions: Eighteenth-century French Art from the Horvitz Collection.</em> [Boston, Massachusetts]: The Horvitz Collection, [2017].", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 434, fig. 1", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cock-Starkey, Claire. <em>A Museum Miscellan</em>y. Oxford: Bodleian Library, 2019.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 8", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Heyen, Erk Volkmar. <em>Verwaltete Welten: Mensch, Gemeinwesen und Amt in der europa\u0308ischen Malerei. </em>2013.", "page_number": "p. 249, fig. 7", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1964.89", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1964.89/1964.89_web.jpg", "width": "661", "height": "900", "filesize": "299554", "filename": "1964.89_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1964.89/1964.89_print.jpg", "width": "2497", "height": "3400", "filesize": "2842545", "filename": "1964.89_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1964.89/1964.89_full.tif", "width": "5147", "height": "7007", "filesize": "108226132", "filename": "1964.89_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2007-03-05T17:01:19", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1964.89/1964.89_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "656", "height": "893", "filesize": "394483"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1964.89/1964.89_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "2497", "height": "3400", "filesize": "5289392"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1964.89/1964.89_alt0_full.tif", "width": "4040", "height": "5500", "filesize": "66691520"}}, {"date_created": "2019-04-25T15:10:07", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1964.89/1964.89_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "673", "height": "900", "filesize": "281294"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1964.89/1964.89_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "2542", "height": "3400", "filesize": "4091433"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1964.89/1964.89_alt1_full.tif", "width": "5374", "height": "7188", "filesize": "115915424"}}, {"date_created": "2019-04-25T13:06:37", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1964.89/1964.89_alt2_web.jpg", "width": "687", "height": "900", "filesize": ""}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1964.89/1964.89_alt2_print.jpg", "width": "2596", "height": "3400", "filesize": ""}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1964.89/1964.89_alt2_full.tif", "width": "5312", "height": "6958", "filesize": ""}}], "creditline": "John L. Severance Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 141476, "creators": [{"id": 1876, "description": "Jacques Andr\u00e9 Joseph Aved (French, 1702\u20131766)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1702", "death_year": "1766", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1964-05-06T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1738, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1738\u201340", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": true, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Jean-Gabriel du Theil at the Signing of the Treaty of Vienna", "Portrait of M. Jeam-Gabriel de La Porte du Theil", "Portrait of Jean-Gabriel de la Porte du Theil"], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:09:32.303000"}, {"id": 148794, "accession_number": "1976.4", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Talatat: Portrait of Nefertiti, c. 1353\u20131347 BCE. Egypt, Karnak, New Kingdom (1540\u20131069 BCE), Dynasty 18, reign of Akhenaten (1351\u20131334 BCE). Painted sandstone; overall: 21.5 x 24.3 cm (8 7/16 x 9 9/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Purchase from the J. H. Wade Fund, 1976.4", "current_location": "107 Egyptian", "title": "Talatat: Portrait of Nefertiti", "creation_date": "c. 1353\u20131347 BCE", "creation_date_earliest": -1353, "creation_date_latest": -1347, "artists_tags": [], "culture": ["Egypt, Karnak, New Kingdom (1540\u20131069 BCE), Dynasty 18, reign of Akhenaten (1351\u20131334 BCE)"], "technique": "painted sandstone", "support_materials": [], "department": "Egyptian and Ancient Near Eastern Art", "collection": "Egypt - New Kingdom", "type": "Sculpture", "measurements": "Overall: 21.5 x 24.3 cm (8 7/16 x 9 9/16 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"height": 0.215, "width": 0.243}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 302374, "title": "Year in Review, 1976", "description": "<i>Year in Review, 1976</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (February 1-March 6, 1977).", "opening_date": "1977-02-01T05:00:00"}, {"id": 229786, "title": "Exposition Akh\u00e9naton", "description": "<i>Exposition Akh\u00e9naton</i>. Mus\u00e9e d'art et d'histoire, Gen\u00e9ve 3, Switzerland (organizer) (October 16, 2008-February 1, 2009); Fondazione Palazzo Bricherasio, Turin, Italy (February 26-June 14, 2009).", "opening_date": "2008-10-16T00:00:00"}, {"id": 281475, "title": "Pharaoh: King of Ancient Egypt", "description": "<i>Pharaoh: King of Ancient Egypt</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (March 13-June 12, 2016).", "opening_date": "2016-03-13T05:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>Pharaohs: Treasures of Egyptian Art from the Louvre.</em> The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (February 11-April 14, 1996).", "opening_date": "1996-02-11T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Mrs. Paul and Milton Girod Mallon, New York, NY, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "-1976", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1976-", "sortorder": 2}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Even though all we see is a fragment of the head we know it is Nefertiti by the double uraeus or serpent symbol on the headband, which was only worn by the queen.", "description": "The son of Amenhotep III, Akhenaten, brought about the short-lived \"monotheistic\" revolution in Egyptian religion near the end of Dynasty 18. The young king constructed a temple complex to the Aten, the Sun Disk, at Karnak\u2014from which this relief comes\u2014before he moved his capital to El Armana. For reasons yet unknown, the figure of the Queen Nefertiti appears in these reliefs far more often than that of the king. Ironically, the Aten temples were dismantled anciently to be used as foundations and fill for additions to the Great Temple of Amun, whom the Aten had briefly displaced.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60741205"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1976.4-talatat-portrait-of"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Chevrier, Henri, \"Rapport sur les travaux de Karnak 1953-1954,\" <em>Annales du Service des Antiquit\u00e9s de l'\u00c9gypte (ASAE)</em> 53 (1956).", "page_number": "pl. XIX", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kozloff, Arielle P. \"Nefertiti, Beloved of the Living Disk.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 64, no. 9 (1977).", "page_number": "pp. 287-98, fig. 3, cover", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25159548"}, {"citation": "Lee, Sherman E. \"The Year in Review for 1976.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 64, no. 2 (1977).", "page_number": "no. 4, p. 43", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25152676"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 15", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n35"}, {"citation": "Johnson, Mark M. \"An Introduction to the Art of Egypt,\" <em>Arts and Activities </em>83 no. 2 (March 1978).", "page_number": "pp. 38-9, fig. 8", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, and Adele Z. Silver.<em> Guide to the Galleries. </em>Cleveland, Ohio: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1981.", "page_number": "p. 11, fig. 10", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, and Arielle P. Kozloff.<em> An Introduction to the Art of Egypt in the Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar]: [Verlag nicht ermittelbar], 1983.", "page_number": "p. 11", "url": null}, {"citation": "Berman, Lawrence M., and Kenneth J. Boha\u010d.<em> Catalogue of Egyptian Art: The Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1999", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 244, Color: p. 55; Mentioned: p. 244", "url": null}, {"citation": "Vandenbeusch, Marie, Aude Semat, and Margaret Maitland.<em> Pharaoh: King of Ancient Egypt.</em> 2016.", "page_number": "p. 99, fig. 57", "url": null}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1976.4", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1976.4/1976.4_web.jpg", "width": "1042", "height": "893", "filesize": "738578", "filename": "1976.4_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1976.4/1976.4_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2913", "filesize": "7348002", "filename": "1976.4_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1976.4/1976.4_full.tif", "width": "4506", "height": "3861", "filesize": "52227244", "filename": "1976.4_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2007-06-19T15:47:42", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1976.4/1976.4_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "1062", "height": "893", "filesize": "765734"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1976.4/1976.4_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2859", "filesize": "7793576"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1976.4/1976.4_alt0_full.tif", "width": "4529", "height": "3808", "filesize": "51771420"}}], "creditline": "Purchase from the J. H. Wade Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 148794, "creators": [], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1976-02-24T00:00:00", "sortable_date": -1353, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 1353\u20131347 BCE", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:10:21.868000"}, {"id": 169465, "accession_number": "2011.3", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Settee, c. 1802\u201307. Thomas Hope (British, 1769\u20131831), Unknown Maker (British). Gilt-wood, reproduction wool upholstery; overall: 102.2 x 113 x 71.1 cm (40 1/4 x 44 1/2 x 28 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund, 2011.3", "current_location": "203B British Painting and Decorative Arts", "title": "Settee", "creation_date": "c. 1802\u201307", "creation_date_earliest": 1797, "creation_date_latest": 1812, "artists_tags": ["male", "gender unknown"], "culture": ["England, 19th century"], "technique": "gilt-wood, reproduction wool upholstery", "support_materials": [], "department": "Decorative Art and Design", "collection": "Furniture", "type": "Wood", "measurements": "Overall: 102.2 x 113 x 71.1 cm (40 1/4 x 44 1/2 x 28 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"height": 1.022, "width": 1.13, "depth": 0.711}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 306699, "title": "British Gallery Reinstallation  (June 2020)", "description": "<i>British Gallery Reinstallation  (June 2020)</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art (organizer).", "opening_date": "2020-06-30T04:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>Thomas Hope: Regency Designer</em>. Bard Graduate Center for Studies in the Decorative Arts, Design, and Culture, New York (organizer) (July 17-November 16, 2008); Victoria and Albert Museum, London (March 21-June 22, 2008).", "opening_date": "2008-03-21T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Presumably Thomas Hope [1769-1831], Duchess Street, London and later at Deepdene, Surrey, and by descent to his son;", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "c.1802-1831", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "Henry Thomas Hope [1808-1862] and by descent to his wife", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1831-1862", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "Anne Adele Bichat Hope [died 1884], by descent to her grandson", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1862-1884", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "Lord Henry Francis Hope Pelham-Clinton-Hope [1866-1941], later 8th Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyme", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1884-1917", "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "(Christie\u2019s, London, July 18, 1917, no. 293; bought by Bridge for \u00a39 9s)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1917", "sortorder": 5}, {"description": "Whereabouts unknown", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1917-2001", "sortorder": 6}, {"description": "(Gorringe\u2019s Auctioneers, Lewes, Sussex, June 7, 2001, lot 1204, sold to H. Blairman & Sons and Jeremy Ltd, London)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "2001", "sortorder": 7}, {"description": "(H. Blairman & Sons and Jeremy, Ltd., London)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "2001-?", "sortorder": 8}, {"description": "Philip Hewat-Jaboor [born 1953]; sold by (Carlton Hobbs, Ltd., New York, as agent) to the Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "-2011", "sortorder": 9}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "2011-", "sortorder": 10}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "The acorn finials, ram\u2019s heads, and clusters of stylized honeysuckle flowers along the settee\u2019s frame are typical of Thomas Hope\u2019s neoclassical designs.", "description": "An art collector, designer, and champion of neoclassicism, Thomas Hope designed this settee for display in his London house. Hope\u2019s design exemplifies the continued interest in neoclassical ornament around 1800 through the use of elaborately carved friezes, a central pediment, and a lavishly gilded surface. In 1807 Hope published <em>Household Furniture and Interior Decoration</em>, featuring descriptions of his renowned collection of antiquities and the interior furnishings from his London house, including this settee. Many architects and cabinetmaking firms took inspiration from Hope\u2019s designs, adapting Greek and Roman forms to create bold expressions of neoclassicism in their architecture and decoration.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80076793"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-2011.3-settee"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Hanson, Robin. \u201cBehind the Scenes: A day in the textile conservation lab.\u201d <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine </em>62, no. 1: 22-23.", "page_number": "Reproduced and Mentioned: P. 22.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Hope, Thomas, and Thomas Ustick Walter. <em>Household Furniture and Interior Decoration</em>. London: Printed by T. Bensley ... for Longman, Hurst, Rees, and Orme, 1807.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Watkin, David, Philip Hewat-Jaboor, Daniella Ben-Arie, and Elizabeth Angelicoussis. <em>Thomas Hope: Regency Designer</em>. New Haven [Conn.]: Yale University Press [for] The Bard Graduate Center for Studies in the Decorative Arts, Design, and Culture, New York, 2008.", "page_number": "p. 402-403", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 139", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Lennard, Frances, Patricia Ewer, and Laura Mina. Textile Conservation: Advances in Practice. 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Hanna Jr. Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Ellen and Bruce Mavec Gallery", "athena_id": 169465, "creators": [{"id": 61264, "description": "Thomas Hope (British, 1769\u20131831)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "designer", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1769", "death_year": "1831", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": true, "weight": 1}, {"id": 61326, "description": "Unknown Maker (British)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "maker", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": true, "weight": 2}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "2011-03-07T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1797, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 1802\u201307", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:03:05.717000"}, {"id": 122340, "accession_number": "1942.637", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Travelers in Hilly Countryside, c. 1650. Aelbert Cuyp (Dutch, 1620\u20131691). Oil on wood; framed: 70.8 x 96.6 x 9 cm (27 7/8 x 38 1/16 x 3 9/16 in.); unframed: 48 x 74.5 cm (18 7/8 x 29 5/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Bequest of John L. Severance, 1942.637", "current_location": "213 Dutch Painting", "title": "Travelers in Hilly Countryside", "creation_date": "c. 1650", "creation_date_earliest": 1645, "creation_date_latest": 1655, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["Netherlands"], "technique": "oil on wood", "support_materials": [], "department": "European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "P - Netherlandish-Dutch", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 70.8 x 96.6 x 9 cm (27 7/8 x 38 1/16 x 3 9/16 in.); Unframed: 48 x 74.5 cm (18 7/8 x 29 5/16 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 0.708, "width": 0.966, "depth": 0.09}, "unframed": {"height": 0.48, "width": 0.745}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "Signed lower right: \"A cuyp\"", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 312517, "title": "The Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition", "description": "<i>The Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 26-October 4, 1936).", "opening_date": "1936-06-26T04:00:00"}, {"id": 335856, "title": "Exhibition of the John L. Severance Collection", "description": "<i>Exhibition of the John L. Severance Collection</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (November 12, 1942-March 14, 1943).", "opening_date": "1942-11-12T04:00:00"}, {"id": 355548, "title": "Exhibition of the Month: The Rise of the Landscape in Art", "description": "<i>Exhibition of the Month: The Rise of the Landscape in Art</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 9-September 26, 1948).", "opening_date": "1948-06-09T04:00:00"}, {"id": 300448, "title": "Dutch Painting, The Golden Age", "description": "<i>Dutch Painting, The Golden Age</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (January 5-February 27, 1955).", "opening_date": "1955-01-05T05:00:00"}, {"id": 300857, "title": "Art: The International Language", "description": "<i>Art: The International Language</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art (October 2-November 4, 1956).", "opening_date": "1956-10-02T04:00:00"}, {"id": 335771, "title": "Italy Through Dutch Eyes", "description": "<i>Italy Through Dutch Eyes</i>. University of Michigan Museum of Art, Ann Arbor, MI (organizer) (April 15-May 24, 1964).", "opening_date": "1964-04-15T05:00:00"}, {"id": 301805, "title": "Dutch Art and Life in the Seventeenth Century", "description": "<i>Dutch Art and Life in the Seventeenth Century</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (July 10-September 2, 1973).", "opening_date": "1973-07-10T04:00:00"}, {"id": 304561, "title": "Visions of Landscape: East and West", "description": "<i>Visions of Landscape: East and West</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (February 17-March 21, 1982).", "opening_date": "1982-02-17T05:00:00"}, {"id": 177042, "title": "Aelbert Cuyp", "description": "<i>Aelbert Cuyp</i>. National Gallery of Art, Landover, MD (organizer) (October 7, 2001-January 13, 2002); National Gallery, London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (February 13-May 12, 2002); Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, Netherlands (June 7-September 1, 2002).", "opening_date": "2001-10-07T00:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>Figures Going to Market.</em> British Institution, London, United Kingdom (1818).", "opening_date": null}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Johan van der Linden van Slingeland, Dordrecht (sale:Yver, Dordrecht, August 22, 1785, no. 87);", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": null}, {"description": "Sir Simon Clarke, London (sale: Christie's, London, May 14, 1802);", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": null}, {"description": "George Hibbert, London (sale: Christie's, London, June 13,1829, no. 66);", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": null}, {"description": "Richard Foster, London (sale: Christie's, November 14, 1835);", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": null}, {"description": "Henry Bevan, London, 1842;", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": null}, {"description": "Sir John Dean Paul (grandson of Henry Bevan); [A. Wertheimer, London];", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": null}, {"description": "Alfred de Rothschild, London;", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": null}, {"description": "[Galerie Charles Brunner, Paris, 1912, no. 7];", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": null}, {"description": "John L. Severance, Cleveland, 1923, upon his death, held in trust by the estate", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": null}, {"description": "Estate of John L. 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London, United Kingdom: Smith and Son, 1829.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 294, no. 27", "url": null}, {"citation": "Smith, John. <em>A Catalogue Raisonne\u0301 of the Works of the Most Eminent Dutch, Flemish and French Painters. </em>London, United Kingdom: Smith and Son, 1842.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 667, no. 56; vol. 9", "url": null}, {"citation": "Hofstede de Groot, C. P. <em>A Catalogue Raisonne\u0301 of the Works of the Most Eminent Dutch Painters of the Seventeenth Century</em>. London, United Kingdom: Macmillan and Co, 1908.", "page_number": "Reproduced: vol 2, p. 143, no. 465", "url": null}, {"citation": "Graves, Algernon. <em>Century of Loan Exhibitions 1813-1912.</em> London: Graves, 1913.", "page_number": "Mentioned: vol. 1, p. 240", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Catalogue of the Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition of the Cleveland Museum of Art: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition : June Twenty-Sixth to October Fourth 1936</em>. [Cleveland, Ohio]: [Cleveland Museum of Art], 1936.", "page_number": "Referenced: cat. no. 214, p. 87", "url": null}, {"citation": "Stechow, Wolfgang. <em>Dutch Painting in the Seventeenth Century.</em> Providence, R.I.: Rhode Island Museum Press, 1938.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 161-162, fig. 326", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Catalogue of the John L. Severance Collection: Bequest of John L. Severance, 1936.</em> [Cleveland, Ohio]: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1942.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. [14], Plate IV, cat. no. 3; Mention: p. 21, cat. no. 3", "url": "https://archive.org/details/SeveranceBequest/page/n25"}, {"citation": "Francis, Henry S. \"Bequest of John L. Severance, 1936.\"  <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art XXIX, </em>no. 9 (November, 1942) 132-136.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 136", "url": null}, {"citation": "Coe, Nancy. <em>The History of the Collecting of European Paintings and Drawings in the City of Cleveland.</em> Thesis M.A. Oberlin College 1955.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 230-231, vol 2", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Handbook.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 445", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1958/page/n81"}, {"citation": "Gerson, Horst. \"Italy Through Dutch Eyes.\" <em>The Art Quarterly </em>XXVII, no. 3 (1964): 342-353.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 347, fig. 4", "url": null}, {"citation": "University of Michigan. <em>Italy Through Dutch Eyes; Dutch Seventeenth Century Landscape Artists in Italy</em>. 1964.", "page_number": "Mentioned: cat. no. 29, Reproduced: pl. XII", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 127", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n151"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 127", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n151"}, {"citation": "Mauritshuis (Hague, Netherlands). Vijfentwintig jaar aanwinsten Mauritshuis, 1945-1970. 1970.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 47", "url": null}, {"citation": "Steinborn, Boz\u0307ena. <em>Katalog zbioro\u0301w malarstwa niderlandzkiego</em>. Wroclaw, Poland, 1973.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 34, no. 11", "url": null}, {"citation": "Reiss, Stephen. <em>Aelbert Cuyp</em>. Boston, MA: New York Graphic Society, 1975.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 79, no. 46, colorplate VI", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 161", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n181"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Catalogue of Paintings, Part 3: European Paintings of the 16th, 17th, and 18th Centuries</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1982.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 227-228; Reproduced: p. 228", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Visions of Landscape East and West.\" <em>Asia</em> Vol. 4, No. 5 (January/February 1982): pp. 24-29.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 25", "url": null}, {"citation": "Wheelock, Arthur K., Jr.,ed..<em>Aelbert Cuyp.</em> Washington, D.C.: National Gallery of Art, 2001.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 141", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Paintings in the Cleveland Museum of Art: Picture Book No. 4 .</em> [Cleveland]: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1952.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 29", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAPaintings1952/page/n29/mode/2up"}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1942.637", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1942.637/1942.637_web.jpg", "width": "1263", "height": "816", "filesize": "601521", "filename": "1942.637_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1942.637/1942.637_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2196", "filesize": "4040112", "filename": "1942.637_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1942.637/1942.637_full.tif", "width": "5122", "height": "3308", "filesize": "50859908", "filename": "1942.637_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [], "creditline": "Bequest of John L. Severance", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "The Harold C. 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West Mexico, Colima, Comala style. Earthenware with colored slips, black burial deposits; overall: 41.5 x 24.9 x 24.7 cm (16 5/16 x 9 13/16 x 9 3/4 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Fiftieth anniversary gift of the Womens Council in honor of the Museum's Seventy-fifth anniversary, 1991.20", "current_location": "233 Mesoamerican and Intermediate Region", "title": "\"Horned\" Male", "creation_date": "100 BCE\u2013300 CE", "creation_date_earliest": -100, "creation_date_latest": 300, "artists_tags": [], "culture": ["West Mexico, Colima, Comala style"], "technique": "earthenware with colored slips, black burial deposits", "support_materials": [], "department": "Art of the Americas", "collection": "AA - Mesoamerica", "type": "Sculpture", "measurements": "Overall: 41.5 x 24.9 x 24.7 cm (16 5/16 x 9 13/16 x 9 3/4 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"height": 0.415, "width": 0.249, "depth": 0.247}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 311440, "title": "Notable Acquisitions", "description": "<i>Notable Acquisitions</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 7-September 15, 1991).", "opening_date": "1991-06-07T04:00:00"}, {"id": 311486, "title": "Signs of Affection: Gifts Honoring the Museum's 75th Anniversary", "description": "<i>Signs of Affection: Gifts Honoring the Museum's 75th Anniversary</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 27, 1992-January 3, 1993).", "opening_date": "1992-10-27T05:00:00"}, {"id": 216692, "title": "The Art and Archaeology of Ancient West Mexico", "description": "<i>The Art and Archaeology of Ancient West Mexico</i>. The Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL (organizer) (September 26-December 5, 1998); Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles, CA (January 9-March 2, 1999).", "opening_date": "1998-09-26T00:00:00"}], "legacy": []}, "provenance": [{"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1991-", "sortorder": 3}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "This figure\u2019s \u201chorn\u201d may be the spire of a conch shell, a reference to fertility.", "description": "This figure\u2019s concentrated, otherworldly expression is emphasized by the hornlike element strapped to its forehead. This \"horn\" may be the spire of a conch shell, which comes from water and, therefore, refers to fertility\u2014likely an important ritual concern of West Mexican chiefs. The element also could represent the \"horn of power\" worn in some areas of the world by shamans, the spiritual leaders and healers of small, nonindustrial societies.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60758917"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1991.20-horned-male-dwarf"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Turner, Evan H., Alan Chong, Henry Hawley, Jane Glaubinger, Tom E. Hinson, Henry John Drewal, Margaret Young-S\u00e1nchez, Stanislaw J. Czuma, J. Keith Wilson, Michael R. Cunningham, Lawrence M. Berman, Ariell\u00e9 P. Kozloff, Renate Eikelmann, Michael J. Miller, Anne E. Wardwell, and Bruce Robertson. \"Notable Acquisitions.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 78, no. 3 (1991)", "page_number": "p. 116", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25161319"}, {"citation": "Townsend, Richard F., and Patricia Rieff Anawalt. <em>Ancient West Mexico: Art and Archaeology of the Unknown Past. </em>New York, N.Y.: Thames and Hudson, 1998.", "page_number": "pp. 178-79, fig. 18y, Cat. no. 39", "url": null}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1991.20", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1991.20/1991.20_web.jpg", "width": "681", "height": "893", "filesize": "352835", "filename": "1991.20_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1991.20/1991.20_print.jpg", "width": "2594", "height": "3400", "filesize": "6015110", "filename": "1991.20_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1991.20/1991.20_full.tif", "width": "4026", "height": "5276", 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"https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1991.20/1991.20_alt5_print.jpg", "width": "2769", "height": "3400", "filesize": "6540202"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1991.20/1991.20_alt5_full.tif", "width": "3965", "height": "4868", "filesize": "57934956"}}], "creditline": "Fiftieth anniversary gift of the Womens Council in honor of the Museum's Seventy-fifth anniversary", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 155904, "creators": [], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1991-03-27T00:00:00", "sortable_date": -100, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "100 BCE\u2013300 CE", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": true, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:00:46.872000"}, {"id": 173114, "accession_number": "1937.3205", "share_license_status": "Copyrighted", "tombstone": "Male Torso, 1917. Constantin Brancusi (Romanian, 1876\u20131957). Brass; with base: 63.8 x 30.5 x 19.1 cm (25 1/8 x 12 x 7 1/2 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Hinman B. Hurlbut Collection, 1937.3205. \u00a9 Succession Brancusi - All rights reserved (ARS)", "current_location": "223 20th Century Avant-Garde", "title": "Male Torso", "creation_date": "1917", "creation_date_earliest": 1917, "creation_date_latest": 1917, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["France, 20th century"], "technique": "brass", "support_materials": [], "department": "Modern European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "Mod Euro - Sculpture 1800-1960", "type": "Sculpture", "measurements": "with base: 63.8 x 30.5 x 19.1 cm (25 1/8 x 12 x 7 1/2 in.)", "dimensions": {"with base": {"height": 0.638, "width": 0.305, "depth": 0.191}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": "\u00a9 Succession Brancusi - All rights reserved (ARS)", "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "signed on bottom:  C. Brancusi, Paris, 1917.", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 312457, "title": "Sculpture of Our Time", "description": "<i>Sculpture of Our Time</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (November 5-December 5, 1937).", "opening_date": "1937-11-05T05:00:00"}, {"id": 312341, "title": "The Silver Jubilee Exhibition", "description": "<i>The Silver Jubilee Exhibition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 23-September 28, 1941).", "opening_date": "1941-06-23T04:00:00"}, {"id": 311952, "title": "Art, A Means to World Understanding", "description": "<i>Art, A Means to World Understanding</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (March 16-April 10, 1949).", "opening_date": "1949-03-16T05:00:00"}, {"id": 704924, "title": "Sculpture 1850-1950", "description": "<i>Sculpture 1850-1950</i>. Museum of Art, Rhode Island School of Design, Providence, RI (organizer) (March 30-May 14, 1950).", "opening_date": "1950-03-30T05:00:00"}, {"id": 311918, "title": "Rouault: Retrospective Exhibition", "description": "<i>Rouault: Retrospective Exhibition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (January 28-March 15, 1953).", "opening_date": "1953-01-28T05:00:00"}, {"id": 301168, "title": "Primitive to Contemporary Sculpture", "description": "<i>Primitive to Contemporary Sculpture</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (September 6-October 31, 1956).", "opening_date": "1956-09-06T04:00:00"}, {"id": 702956, "title": "The Trojan Horse Exhibition of Art of the Machine", "description": "<i>The Trojan Horse Exhibition of Art of the Machine</i>. Contemporary Arts Museum Houston, Houston, TX (organizer) (September 25-October 20, 1958).", "opening_date": "1958-09-25T04:00:00"}, {"id": 302007, "title": "Paths of Abstract Art", "description": "<i>Paths of Abstract Art</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (October 5-November 13, 1960).", "opening_date": "1960-10-05T04:00:00"}, {"id": 310025, "title": "Creativity in Art and Science, 1860-1960", "description": "<i>Creativity in Art and Science, 1860-1960</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (September 16-November 8, 1987).", "opening_date": "1987-09-16T04:00:00"}, {"id": 182153, "title": "Monet to Dal\u00ed: Modern Masters from the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Monet to Dal\u00ed: Modern Masters from the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 21, 2007-January 13, 2008).", "opening_date": "2006-05-27T00:00:00"}, {"id": 524184, "title": "Brancusi", "description": "<i>Brancusi</i>. Centre national d'art et de culture Georges Pompidou, Paris cedex O4, France (organizer) (March 27-July 1, 2024).", "opening_date": "2024-03-27T04:00:00"}], "legacy": []}, "provenance": [{"description": "(Joseph Brummer Gallery)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": 1}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": ["3205.1937"], "did_you_know": "Brancusi studied under Auguste Rodin but left after a few months, commenting: \"Nothing can grow under big trees.\"", "description": "This sculpture depicts a simplified human torso without limbs or head. The artist\u2019s goal was not to move toward abstraction, but to capture the essence of things in his sculptures. Here, he stripped the human body down to its most basic components: one sleek cylinder representing the torso and two representing the upper thighs. Constantin Brancusi made three versions of this artwork: a wood version (Philadelphia Museum of Art) and two in brass (this museum and the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden). The smooth surfaces of the brass versions dazzle the eye with their gleaming high polish.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117230226"], "internet_archive": []}, "citations": [{"citation": "Milliken. William. \"New Acquisitions of Present-Day Sculpture.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art </em>25, no. 4 (April 1938): 63-65.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 58; Mentioned: p. 63-64", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25137921"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Handbook.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 338", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1958/page/n65"}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, Edward B. Henning. <em>Paths of Abstract Art.</em> Cleveland, OH: H.N. Abrams, 1960.", "page_number": "Reproduced: fig. 2, p. 5; mentioned: pp. 5,19", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 197", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n221"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 197", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n221"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 246", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n266"}, {"citation": "Henning, Edward B. <em>Creativity in Art and Science, 1860-1960. </em>[Cleveland, Ohio]: Published by the Cleveland Museum of Art in cooperation with Indiana University Press, 1987.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 125, no. 33", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Hulte\u0301n, Pontus, Alexandre Istrati, Natalia Dumitresco, and Jeanne Bouniort. <em>Constantin Brancusi</em>. Paris, France: Flammarion, 1995.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 16; Mentioned: p. 17", "url": null}, {"citation": "Flynn, Tom. <em>The Body in Three Dimensions</em>. New York, NY: Harry N. Abrams, Inc, 1998.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 136; Mentioned: p. 137", "url": null}, {"citation": "Nielsen, Anne Marie. <em>T\u00e6t pa\u030a en torso: Belvedere-torsoen som kunstv\u00e6rk og forbillede</em>. K\u00f8benhavn, Denmark: Ny Carlsberg glyptotek, 2001.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 91, fig. 24", "url": null}, {"citation": "Baselitz, Georg, Wolfgang Bru\u0308ckle, Auguste Rodin, and Andreas Schalhorn. <em>Von Rodin bis Baselitz: der Torso in der Skulptur der Moderne ; [Katalogbuch zur Ausstellung \"Von Rodin bis Baselitz - Der Torso in der Skulptur der Moderne\" in der Staatsgalerie Stuttgart vom 7. April bis 19. August 2001]</em>. Ostfildern-Ruit, Germany: Hatje Cantz, 2001.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 40", "url": null}, {"citation": "Varnedoe, Kirk. <em>Pictures of Nothing: Abstract Art Since Pollock</em>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 200, fig. 5, 16", "url": null}, {"citation": "Adams, Laurie. <em>The Making and Meaning of Art</em>. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2006. N70 .A33 2006", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 253, fig. 13.9", "url": null}, {"citation": "Etschmann, Walter, and Robert Hahne. <em>Kammerlohr: Themen der Kunst : Design</em>. Mu\u0308nchen, Germany: Oldenbourg, 2008.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 5", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 298-299", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Biro, Yae\u0308lle, Christine E. Brennan, and Christel H. Force. The Brummer Galleries, Paris and New York: Defining Taste from Antiquities to the Avant-Garde. Leiden ; Boston : Brill, 2023.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 485; reproduced: p. 486, fig. c.2", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Criqui, Jean-Pierre. \"Part-Object.\" In <em>Brancusi: Art Is Just Beginning, </em>Ariane Coulondre, V. Loth, Julie Jones, and Centre Georges Pompidou, 201-204. Zu\u0308rich, Switzerland: Verlag Scheidegger &amp; Spiess AG, 2024.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 203-204", "url": ""}, {"citation": "<em>Brancusi: L\u2019Exposition = The Exhibition.</em> Paris, France: Centre Pompidou, 2024.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 28", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1937.3205", "images": {}, "alternate_images": [], "creditline": "Hinman B. Hurlbut Collection", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Michael J. Horvitz Family Gallery", "athena_id": 173114, "creators": [{"id": 271, "description": "Constantin Brancusi (Romanian, 1876\u20131957)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": "Constantin Brancusi Romanian, 1876-1957 Constantin Brancusi was one of the outstanding sculptors of the 20th century. The Romanian-born artist also was actively engaged in making photographs of his sculpture throughout much of his career, creating images that fall into two main categories: views of his studio and pictures of single works. Following studies at the School of Arts and Crafts in Craiova, the National School of Fine Arts in Bucharest, and the \u00c9cole Nationale des Beaux-Arts in Paris, Brancusi began exhibiting his sculpture in Paris in 1906. It is not known when he first began to photograph his pieces. However, by 1921 he was interested in improving his photographic skills and asked Man Ray for technical advice, as well as for suggestions for buying equipment and setting up a darkroom. Brancusi used photography not only to document his sculpture, but also to promote it. He would make sets of photographs showing front, back, and side views of a piece that could be sent to prospective buyers outside Paris. Although Alfred Stieglitz and Edward Steichen, among others, also photographed his sculpture, Brancusi felt that only he could produce images that did justice to his work. Making his own photographs also allowed him to present his sculpture as he wanted it to be seen. Well aware of the influence of light, Brancusi often experimented with lighting effects to emphasize the dynamic qualities of a piece. When he died in 1957, more than 550 negatives and 1,000 prints were found in his studio. In addition to a Brancusi photograph, the Cleveland Museum of Art's collection includes one of his sculptures. M.M.", "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1876", "death_year": "1957", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1937-12-20T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1917, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1917", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": true, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:02:58.984000"}, {"id": 125324, "accession_number": "1947.278", "share_license_status": "Copyrighted", "tombstone": "The Driller, c. 1926. Max Kalish (American, born Russian Empire [now Lithuania], 1891\u20131945). Bronze; overall: 40.7 x 24.2 x 19.8 cm (16 x 9 1/2 x 7 13/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Gift of Friends of the Artist, 1947.278", "current_location": null, "title": "The Driller", "creation_date": "c. 1926", "creation_date_earliest": 1921, "creation_date_latest": 1931, "artists_tags": ["May Show", "male", "Cleveland Institute of Art (alumni)", "Jewish artists"], "culture": ["America, Ohio, Cleveland"], "technique": "bronze", "support_materials": [], "department": "American Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "American - Sculpture", "type": "Sculpture", "measurements": "Overall: 40.7 x 24.2 x 19.8 cm (16 x 9 1/2 x 7 13/16 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"height": 0.407, "width": 0.242, "depth": 0.198}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "Signed back of base: \"M KALISH A.N.A.\";  inscribed on back edge of base: \"Modern Art Foundry\"", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 310252, "title": "Cleveland Art Comes of Age: 1919-1940", "description": "<i>Cleveland Art Comes of Age: 1919-1940</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 28-September 10, 1989).", "opening_date": "1989-06-28T04:00:00"}, {"id": 311873, "title": "Transformations in Cleveland Art, 1796-1946", "description": "<i>Transformations in Cleveland Art, 1796-1946</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (May 19-July 21, 1996).", "opening_date": "1996-05-19T04:00:00"}, {"id": 177916, "title": "Burchfield to Schreckengost: Cleveland Art of the Jazz Age", "description": "<i>Burchfield to Schreckengost: Cleveland Art of the Jazz Age</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (March 28-July 18, 2004).", "opening_date": "2004-03-28T00:00:00"}, {"id": 441481, "title": "Gallery One 2012", "description": "<i>Gallery One 2012</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (December 12, 2012-March 5, 2017).", "opening_date": "2012-12-12T05:00:00"}], "legacy": []}, "provenance": [], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "When Max Kalish (born Kalichik) was two years old, his Orthodox Jewish family emigrated from Lithuania to Cleveland.", "description": "Kalish's celebratory sculptures of laborers rank among his most admired works. Although he was based in Cleveland and New York, the artist often had these bronzes cast during annual trips to Paris. His creative philosophy is summed up in the following statement: \"We must learn to create from the living present. In this modern industrial age, tremendous, heroic tasks are being performed and it is here that we will find our greatest art expression.\"", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60742566"], "internet_archive": []}, "citations": [{"citation": "Kalish, Max. <em>Labor Sculpture.</em> New York, 1938.", "page_number": "Reproduced: cover, plate 10.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Robinson, William H., et. al. <em>Transformations in Cleveland Art, 1796-1946: Community and Diversity in Early Modern America</em>. Cleveland, Ohio: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1996.", "page_number": "Reproduced and Mentioned: p.116", "url": null}, {"citation": "Channing, Laurence, \"Before Neo: The May Show\", Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Cleveland Art: The Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em>. Vol. 45 no. 07, September 2005", "page_number": "Mentioned & reproduced: p. 4-5", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2005-07/page/4"}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1947.278", "images": {}, "alternate_images": [], "creditline": "Gift of Friends of the Artist", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": "5c7a07bd734a498c9c3792da85d79b32", "sketchfab_url": "https://sketchfab.com/models/5c7a07bd734a498c9c3792da85d79b32", "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 125324, "creators": [{"id": 19266, "description": "Max Kalish (American, born Russian Empire [now Lithuania], 1891\u20131945)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "sculptor", "biography": "Born in Valozin, Lithuania, Max Kalish immigrated with his family to Cleveland in 1898. Shortly after their arrival they changed the family name from Kalichik to Kalish. At the age of 15 he won a scholarship from the Cleveland School of Art and studied sculpture under Herman Matzen. In 1910 Kalish enrolled in the National Academy of Design in New York. After returning to Cleveland in early 1912, he briefly shared a studio with William Zorach. Kalish traveled to Europe in 1912\u201313, studying at the \u00c9cole des Beaux-Arts and the Acad\u00e9mie Colarossi in Paris, and exhibiting in the Paris Salon (1913). He worked as a sculptor for the Panama-Specific Exposition in San Francisco, 1913\u201314, returning to Cleveland the following year. His first solo exhibition was at Korner &amp; Wood Galleries in Cleveland (1916). He served in the army during World War I. In 1921 he began creating bronze sculptures devoted to the theme of labor and completed the last in 1938. In 1923 Cleveland school children collected small change to fund the casting of Kalish\u2019s large-scale monument to Abraham Lincoln, which was installed in front of the School Administration Building. During the 1920s his sculptures appeared in solo shows in Cleveland and New York. He participated in the annual May Shows at the Cleveland Museum of Art (1924\u201330) as well as the annuals of the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts in Philadelphia and the Art Institute of Chicago. In the late 1920s he began a series of marble figures that were exhibited at the Grand Central Art Galleries in New York. By 1933 he had moved to New York, where he established a private school for teaching sculpture techniques. Kalish died in New York. <br>\"Transformations in Cleveland Art\" (CMA, 1996), p. 231", "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1891", "death_year": "1945", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1946-11-25T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1921, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 1926", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-04-17 19:31:17.342000"}, {"id": 125901, "accession_number": "1948.141", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Torso of Amenpayom, probably 200\u2013100 BCE. Egypt, Greco-Roman period (332 BCE\u2013395 CE), Ptolemaic dynasty (305\u201330 BCE). Granodiorite; overall: 96.4 x 32.3 x 28.6 cm (37 15/16 x 12 11/16 x 11 1/4 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Gift of the Hanna Fund, 1948.141", "current_location": "107 Egyptian", "title": "Torso of Amenpayom", "creation_date": "probably 200\u2013100 BCE", "creation_date_earliest": -200, "creation_date_latest": -100, "artists_tags": [], "culture": ["Egypt, Greco-Roman period (332 BCE\u2013395 CE), Ptolemaic dynasty (305\u201330 BCE)"], "technique": "granodiorite", "support_materials": [], "department": "Egyptian and Ancient Near Eastern Art", "collection": "Egypt - Ptolemaic Dynasty", "type": "Sculpture", "measurements": "Overall: 96.4 x 32.3 x 28.6 cm (37 15/16 x 12 11/16 x 11 1/4 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"height": 0.964, "width": 0.323, "depth": 0.286}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 311953, "title": "Classic to Baroque: A Style Change in the Arts", "description": "<i>Classic to Baroque: A Style Change in the Arts</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (September 30-November 13, 1949).", "opening_date": "1949-09-30T04:00:00"}, {"id": 301477, "title": "In Memoriam: Leonard C. Hanna, Jr.", "description": "<i>In Memoriam: Leonard C. Hanna, Jr.</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (March 4-April 7, 1958).", "opening_date": "1958-03-04T05:00:00"}, {"id": 518359, "title": "Egyptian Sculpture of the Late Period", "description": "<i>Egyptian Sculpture of the Late Period</i>. The Brooklyn Museum, Brooklyn, NY (organizer) (October 18, 1960-January 9, 1961).", "opening_date": "1960-10-18T04:00:00"}, {"id": 444880, "title": "Age of the Pharaohs", "description": "<i>Age of the Pharaohs</i>. Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles, CA (organizer) (April 8-June 16, 1974).", "opening_date": "1974-04-08T04:00:00"}, {"id": 302145, "title": "Traditions and Revisions: Themes from the History of Sculpture", "description": "<i>Traditions and Revisions: Themes from the History of Sculpture</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (September 24-November 16, 1975).", "opening_date": "1975-09-24T04:00:00"}, {"id": 281475, "title": "Pharaoh: King of Ancient Egypt", "description": "<i>Pharaoh: King of Ancient Egypt</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (March 13-June 12, 2016).", "opening_date": "2016-03-13T05:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>Egyptian Sculpture of the Late Period 700 B.C. to A.D. </em>The Brooklyn Museum, (18 October 1960-9 January 1961).", "opening_date": "1960-10-18T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Age of the Pharaohs: Egyptian Art from American Collections</em>. The Los Angeles County Museum of Art, (8 April-16 June 1974).", "opening_date": "1974-04-08T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Cleopatra's Egypt: Age of the Ptolemies</em>. The Brooklyn Museum (7 October 1988 - 2 January 1989); The Detroit Institute of Arts (14 February - 30 April 1989); Kunsthalle der Hypo-Kulturstiftung, Munich, Germany (8 June - 10 September 1989).", "opening_date": "1989-02-14T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Said to have come from Tanis", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "Paul Mallon, Sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "-1948", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, Oh", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1948-", "sortorder": 3}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "On the back Amenpayom is depicted again worshiping the gods of Mendes, Harpocrates, Banebjedet, and Hatmehit.", "description": "This magnificent life-sized torso is inscribed for Amenpayom, the great army general of the district of Mendes in the Nile Delta. By the end of the Ptolemaic dynasty (305-30 BC) when this statue was made, the Egyptians could draw on 3,000 years of expertise carving hard stone. Enough remains to show that Amenpayom was represented in the traditional pose for men: left leg striding forward, arms at his sides, and supported by a back pillar. The subtle, masterful treatment of the undulating musculature and meticulous, flawless polish are hallmarks of this period, when Egyptian artists reveled in the natural beauty of the human form.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60758874"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1948.141-torso-of-amenpayom"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Wunderlich, Silvia A. \"Diorite Torso of a General.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 36, no. 6 (1949)", "page_number": "99-101, and Cover", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25141559"}, {"citation": "Ranke, Hermann. \"The Statue of a Ptolemaic \u03a3\u03a4\u03a1\u0391\u03a4\u0397\u0393\u039f\u03a3 of the Mendesian Nome in the Cleveland Museum of Art.\" <em>Journal of the American Oriental Society</em> 73, no. 4 (1953).", "page_number": "pp. 193-98, with 1 pl", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/594853"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Handbook.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 9", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1958/page/n18"}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. In Memoriam: Leonard C. Hanna, Jr. [Catalogue. 1958.", "page_number": "No. 219", "url": "https://archive.org/details/LeonardCHanna"}, {"citation": "Brooklyn Museum. E<em>gyptian Sculpture of the Late Period, 700 B.C. to A.D. 100.</em> 1960.", "page_number": "No. 97", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, and Martha L. Carter. <em>Egyptian Art, the Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> Cleveland, Ohio: The Museum, 1963.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: back cover", "url": "https://archive.org/details/EgyptianArt_80670/page/n19"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 6", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n30"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 6", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n28"}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, and Arielle P. Kozloff. <em>An Introduction to the Art of Egypt in the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. [Cleveland]: [The Museum], 1970.", "page_number": "p. 18", "url": null}, {"citation": "Los Angeles County Museum. <em>Age of the Pharaohs: Egyptian Art from American Collections</em>. An Exhibition Checklist for Students, April 4-June 16, 1974. Los Angeles: Los Angeles County Museum of Art, 1974.", "page_number": "No. 2", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, Gabriel P. Weisberg, and H. W. Janson. <em>Traditions and Revisions: Themes from the History of Sculpture</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1975.", "page_number": "No. 2", "url": null}, {"citation": "Meulenaere, Herman de, and Pierre A. MacKay. <em>Mendes II</em>. Warminster, Eng: Aris &amp; Phillips, 1976.", "page_number": "p. 199, no. 61, pl. 24", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 17", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n37"}, {"citation": "Kozloff, Arielle P. \"The Egyptian Collection of the Cleveland Museum of Art.\" <em>American Research Center in Egypt. Newsletter</em>. 125 (Spring 1984).", "page_number": "pp. 4-13, illus. p. 7", "url": null}, {"citation": "Chevereau, Pierre-Marie, and Jean Yoyotte. <em>Prosopographie des cadres militaires e\u0301gyptiens de la Basse Epoque carrie\u0300res militaires et carrie\u0300res sacerdotales en Egypte du XIe au IIe sie\u0300cle avant J.-C</em>. Paris: Cybe\u0300le, 1985.", "page_number": "pp. 190-91", "url": null}, {"citation": "Fazzini, Richard A., and Robert Steven Bianchi. <em>Cleopatra's Egypt: Age of the Ptolemies</em>. [Brooklyn, N.Y.]: Brooklyn Museum, 1988.", "page_number": "No. 26", "url": null}, {"citation": "Wildung, Dietrich, and Sylvia Schoske. Kleopatra: A\u0308gypten um die Zeitenwende : Kunsthalle der Hypo-Kulturstiftung, 16. Juni-10. September 1989. Mainz: P. von Zabern, 1989.", "page_number": "No. 26", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1991.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 10", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1991/page/n25"}, {"citation": "Berman, Lawrence M. \"La Collection Egyptienne du Cleveland Museum of Art.\" <em>Bulletin de la Socie\u0301te\u0301 franc\u0327aise d'e\u0301gyptologie </em>134 (October 1995).", "page_number": "p. 23, fig. 4", "url": null}, {"citation": "Mission franc\u0327aise des fouilles de Tanis, Philippe Brissaud, Christiane Zivie-Coche, and Christiane Zivie-Coche. <em>Tanis: travaux re\u0301cents sur le tell Sa\u0302n el-Hagar</em>. Paris: Noe\u0302sis, 1998.", "page_number": "pp. 214-15, & 219, figs. 39-41", "url": null}, {"citation": "Berman, Lawrence M., and Kenneth J. Boha\u010d.<em> Catalogue of Egyptian Art: The Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1999", "page_number": "Reproduced: p.460-2; Mentioned: p. 461-3", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, and David Franklin. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. London: Scala Arts &amp; Heritage Publishers Ltd, 2012.", "page_number": "pp. 14-15", "url": null}, {"citation": "Franklin, David. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> London: Scala Arts &amp; Heritage Publishers Ltd., 2012.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 14 - 15", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 76", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Vandenbeusch, Marie, Aude Semat, and Margaret Maitland. Pharaoh: King of Ancient Egypt. 2016.", "page_number": "p. 164, fig. 76", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cafici, Giorgia. The Egyptian Elite As Roman Citizens: Looking at Ptolemaic Private Portraiture. 2021.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 127, note 459; p. 128, note 468.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Ali, Aiman Ashmawy and Simon Connor. \"A Falcon God from the Garden of Princess Nimet Mokhtar at el-Marg.\" MDAK Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archa\u0308ologischen Instituts Kairo 79(2023): 27-46.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 37; Reproduced: p. 38 (fig. 16)", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1948.141", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1948.141/1948.141_web.jpg", "width": "606", "height": "893", "filesize": "247179", "filename": "1948.141_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1948.141/1948.141_print.jpg", "width": "2307", "height": "3400", "filesize": "4002167", "filename": "1948.141_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1948.141/1948.141_full.tif", "width": "3491", "height": "5146", "filesize": "53924860", "filename": "1948.141_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2007-07-03T17:14:16", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1948.141/1948.141_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "611", "height": "893", "filesize": "258921"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1948.141/1948.141_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "2328", "height": "3400", "filesize": "4729485"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1948.141/1948.141_alt0_full.tif", "width": "3487", "height": "5092", "filesize": "53297840"}}, {"date_created": "2007-07-03T18:05:09", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1948.141/1948.141_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "599", "height": "893", "filesize": "253473"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1948.141/1948.141_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "2279", "height": "3400", "filesize": "4648803"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1948.141/1948.141_alt1_full.tif", "width": "3374", "height": "5033", "filesize": "50974116"}}, {"date_created": "2007-07-03T18:36:21", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1948.141/1948.141_alt2_web.jpg", "width": "599", "height": "893", "filesize": "249517"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1948.141/1948.141_alt2_print.jpg", "width": "2281", "height": "3400", "filesize": "4529775"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1948.141/1948.141_alt2_full.tif", "width": "3320", "height": "4949", "filesize": "49322056"}}], "creditline": "Gift of the Hanna Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": "6f365ab2ac5846b592cc7c522a3b6e0c", "sketchfab_url": "https://sketchfab.com/models/6f365ab2ac5846b592cc7c522a3b6e0c", "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 125901, "creators": [], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1948-06-15T00:00:00", "sortable_date": -200, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "probably 200\u2013100 BCE", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Torso of the General Amen-pe-Yom", "Torso of the General Amen-pa-yom"], "is_highlight": true, "updated_at": "2026-04-17 19:32:41.849000"}, {"id": 137057, "accession_number": "1961.48", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Sun Bodhisattva (Nikk\u014d Bosatsu) (\u65e5\u5149\u83e9\u85a9\u50cf), c. 800. Japan, Heian period (794\u20131185). Japanese nutmeg-yew wood with traces of color and gold; overall: 46.7 cm (18 3/8 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, John L. Severance Fund, 1961.48", "current_location": "235B Japanese", "title": "Sun Bodhisattva (Nikk\u014d Bosatsu)", "title_in_original_language": "\u65e5\u5149\u83e9\u85a9\u50cf", "creation_date": "c. 800", "creation_date_earliest": 795, "creation_date_latest": 805, "artists_tags": [], "culture": ["Japan, Heian period (794\u20131185)"], "technique": "Japanese nutmeg-yew wood with traces of color and gold", "support_materials": [], "department": "Japanese Art", "collection": "Japanese Art", "type": "Sculpture", "measurements": "Overall: 46.7 cm (18 3/8 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"height": 0.467}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 302039, "title": "Year in Review (1961)", "description": "<i>Year in Review (1961)</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (November 1-26, 1961).", "opening_date": "1961-11-01T05:00:00"}, {"id": 516412, "title": "Japanese Arts of the Heian Period", "description": "<i>Japanese Arts of the Heian Period</i>. The Asia Society Museum, New York, NY (organizer) (October 5, 1967-February 19, 1968); Fogg Art Museum/Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (January 17-February 25, 1968).", "opening_date": "1967-10-05T04:00:00"}, {"id": 302145, "title": "Traditions and Revisions: Themes from the History of Sculpture", "description": "<i>Traditions and Revisions: Themes from the History of Sculpture</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (September 24-November 16, 1975).", "opening_date": "1975-09-24T04:00:00"}, {"id": 309887, "title": "The Twain Shall Meet", "description": "<i>The Twain Shall Meet</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 30, 1985-January 5, 1986).", "opening_date": "1985-10-30T05:00:00"}, {"id": 311444, "title": "Object Lessons: Cleveland Creates an Art Museum", "description": "<i>Object Lessons: Cleveland Creates an Art Museum</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 7-September 8, 1991).", "opening_date": "1991-06-07T04:00:00"}, {"id": 196054, "title": "Streams and Mountains Without End: Asian Art and the Legacy of Sherman E. Lee at the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Streams and Mountains Without End: Asian Art and the Legacy of Sherman E. Lee at the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 27-August 23, 2009).", "opening_date": "2009-06-27T04:00:00"}, {"id": 374890, "title": "Rinpa (\u7433\u6d3e)", "description": "<i>Rinpa (\u7433\u6d3e)</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (April 23-October 3, 2021).", "opening_date": "2021-04-23T04:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>Japanese Arts of the Heian Period: 794-1185</em>. Asia House Gallery, New York City, NY (October 5-December 17, 1967) and Fogg Art Museum, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (January 17-February 25, 1968).", "opening_date": "1967-10-05T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>One Thousand Years of Japanese Art (650-1650) from The Cleveland Museum of Art. </em>Japan House Gallery, New York, NY (March 19-May 17, 1981).", "opening_date": "1981-03-19T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "(Setsu Inosuke \u6fd1\u6d25\u4f0a\u4e4b\u52a9 [1897\u20131969], Tokyo, Japan, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "?\u20131961", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1961\u2013", "sortorder": 2}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Japanese nutmeg-yew, or <em>kaya</em>, was used as a replacement for the unobtainable sandalwood of which small Buddhist sculptures imported from China were made.", "description": "Bodhisattvas are beings who have attained enlightenment but delay entry into Buddhahood until they have fulfilled their varied vows to aid others along the path to enlightenment. The flowing robes and curving posture of this figure were inspired by Chinese Buddhist sculpture. However, the interplay of the wood grain in this single block of yew with the artist\u2019s subtle carving is a Japanese innovation. Originally paired with the Moon Bodhisattva (Gekk\u014d Bosatsu), this figure likely flanked a sculpture of the Medicine Master Buddha (Yakushi Nyorai).", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80031344"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1961.48-sun-bodhisattva-nikk"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Lee, Sherman E. \u201cYear in Review 1961.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>, vol. 48, no. 9, 1961, pp. 219\u2013251.", "page_number": "Mentioned: no. 42, p. 249; Reproduced: no. 42, p. 225", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25142473"}, {"citation": "Lee, Sherman E. \u201cNikk\u014d, the Sun Bodhisattva.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>, vol. 48, no. 10, 1961, pp. 259\u2013265.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 259\u2013265; Reproduced: figs. 1-3", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25142478"}, {"citation": "\u201cOriental Art Recently Acquired by American Museums.\u201d <em>Archives of the Chinese Art Society of America</em>, vol. 16, 1962, pp. 104\u2013124.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 106, fig. 8", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/20067049"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 274", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n298"}, {"citation": "<em> The Human Adventure IV, grade 6, vol. I</em>. Cleveland: Educational Research Council of Greater Cleveland, 1966-1967.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 237", "url": null}, {"citation": "Mayuyama, Junkichi \u7e6d\u5c71\u9806\u5409. <em>Japanese Art in the West</em>. [Tokyo]: Mayuyama &amp; Co, 1966.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 342; Reproduced: p. 16, pl. 17", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Selected Works: Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1967.", "page_number": "no. 70", "url": null}, {"citation": "Rosenfield, John M. <em>Japanese Arts of the Heian Period, 794-1185</em>. New York, NY: Asia Society, 1967.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pl. 11", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em> Oriental Art</em>, vol. 13, no. 4 (Winter 1967).", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 244", "url": null}, {"citation": "Brozostoski, John. \"Art in the Serene Capital of No.\" <em>Arts Magazine </em>(Sept.-Oct. 1967).", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 38", "url": null}, {"citation": "Rosenfield, John M. <em>Japanese Arts of the Heian Period, 794-1185</em>. [New York]: Asia Society, 1967.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pp. 8 and 112, cat. no. 11", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 274", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n298"}, {"citation": "<em>Praeger Encyclopedia of Art</em>. London: Pall Mall Press, Ltd., 1971.", "page_number": "Reproduced: vol. 3, p. 1053", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 369", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n389"}, {"citation": "Yamane, Yu\u0304zo\u0304 \u5c71\u6839\u6709\u4e09, Shu\u0304jiro\u0304 Shimada \u5cf6\u7530\u4fee\u4e8c\u90ce, and Terukazu Akiyama \u79cb\u5c71\u5149\u548c. <em>Zaigai Nihon no shiho\u0304</em> [\u5728\u5916\u65e5\u672c\u306e\u81f3\u5b9d = Japanese Art: Selections from Western Collections, vol. 8 ]. To\u0304kyo\u0304: Mainichi Shinbunsha, 1979.", "page_number": "Mentioned: no. 17, p. 123; Reproduced: color plate 17", "url": null}, {"citation": "Moore, Janet Gaylord.<em> The Eastern Gate: An Invitation to the Arts of China and Japan</em>. Cleveland, OH: Collins, 1979.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pp. 177 and 179", "url": null}, {"citation": "Zenzo Shimizu \u6e05\u6c34\u5584\u4e09. \"Japanese Sculptures in America and Canada,\" <em>Ars Buddhica</em> \u4f5b\u6559\u85dd\u8853, no. 126 (September 1979), part I, pp. 67-88.", "page_number": "Reproduced: fig. 6", "url": null}, {"citation": "Roukes, Nicholas. <em>Masters of Wood Sculpture</em>. New York: Watson-Guptill Publishers, 1980.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 14", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lee, Sherman E., Michael R. Cunningham, and Ursula Korneitchouk. <em>One Thousand Years of Japanese Art (650-1650): From the Cleveland Museum of Art: Catalogue</em>. New York: Japan Society, 1981.", "page_number": "Reproduced: cat. no. 1", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Asian Art in American Museums.\" <em>Sculpture Review,</em> XXXIII, no. 3 (Fall 1984).", "page_number": "p. 22", "url": null}, {"citation": "Neils, Jenifer. \u201cThe Twain Shall Meet.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>, vol. 72, no. 6, 1985, pp. 326\u2013359.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 343, fig. 33", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25159914"}, {"citation": "Yamane, Yu\u0304zo\u0304 \u5c71\u6839\u6709\u4e09, Takashi Hamada \u5c71\u6839\u6709\u4e09, et al. <em>Zaigai bijutsu </em>[\u5728\u5916\u7f8e\u8853 = Selections of Japanese Art from Western Collections]. To\u0304kyo\u0304: Sho\u0304gakukan, 1994.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 213, 237, no. 120.", "url": null}, {"citation": "Liebson, Milt. <em>Direct Wood Sculpture: Techniques, Innovation, Creativity</em>. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Pub, 2001.", "page_number": "p. 13", "url": null}, {"citation": "Grossman, Nancy, James T. Ulak, Marjorie Williams, and Laurence Channing. <em>Art of Japan: Masterpieces from the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 2005.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 20", "url": null}, {"citation": "Rosenfield, John M. \"Sherman Lee: Early Encounters with Asian Art,\" <em>Orientations</em>, (Jan/Feb. 2005) vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 46-47.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 46", "url": null}, {"citation": "Filler, Martin. \"The Global Eye of Sherman Lee\": <em>The Magazine Antiques, </em>(October 2008), pp. 122\u2013129.", "page_number": "Reproduced: title page and pp. 122\u2013123", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 21", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1961.48", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1961.48/1961.48_web.jpg", "width": "619", "height": "893", "filesize": "301403", "filename": "1961.48_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1961.48/1961.48_print.jpg", "width": "2355", "height": "3400", "filesize": "4384110", "filename": "1961.48_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1961.48/1961.48_full.tif", "width": "4145", "height": "5984", "filesize": "74441788", "filename": "1961.48_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2009-04-01T18:05:55", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1961.48/1961.48_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "615", "height": "893", "filesize": "273991"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1961.48/1961.48_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "2343", "height": "3400", "filesize": "4140241"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1961.48/1961.48_alt0_full.tif", "width": "4012", "height": "5823", "filesize": "70115960"}}, {"date_created": "2009-04-01T18:15:46", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1961.48/1961.48_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "559", "height": "893", "filesize": "255642"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1961.48/1961.48_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "2130", "height": "3400", "filesize": "3857529"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1961.48/1961.48_alt1_full.tif", "width": "3624", "height": "5785", "filesize": "62924612"}}, {"date_created": "2009-04-01T18:23:57", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1961.48/1961.48_alt2_web.jpg", "width": "594", "height": "893", "filesize": "286791"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1961.48/1961.48_alt2_print.jpg", "width": "2260", "height": "3400", "filesize": "4138942"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1961.48/1961.48_alt2_full.tif", "width": "3838", "height": "5774", "filesize": "66512420"}}], "creditline": "John L. Severance Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": "d1f48511f45e4d0ba41eb0b27ed73f4d", "sketchfab_url": "https://sketchfab.com/models/d1f48511f45e4d0ba41eb0b27ed73f4d", "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 137057, "creators": [], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1961-02-20T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 795, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 800", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": true, "updated_at": "2026-04-17 19:32:39.767000"}, {"id": 144277, "accession_number": "1969.115", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Fragment of a Floor Mosaic: Adam and Eve, late 400s\u2013early 500s CE. Early Byzantium, Northern Syria, Byzantine period, late 5th-early 6th century. Marble and stone tesserae; overall: 142.9 x 107.3 x 5.7 cm (56 1/4 x 42 1/4 x 2 1/4 in.); mounted: 142.9 x 107.3 x 7 cm (56 1/4 x 42 1/4 x 2 3/4 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, John L. Severance Fund, 1969.115", "current_location": "106A Migration Period & Coptic", "title": "Fragment of a Floor Mosaic: Adam and Eve", "creation_date": "late 400s\u2013early 500s CE", "creation_date_earliest": 475, "creation_date_latest": 525, "artists_tags": [], "culture": ["early Byzantium, Northern Syria, Byzantine period, late 5th-early 6th century"], "technique": "marble and stone tesserae", "support_materials": [], "department": "Medieval Art", "collection": "MED - Byzantine", "type": "Mosaic", "measurements": "Overall: 142.9 x 107.3 x 5.7 cm (56 1/4 x 42 1/4 x 2 1/4 in.); Mounted: 142.9 x 107.3 x 7 cm (56 1/4 x 42 1/4 x 2 3/4 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"height": 1.429, "width": 1.073, "depth": 0.057}, "mounted": {"height": 1.429, "width": 1.073, "depth": 0.07}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "\u039a\u0395\u0398\u0391\u0393\u039f\u039d\u0395\u0393\u03a5\u039c\u039d\u039f\u0398\u0397 (\u039a\u2019\u0395\u0398\u0391\u0393\u039f\u039d \u0395\u0393\u03a5\u039c\u039d\u039f\u0398\u0397[\u03a3\u0391\u039d] = \u03ba[\u03b1\u03b9] \u1f14\u03c6\u03b1\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd \u1f10\u03b3\u03c5\u03bc\u03bd\u03ce\u03b8\u03b7[\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd])", "inscription_translation": "\"And they ate, [and they] were made naked.\"", "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": 0}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 301313, "title": "Year in Review: 1969", "description": "<i>Year in Review: 1969</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (January 27-February 22, 1970).", "opening_date": "1970-01-27T05:00:00"}, {"id": 180667, "title": "Sacred Gifts and Worldly Treasures: Medieval Masterworks from the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Sacred Gifts and Worldly Treasures: Medieval Masterworks from the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. National Museum of Bavaria, Munich, Germany (May 10-September 16, 2007); J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, CA (October 30, 2007-January 20, 2008); Frist Art Museum, Nashville, TN (February 13-June 7, 2009).", "opening_date": "2007-05-10T00:00:00"}, {"id": 441481, "title": "Gallery One 2012", "description": "<i>Gallery One 2012</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (December 12, 2012-March 5, 2017).", "opening_date": "2012-12-12T05:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "CMA 1970:\"Year in Review 1969,\" CMA Bulletin, 1970 (January, 1970), p.47", "opening_date": "1970-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Bavarian Nationalmuseum, Munich (5/10/2007 - 9/16/2007), the J. Paul Getty Musuem, Los Angeles (10/30/2007 - 1/20/2008) and Frist Center for the Visual Arts, Nashville, TN (2/13/2009 - 6/7/2009): \"Sacred Gifts and Worldly Treasures: Medieval Masterworks from the Cleveland Museum of Art\"", "opening_date": "2007-05-10T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "(J. J. Klejman, New York).", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": null}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "In the Syrian village where this mosaic was created, few people could read and even fewer had access to books. The images within the church educated the community, leading 5th-century Pope Gregory the Great to describe religious images as \"books for the illiterate.\"", "description": "This mosaic panel representing the Fall of Adam and Eve once formed part of a much larger mosaic decorating the floor of an early Byzantine church in northern Syria. Here, Adam and Eve are portrayed sharing the forbidden fruit while covering themselves with large leaves. At the top of the panel, a Greek inscription reads, \"And they ate and they were made naked,\" recalling the biblical text (Gen. 3:7) and highlighting the two moments in the biblical narrative of the Fall that are depicted here.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60756275"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1969.115-fragment-of-a-floor"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "\"The Year in Review for 1969.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art </em>57, no. 1 (January 1970): 2-50", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 47 no. 120", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Donceel-Vou\u0302te, Pauline. <em>Les Pavements des Eglises Byzantines de Syrie et du Liban: De\u0301cor, Arche\u0301ologie et Liturgie</em>. Louvain-la-Neuve: De\u0301partement d'Arche\u0301ologie et d'Histoire de l'Art, 1988.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 487-489 fig. 456, t. 1", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, and Holger A. Klein<em>. Sacred Gifts and Worldly Treasures: Medieval Masterworks from the Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> Cleveland, Ohio: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2007.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 50-51, no. 8", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Gertsman, Elina and Barbara H. Rosenwein. <em>The Middle Ages in 50 Objects</em>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 56-59; Reproduced: p. 57", "url": null}, {"citation": "Belis, Alexis. <em>Roman Mosaics in the J. Paul Getty Museum.</em> Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum, 2016. p. 65", "page_number": "Mention: P. 65, n. 6", "url": null}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1969.115", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1969.115/1969.115_web.jpg", "width": "676", "height": "893", "filesize": "616230", "filename": "1969.115_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1969.115/1969.115_print.jpg", "width": "2573", "height": "3400", "filesize": "8331458", "filename": "1969.115_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1969.115/1969.115_full.tif", "width": "4337", "height": "5731", "filesize": "74603560", "filename": "1969.115_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2005-10-26T18:50:48", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1969.115/1969.115_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "677", "height": "893", "filesize": "615875"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1969.115/1969.115_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "2579", "height": "3400", "filesize": "6982074"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1969.115/1969.115_alt0_full.tif", "width": "3792", "height": "5000", "filesize": "56900520"}}], "creditline": "John L. Severance Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 144277, "creators": [], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1969-07-12T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 475, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "late 400s\u2013early 500s CE", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:02:37.138000"}, {"id": 162973, "accession_number": "2003.40", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Gamin, c. 1929. Augusta Savage (American, 1892\u20131962). Hand-painted plaster; overall: 44.5 x 24.2 x 20.4 cm (17 1/2 x 9 1/2 x 8 1/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Purchase from the J. H. Wade Fund, 2003.40", "current_location": "226B American Modern", "title": "Gamin", "creation_date": "c. 1929", "creation_date_earliest": 1924, "creation_date_latest": 1934, "artists_tags": ["female", "Black American Artists"], "culture": ["America"], "technique": "hand-painted plaster", "support_materials": [], "department": "American Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "American - Sculpture", "type": "Sculpture", "measurements": "Overall: 44.5 x 24.2 x 20.4 cm (17 1/2 x 9 1/2 x 8 1/16 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"height": 0.445, "width": 0.242, "depth": 0.204}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "signed on right-side: \"Savage\"; titled across the bottom-front: \"Gamin\"", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [], "legacy": []}, "provenance": [], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "A trailblazer, Savage was the first African American member of the National Association of Women Artists.", "description": "Augusta Savage was the most acclaimed sculptor working during the Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s and \u201830s, and <em>Gamin</em> is her most famous work. It was long thought that the image was a generic figure; however, recent research reveals that it depicts her nephew. The warm characterization likely arises from the close bond shared between artist and model. Although several small versions of the sculpture were produced, this life-size, hand-painted plaster is unique, and likely the oldest surviving example of the subject.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60761548"], "internet_archive": []}, "citations": [{"citation": "Litt, Steven. \"Steward Breaks New Ground with Sculptures at Library,\" <em>Plain Dealer, </em>August 15, 2021.", "page_number": "Mentioned P. D4", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Ausherman, Maria, <em>Masters of Shape: The Lives and Art of American Women Sculptors. </em>(Novato, CA: Goff Books, 2022).", "page_number": "Reproduced p. 135.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Korobin, Tess, \"Monumental Absence: Augusta Savage's Unbuilt Monuments, 1931-1943,\" <em>American Art</em> 37 (Fall 2023).", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced p. 58.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cover of <em>Opportunity: Journal of Negro Life. </em>June 1929.", "page_number": "Cover", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Une femme sculpteur noire.\" <em>La Depeche Litteraire et Artistique </em>(Aug/Sept. 1930) .", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 5", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Harlem's Community Center.\" Marcia Minor. <em>Daily Worker, </em>August 1, 1938.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Stromberg, Suzanne Schell. \"Afro-American Art of the Harlem Renaissance.\" (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1973).", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 83", "url": null}, {"citation": "Leininger-Miller, Theresa A. <em>New Negro Artists in Paris: African American Painters and Sculptors in the City of Light, 1922-1934. </em>New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2001.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Litt, Steven. \"Art museum acquires top sculpture by Savage.\" <em>Cleveland Plain Dealer, </em>July 2, 2003.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. E1; Reproduced: p. E6", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine </em>(September 2003), cover.", "page_number": "Cover", "url": null}, {"citation": "Robinson, William. \"Renaissance Kid.\" <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine </em>(October 2003)", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 6; Reproduced: p. 6", "url": null}, {"citation": "Robinson, William, \"Renaissance Kid\", Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Cleveland Art: The Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em>. Vol. 43 no. 08, October 2003", "page_number": "Mentioned & reproduced: p. 6", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2003-08/page/n5"}, {"citation": "\"Major Acquisitions 2000-2005.\" <em>Cleveland Art</em> 45 (July/August 2005)", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 14; Reproduced: p. 19", "url": null}, {"citation": "Rosenkranz, Conner. <em>19th &amp; 20th Century American Sculpture. </em>Smithsonian Libraries, 2007.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 44; Reproduced: p. 61", "url": null}, {"citation": "Adams, Henry. <em>What's American about American art?: a gallery tour in the Cleveland Museum of Art. </em>Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2008.", "page_number": "Reproduced: 132 - 133", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Gordon, Margery. \"Eyes on the Prizes.\" <em>Art &amp; Auction </em>(February 2008)", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 117; Reproduced: p. 117", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cole, Mark, \"Jacob Lawrence's Fulton and Nostrand\", Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Cleveland Art: The Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em>. Vol. 48 no. 2, February 2008", "page_number": "Mentioned & reproduced: p. 7", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2008-02/page/6"}, {"citation": "Cole, Mark. <em>African American Art: The Cleveland Museum of Art</em> Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2013.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 3; Reproduced: p. 3, 20", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 58", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Brown, Marilyn.<em> The Gamin De Paris in Nineteenth-Century Visual Culture: Delacroix, Hugo, and the French Social Imaginary.</em> New York : Routledge, 2017.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 118-119; Reproduced: pl. 24.", "url": null}, {"citation": "Adams, Henry. \"The Invisible Man: William Robinson.\" <em>CAN Journal </em>(Spring 2017): 80-83.<em> </em>", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 82", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Korobkin, Tess. \"Monumental Absence: Augusta Savage's Unbuilt Monuments, 1931-1943.\" <em>American Art</em> 37, no. 3 (Fall 2023): 48-71.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 58, fig. 6", "url": ""}, {"citation": "<em>Paroles d\u2019Artistes Femmes: 1869-1939. </em>Paris: La Martini\u00e8re, 2025.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 135", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/2003.40", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/2003.40/2003.40_web.jpg", "width": "646", "height": "893", "filesize": "241477", "filename": "2003.40_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/2003.40/2003.40_print.jpg", "width": "2458", "height": "3400", "filesize": "3365726", "filename": "2003.40_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/2003.40/2003.40_full.tif", "width": "3615", "height": "5000", "filesize": "54246796", "filename": "2003.40_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2004-03-01T16:23:12", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2003.40/2003.40_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "638", "height": "893", "filesize": "226279"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2003.40/2003.40_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "2430", "height": "3400", "filesize": "3044473"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2003.40/2003.40_alt0_full.tif", "width": "3574", "height": "5000", "filesize": "53631632"}}, {"date_created": "2004-03-01T16:38:12", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2003.40/2003.40_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "631", "height": "893", "filesize": "219840"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2003.40/2003.40_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "2402", "height": "3400", "filesize": "2981873"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2003.40/2003.40_alt1_full.tif", "width": "3532", "height": "5000", "filesize": "52994024"}}, {"date_created": "2004-03-01T16:52:06", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2003.40/2003.40_alt2_web.jpg", "width": "642", "height": "893", "filesize": "216558"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2003.40/2003.40_alt2_print.jpg", "width": "2446", "height": "3400", "filesize": "2948955"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2003.40/2003.40_alt2_full.tif", "width": "3597", "height": "5000", "filesize": "53975908"}}], "creditline": "Purchase from the J. H. Wade Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": "2828d6014a9743509f4d793f7e518baf", "sketchfab_url": "https://sketchfab.com/models/2828d6014a9743509f4d793f7e518baf", "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 162973, "creators": [{"id": 44851, "description": "Augusta Savage (American, 1892\u20131962)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1892", "death_year": "1962", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "2003-06-02T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1924, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 1929", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": true, "updated_at": "2026-04-17 19:30:53.819000"}, {"id": 150493, "accession_number": "1981.53", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Eleven-Headed Guanyin (\u5341\u4e00\u9762\u89c0\u97f3\u83e9\u85a9), 1100\u20131200. China, late Northern Song dynasty (960-1127) - Jin dynasty (1115-1234). Wood with polychromy and cut gold; overall: 218.5 cm (86 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Purchase from the J. H. Wade Fund, 1981.53", "current_location": "238 Chinese Ceramics", "title": "Eleven-Headed Guanyin", "title_in_original_language": "\u5341\u4e00\u9762\u89c0\u97f3\u83e9\u85a9", "creation_date": "1100\u20131200", "creation_date_earliest": 1100, "creation_date_latest": 1200, "artists_tags": [], "culture": ["China, late Northern Song dynasty (960-1127) - Jin dynasty (1115-1234)"], "technique": "wood with polychromy and cut gold", "support_materials": [], "department": "Chinese Art", "collection": "China - Song Dynasty", "type": "Sculpture", "measurements": "Overall: 218.5 cm (86 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"height": 2.185}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 304599, "title": "The Year in Review for 1981", "description": "<i>The Year in Review for 1981</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (February 17-March 21, 1982).", "opening_date": "1982-02-17T05:00:00"}], "legacy": []}, "provenance": [{"description": "(Sotheby's, New York, NY, sale October 19, 1944, lot 229, sold to C. T. Loo)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "October 19, 1944", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "(C. T. Loo \u76e7\u82b9\u9f4b [1880\u20131957], Paris and New York)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1944\u20131952", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "Anne Valliant Burnett Tandy [1900\u20131980], Fort Worth, Texas, consigned to Sotheby's New York", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "?\u20131980", "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "(Sotheby's, New York, NY, sale November 6, 1981, lot 50)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "November 6, 1981", "sortorder": 5}, {"description": "(J. E. Eskenazi, Ltd., London, England, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1981", "sortorder": 6}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1981\u2013", "sortorder": 7}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "This Guanyin is carved from a single block of willow (genus <em>Salix sp.</em>).", "description": "The bodhisattva is an enlightened being dedicated to the spiritual awakening of all beings. The compassionate bodhisattva Guanyin, in a variety of manifestations, is probably the most popular deity of worship in Chinese Buddhism. In the Esoteric Buddhist form shown here, this standing Guanyin has a total of eleven heads, with smaller ones above the principal head. The uppermost head represents the Buddha Amitabha, to whom he is closely related. The eleven heads symbolize the Buddha\u2019s steps on the path to enlightenment.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60778258"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1981.53-eleven-headed-guanyi"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Sotheby Parke Bernet Inc., New York. <em>Chinese Objects of Art</em>. 19 October 1944. Lot 229.", "page_number": "Mentioned: Lot 229", "url": null}, {"citation": "Sotheby's New York. <em>Fine Chinese Ceramics, Works of Art and Paintings</em>. 6 November 1981. Lot 50.", "page_number": "Reproduced:  lot 50", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lee, Sherman E. \u201cThe Year in Review for 1981.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 69, no. 2 (February 1982): 39\u201382.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 71; Mentioned: p. 83, no. 136", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25159758"}, {"citation": "\u201cAnnual Report for 1981.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 69, no. 6 (June 1982): 159\u2013206.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 174", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25159776"}, {"citation": "Norton, Thomas E. Foreward by Douglas Dillon. <em>100 Years of Collecting in America: The Story of Sotheby Parke Bernet</em>. New York: H.N. Abrams, 1984.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 218", "url": null}, {"citation": "Guo li gu gong bo wu yuan \u570b\u7acb\u6545\u5bae\u535a\u7269\u9662. <em>Hai wai yi zhen. fo xiang</em> [\u6d77\u5916\u907a\u73ce. \u4f5b\u50cf = Chinese art in overseas collections. Buddhist sculpture]. Taibei Shi: Guo li gu gong bo wu yuan, 1990.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 152", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cunningham, Michael R., Stanislaw J. Czuma, Anne E. Wardwell, and J. Keith Wilson. <em>Masterworks of Asian Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1998.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pp. 56\u201357", "url": null}, {"citation": "Sun, Di, editor. Z<em>hongguo liu shi hai wai Fo jiao zao xiang zong he tu mu </em>[\u4e2d\u56fd\u6d41\u5931\u6d77\u5916\u4f5b\u6559\u9020\u50cf\u603b\u5408\u56fe\u76ee = Comprehensive Illustrated Catalogue of Chinese Buddhist Statues in Overseas Collections]. Beijing: Wai wen chu ban she, 2005.", "page_number": "Reproduced:  vol. 7, p. 1364", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"New in the Galleries.\u201d <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine </em>vol. 59, no. 1 (January/February 2019): Back cover.", "page_number": "Reproduced and Mentioned: Back cover", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2019-01/page/n13/mode/2up"}, {"citation": "Sotheby's (Firm), Hong Kong.<em> Important Chinese art</em>. 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H. Wade Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": "a8581040a43346718e1daadca397f3d0", "sketchfab_url": "https://sketchfab.com/models/a8581040a43346718e1daadca397f3d0", "gallery_donor_text": "NACCO Industries Gallery", "athena_id": 150493, "creators": [], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1981-12-08T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1100, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1100\u20131200", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-04-17 19:30:59.460000"}, {"id": 168133, "accession_number": "2009.7", "share_license_status": "Copyrighted", "tombstone": "Rooftop, 1957. Hughie Lee-Smith (American, 1915\u20131999). Oil on masonite; unframed: 61 x 63.5 cm (24 x 25 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Purchase from the J. H. Wade Fund, 2009.7. \u00a9 Estate of Hughie Lee-Smith / Licensed by VAGA at ARS, NY", "current_location": "228B Cleveland Artists", "title": "Rooftop", "creation_date": "1957", "creation_date_earliest": 1957, "creation_date_latest": 1957, "artists_tags": ["May Show", "Black American Artists", "Cleveland Institute of Art (alumni)"], "culture": ["America"], "technique": "oil on masonite", "support_materials": [], "department": "American Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "American - Painting", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Unframed: 61 x 63.5 cm (24 x 25 in.)", "dimensions": {"unframed": {"height": 0.61, "width": 0.635}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": "\u00a9 Estate of Hughie Lee-Smith / Licensed by VAGA at ARS, NY", "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "signed lower right \"Lee-Smith / '57\"", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 297065, "title": "From the Rooftops: John Sloan and the Art of a New Urban Space", "description": "<i>From the Rooftops: John Sloan and the Art of a New Urban Space</i>. Palmer Museum of Art, University Park, PA (organizer) (February 5-May 12, 2019); The Hyde Collection, Glens Falls, NY (June 16-September 15, 2019).", "opening_date": "2019-02-05T05:00:00"}], "legacy": []}, "provenance": [{"description": "Flea Market (Florida); Private Collector consigning to Swann Galleries, New York [public auction, February 17, 2009]", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": null}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Hughie Lee-Smith ran track with fellow student Jesse Owens at East Technical High School in Cleveland.", "description": "Trained in Cleveland before launching his mature career in Detroit and New York, Lee-Smith frequently painted isolated\u2014and often solitary\u2014figures amid desolate cityscapes and landscapes. They have pronounced overtones of introspection, which the artist attributed, in part, to his experiences navigating the forces and effects of racism: \"In my case, aloneness, I think, has stemmed from the fact that I\u2019m Black. Unconsciously it has a lot to do with alienation.\"", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60480564"], "internet_archive": []}, "citations": [{"citation": "Cole, Mark. \"The Cleveland Gallery.\" <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em> 49, no. 7 (September 2009): 5-7.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 7; Reproduced: p. 5, Cover", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2009-07/page/4/mode/2up"}, {"citation": "King-Hammond, Leslie. <em>Hughie Lee-Smith</em>. San Francisco, CA: Pomegranate, 2010.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 42-46; Reproduced: p. 45, back cover", "url": null}, {"citation": "Mann, Griffith C. \"Acquisitions 2009.\" <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em> 50, no. 2 (March/April 2010): 12-27.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 18", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2010-02/page/n17/mode/2up"}, {"citation": "Shearer, Christine Fowler and Steven Litt. <em>Joseph O'Sickey: Unifying Art, Life and Love</em>. Canton, Ohio: Canton Museum of Art, 2013.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 34", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cole, Mark, Amy Sparks, and Rebecca Michaels. <em>African American Art: The Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2013.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 12-13", "url": null}, {"citation": "Freeman, Nigel. <em>A Modern Migration: African-American Art Since the WPA, from the Lee and Barbara Maimon Collection</em>. Exton, PA: Brilliant Graphics, 2014.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 39", "url": null}, {"citation": "Thomas, Adam M.<em> From the Rooftops: John Sloan and the Art of a New Urban Space</em>. University Park, PA; Palmer Museum of Art, 2019.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 61, 72", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Past Masters.\" In <em>Standing on the Shoulders of Giants: Cleveland Arts Prize 2020-2021, </em>edited by Alenka Banco, 19-22. Cleveland: Cleveland Arts Prize, 2020.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 21", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Als, Hilton, Lauren Haynes, Leslie King-Hammond, Steve Locke, Kellie Jones, LeRonn P. Brooks, and Reggie Burrows Hodges. <em>Hughie Lee-Smith</em>. New York: Karma Books, 2023.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 153", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Porter, Austin. \"Hughie Lee-Smith.\" In <em>150 Stories: Lives of the Artists at the League, </em>edited by Stephanie Cassidy, 366-367. New York, NY: The Art Students League of New York, 2025.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 366", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/2009.7", "images": {}, "alternate_images": [], "creditline": "Purchase from the J. H. Wade Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "William P. and Amanda C. Madar Gallery", "athena_id": 168133, "creators": [{"id": 557245, "description": "Hughie Lee-Smith (American, 1915\u20131999)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": "One of the most gifted figurative painters of his generation, Hughie Lee-Smith was born in Eustis, Florida. He moved to Cleveland in 1925 with his mother, a singer who recognized her son's talent and enrolled him in Saturday-morning classes at the Cleveland Museum of Art. While in high school, he took life-drawing classes at the Huntington Polytechnic Institute. After attending classes at the Detroit Society of Arts and Crafts, 1933-34, he studied with Carl Gaertner and Rolf Stoll at the Cleveland School of Art, graduating in 1938. During this period Lee-Smith taught drawing at Karamu House, then known as the Playhouse Settlement. For financial reasons he declined a fifth-year scholarship from the Cleveland School of Art in 1938 and began working for the Works Progress Administration's Ohio Art Project, where he learned lithography and etching. He exhibited in the annual May Shows at the Cleveland Museum of Art (1937-41). In 1939 he became a board member of the magazine \"Crossroads\" and later that year received a one-year appointment to teach art at Claflin College in South Carolina. In 1940 he cofounded Karamu Artists Incorporated and served as the organization's president. In the early 1940s he moved to Detroit, the hometown of his new wife. After serving in the navy during World War II, he returned to Detroit and attended Wayne University, where he earned a B. S. in education in 1953. He exhibited steadily throughout the 1940s and 1950s, showing at galleries in Cleveland, Detroit, Chicago, New York, Washington, D.C., and Philadelphia. In 1957 he won the prestigious Emily Lowe Award from the National Academy of Design and soon after moved to New York. In 1967 he was elected a full-member of the National Academy of Design and began teaching there in 1972. In 1988 the Malcolm Brown Gallery in Cleveland mounted a solo exhibition of his work, and later that year the New Jersey State Museum in Trenton organized a retrospective. Lee-Smith lives and works in New Jersey. <br> \"Transformations in Cleveland Art (CMA, 1996), p. 233", "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1915", "death_year": "1999", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "2009-03-02T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1957, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1957", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:02:16.970000"}, {"id": 115157, "accession_number": "1935.304", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Mask (Bwoom), mid- to late 1800s. Africa, Central Africa, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kuba-style carver. Wood and paint; overall: 43.3 x 31.2 x 28.3 cm (17 1/16 x 12 5/16 x 11 1/8 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, James Albert Ford Memorial Fund, 1935.304", "current_location": "108A African", "title": "Mask (Bwoom)", "creation_date": "mid- to late 1800s", "creation_date_earliest": 1850, "creation_date_latest": 1900, "artists_tags": [], "culture": ["Africa, Central Africa, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kuba-style carver"], "technique": "Wood and paint", "support_materials": [], "department": "African Art", "collection": "African Art", "type": "Mask", "measurements": "Overall: 43.3 x 31.2 x 28.3 cm (17 1/16 x 12 5/16 x 11 1/8 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"height": 0.433, "width": 0.312, "depth": 0.283}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 312341, "title": "The Silver Jubilee Exhibition", "description": "<i>The Silver Jubilee Exhibition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 23-September 28, 1941).", "opening_date": "1941-06-23T04:00:00"}, {"id": 355637, "title": "The Mask", "description": "<i>The Mask</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 27, 1951-January 14, 1952).", "opening_date": "1951-10-27T05:00:00"}, {"id": 519209, "title": "The Imagination of Primitive Man", "description": "<i>The Imagination of Primitive Man</i>. The Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City, MO (organizer) (January 18-February 25, 1962).", "opening_date": "1962-01-18T05:00:00"}, {"id": 207289, "title": "Perfect Documents: Walker Evans and African Art", "description": "<i>Perfect Documents: Walker Evans and African Art</i>. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY (organizer) (February 1-September 3, 2000).", "opening_date": "2000-02-01T00:00:00"}, {"id": 181802, "title": "The Persistence of Geometry: Form, Content and Culture in the Collection of the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>The Persistence of Geometry: Form, Content and Culture in the Collection of the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. Museum of Contemporary Art Cleveland (MOCA), Cleveland, OH (June 9-August 20, 2006).", "opening_date": "2006-06-09T00:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "New York, Museum of Modern Art, 1935: \"African Negro Art,\" cat. no. 463, not reproduced", "opening_date": "1935-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "(also to CMA 9/27 - 10/27, 1935),", "opening_date": "1927-09-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Toledo, OH, Toledo Museum of Art, February 1 - 22, 1959: \"The African Image,\"cat. no. 164, repr. p. 30.", "opening_date": "1959-02-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Kansas City, MO, William Rockhill Nelson Gallery of Art, 1/18 - 2/25/1962: \"The Imagination of Primitive Man, no. 83.\"", "opening_date": "1962-02-25T00:00:00"}, {"description": "NY: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. \"Perfect Documents: Walker Evans and African Art\" 2/1/00 - 9/3/00", "opening_date": "2000-02-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "MOCA Cleveland (6/9/2006 - 8/20/2006):  \"The Persistence of Geometry: Form, Content and Culture in the Collection of the Cleveland Museum of Art\", no. 44, p. 118, color repr. p. 55.", "opening_date": "2006-06-09T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "(Charles Ratton Gallery, Paris, France, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "?\u20131935", "sortorder": null}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1935\u2013", "sortorder": null}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": ["2500.35"], "did_you_know": "Imagine this mask topped with eagle feathers; they would have been added only on special occasions when it was performed.", "description": "Among the Bushoong, the central Kuba group, the mask known as <em>bwoom</em>\u2014most typically identified as the head of a hunter-gatherer\u2014forms a triad with a female mask and another male mask. All three are protagonists in the reenactment of the foundation of the Kuba kingdom. Outside the capital, however, bwoom appears in different non-royal contexts, such as the men\u2019s initiation society.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": [], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1935.304-mask-bwoom"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Franklin, David and C. Griffith Mann. Treasures from the Cleveland Museum of Art. Cleveland: The Cleveland Museum of Art; London: Scala Publishers Ltd, 2012. pg. 238-9.", "page_number": "", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Museum of Modern Art (New York, N.Y.), and James Johnson Sweeney. <em>African Negro Art</em>. New York: Museum of Modern Art, 1935.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 52, no. 463", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Handbook.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 387", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1958/page/n72"}, {"citation": "Plass, Margaret. <em>The African Image: A New Selection of Tribal Art</em> :<em> the Toledo Museum of Art ... February 1 Through 22, 1959 : Introduction and Catalogue</em>. Toledo, Ohio: The Museum, 1959.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 30, no. 164", "url": null}, {"citation": "William Rockhill Nelson Gallery of Art and Mary Atkins Museum of Fine Arts, and Ralph T. Coe. <em>The Imagination of Primitive Man: A Survey of the Arts of the Non-Literate Peoples of the World.</em> Kansas City, Mo: The Museum, 1962.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 11, 46, cat. no. 83", "url": null}, {"citation": "Robbins, Warren M. <em>African Art in American Collections = L'art Africain Dans Les Collections Americaines.</em> New York : F. A. Praeger, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 211, pl. 300", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 303", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n327"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 303", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n327"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 412", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n432"}, {"citation": "Connell, Timothy C., and Jackson J. Spielvogel. <em>World Art Transparencies.</em> Cincinnati: West Educational Pub., 1998.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 34; Reproduced no. 42", "url": null}, {"citation": "Webb, Virginia-Lee, and Walker Evans. <em>Perfect Documents: Walker Evans and African Art, 1935.</em> New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 24, fig. 15; Reproduced: p. 26, fig. 18", "url": null}, {"citation": "Petridis, Constantijn. <em>South of the Sahara: selected works of African art. </em>Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2003.", "page_number": "Reproduced: cat. 35, p. 100 - 101", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Petridis, Constantine, \"African Art Revisited\", Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Cleveland Art: The Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em>. Vol. 43 no. 09, November 2003", "page_number": "Mentioned & reproduced: p. 4-5", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2003-09/page/n3"}, {"citation": "Robbins, Warren M.. <em>African sculpture.</em> Atglen, PA: Schiffer Pub., 2005.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 211, pl. 300", "url": null}, {"citation": "Buser, Thomas. <em>Experiencing Art Around Us.</em> Australia: Thomson Wadsworth, 2006.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 433, fig. 17-22", "url": null}, {"citation": "Sims, Lowery Stokes. <em>The Persistence of Geometry: Form, Content, and Culture in the Collection of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2006.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 55, no. 44", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Petridis, Constantine. \"A World of Great Art for Everyone.\" In <em>Representing Africa in American Art Museums: A Century of Collecting and Display</em>. Kathleen Bickford Berzock and Christa Clarke, 104-121. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2011.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 112; Reproduced: p. 113, fig. 5.7", "url": null}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1935.304", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1935.304/1935.304_web.jpg", "width": "704", "height": "893", "filesize": "343848", "filename": "1935.304_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1935.304/1935.304_print.jpg", "width": "2681", "height": "3400", "filesize": "5038254", "filename": "1935.304_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1935.304/1935.304_full.tif", "width": "5926", "height": "7515", "filesize": "133622736", "filename": "1935.304_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2009-06-10T14:52:42", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1935.304/1935.304_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "704", "height": "893", "filesize": "354657"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1935.304/1935.304_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "2681", "height": "3400", "filesize": "5024091"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1935.304/1935.304_alt0_full.tif", "width": "5793", "height": "7347", "filesize": "127704728"}}, {"date_created": "2009-06-10T15:01:57", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1935.304/1935.304_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "721", "height": "893", "filesize": "360089"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1935.304/1935.304_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "2744", "height": "3400", "filesize": "5284025"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1935.304/1935.304_alt1_full.tif", "width": "5794", "height": "7179", "filesize": "124806464"}}, {"date_created": "2009-06-10T15:08:43", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1935.304/1935.304_alt2_web.jpg", "width": "676", "height": "893", "filesize": "331389"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1935.304/1935.304_alt2_print.jpg", "width": "2572", "height": "3400", "filesize": "4812377"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1935.304/1935.304_alt2_full.tif", "width": "4096", "height": "5414", "filesize": "66549084"}}, {"date_created": "2009-06-10T15:04:43", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1935.304/1935.304_alt3_web.jpg", "width": "704", "height": "893", "filesize": "339611"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1935.304/1935.304_alt3_print.jpg", "width": "2679", "height": "3400", "filesize": "4894566"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1935.304/1935.304_alt3_full.tif", "width": "4096", "height": "5198", "filesize": "63894112"}}, {"date_created": "2009-06-10T15:11:28", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1935.304/1935.304_alt4_web.jpg", "width": "720", "height": "893", "filesize": "345339"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1935.304/1935.304_alt4_print.jpg", "width": "2742", "height": "3400", "filesize": "4981633"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1935.304/1935.304_alt4_full.tif", "width": "4096", "height": "5078", "filesize": "62419552"}}], "creditline": "James Albert Ford Memorial Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 115157, "creators": [], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1935-10-24T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1850, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "mid- to late 1800s", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Headdress (bwoom)", "Helmet Mask (Bwoom)"], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-26 23:59:46.794000"}, {"id": 124135, "accession_number": "1945.13", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Sleep and Death Cista Handle, 400\u2013375 BCE. Etruscan. Bronze; with base: 18.5 x 18.3 cm (7 5/16 x 7 3/16 in.); without base: 14 x 17.4 cm (5 1/2 x 6 7/8 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Purchase from the J. H. Wade Fund, 1945.13", "current_location": null, "title": "Sleep and Death Cista Handle", "creation_date": "400\u2013375 BCE", "creation_date_earliest": -400, "creation_date_latest": -375, "artists_tags": [], "culture": ["Etruscan"], "technique": "bronze", "support_materials": [], "department": "Greek and Roman Art", "collection": "GR - Etruscan", "type": "Sculpture", "measurements": "with base: 18.5 x 18.3 cm (7 5/16 x 7 3/16 in.); without base: 14 x 17.4 cm (5 1/2 x 6 7/8 in.)", "dimensions": {"with base": {"height": 0.185, "width": 0.183}, "without base": {"height": 0.14, "width": 0.174}, "No Extent Specified": {}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 515721, "title": "Man and His World", "description": "<i>Man and His World</i>. Expo 67, Montreal, Canada (organizer) (April 27-October 28, 1967).", "opening_date": "1967-04-27T05:00:00"}, {"id": 311444, "title": "Object Lessons: Cleveland Creates an Art Museum", "description": "<i>Object Lessons: Cleveland Creates an Art Museum</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 7-September 8, 1991).", "opening_date": "1991-06-07T04:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>An Exhibition of Small Bronzes of the Ancience World. </em>The Detroit Institute of Arts (March 23-May 23, 1947)", "opening_date": "1947-03-23T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Survey of Italian Art. </em>Seattle Art Museum (November 8 - December 8, 1957).", "opening_date": "1957-11-08T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Man and His World.</em> International Fine Arts Exhibition, Expo '67, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (April 28 - October 27, 1967).", "opening_date": "1967-04-28T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>The Gods Delight: The Human Figure in Classical Bronze</em>. The Cleveland Museum of Art (Nov. 16, 1988-Jan. 8, 1989); The Los Angeles County Museum of Art (Feb. 9 - April 9, 1989); Museum of Fine Arts, Boston (May 9-July 9, 1989).", "opening_date": "1989-02-09T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Cortlandt F. Bishop (1870-1935)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "?-1935", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "[American Art Association, Cortlandt F. Bishop Sale 11/22/1935]", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1935-1935", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "Brummer Gallery, New York, NY, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1935-1945", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1945-", "sortorder": 4}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "These three figures were cast in eight separate pieces, then welded together and attached to the rectangular base.", "description": "Designed for attachment to the lid of a large bronze <em>cista</em>, a cylindrical lidded box, these three figures probably represent Sleep (Hypnos) and Death (Thanatos) holding the body of Sarpedon. A son of Zeus who helped to defend Troy from invading Greek forces, \"godlike Sarpedon of the brazen helmet\" fell at the hands of Patroclus, as told by Homer in Book XVI of the <em>Iliad</em>. Apollo then intervened to protect the body, removing it from danger and entrusting it to the two winged deities, as depicted here and in a number of other ancient artworks, Greek and Etruscan alike. If not Sarpedon, the fallen warrior could be Memnon, the son of Eos and Tithonos slain by Achilles.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60761816"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1945.13-sleep-and-death-cist"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Castellani, Alessandro, and Paul Leroi. <em>Catalogue des Objets d'Art Antiques du Moyen-a\u0302ge et de la Renaissance De\u0301pendant de la Succession Alessandro Castellani.</em> [By Paul Leroi]. Paris, 1884.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 47, No. 282, pl. VIII.", "url": "https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.$c14317&seq=9"}, {"citation": "British Museum, and H. B. Walters. C<em>atalogue of the Bronzes, Greek, Roman, and Etruscan, in the Department of Greek and Roman Antiquities, British Museum.</em> London: Printed by order of the Trustees, 1899.", "page_number": "Mentioned: nos. 555, 642, 643, 645, 748", "url": null}, {"citation": "Furtwa\u0308ngler, Adolf. <em>Die Antiken Gemmen; Geschichte der Steinschneidekunst im Klassischen Altertum</em>. Leipzig: Gesecke &amp; Devrient, 1900.", "page_number": "Mentioned: Vol. II, p. 77, pl. XVI, no. 22; p. 83, pl. XVII, 23", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lowy, Emanuel. \"Fur Aithiopis,\"<em> Neue Jahrbucher fiir das klassische Altertum Geschichte und Deutsche Literatur und fur Paedagogik</em> 33 (1914): 81-94.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 82", "url": "https://archive.org/details/neuejahrbcherf33leipuoft/page/80/mode/2up"}, {"citation": "Lamb, Winifred. <em>Greek and Roman Bronzes.</em> London: Methuen, 1929.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 188-194", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lukomskii\u0306, G. K. <em>Art E\u0301trusque, E\u0301tude Illustre\u0301e Sur La Peinture Murale de Corneto-Tarquinia Suive, a\u0300 Titre Comparatif, d\u2019Un Choix d\u2019\u0152uvres Caracte\u0301ristiques Des Principaux Muse\u0301es d\u2019Europe</em>. Paris: E\u0301ditions Ducharte, 1930.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pls. 75, 76", "url": null}, {"citation": "Levi, Doro. \"L'Arte Etrusca e Il Ritratto.\" <em>Dedalo </em>Vol. 13 (April 1933): 193-228.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "The Brummer Gallery Records. Cloisters (Museum), n.d.", "page_number": "N3599", "url": "https://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p16028coll9/id/11859"}, {"citation": "Wunderlich, Silvia A. \u201cA Bronze Cista Handle.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 32, no. 4 (April 1945): 39\u201346.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 39-46", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25141195"}, {"citation": "Detroit Institute of Arts. <em>An Exhibition of Small Bronzes of the Ancient World.</em> [DETROIT, MICHIGAN]: [DETROIT Institute OF ARTS], 1947.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 9, no. 48; reproduced: p. 26", "url": null}, {"citation": "\u201cArt and Archaeology at the Cleveland Museum of Art.\u201d <em>Archaeology</em> 6, no. 4 (December 1953): 195\u2013202.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 197", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/41663172"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Handbook.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 18", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1958/page/n19"}, {"citation": "Carter, Martha L. <em>Classical Art. </em>Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1961.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: no. 16", "url": "https://archive.org/details/ClassicalArt/page/n13"}, {"citation": "Lee, Sherman E. \"The Art Museum and Antiquity.\" <em>Apollo </em>vol. LXXVIII no. 22 (December 1963): 435-446.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 440-441, fig. 6", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 22", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n46"}, {"citation": "Schefold, Karl, and Ludwig Berger. <em>Die Griechen Und Ihre Nachbarn.</em> Berlin: Propyla\u0308en Verlag, 1967.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 325, no. 417; Reproduced: pl. 417", "url": null}, {"citation": "National Gallery of Canada, and Expo (International Exhibitions Bureau). <em>Terre Des Hommes: Exposition Internationale Des Beaux-Arts</em>, 28 Avril-27 Octobre 1967 = <em>Man and His World, International Fine Arts Exhibition,</em> Expo 67, Montreal, Canada, 28 April-27 October 1967. [Montre\u0301al]: [Expo 67], 1967.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 304-305, no. 144", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Selected Works: Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> [Cleveland],1967.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: no. 11", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 22", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n44"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 26", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n46"}, {"citation": "Holloway, Ross R. \"Figure corazzate ed alate nell'Italia preromana.\" In <em>Miscellanea di studi classici in onore di Eugenio Manni, </em>1939-1944. <em> </em>Rome: Giorgio Bretschneider, 1979.", "page_number": "pp. 1939-1944, pl. IV, Fig. 4-5.", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bothmer, D. von. \"The Death of Sarpedon.\" In <em>The Greek Vase: Papers Based on Lectures Presented to a Symposium Held at Hudson Valley Community College at Troy, New York in April of 1979. </em>Stephen L. Hyatt, Ed., 63-80. Latham, N.Y.: The Association, 1981.", "page_number": "Menytioned: p. 78; Reproduced: fig. 84", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kozloff, Arielle P., David Gordon Mitten, and Suzannah Fabing.<em> The Gods Delight: The Human Figure in Classical Bronze</em>. Cleveland, Ohio: Published by the Cleveland Museum of Art in cooperation with Indiana University Press, 1988.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 244-249, no. 45", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kozloff, Arielle P. \"Bronzenstatuetten der Antke.\" <em>Kunst und Antiquitaten </em>(January 1989): 30-33.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 32, fig. 5", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kozloff, Arielle P. <em>Classical Art: A Brief Guide to the Collection, the Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> [Cleveland]: The Museum, 1989.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 10, fig. 19", "url": null}, {"citation": "\u201cCalendar.\u201d <em>The Burlington Magazine</em> 131, no. 1032 (March 1989): 248\u2013252.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 251, no. 84", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/883696"}, {"citation": "Young, Mahonri Sharp. \u201cLetter from the U.S.A.: By the Tyrrhenian Sea.\u201d <em>Apollo: The International Magazine for Collectors</em> 129 (January 1989):57-59.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 58, fig. 4", "url": null}, {"citation": "Tassel, Janet. \"Mighty Midgets.\" <em>Harvard Magazine </em>91, no. 5 (May-June 1989): 28-35.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 33", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kozloff, Arielle P. \"La Figure Humaine dans les Bronzes Antiques.\" <em>Archeologia </em>248 (July-August 1989): 54-61.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 60", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1991.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 8", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1991/page/n23"}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Interpretations: Sixty-Five Works from the Cleveland Museum of Art. </em>1991.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: No. 4", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Cleveland Museum of Art. Masterpieces from East and West. </em>New York, NY: Rizzoli International, 1992.", "page_number": "p. 20", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bothmer, Dietrich von. \"Sarpedon,\" in <em>Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae (LIMC),</em> vol. VII, pt. 1. Zu\u0308rich: Artemis, 1994.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 696-700, no. 15.", "url": null}, {"citation": "Fliegel, Stephen N. <em>Arms and Armor: The Cleveland Museum of Art. </em>[Cleveland, Ohio]: The Museum, 1998.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 23", "url": null}, {"citation": "Murphy, Darlene W. <em>The Praenestine Cistae Handles</em>. Dettelbach: Ro\u0308ll, 2001.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 5, 131-132, no. 5001, p. 205, pl. 35", "url": null}, {"citation": "May, Sally Ruth, Jane Takac, and Barbara J. Bradley. <em>Knockouts: A Pocket Guide.</em> Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2001.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 17, no. 13", "url": null}, {"citation": "Fliegel, Stephen N. <em>Arms &amp; Armor: The Cleveland Museum of Art. </em>[Cleveland, Ohio]: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2007.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 33", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, David Franklin, and C. Griffith Mann. <em>Treasures from the Cleveland Museum of Art. </em>Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2012.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 36-37", "url": null}, {"citation": "Waterfield, Robin, and Kathryn Waterfield. <em>The Greek Myths: Stories of the Greek Gods and Heroes Vividly Retold</em>. London: Quercus, 2013.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 226", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 84-85", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Tortora, Phyllis G., and Sara B. Marcketti. <em>Survey of Historic Costume</em>. 2016. .", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 44, fig. 4.3", "url": null}, {"citation": "Spivey, Nigel Jonathan. <em>The Sarpedon Krater: The Life and Afterlife of a Greek Vase</em>. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2019.", "page_number": "Reproduced and mentioned: p. 173-174, fig. 51", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Pevnick, Seth. \u201cFour Curators, Four Favorites.\u201d <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine </em>62, no. 2 (2022): 28.", "page_number": "Reproduced and Mentioned: P. 28.", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2022-02/mode/2up"}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1945.13", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1945.13/1945.13_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "716", "filesize": "114276", "filename": "1945.13_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1945.13/1945.13_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2703", "filesize": "1234461", "filename": "1945.13_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1945.13/1945.13_full.tif", "width": "13398", "height": "10650", "filesize": "428093952", "filename": 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H. Wade Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 124135, "creators": [], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1945-01-23T00:00:00", "sortable_date": -400, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "400\u2013375 BCE", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": true, "updated_at": "2026-03-28 11:10:04.490000"}, {"id": 144613, "accession_number": "1969.252", "share_license_status": "Copyrighted", "tombstone": "Metro, 1958. Joan Mitchell (American, 1925\u20131992). Oil on canvas; framed: 115.6 x 139.7 x 4.5 cm (45 1/2 x 55 x 1 3/4 in.); unframed: 113 x 137.1 cm (44 1/2 x 54 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Gift of Mrs. John B. 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G., Jenifer Neils, and Gisela Walberg.<em> Corpus Vasorum Antiquorum.</em> Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1971.", "page_number": "p. 9, plates 13 & 14, I", "url": "http://www.beazley.ox.ac.uk/XDB/ASP/browseCVARecord.asp?id={3D2673DB-6E66-49FD-A4D4-7CA00C4576C0}&startRef="}, {"citation": "Lee, Sherman E. \"The Year in Review for 1970.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 58, no. 2 (1971).", "page_number": "p. 27", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25152361"}, {"citation": "Kathman, Barbara A. <em>A Cleveland Bestiary</em>. Cleveland, OH; Cleveland Museum of Art, 1981.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 26; Mentioned: p. 25, p. 61", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae (LIMC)</em>. 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Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1992.", "page_number": "p. 57", "url": null}, {"citation": "Even, Yael. \"Andrea Del Castagno's Eve: Female Heroes as Anomalies in Italian Renaissance Art.\" <em>Woman's Art Journal</em> 14, no. 2 (1993)", "page_number": "p. 41", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/1358448"}, {"citation": "Keuls, Eva C.<em> Painter and poet in ancient Greece: iconography and the literary arts.</em> Stuttgart: Teubner, 1997.", "page_number": "p. 385, Fig.19", "url": null}, {"citation": "Neils, Jenifer. \"Hercle in Cleveland.\" <em>Cleveland Studies in the History of Art</em> 3 (1998).", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 6", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/20079696"}, {"citation": "Mahlerbe, Anne. \u201cLa Quete du Rouge: Reve et Cauchemar du Potier.\u201d <em>La Revue de la Ceramique et du Verre </em>236 (Janvier-Fevrier 2021): 50-53.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 50", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1970.16", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1970.16/1970.16_web.jpg", "width": "578", "height": "893", "filesize": "279141", "filename": "1970.16_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1970.16/1970.16_print.jpg", "width": "2199", "height": "3400", "filesize": "3837042", "filename": "1970.16_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1970.16/1970.16_full.tif", "width": "3942", "height": "6096", "filesize": "72112264", "filename": "1970.16_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2009-11-12T18:46:42", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1970.16/1970.16_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "576", "height": "893", "filesize": "296277"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1970.16/1970.16_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "2194", "height": "3400", "filesize": "4000438"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1970.16/1970.16_alt0_full.tif", "width": "3934", "height": "6096", "filesize": "71965952"}}, {"date_created": "2009-11-12T18:46:51", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1970.16/1970.16_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "576", "height": "893", "filesize": "264840"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1970.16/1970.16_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "2194", "height": "3400", "filesize": "3702224"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1970.16/1970.16_alt1_full.tif", "width": "3934", "height": "6096", "filesize": "71965960"}}], "creditline": "Andrew R. and Martha Holden Jennings Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": "0bb2525bdd734bf69d5a7b2b051928ad", "sketchfab_url": "https://sketchfab.com/models/0bb2525bdd734bf69d5a7b2b051928ad", "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 144965, "creators": [{"id": 10906, "description": "Painter of Berlin 1899 (Greek, Attic)", "extent": null, "qualifier": "attributed to", "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1970-03-09T00:00:00", "sortable_date": -515, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "515\u2013510 BCE", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-04-17 19:30:47.195000"}, {"id": 131814, "accession_number": "1954.387", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "The Archangel Gabriel from an Annunciation Group, c. 1350. 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M Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (organizer) (October 14, 2022-February 26, 2023) https://www.mleuven.be/programma/albast.", "opening_date": "2022-10-14T04:00:00"}, {"id": 453138, "title": "Riemenschneider and Late Medieval Alabaster", "description": "<i>Riemenschneider and Late Medieval Alabaster</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (March 26-July 23, 2023).", "opening_date": "2023-03-26T04:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "Grand Palais, Les Fastes du Gothique: le si\u00e8cle de Charles V, exposition Galeries nationals du Grand Palais, 9 october 1981 - 1er fevrier 1982.", "opening_date": "1981-10-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Cleveland Museum of Art, \"Treasures of Medieval France\" 1967, p. 210-211, 370.", "opening_date": "1967-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Paris, Mus\u00e9e du Louvre, \"Gothic Art: 12th-14th Centuries, 12th exhibition of the Council of Europe\" April 2-July 1, 1968.", "opening_date": "1968-04-02T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Paris, Reunion des Mus\u00e9es Nationaux, Grand Palais, Louvre, \"Le siecle de Charles V at Grand Palais, Paris\" October 5, 1981-January, 1982, p. 113, cat. no. 60(B), repr. p. 112.", "opening_date": "1981-10-05T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Bavarian Nationalmuseum, Munich (5/10/2007 - 9/16/2007), the J. Paul Getty Musuem, Los Angeles (10/30/2007 - 1/20/2008) and Frist Center for the Visual Arts, Nashville, TN (2/13/2009 - 6/7/2009): \"Sacred Gifts and Worldly Treasures: Medieval Masterworks from the Cleveland Museum of Art\"", "opening_date": "2007-05-10T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Baron Nathaniel de Rothschild", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": null}, {"description": "Baron Alphonse de Rothschild, Vienna, Austria", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "(Rosenberg & Stiebel, Inc., New York, NY sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "-1954", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1954-", "sortorder": 4}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "The surface of alabaster works can vary. By differentiating the intensity of polishing, it is possible for sculptures to create a surface with varying degrees of luster, or shine.", "description": "In France, the use of alabaster began in the late 1200s for funerary monuments. The Archangel Gabriel, together with its counterpart, the Virgin Mary (now in the Louvre Museum, Paris) is part of an Annunciation. This is a rare example of alabaster sculpture from the 1300s. The alabaster comes from a quarry near Malauc\u00e8ne in Provence (France), making it an instance of long-distance trade of the rare material. Although the figure is very flat, it was likely made to also be viewed from the back, where there are remnants of gilding and the peacock feathers of the angel\u2019s wing.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60756306"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1954.387-the-archangel-gabrie"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Milliken, William M. \u201cA Fourteenth Century \u2018Angel of the Annunciation.\u2019\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 42, no. 6 (June 1955): 118\u2013121.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 118-120; Reproduced: p. 121", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25142046"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Handbook.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 136", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1958/page/n37"}, {"citation": "\u201cGothic Art 1360-1440.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 50, no. 7 (September 1963): 174\u2013215.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 203, no. 21; Reproduced: p. 174, no. 21", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25151960"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 52", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n76"}, {"citation": "Wixom, William D. Treasures from Medieval France. [Cleveland]: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1967.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 210-211", "url": "https://archive.org/details/TreasuresMedievalFrance/page/n237"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 53", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n77"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 59", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n79"}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, and Holger A. Klein<em>. Sacred Gifts and Worldly Treasures: Medieval Masterworks from the Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> Cleveland, Ohio: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2007.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 198-199, no. 71", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Kloppmann, W., et. al. \"La Scultpture sur Albatre en France du XIVe au XVIe Siecle: Enjoux, Methodes et Resultats d'un Programme de Recherche.\" <em>Revue de l'art</em> 200 (2018).", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 9-19; Reproduced: p. 17, fig. 13", "url": null}, {"citation": "Williamson, Paul. <em>The Wyvern Collection: Medieval and Renaissance Sculpture and Metalwork</em>. London: Thames &amp; Hudson, 2018.", "page_number": "CMA Mention: p. 151", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"La Vierge de l'Annonciation.\" Site Officiel du Musee du Louvre. (Accessed on 1/22/2020).", "page_number": null, "url": "http://cartelfr.louvre.fr/cartelfr/visite?srv=car_not&idNotice=1943"}, {"citation": "Debaene, Marjan. Albast. Gent : OKV Openbaar Kunstbezit Vlaanderen, 2022.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 8", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Lutz, Gerhard. \u201cArchangel Gabriel.\u201c In <em>Riemenschneider and Late Medieval Alabaster</em>, edited by Aumaine Rose Smith, 102-105. Cleveland, Lewes: The Cleveland Museum of Art; D Giles Limited, 2023.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 103-105; Reproduced: p. 102-103, no. 3, fig. 52", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1954.387", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1954.387/1954.387_web.jpg", "width": "659", "height": "900", "filesize": "184818", "filename": "1954.387_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1954.387/1954.387_print.jpg", "width": "2490", "height": "3400", "filesize": "1290843", "filename": "1954.387_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1954.387/1954.387_full.tif", "width": "9023", "height": "12319", "filesize": "333491492", "filename": "1954.387_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2011-07-22T15:00:23", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1954.387/1954.387_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "611", "height": "893", 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"https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1954.387/1954.387_alt11_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "515", "filesize": "169532"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1954.387/1954.387_alt11_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "1945", "filesize": "1225962"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1954.387/1954.387_alt11_full.tif", "width": "6506", "height": "3722", "filesize": "72673928"}}], "creditline": "Purchase from the J. H. Wade Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": "bba5bad5a0704a0e880821ccb99951cc", "sketchfab_url": "https://sketchfab.com/models/bba5bad5a0704a0e880821ccb99951cc", "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 131814, "creators": [], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1954-06-04T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1345, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 1350", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": "The sculpture was originally carved from a single piece of alabaster. Two drilled holes in the underside were likely used for installing the sculpture in its original setting. X-rays show that the angel's scroll was broken prior to its acquisition, and it has evidence of historical repairs. Pieces were reattached by drilling holes in the end of each break and securing them with metal pins and adhesive. Breaks and repairs are fairly common in medieval alabasters because of the age, history of use, and material itself. Alabaster is a translucent, whitish stone, much like marble and limestone, two other common materials used in medieval sculptures. However, alabaster is composed of gypsum, or hydrated calcium sulphate, in a fine-grained, compact form (unlike marble and limestone which are calcium carbonate). The fine grain, too small to see without magnification, and the relative ease of carving are what allow such fine detail of sculptures like the one here. These properties also make alabaster susceptible to damage like breakage and loss of detail when exposed to water.", "has_conservation_images": true, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-04-17 19:31:11.995000"}, {"id": 152588, "accession_number": "1985.40", "share_license_status": "Copyrighted", "tombstone": "Josef May, 1926. Otto Dix (German, 1891\u20131969). Oil, egg tempera, and other media on board; framed: 105.1 x 88.9 x 6 cm (41 3/8 x 35 x 2 3/8 in.); unframed: 84 x 68.8 cm (33 1/16 x 27 1/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Purchase from the J. H. Wade Fund, 1985.40. \u00a9 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / VG Bild-Kunst, Bonn", "current_location": "225 German Expressionism & Surrealism", "title": "Josef May", "creation_date": "1926", "creation_date_earliest": 1926, "creation_date_latest": 1926, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["Germany, 20th century"], "technique": "oil, egg tempera, and other media on board", "support_materials": [], "department": "Modern European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "Mod Euro - Painting 1800-1960", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 105.1 x 88.9 x 6 cm (41 3/8 x 35 x 2 3/8 in.); Unframed: 84 x 68.8 cm (33 1/16 x 27 1/16 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 1.051, "width": 0.889, "depth": 0.06}, "unframed": {"height": 0.84, "width": 0.688}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": "\u00a9 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / VG Bild-Kunst, Bonn", "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "Signed lower right: \"OD. / 1926 [OD in monogram]; inscribed on back: \"Joseph May aus D\u00fcsseldorf / gemalt von O. Dix 1926\"", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 309910, "title": "The Year in Review for 1985", "description": "<i>The Year in Review for 1985</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (February 12-April 20, 1986).", "opening_date": "1986-02-12T05:00:00"}, {"id": 441782, "title": "Otto Dix - Zum 100. Geburtstag", "description": "<i>Otto Dix - Zum 100. Geburtstag</i>. Galerie der Stadt Stuttgart, Stuttgart 1, Germany (organizer) (September 4-November 3, 1991).", "opening_date": "1991-09-04T04:00:00"}, {"id": 182153, "title": "Monet to Dal\u00ed: Modern Masters from the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Monet to Dal\u00ed: Modern Masters from the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. Beijing World Art Museum (May 26-August 27, 2006); Mori Art Center (September 16-November 26, 2006); Seoul Art Center, South Korea (December 22, 2006-March 28, 2007); Seoul Olympic Museum of Art, South Korea (April 7-May 20, 2007); Vancouver Art Gallery, Vancouver, Canada (June 9-September 16, 2007); The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 21, 2007-January 13, 2008); Frist Art Museum, Nashville, TN (February 15-June 1, 2008); Utah Museum of Fine Arts, Salt Lake City, UT (June 22-September 21, 2008); The Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit, MI (October 12, 2008-January 18, 2009).", "opening_date": "2006-05-27T00:00:00"}, {"id": 223570, "title": "Otto Dix", "description": "<i>Otto Dix</i>. Montr\u00e9al Museum of Fine Arts, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (organizer) (September 20, 2010-January 2, 2011).", "opening_date": "2010-09-20T00:00:00"}], "legacy": []}, "provenance": [{"description": "Josef May, the sitter,  [-1938], Holland, given to his brother-in-law, Hugo Simons.", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "Hugo Simons [1892-1958] Montreal, Quebec, Canada", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "Ghitta Caiserman-Roth [1923-2005], Montreal, Quebec, Canada", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "Fischer Fine Arts, London, United Kingdom, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "-1985", "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1985-", "sortorder": 5}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": null, "description": "A leader of the New Objectivity movement in Germany, Dix painted bitter critiques of modern capitalist society. To achieve a more incisive realism in his brutally honest portraits, he mixed egg tempera with other media. The sitter for this portrait, Josef May, was the Jewish manager of the Gr\u00fcnberg grain company in Arnsberg. When the Nazis seized power in 1933, May fled to Holland, where he died of a heart attack in 1938.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60475687"], "internet_archive": []}, "citations": [{"citation": "Turner, Evan H. \u201cThe Year in Review for 1985.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 73, no. 2 (February 1986): 26\u201371.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 56; Mentioned: p. 66, no. 97", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25159930"}, {"citation": "Robinson, William H. \u201cOtto Dix\u2019s \u2018Portrait of Josef May.\u2019\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 74, no. 8 (October 1987): 305\u2013331.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 305-306, 326, fig. 27", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25160000"}, {"citation": "Olaf Peters. <em>Otto Dix</em>. Munich, Germany: Prestel, 2010.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 219, 249", "url": null}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1985.40", "images": {}, "alternate_images": [], "creditline": "Purchase from the J. H. Wade Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 152588, "creators": [{"id": 1219, "description": "Otto Dix (German, 1891\u20131969)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1891", "death_year": "1969", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1985-03-25T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1926, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1926", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": true, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:10:37.806000"}, {"id": 140208, "accession_number": "1964.2", "share_license_status": "Copyrighted", "tombstone": "Composition Concrete (Study for Mural), 1957\u20131960. Stuart Davis (American, 1894\u20131964). Oil on canvas; framed: 130.5 x 72 x 9.5 cm (51 3/8 x 28 3/8 x 3 3/4 in.); unframed: 108.6 x 50.8 cm (42 3/4 x 20 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Contemporary Collection of The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1964.2. \u00a9  Estate of Stuart Davis / Licensed by VAGA at Artists Rights Society (ARS), NY", "current_location": "226B American Modern", "title": "Composition Concrete (Study for Mural)", "creation_date": "1957\u20131960", "creation_date_earliest": 1957, "creation_date_latest": 1960, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["America"], "technique": "oil on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "American Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "American - Painting", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 130.5 x 72 x 9.5 cm (51 3/8 x 28 3/8 x 3 3/4 in.); Unframed: 108.6 x 50.8 cm (42 3/4 x 20 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 1.305, "width": 0.72, "depth": 0.095}, "unframed": {"height": 1.086, "width": 0.508}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": "\u00a9  Estate of Stuart Davis / Licensed by VAGA at Artists Rights Society (ARS), NY", "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "Signed middle right (in script): Stuart Davis; signed, dated and inscribed on stretcher: Stuart Davis  May 1957/ Mural--Lobby Wall/ scale 2 1/2\" to 1'/ Heinz Res'ch Lab. Pitts. Pa.", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 304723, "title": "Year in Review (1964)", "description": "<i>Year in Review (1964)</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (December 8, 1964-January 31, 1965).", "opening_date": "1964-12-08T05:00:00"}, {"id": 320892, "title": "Stuart Davis Memorial Exhibition, 1894-1964", "description": "<i>Stuart Davis Memorial Exhibition, 1894-1964</i>. National Collection of Fine Arts, Washington, DC (organizer) (May 28-July 5, 1965); The Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL (July 30-August 29, 1965); Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, NY (September 14-October 17, 1965); University of California, Los Angeles (October 31-November 28, 1965).", "opening_date": "1965-05-28T04:00:00"}, {"id": 310260, "title": "American Cities: The Artist's View", "description": "<i>American Cities: The Artist's View</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 17, 1989-January 7, 1990).", "opening_date": "1989-10-17T04:00:00"}, {"id": 211664, "title": "Stuart Davis", "description": "<i>Stuart Davis</i>. Peggy Guggenheim Collection, Palazzo Venier dei Leoni, Venice (June 3-September 28, 1997); Palazzo delle Esposizioni, Rome (October 22, 1997-January 12, 1998); Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam (February 1-May 1, 1998); National Museum of American Art, Washington, DC (May 30-September 1, 1998).", "opening_date": "1997-06-03T00:00:00"}, {"id": 181802, "title": "The Persistence of Geometry: Form, Content and Culture in the Collection of the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>The Persistence of Geometry: Form, Content and Culture in the Collection of the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. Museum of Contemporary Art Cleveland (MOCA), Cleveland, OH (June 9-August 20, 2006).", "opening_date": "2006-06-09T00:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "The Downtown Gallery, New York, Stuart Davis: Exhibition of Ten of the Paintings Used as Color Illustrations in \"Stuart Davis\" by Rudy Blesh, May 10-June 4, 1960 (pamphlet), no. 10 as Study for Mural -- Heinz Co. Research Center.", "opening_date": "1960-05-10T00:00:00"}, {"description": "The Downtown Gallery, New York, Group Show - 1st Floor, November 8-December 3, 1960 (checklist) as Mural-Lobby Wall.", "opening_date": "1960-11-08T00:00:00"}, {"description": "The Corcoran Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C., Twenty Seventh Biennial Exhibition of Contemporary American Painting, January 14-February 26, 1961 (booklet), no. 24 as Lobby Wall.", "opening_date": "1961-01-14T00:00:00"}, {"description": "The Butler Institute of American Art, Youngstown, Ohio, 26th Annual Mid-year Show, July 2-September 4, 1961, no. 39 as Mural Lobby.", "opening_date": "1961-07-02T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Mary Washington College, Fredericksburg, Virginia, Mary Washington Annual, October 1962 (as Mural--Lobby Wall).", "opening_date": "1962-10-01T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "The artist; (The Downtown Gallery, New York, NY), January 4, 1964", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1964", "sortorder": null}, {"description": "(The Downtown Gallery, New York, NY, December 1964, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1964", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1964-", "sortorder": 3}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Davis was one of the first artists to incorporate elements from advertising in his work.", "description": "Davis\u2019s dynamic abstraction is a study for a large mural he created for the H. J. Heinz Research Center in Pittsburgh. The numerals 1957\u2014placed sideways with the last two digits playfully inverted\u2014are visible at the lower left of the composition. Here the artist not only refers to the year he started this painting, but also wittily riffs on the famous Heinz slogan \u201c57 Varieties.\u201d<br><br>Davis remarked that this painting\u2019s title evokes \u201cconcrete music,\u201d an avant-garde composition consisting of seemingly random combinations of pre-recorded sound. With its apparently improvised shapes and colors, his canvas<br>visualizes this experimental concept.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60469162"], "internet_archive": []}, "citations": [{"citation": "Munro, Cynthia, \"We Hitch Our Wagons: Stuart Davis and Cynthia.\" (interview with the artist). <em>Mademoiselle</em>, vol. 45, no. 4, August 1957.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 266", "url": null}, {"citation": "Stuart Davis: Exhibition of Ten of the Paintings Used as Color Illustrations in \"Stuart Davis\" by Rudi Blesh (exhibition pamphlet). New York: The Downtown Gallery, 1960.", "page_number": "Reproduced: cover", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Twenty Seventh Biennial Exhibition of Contemporary American Painting </em>(exhibition booklet). Washington, D.C.: The Corcoran Gallery of Art, 1961.", "page_number": "Reproduced: cat n. 24", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, \u201cRecent Acquisitions Press Release,\u201d February 19, 1964, Cleveland Museum of Art Archives.", "page_number": null, "url": "https://archive.org/details/cmapr1209"}, {"citation": "Henning, Edward B. \"The Language of Art.\" <em>CMA Bulletin</em> 51 (November, 1964), pp. 224-225, repr. p. 225, color illus. p 209.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 224; Reproduced: p. 209, 225", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kozloff, Max. \"Larry Rivers, Stuart Davis and Slang Idiom.\" <em>Artforum</em> 4 (November, 1965).", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 24", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 203", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n227"}, {"citation": "\"Recent Accessions in the American Field.\" <em>Art in America</em> 54 (May-June, 1966).", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 46", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 203", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n227"}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Art of the Twentieth Century in the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: Dept. of Art History &amp; Education, CMA, 1969.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 4", "url": "https://archive.org/details/20thCenturyArtCMA/page/n5"}, {"citation": "Kelder, Diane, ed. <em>Stuart Davis.</em> New York: Praeger Publishers, 1971.", "page_number": "Reproduced: plate 26", "url": null}, {"citation": "Urdang, Beth. <em>Stuart Davis: Murals. </em>Zabriskie Gallery exhibition catalog, January 27- February 14, 1976.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 4; Reproduced: n. 17", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 253", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n273"}, {"citation": "Teilman,Herdis B. \"Composition Concrete, 1957, by Stuart Davis.\" <em>Carnegie Magazine </em>(May, 1980).", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 9; Reproduced: p. 8", "url": null}, {"citation": "Wilkin, Karen. <em>Stuart Davis. </em>New York Abbeville Press Publishers, 1987.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 193", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>CMA Handbook</em>, 1991.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 154", "url": null}, {"citation": "Sims, Lowery Stokes. <em>Stuart Davis: American Painter. </em>New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1991.", "page_number": "Mentioned: 142,296; Reproduced: p. 297", "url": null}, {"citation": "Rylands, Philip, ed. <em>Stuart Davis.</em> Milan, Electa, 1997. p. 180, 181, cat. no. 54.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 180; Reproduced: p. 181, n. 54", "url": null}, {"citation": "Sims, Lowery Stokes.<em> The Persistence of Geometry: Form, Content and Culture in the Collection of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2006.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 121; Reproduced: p. 34, n. 96", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Year in Review for 1964.\" <em>CMA Bulletin</em> 51 (December, 1964).", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 266, n. 156", "url": null}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1964.2", "images": {}, "alternate_images": [], "creditline": "Contemporary Collection of The Cleveland Museum of Art", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Hammond Hemmelgarn Family Gallery", "athena_id": 140208, "creators": [{"id": 3420, "description": "Stuart Davis (American, 1894\u20131964)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1894", "death_year": "1964", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1964-12-19T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1957, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1957\u20131960", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Study for Mural"], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:09:24.579000"}, {"id": 92844, "accession_number": "2020.110", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Blessing of a Yacht on the Belon River, 1899. Maurice Denis (French, 1870\u20131943). Oil on canvas; unframed: 75 x 80 cm (29 1/2 x 31 1/2 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Nancy F. and Joseph P. Keithley Collection Gift, 2020.110", "current_location": "223 20th Century Avant-Garde", "title": "Blessing of a Yacht on the Belon River", "creation_date": "1899", "creation_date_earliest": 1899, "creation_date_latest": 1899, "artists_tags": ["Nabis", "male"], "culture": ["France"], "technique": "oil on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "Modern European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "Mod Euro - Painting 1800-1960", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Unframed: 75 x 80 cm (29 1/2 x 31 1/2 in.)", "dimensions": {"unframed": {"height": 0.75, "width": 0.8}, "framed": {"height": 0.987, "width": 1.046, "depth": 0.083}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "signed lower right:  MAVD", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 396695, "title": "Impressionism to Modernism: The Keithley Collection", "description": "<i>Impressionism to Modernism: The Keithley Collection</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (September 11, 2022-January 8, 2023).", "opening_date": "2022-09-11T04:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "Galerie Bernheim, Paris France (April 1900).", "opening_date": "1900-04-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "La Libre Esthetique, Brussels, Belgium (1903).", "opening_date": "1903-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Union Centrale des Arts decoratifs</em>. Pavillon Marsan, Paris, France (1924).", "opening_date": "1924-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Retrospective Maurice Denis</em>. Tate Gallery, London, United Kingdom (January-February, 1966).", "opening_date": "1966-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Pont-Aven: Gauguin und sein Kreis in der Bretagne</em>. Kunsthaus, Zurich, Switzerland (March-April 1966).", "opening_date": "1966-03-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Maurice Denis</em>. Orangerie des Tuileries, Paris, France (June 3-August 31, 1970).", "opening_date": "1970-06-03T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Maurice Denis</em>. Kunsthalle, Bremen, Germany (October 17-December 5, 1971); Kunsthaus, Zurich, Switzerland (January 29-March 12, 1972); Stantens Museum fur Kunst, Copenhagen, Denmark (April 8-May 7, 1972).", "opening_date": "1971-10-17T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Post-Impressionism: Crosscurrents in European Painting</em>. Royal Academy of Arts, London, United Kingdom (November 1979-March 1980); National Gallery of Art, Washington DC (May-September 1980).", "opening_date": "1980-05-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Gauguin and the School of Pont-Aven</em>. Museum W\u00fcrth, K\u00fcnzelsau, Germany (March 2-June 1,1997).", "opening_date": "1997-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Kenavo Monsieur Gauguin - Centenaire de la mort de Gauguin</em>. Mus\u00e8e de Pont-Aven, Pont-Aven, France (June 28-September 29, 2003).", "opening_date": "2003-06-28T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Collection of the Artist", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1899-1903", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "(La Livre Esthetique, Brussels, Belgium, acquired by Thomas Braun directly from the \nartist)", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->According to the bill of sale in the curatorial file, Thomas Braun purchased this painting from Maurice Denis at La Libre Esthetique, an artistic society in Brussels.</div>"], "date": "1903", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "Thomas Braun [1876-1961] Brussels, Belgium, consigned to Galerie Andrew Maurice", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1903\u20131962", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "(Galerie Andrew Maurice, Paris, France, May 14, 1962, sold to the family of Samuel Josefowicz)", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->Buyer information is according to a handwritten annotation on the bill of sale.</div>"], "date": "1962", "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "Family of Samuel Josefowicz, sold to Nancy F. and Joseph P. Keithley", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1962\u20132015", "sortorder": 5}, {"description": "Nancy F. and Joseph P. Keithley, Cleveland, OH, given to the Cleveland Museum of Art", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "2015\u20132020", "sortorder": 6}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "2020\u2013", "sortorder": 7}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Denis was an extremely prolific artist who experimented with other art forms. His decorative murals can be viewed in many French churches as well as on the ceiling of the Champs \u00c9lys\u00e9es Theatre in Paris.", "description": "Maurice Denis made this painting during the summer of 1899 while vacationing with his family in the coastal village of Le Pouldu in Brittany in northwestern France. Two-thirds of this canvas is filled by the lavender-pink surface of the water, dotted with touches of color that suggest reflections of flags and sails on the Belon River. Local women wearing traditional headdresses observe the scene from the riverbank in the foreground, shaded by trees whose foliage frames the top of the composition.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q87481157"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-2020.110-blessing-of-a-yacht"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "<em>\u0152uvres de Bonnard, Maurice Denis, Ibels, Aristide Maillol, Hermann Paul, Ranson, Roussel, Serusier, Vallotton, Vuillard: catalogue. </em>Paris: MM. Bernheim Jeune et fils, 1900.", "page_number": "Mentioned: Denis no. 6", "url": ""}, {"citation": "<em>Exposition Maurice Denis 1888-1924 </em>[Parijs, 1924]. Paris: Union centrale des Arts de\u0301coratifs, 1924.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 8, no. 112", "url": ""}, {"citation": "<em>Pont-Aven: Gauguin und sein Kreis in der Bretagne.</em> Zu\u0308rich: Kunsthaus Zu\u0308rich, 1966.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 172, no. 168", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Distel, Anne. <em>Maurice Denis. Orangerie des Tuileries, 3 juin-31 aou\u0302t 1970</em>. Paris, France: Ministe\u0300re d'E\u0301tat, Affaires culturelles, 1970.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 39, no. 70", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Maurice Denis. Gema\u0308lde, Handzeichnungen, Druckgraphik. Meisterwerke des Nachimpressionismus aus der Sammlung Maurice Denis. </em>(Ausstellung,) Kunsthaus Zu\u0308rich, 29. Jan-12. Ma\u0308rz 1972. (Katalog.). 1972.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 42, no. 48", "url": ""}, {"citation": "House, John, and Mary Anne Stevens. <em>Post-Impressionism: Cross-Currents in European Painting</em>. London, United Kingdom : Royal Academy of Arts, 1979.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 67, no. 70", "url": null}, {"citation": "National Gallery of Art (US.). <em>Post-Impressionism: Cross-Currents in European and American Painting, 1880-1906</em>. Washington DC: National Gallery of Art, 1980.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 129; Mentioned: P. 128, no. 163", "url": null}, {"citation": "Pickvance, Ronald.<em> Gauguin and the Pont-Aven School.</em> [Sydney, Australia]: [Art Gallery of New South Wales], 1994.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 112-113, no. 68", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Pickvance, Ronald, and Richard R. Brettell. <em>Gauguin and the School of Pont-Aven.</em> London: Apollo, 1994.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 96, no. 68", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Pickvance, Ronald. <em>Gauguin and the School of Pont-Aven</em>. Sigmaringen, Germany: Thorbecke, 1997.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 180-181, no. 68", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kerlo, Le\u0301o, Rene\u0301 Le Bihan, and Jacqueline Duroc. <em>[Peintres des co\u0302tes de Bretagne]</em>. Douarnenez, France: Chasse-mare\u0301e/Armen, 1998.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 154-155", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Kenavo Monsieur Gauguin: Muse\u0301e de Pont-Aven, 28 juin-29 septembre 2003</em>. Pont-Aven, France: Muse\u0301e de Pont-Aven, 2003.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced:. p. 64-65, no. 16", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kerlo, Le\u0301o, and Jacqueline Duroc. <em>Peintres des co\u0302tes de Bretagne. 4, 4.</em> Douardenez: Chasse-mare\u0301e, 2006.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 154-155", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Delouche, Denise. <em>Maurice Denis et la Bretagne.</em> Quimper: Palantines, 2009.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 58-59; Reproduced: P.146, no. PA-41", "url": ""}, {"citation": "\u201cA Historic Gift. Longtime CMA supporters Joseph and Nancy Keithley give 114 works, the largest gift in more than 60 years.\u201d <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine </em>60, no. 3 (Summer 2020): Cover, 6-9.", "page_number": "Reproduced and Mentioned: P. 7.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Stahl, Fabienne. \"Maurice Denis.\" In <em>The Keithley Collection at the Cleveland Museum of Art, </em>edited by Heather Lemonedes Brown, 68-73. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 2022.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 68-73; Mentioned: p. 261-263", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/2020.110", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/2020.110/2020.110_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "842", "filesize": "413512", "filename": "2020.110_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/2020.110/2020.110_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "3181", "filesize": "5415385", "filename": "2020.110_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/2020.110/2020.110_full.tif", "width": "10778", "height": "10084", "filesize": "326086424", "filename": "2020.110_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [], "creditline": "Nancy F. and Joseph P. Keithley Collection Gift", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Michael J. Horvitz Family Gallery", "athena_id": 92844, "creators": [{"id": 22965, "description": "Maurice Denis (French, 1870\u20131943)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1870", "death_year": "1943", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "2020-03-02T00:00:00-05:00", "sortable_date": 1899, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1899", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:00:52.080000"}, {"id": 165186, "accession_number": "2007.180", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Frogs and Lily Pads (Grenouilles et N\u00e9nuphars) Vase, 1909\u201312. Ren\u00e9 Lalique (French, 1860\u20131945). Glass; overall: 21 x 29.8 cm (8 1/4 x 11 3/4 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, John L. Severance Fund, 2007.180", "current_location": "221 19th Century Decorative Arts", "title": "Frogs and Lily Pads (Grenouilles et N\u00e9nuphars) Vase", "creation_date": "1909\u201312", "creation_date_earliest": 1909, "creation_date_latest": 1912, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["France, 20th century"], "technique": "glass", "support_materials": [], "department": "Decorative Art and Design", "collection": "Decorative Arts", "type": "Glass", "measurements": "Overall: 21 x 29.8 cm (8 1/4 x 11 3/4 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"height": 0.21, "width": 0.298}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "\"R. Lalique\"", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 194450, "title": "Artistic Luxury: Faberg\u00e9 Tiffany Lalique ", "description": "<i>Artistic Luxury: Faberg\u00e9 Tiffany Lalique </i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 19, 2008-January 18, 2009); Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (February 7-May 31, 2009).", "opening_date": "2008-10-19T04:00:00"}], "legacy": []}, "provenance": [{"description": "The Roger J. Mour\u00e9 Collection, (Phillips, New York, March 12, 1979, Lot 147).", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "before 1979", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "The Frey Collection (Christie's, New York, June 10, 1988, Lot 51).", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "before 1988", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "Tsuyoshi Kajikawa, Japan", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1988-2006", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "Collection of Tsuyoshi Kajikawa (Christie's, New York, 10 February 2006, Lot 94).", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "2006", "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "A Private Collection of G. Argy Rousseau and Rene Lalique Masters of French Design (Christie's, New York, 18 December 2006, Lot 415)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "2006", "sortorder": 5}, {"description": "Mark Waller, Gallery Moderne, Piermont, New York.", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": 6}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Ren\u00e9 Lalique placed little sheets of metal foil behind the applied green frogs to reflect a dark green tint back to the viewer.", "description": "This vase is an early example of French designer Ren\u00e9 Lalique's experimentation with producing artistic glass. Lalique combines applied, cast, and molded glass techniques to achieve an ethereal effect of a murky swamp, a typical Art Nouveau motif. Lily pads adorn the surface with green frogs perched on top.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60756278"], "internet_archive": []}, "citations": [{"citation": "Laurvik, J. Nilsen. <em>Rene\u0301 Lalique</em>. New York: Haviland &amp; Co., 1912.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Dawes, Nicholas M. <em>Lalique Glass.</em> New York: Crown, 1986.", "page_number": null, "url": "http://library.clevelandart.org/opac/?func=find-b&find_code=OCL&submit=Search&request=12081181"}, {"citation": "Rene\u0301 Lalique et cie, and Christie, Manson &amp; Woods International Inc.<em> Important Lalique Glass: The Frey</em> <em>Collection.</em> New York: Christie's, 1988.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Marcilhac, Fe\u0301lix. <em>Rene\u0301 Lalique, 1860-1945, mai\u0302tre-verrier: analyse de l'\u0153uvre et catalogue raisonne\u0301. </em>Paris: Editions de l'Amateur, 2004.", "page_number": null, "url": "http://library.clevelandart.org/opac/?func=find-b&find_code=OCL&submit=Search&request=54542455"}, {"citation": "Harrison, Stephen, Emmanuel Ducamp, and Jeannine J. Falino. <em>Artistic Luxury: Faberge\u0301 Tiffany Lalique</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2008.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 44, reproduced: cat. 151", "url": "http://library.clevelandart.org/opac/?func=find-b&find_code=OCL&submit=Search&request=230187932"}, {"citation": "Franklin, David, and C. Griffith Mann. <em>Treasures from the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art in association with, New York, NY: Scala Publishers, 2012.", "page_number": "Reproduced & discussed: pp.  298-299", "url": "http://library.clevelandart.org/opac/?func=find-b&find_code=OCL&submit=Search&request=813973055"}, {"citation": "Bidwell, Frederick E., and Leslie Cade. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art in association with New York, NY: Scala Arts Publishers, 2014.", "page_number": "Reproduced & discussed: p. 145", "url": "http://library.clevelandart.org/opac/?func=find-b&find_code=OCL&submit=Search&request=857403600"}, {"citation": "\u201cA Walking Tour: The entire new museum wing by wing, with curators calling out a few favorite works in the collection.\u201d <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em> 54, no. 1 (January/February 2014): 8-33.", "page_number": "Reproduced and Mentioned: p. 22", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2014-01/page/n21/mode/2up"}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Museum Masters: 2016-17 Companion Guide.</em> [Cleveland, Ohio]: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2016.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 24", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/2007.180", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/2007.180/2007.180_web.jpg", "width": "1191", "height": "893", "filesize": "460728", "filename": "2007.180_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/2007.180/2007.180_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2550", "filesize": "3621476", "filename": "2007.180_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/2007.180/2007.180_full.tif", "width": "5440", "height": "4080", "filesize": "66617332", "filename": "2007.180_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2007-09-13T13:08:07", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2007.180/2007.180_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "1191", "height": "893", "filesize": "449548"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2007.180/2007.180_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2550", "filesize": "3551213"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2007.180/2007.180_alt0_full.tif", "width": "5440", "height": "4080", "filesize": "66617416"}}, {"date_created": "2007-09-13T13:09:01", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2007.180/2007.180_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "1191", "height": "893", "filesize": "405784"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2007.180/2007.180_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2550", "filesize": "3061625"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2007.180/2007.180_alt1_full.tif", "width": "5440", "height": "4080", "filesize": "133203252"}}, {"date_created": "2007-09-13T13:12:34", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2007.180/2007.180_alt2_web.jpg", "width": "1191", "height": "893", "filesize": "437383"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2007.180/2007.180_alt2_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2550", "filesize": "3531020"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2007.180/2007.180_alt2_full.tif", "width": "5440", "height": "4080", "filesize": "66617140"}}, {"date_created": "2007-09-13T13:06:21", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2007.180/2007.180_alt3_web.jpg", "width": "1191", "height": "893", "filesize": "460089"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2007.180/2007.180_alt3_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2550", "filesize": "3621727"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2007.180/2007.180_alt3_full.tif", "width": "5440", "height": "4080", "filesize": "66618720"}}], "creditline": "John L. Severance Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 165186, "creators": [{"id": 8607, "description": "Ren\u00e9 Lalique (French, 1860\u20131945)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1860", "death_year": "1945", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "2007-09-05T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1909, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1909\u201312", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": true, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:06:58.443000"}, {"id": 170093, "accession_number": "2012.31", "share_license_status": "Copyrighted", "tombstone": "Evasion, 1947. Jared French (American, 1905\u20131988). Tempera on canvas mounted to panel; unframed: 54.5 x 29.2 x 0.7 cm (21 7/16 x 11 1/2 x 1/4 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, John L. Severance Fund, 2012.31", "current_location": "226B American Modern", "title": "Evasion", "creation_date": "1947", "creation_date_earliest": 1947, "creation_date_latest": 1947, "artists_tags": ["male", "LGBTQ+ (after 1900)"], "culture": ["America"], "technique": "tempera on canvas mounted to panel", "support_materials": [], "department": "American Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "American - Painting", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Unframed: 54.5 x 29.2 x 0.7 cm (21 7/16 x 11 1/2 x 1/4 in.)", "dimensions": {"unframed": {"height": 0.545, "width": 0.292, "depth": 0.007}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "Inscribed upper left recto: \"Jared French\"\r\nInscribed verso: \"JARED FRENCH / egg yolk tempera / EVASION\"", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>Annual Exhibition of Contemporary American Painting</em>. Whitney Museum of American Art, New York (December 6, 1947\u2013January 25, 1948).", "opening_date": "1947-12-06T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Symbolic Realism in American Painting</em>. Institute of Contemporary Arts, London (July 18\u2013August 18, 1950).", "opening_date": "1950-07-18T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Paintings and Drawings by Jared French.</em> Edwin Hewitt Gallery, New York (April 21\u2013May 12, 1955).", "opening_date": "1955-04-21T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Jared French: Paintings and Drawings.</em> Robert Isaacson Gallery, New York (February 6\u201324, 1962).", "opening_date": "1962-02-06T05:00:00Z"}, {"description": "<em>An Exhibition of Contemporary Painting, Sculpture, and Graphic Art. </em>Academy Art Gallery, National Institute of Arts and Letters, New York ( March 3\u2013April 2, 1967).", "opening_date": "1967-03-03T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Jared French: 25 Years of Paintings and Drawings from 1944 to 1969. </em>Banfer Gallery, New York (February 19\u2013March 8, 1969).", "opening_date": "1969-02-19T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Close Encounters: The Art of Paul Cadmus, Jared French and George Tooker. </em>Midtown Galleries, New York (February 22\u2013April 7, 1990).", "opening_date": "1990-04-07T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>The Rediscovery of Jared French.</em> Midtown Payson Galleries, New York (April 21\u2013May 29, 1992); Mead Art Museum, Amherst College, MA (October 2\u2013November 29, 1992).", "opening_date": "1992-04-21T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Villa America: American Moderns, 1900-1950.</em> Orange County Museum of Art, Newport Beach, CA (June 4\u2013October 2, 2005); Minneapolis Institute of Arts (December 4, 2005\u2013February 26, 2006); Marion Koogler McNay Art Museum, San Antonio, TX (March 15\u2013June 4, 2006); Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Philadelphia (September 23\u2013December 31, 2006).", "opening_date": "2005-06-04T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Margaret French [1906-1998] (Midtown Payson Galleries, New York, NY, 1988, sold to Myron Kunin, 1991)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1988-1991", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "Myron Kunin [1925-2013], Minneapolis, MN", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->Ownership variously listed under Regis Corporation Collection, Minneapolis; and Curtis Galleries, Minneapolis&nbsp;</div>"], "date": "1991-2011", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "(Alexandre Fine Art, New York, NY, sold to Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "2011", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "2012-", "sortorder": 4}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "French favored a form of tempera painting in which egg yolk is a primary ingredient.", "description": "French was well regarded during the 1940s and \u201950s as one of the most accomplished and fascinating magic realist painters. A still understudied group of artists, the magic realists revived painstaking old master techniques to make convincing their enigmatic images that address a wide range of personal and social concerns. Part of a series of works French made to chronicle the human condition, Evasion symbolizes an individual\u2019s attempt to deny the physical self. As such, the painting manifests tensions regarding sexual mores in mid 20th-century America. While it is reductive to attribute French\u2019s iconographic interest in Evasion solely to his bisexuality, the fact remains that French was one of the first American artists whose same-sex desires were recognized and acknowledged by contemporaries who viewed his work.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60480961"], "internet_archive": []}, "citations": [{"citation": "<em>Annual Exhibition of Contemporary American Painting</em>.New York: Whitney Museum of American Art, 1947.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 8", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kirstein, Lincoln. <em>Symbolic Realism in American Painting, 1940-1950. </em>London: Institute of Contemporary Arts, 1950.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 8", "url": null}, {"citation": "Munroe, Eleanor C. \"Jared French.\" <em>Art News</em> 54 (April 1955)", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 47", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lonngren, Lillian. \"Jared French.\" <em>Art News</em> 61 (March 1962)", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 14; Reproduced: p. 14", "url": null}, {"citation": "French, Jared \"Artists on their Art.\" <em>Art International</em> 12 (April 20, 1968)", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 54", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Jared French: 25 Years of Paintings and Drawings from 1944 to 1969. </em>New York: Banfer Gallery, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 1-2", "url": null}, {"citation": "Berman, Greta, and Jeffrey Wechsler. Realism and Realities: The Other Side of American Painting, 1940-1960 : [Catalogue of an Exhibition Held at] Rutgers University Art Gallery, New Brunswick, New Jersey, January 17-March 26, 1982, Montgomery Museum of Fine Arts, Montgomery, Alabama, April 15-June 13, 1982, the Art Gallery, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, September 7-October 18, 1982. [New Brunswick, N.J.]: Rutgers University Art Gallery, 1982.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 96", "url": null}, {"citation": "Grimes, Nancy. \"Paul Cadmus, Jared French, George Tooker,\" <em>Art News</em> 89 (September 1990)", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 159", "url": null}, {"citation": "French, Jared, and Jeffrey Wechsler. The Rediscovery of Jared French. New York: Midtown Payson Galleries, 1992.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 8, 14-15; Reproduced: p. 5", "url": null}, {"citation": "Grimes,Nancy. \"French's Symbolic Figuration,\" <em>Art in America</em> 80 (November 1992)", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 114; Reproduced: p. 13", "url": null}, {"citation": "Grimes, Nancy, and Jared French. <em>Jared French's Myths</em>. San Francisco, Calif: Pomegranate Artbooks, 1993.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pl. 21", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lucie-Smith, Edward. <em>American Realism.</em> New York: Abrams, 1994.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 150-151; Reproduced: p. 150", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cole, Mark.\"Jared French (1905-1988),\" Ph.D. dissertation, University of Delaware, 1999.", "page_number": "Mentioned: 215, 269-270, 395; Reproduced: p. 513", "url": null}, {"citation": "\u014ce, Kenzabur\u014d. <em>Le jeu du si\u00e8cle. </em>Paris: Gallimard, 2000, illus. cover (detail).", "page_number": "Cover detail", "url": null}, {"citation": "Leddick, David.<em> Intimate Companions: A Triography of George Platt Lynes, Paul Cadmus, Lincoln Kirstein, and Their Circle</em>. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2000.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 223", "url": null}, {"citation": "Edgecombe, Rodney. \"Jared French's Iconic Enigmas,\"<em> The Gay and Lesbian Review</em> 11, July-August 2004.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 18", "url": null}, {"citation": "Armstrong, Elizabeth, and William C. Agee.<em> Villa America: American Moderns, 1900-1950.</em> Newport Beach, Calif: Orange County Museum of Art, 2005.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 29-30, 128; Reproduced: p. 30, 128", "url": null}, {"citation": "Panzetta, Alfonso.<em> Jared French by Jared French: 600 Opere indetite dal fondo italiano dell'artista. </em>Turin, Italy: Allemandi, 2010.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 25, 32-33, 134, 328, 350, 365; Reproduced: 134, 328", "url": null}, {"citation": "Litt, Steven. \"Museum's East Wing Quietly Reopens, Revealing Impressive Changes,\" <em>Plain Dealer</em>, August 18, 2012.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. E3", "url": null}, {"citation": "Grant, Daniel. \"Museums by the Numbers: 2012 in Review,\" <em>Antiques and Fine Art </em>12 (Winter / Spring 2013)", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 153", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cole, Mark. \"Acquistions 2012,\" <em>Cleveland Art</em> 53 (March / April 2013).", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 22", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Artistic Excellence: Acquisitions 2012-14</em>. Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 10, 49", "url": null}, {"citation": "Schreiber, Michael.<em>One-Man Show: The Life and Art of Bernard Perlin.</em> Berlin, Germany: Bruno Gmuender, 2016.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 67", "url": null}, {"citation": "Miller, Angela. \"Sinners all: the queer world of Paul Cadmus's seven deadly sins.\" <em>American Art</em> 36, no. 1 (Spring 2022): 111-136.", "page_number": "reproduced p.129; mentioned p.128-129", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/2012.31", "images": {}, "alternate_images": [], "creditline": "John L. Severance Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Hammond Hemmelgarn Family Gallery", "athena_id": 170093, "creators": [{"id": 62312, "description": "Jared French (American, 1905\u20131988)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1905", "death_year": "1988", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "2012-06-04T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1947, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1947", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:10:19.073000"}, {"id": 130163, "accession_number": "1952.542", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Young Woman with a Turban, c. 1780. Jacques-Louis David (French, 1748\u20131825). Oil on canvas; framed: 76 x 66 x 8 cm (29 15/16 x 26 x 3 1/8 in.); unframed: 55.2 x 46 cm (21 3/4 x 18 1/8 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Gift of George S. Kendrick, 1952.542", "current_location": "216B French and German", "title": "Young Woman with a Turban", "creation_date": "c. 1780", "creation_date_earliest": 1775, "creation_date_latest": 1785, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["France, 18th century"], "technique": "oil on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "P - French 18th Century", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 76 x 66 x 8 cm (29 15/16 x 26 x 3 1/8 in.); Unframed: 55.2 x 46 cm (21 3/4 x 18 1/8 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 0.76, "width": 0.66, "depth": 0.08}, "unframed": {"height": 0.552, "width": 0.46}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 300853, "title": "Baron Gros, Painter of Battles: The First Romantic Painter", "description": "<i>Baron Gros, Painter of Battles: The First Romantic Painter</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (March 8-April 15, 1956).", "opening_date": "1956-03-08T05:00:00"}, {"id": 441416, "title": "Jacques-Louis David", "description": "<i>Jacques-Louis David</i>. Mus\u00e9e du Louvre, Paris, France (October 26, 1988-February 12, 1989); Mus\u00e9e National de Ch\u00e2teau de Versailles, 78 008 Versailles cedex, France (October 26, 1988-February 12, 1989).", "opening_date": "1989-10-26T04:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>David et Ses El\u00e8ves</em>, Palais des Beaux-Arts de la Ville de Paris (Petit Palais), Paris, France (April 7-June 9, 1913).", "opening_date": "1913-04-07T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>French Art since Eighteen Hundred, </em>The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (November 8-December 8, 1929).", "opening_date": "1929-11-08T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>, Cleveland, OH (June 26 to October 4, 1936).", "opening_date": "1936-06-26T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Golden Gate International Exposition. Masterworks of Five Centuries, </em>San Francisco, CA (1939).", "opening_date": "1939-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Masterpieces of Art from the New York and San Francisco World's Fairs,</em> The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (February 7-March 7, 1940).", "opening_date": "1940-02-07T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Sculpture by Houdon. Paintings and drawings by David. Loan exhibition</em>, Century Association, New York, NY (February 19 to April 10, 1947).", "opening_date": "1947-02-19T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Sale?: Ho\u0302tel de Bullion, Didot Collection, Paris, France, 6 April 1825 (lot 114).", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "6 April 1825", "sortorder": null}, {"description": "Sale: Baron Gros, Paris, France, November-1 December 1835 (lot 127).", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "November-1 December 1835", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "Augustin Alexandre Dumont (1801-1884), Paris, France", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "Mme Audard", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "by 1913", "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "Henry G. Dalton (1862-1932), Cleveland, OH, left to his grandson, George S. Kendrick", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "by 1929-1932", "sortorder": 5}, {"description": "George S. Kendrick (1899-1979), Cleveland, OH, gifted to the Cleveland Museum of Art", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1932-1952", "sortorder": 6}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1952-", "sortorder": 7}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": ["102.42", "2426.29"], "did_you_know": "The high quality of this painting was of such renown that David\u2019s students requested permission to copy it.", "description": "Known as a <em>t\u00eate d'expression</em> or \"expressive head,\" this painting represents an essential part of the academic training of history painters who specialized in religious, mythological, or historical subjects. In 1760, such exercises became standard at the \u00c9cole des Beaux-Arts (School of Fine Arts) in Paris, then known as Acad\u00e9mie royale de peinture et de sculpture. Focusing on the relationship between morality and beauty, the goal of a history painter is not only to create a pleasing image, but also to represent the emotions of the soul.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60516167"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1952.542-young-woman-with-a-t"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Lajer-Burcharth, Ewa, and Jacques Louis David. <em>Necklines: The Art of Jacques-Louis David After the Terror.</em> New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press, 1999.", "page_number": "124", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Didot, Lacoste, Gibe\u0301, and Henry. <em>Catalogue d'une pre\u0301cieuse collection de tableaux choisis dans toutes les e\u0301coles anciennes et modernes.</em> Paris: Se distribue\u0301 ... chez M. Lacoste, commissaire-priseur, M. Gibe\u0301, commissaire-priseur, M. Henry, commissaire-expert des Muse\u0301es royaux, 1825.", "page_number": "lot 114", "url": ""}, {"citation": "David, J. L. Jules. Le peintre Louis David, 1748-1825; souvenirs &amp; documents ine\u0301dits. Paris: V. Havard, 1880.", "page_number": "1:634", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Muse\u0301e du Petit Palais (Paris, France)<em>. Exposition David et ses e\u0301le\u0300ves, 7 avril-9 juin, 1913, Palais des beaux-arts de la ville de Paris: catalogue</em>. 1913.", "page_number": "no. 19", "url": ""}, {"citation": "W. M. M. \u201cFrench Art since Eighteen Hundred.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 16, no. 9 (1929)", "page_number": "p. 159", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25137246"}, {"citation": "<em>Arts </em>16 (January 1930).", "page_number": "pp. 322, 324", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cantinelli, R., Jacques Louis David, and R. Cantinelli. <em>Jacques-Louis David, 1748-1825</em>. 1930.", "page_number": "No. 36", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. Catalogue of the Twentieth Anniversary <em>Exhibition of the Cleveland Museum of Art: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition : June Twenty-Sixth to October Fourth 1936.</em> [Cleveland, Ohio]: [Cleveland Museum of Art], 1936.", "page_number": "no. 267", "url": ""}, {"citation": "<em>Art News</em> (13 June 1936).", "page_number": "13", "url": ""}, {"citation": "San Francisco (Calif.).<em> Historical American Paintings; Official Catalog, Department of Fine Arts, Golden Gate International Exposition. </em>1939.", "page_number": "no. 111", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, and William Mathewson Milliken. <em>Masterpieces of Art from the New York and San Francisco World's Fairs; The Cleveland Museum of Art, February 7 Through March 7, 1940.</em> 1940.", "page_number": "no. 228", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, and William Mathewson Milliken.<em> Masterpieces of Art from the New York and San Francisco World's Fairs; The Cleveland Museum of Art, February 7 Through March 7, 1940.</em> 1940.", "page_number": "no. 9", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Holma, Klaus.<em> David, son evolution et son style.</em> Paris: [P. Lejay], 1940.", "page_number": "126, no. 38", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Century Association (New York, N.Y.), William Mathewson Milliken, and James Thrall Soby. <em>Sculpture by Houdon. Paintings and Drawings by David. Loan Exhibition, February 19 to April 10, 1947. </em>1947.", "page_number": "no. 21", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Florisoone, Michel<em>. David: exposition en l'honneur du deuxie\u0300me centenaire de sa naissance [juin-septembre, 1948]</em>. [Paris]: E\u0301ditions des Muse\u0301es Nationaux, 1948.", "page_number": "41, 43", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Coe, Nancy. <em>The History of the Collecting of European Paintings and Drawings in the City of Cleveland. </em>1955.", "page_number": "2:45", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Lindsay, Jack. <em>Death of the Hero; French Painting from David to Delacroix.</em> London: Studio, 1961.", "page_number": "p. 40, fig. 5", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Francis, Henry S. \u201cJean Auguste Dominique Ingres: Antiochus and Stratonice.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 55, no. 4 (1968)", "page_number": "p. 112, n.9", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25152209"}, {"citation": "Sutton, Denys. <em>France in the Eighteenth Century.</em> London: Royal Academy of Arts, 1968.", "page_number": "62, no. 177", "url": ""}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 164", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n188"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 202", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n222"}, {"citation": "Sloane, Joseph C., and John Minor Wisdom.<em> French Nineteenth Century Oil Sketches, David to Degas: An Exhibition in Honor of the Retirement of Joseph Curtis Sloane ... : the William Hayes Ackland Memorial Art Center, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, March 5 Through April 16, 1978</em>. Chapel Hill, N.C.: The University, 1978.", "page_number": "p. 50", "url": ""}, {"citation": "David, Jacques Louis, Antoine Schnapper, Arlette Se\u0301rullaz, and Elisabeth Agius-d'Yvoire. <em>Jacques-Louis David, 1748-1825</em>. Paris: Eds. de la Re\u0301union des muse\u0301es nationaux, 1989.", "page_number": "no. 45", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Bordes, Philippe \"Paris and Versailles: David.\" <em>Burlington Magazine</em> (February 1990).", "page_number": "154", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Scott, Barbara. \"Letter from Paris: David's Portraits.\" <em>Apollo</em> 131 (February 1990).", "page_number": "115-6", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, and Alan Chong. <em>European &amp; American Painting in the Cleveland Museum of Art: A Summary Catalogue.</em> Cleveland, Ohio: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1993.", "page_number": "54", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Michel, Re\u0301gis. <em>David contre David: actes du colloque organise\u0301 au Muse\u0301e du Louvre par le Service culturel du 6 au 10 de\u0301cembre 1989.</em> Paris: Documentation franc\u0327aise, 1993.", "page_number": "2: 899", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Monneret, Sophie, and Jacques Louis David.<em> David and Neo-Classicism. </em>Paris: Terrail, 1999.", "page_number": "66-67", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Argencourt, Louise d', and Roger Diederen. <em>Catalogue of Paintings</em>. <em>Pt. 4. European Paintings of the 19th Century</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1974.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 190-193, Vol. I, no. 71", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Ge\u0301ricault, The\u0301odore, and Bruno Chenique.<em> Ge\u0301ricault, au coeur de la cre\u0301ation romantique: e\u0301tudes pour Le radeau de la Me\u0301duse</em>. [Paris]: Chaudun, 2012.", "page_number": "p. 34, fig 111.5", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Christie, Manson &amp; Woods International Inc. \"Lot 11 : Jacques-Louis David.\" <em>Revolution</em>, April 13, 2016: [46]-[51].", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. [48], fig. 2", "url": null}, {"citation": "Arendsee, M., and M. Steinman-Arendsee. \"Take the CAN disability aesthetics tour, at the Cleveland Museum of art.\" CAN Journal (Winter 2019/20): 76-87.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 77", "url": null}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1952.542", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1952.542/1952.542_web.jpg", "width": "747", "height": "893", "filesize": "448297", "filename": "1952.542_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1952.542/1952.542_print.jpg", "width": "2846", "height": "3400", "filesize": "6284260", "filename": "1952.542_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1952.542/1952.542_full.tif", "width": "3983", "height": "4759", "filesize": "56896308", "filename": "1952.542_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [], "creditline": "Gift of George S. Kendrick", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 130163, "creators": [{"id": 1643, "description": "Jacques-Louis David (French, 1748\u20131825)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": "The founder and leading painter of the neoclassical movement in France, Jacques-Louis David was born in Paris to a prosperous family of artists and archi-tects. In 1766 he entered the Acad\u00e9mie Royale as the pupil of Joseph-Marie Vien (1716-1809). After several failed attempts, David won the Prix de Rome in 1774. The following year he left for Italy, where he studied antique art and envisioned replacing the frivolity of the rococo with an art of grandeur, simplicity, and moral virtue. After returning to Paris in 1780, he established his reputa-tion with three spectacular successes at the Salon: The Oath of the Horatii (1785, Mus\u00e9e du Louvre, Paris), The Death of Socrates (1787, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York), and The Lictors Bring-ing Brutus the Bodies of His Sons (1789, Mus\u00e9e du Louvre, Paris). Widely interpreted as moral parables for contemporary political events, these archetypes of neoclassical aesthetics set the standard for academic painting of the next century. In the 1790s David joined the radical Jacobin Club and played an active role in the French Revolution. He allied himself with Robespierre, served a short term as president of the Convention, and voted for the execution of Louis XVI. He also placed his artistic talents at the service of the Revolution by creating paintings that glorified its martyrs and by organizing public festivals that celebrated the new political order. As the most prominent artist in the revolutionary ranks, he led the attack against the Acad\u00e9mie Royale that culminated in its abolish-ment in 1793. When the excesses of the Reign of Terror precipitated the fall of Robespierre in 1794, David was imprison-ed but spared execution. Authorities released him the following year due to ill health. Around 1798 David developed a new alliance with the brilliant young general of the Directory, Napol\u00e9on Bonaparte. David's painting The Intervention of the Sabine Women (1799, Mus\u00e9e du Louvre, Paris) coalesced perfectly with Napoleonic propaganda urging national reconciliation. After the coup d'\u00e9tat of 1799, Napol\u00e9on was named first consul and began supplying David with important commissions. Upon Napol\u00e9on's coronation in 1804, David was appointed first painter to the emperor. David's monumental painting The Coronation of Napol\u00e9on, or Le Sacre (1805-7, Mus\u00e9e du Louvre, Paris), introduced a less spartan, more colorful and emotive style. However, as seen in his life-size portrait Napol\u00e9on in His Study (1812, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.), David increasingly searched to balance this new heroic-romanticism with an exacting realism. In 1816, following Napol\u00e9on's defeat at Waterloo and the restoration of the monarchy, David went into exile in Belgium. He spent the last nine years of his life in Brussels, painting mostly mythological subjects and portraits. David died of a stroke in 1825 and was denied burial in France.", "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1748", "death_year": "1825", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1952-12-26T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1775, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 1780", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Madame Dugazon as Andromache"], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:09:52.520000"}, {"id": 136313, "accession_number": "1960.193.2", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Arrival of the \"Southern Barbarians\" (\u5357\u86ee\u56f3\u5c4f\u98a8), c. 1600. Japan, Momoyama period (1573\u20131615). One of a pair of six-panel folding screens; ink, color, and gold on paper; image: 146.7 x 337.2 cm (57 3/4 x 132 3/4 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund, 1960.193.2", "current_location": "235A Japanese", "title": "Arrival of the \"Southern Barbarians\"", "title_in_original_language": "\u5357\u86ee\u56f3\u5c4f\u98a8", "creation_date": "c. 1600", "creation_date_earliest": 1595, "creation_date_latest": 1605, "artists_tags": [], "culture": ["Japan, Momoyama period (1573\u20131615)"], "technique": "One of a pair of six-panel folding screens; ink, color, and gold on paper", "support_materials": [], "department": "Japanese Art", "collection": "ASIAN - Folding screen", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Image: 146.7 x 337.2 cm (57 3/4 x 132 3/4 in.)", "dimensions": {"image": {"height": 1.467, "width": 3.372}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 302015, "title": "Year in Review - Nineteen Hundred Sixty", "description": "<i>Year in Review - Nineteen Hundred Sixty</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (November 30, 1960-January 1, 1961).", "opening_date": "1960-11-30T05:00:00"}, {"id": 302033, "title": "Japanese Decorative Style", "description": "<i>Japanese Decorative Style</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art (August 30-October 15, 1961); The Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL (November 9-December 17, 1961).", "opening_date": "1961-08-30T04:00:00"}, {"id": 302380, "title": "Japanese Screens from the Museum and Cleveland Collections", "description": "<i>Japanese Screens from the Museum and Cleveland Collections</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (March 23-May 8, 1977).", "opening_date": "1977-03-23T05:00:00"}, {"id": 310241, "title": "Autumn Grasses: Arts of the Momoyama Period (1573-1615)", "description": "<i>Autumn Grasses: Arts of the Momoyama Period (1573-1615)</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 4-December 11, 1988).", "opening_date": "1988-10-04T04:00:00"}, {"id": 214165, "title": "Restoration at Tokyo National Research Institute of Cultural Properties", "description": "<i>Restoration at Tokyo National Research Institute of Cultural Properties</i>. Tokyo National Research Institute of Cultural Properties (organizer) (May 22, 1997-April 28, 1998).", "opening_date": "1997-05-22T00:00:00"}, {"id": 185596, "title": "Unfolding Beauty:  Japanese Screens from the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Unfolding Beauty:  Japanese Screens from the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (July 15-September 16, 2001).", "opening_date": "2001-07-15T00:00:00"}, {"id": 698362, "title": "Highlights of Japanese Art", "description": "<i>Highlights of Japanese Art</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (December 7, 2025-June 14, 2026).", "opening_date": "2025-12-07T05:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>Main Japanese Rotation (Gallery 237)</em>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (May 29-December 23, 2013).", "opening_date": "2013-05-29T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Ogiware Yasunosuke", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": null}, {"description": "Nagami Takutaro \u6c38\u898b \u5fb3\u592a\u90ce [1890\u20131950], Nagasaki, Japan", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "(Mayuyama and Company, Tokyo, Japan, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "?\u20131960", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1960\u2013", "sortorder": 4}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": ["1960.194"], "did_you_know": "Europeans were called \"Southern Barbarians\" because their ships arrived in Japan from the south.", "description": "This screen and its corresponding screen show Portuguese merchants arriving in Japan, having crossed the oceans in their large ship with a multinational crew. The Portuguese were known in Japan as the \u201cSouthern Barbarians\u201d because they arrived from the south and their customs and manners were unfamiliar to the Japanese, who had not encountered anyone from Europe until their first appearance in 1543. In 1639, the Portuguese were forced out of Japan, mainly owing to internal difficulties caused by their Catholic missionaries, but they were a major conduit for both objects and ideas from Europe for nearly 100 years.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60465508"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1960.193.2-arrival-of-the-south"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Yoshida, Teruji \u5409\u7530\u668e\u4e8c. <em>Ukiyoe taisei</em> \u6d6e\u4e16\u7e6a\u5927\u6210. Tokyo \u6771\u4eac: Toho Shoin \u6771\u65b9\u66f8\u9662, Showa \u662d\u548c 5\u20136 [1930 \u20131931].", "page_number": "Reproduced: pls. 108\u2013110", "url": ""}, {"citation": "<em>Ho\u0304un </em>\u5bf3\u96f2, no. 4 (1932): pp. 64\u201383.", "page_number": "", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Buhot, Jean. \"Les Paravents Des Portugais: A Propos du Paravent du Mus\u00e9e Guimet.\" <em>Revue Des Arts Asiatiques</em> 12, no. 2/3 (June-September 1938): 113\u2013124.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pls. 2\u20134", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/43474404"}, {"citation": "Okamoto, Yoshitomo \u5ca1\u672c\u826f\u77e5. <em>Nanban byo\u0304bu ko\u0304 </em>\u5357\u86ee\u5c5b\u98a8\u8003. To\u0304kyo\u0304: Sho\u0304shinsha, 1955.", "page_number": "Reproduced: title page", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Narazaki, Muneshige \u6962\u5d0e \u5b97\u91cd. \"Japan's Trade with Western Countries\" <em>Kokka</em> no. 764 (November, 1955).", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 361, pl. 6", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Kondo\u0304, Ichitaro\u0304 \u8fd1\u85e4\u5e02\u592a\u90ce. <em>Momoyama sho\u0304hekiga meisaku ten</em> \u6843\u5c71\u969c\u58c1\u753b\u540d\u4f5c\u5c55. To\u0304kyo\u0304: Nihon Keizai Shinbunsha, 1957.", "page_number": "Reproduced:  no. 14", "url": ""}, {"citation": "<em>Zusetsu sekai bunkashi taikei </em>\u56f3\u8aaa\u4e16\u754c\u6587\u5316\u53f2\u5927\u7cfb. Tokyo: Kadokawa shoten, 1959.", "page_number": "Reproduced: vol. 23, part 4 , figs. 60\u201361", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Lee, Sherman E. \"Year in Review| 1960.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 47, no. 10 (1960): 223\u2013254.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 34, pp. 224\u2013225; Mentioned: no. 34, pp. 223 and 251", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25142422"}, {"citation": "Lee, Sherman E. <em>Japanese Decorative Style</em>. Tokyo: Makoto Nakao, 1962.", "page_number": "cat. no. 96", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Von Ragu\u00e9, Beatrix. \"A Pair of Screens with the \"Southern Barbarians\".\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 52, no. 2 (1965): 27\u201333.", "page_number": "", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25152033"}, {"citation": "Narazaki, Muneshige \u6962\u5d0e \u5b97\u91cd. \"The Types of Namban Screens\" <em>Kokka </em>no. 881 (August, 1965): pp. 33\u201338.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pls. 7\u20139", "url": ""}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 280", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n304"}, {"citation": "Bowie, Theodore Robert, J. Leroy Davidson, and Rudolf Wittkower. <em>East-West in Art: Patterns of Cultural &amp; Aesthetic Relationships</em>. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pl. 186", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Mayuyama, Junkichi \u7e6d\u5c71\u9806\u5409. <em>Japanese Art in the West</em>. [Tokyo]: Mayuyama &amp; Co, 1966.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 351; Reproduced: pp. 168\u2013169, pls. 198a and b", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Katsuki Takashi. \"Namban Byobu.\" <em>Oriental Art</em>, vol. 13 (Winter, 1967).", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 257, fig. 5", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Charleston, R. J., and John Ayers. <em>World Ceramics: An Illustrated History</em>. London: Hamlyn, 1968.", "page_number": "Reproduced:  p. 67, pl. 187", "url": ""}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 280", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n304"}, {"citation": "Shimada, Shu\u0304jiro\u0304 \u5cf6\u7530\u4fee\u4e8c\u90ce. <em>Zaigai hiho\u0304: O\u0304bei shu\u0304zo\u0304 nihon kaiga shu\u0304sei </em>\u5728\u5916\u79d8\u5b9d : \u6b27\u7c73\u6536\u8535\u65e5\u672c\u7d75\u753b\u96c6\u6210.  Tokyo: Gakushu kenkyusha, Showa 44 [1969].", "page_number": "Reproduced: vol. 1, pt. 1, pls. 42 and 43", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Grilli, Elise. <em>The Art of the Japanese Screen</em>. New York: Weatherhill, 1970.", "page_number": "Reproduced:  pp. 234\u2013235, pl. 130", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Okamoto, Yoshitomo \u5ca1\u672c\u826f\u77e5, and Takamizawa Tadao \u9ad8\u898b\u6ca2\u5fe0\u96c4. <em>Nanban byo\u0304bu </em>\u5357\u86ee\u5c5b\u98a8. To\u0304kyo\u0304: Kajima Shuppankai, 1970.", "page_number": "Reproduced: vol. 1, p. 179, pl. 48", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Sakamoto, Mitsuru \u5742\u672c\u6e80, Tadashi Sugase \u83c5\u702c\u6b63, and Fujio\u0304 Naruse \u6210\u702c\u4e0d\u4e8c\u96c4. <em>Nanban bijutsu to Yo\u0304fu\u0304ga</em> \u5357\u86ee\u7f8e\u8853\u3068\u6d0b\u98a8\u753b. To\u0304kyo\u0304: Sho\u0304gakkan, 1970.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pls. 52\u201353", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Varley, H. Paul. <em>Japanese Culture; a Short History</em>. New York: Praeger, 1973.", "page_number": "Reproduced: fig. 40 (left screen only)", "url": ""}, {"citation": "\"Japanese Art in the West.\" <em>The Sun</em>, no. 21 (Winter, 1977): pp. 82-83.", "page_number": "Reproduced: fig. 62", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Lee, Sherman E. <em>Japanese Screens from the Museum and Cleveland Collections</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Museum, 1977.", "page_number": "cat. no. 11", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Sakamoto, Mitsuru \u5742\u672c\u6e80. <em>Fu\u0304zokuga: Nanban fu\u0304zoku </em>\u98a8\u4fd7\u753b: \u5357\u86ee\u98a8\u4fd7. To\u0304kyo\u0304: Ko\u0304dnsha, 1977.", "page_number": "Reproduced:  pp. 88\u201389 and 92, pls. 97, 98, 105", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Sakamoto, Mitsuru. Nanban byo\u0304bu. To\u0304kyo\u0304: Shibundo\u0304, 1977.", "page_number": "Reproduced:  pl. 32", "url": ""}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 378", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n398"}, {"citation": "Moore, Janet Gaylord. <em>The Eastern Gate: An Invitation to the Arts of China and Japan</em>. Cleveland, OH: Collins, 1979.", "page_number": "pp. 228\u2013230", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Vollmer, John, E. J. Keall, and E. Nagai-Berthrong. <em>Silk Roads, China Ships</em>. Toronto, ON: Royal Ontario Museum, 1983.", "page_number": "pp. 136, 181", "url": ""}, {"citation": "\"Fugetsu sansui \u98a8\u6708\u5c71\u6c34<em>.\" </em>Vol. 12 in <em>Nihon no isho\u0304</em> \u65e5\u672c\u306e\u610f\u5320. Yoshioka, Yukio \u5409\u5ca1\u5e78\u96c4, editor. Kyo\u0304to-shi: Kyo\u0304to Shoin, 1986.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pp. 74\u201375, color pl. 75", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Tsutsui, Hiroichi \u7b52\u4e95\u7d18\u4e00 and Tatsuro\u0304 Akai \u8d64\u4e95\u9054\u90ce. <em>Chanoyu kaiga shiryo\u0304 shu\u0304sei </em>\u8336\u306e\u6e6f\u7d75\u753b\u8cc7\u6599\u96c6\u6210. To\u0304kyo\u0304: Heibonsha, 1992.", "page_number": "p. 31, no. 14", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Steele, Marcia, \"A Royal Plaque\", Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Cleveland Art: The Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em>. Vol. 39 no. 07, September 1999", "page_number": "Mentioned & reproduced: p. 8-9", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM1999-09/page/n7"}, {"citation": "Cunningham, Michael R. <em>Unfolding Beauty: Japanese Screens from the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2001.", "page_number": "Reproduced and Mentioned: cat. no. 9, pp. 24\u201325", "url": null}, {"citation": "Grossman, Nancy, James T. Ulak, Marjorie Williams, and Laurence Channing. <em>Art of Japan: Masterpieces from the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 2005.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 78", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Rivero Lake, Rodrigo. <em>Namban: Art in Viceregal Mexico</em>. [Madrid]: Estilome\u0301xico Editores, 2005.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: pp.165\u2013167", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Franklin, David and C. Griffith Mann. <em>Treasures from the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 2012.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: pp. 182\u2013183", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Welsh, Jennifer L. \"Cultural Trends and Cross-Cultural Interest: The 'Southern Barbarian Screens,' and Early Modern Japan.\" <em>Japan Studies Association Journal </em>10 (2012).", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 164, ill. 2", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 243; Reproduced: pp. 232\u2013233", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Usanov-Geissler, Nora. <em>Kyo\u0304to und seine Anderen: bildku\u0308nstlerische Imaginationen der Ku\u0308ste auf japanischen nanban byo\u0304bu</em>. Mu\u0308nchen: Iudicium, 2019.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 79, fig. 55", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1960.193.2", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1960.193.2/1960.193.2_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "410", "filesize": "", "filename": "1960.193.2_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1960.193.2/1960.193.2_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "1549", "filesize": "", "filename": "1960.193.2_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1960.193.2/1960.193.2_full.tif", "width": "13907", "height": "6336", "filesize": "", "filename": "1960.193.2_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2011-08-03T18:18:59", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1960.193.2/1960.193.2_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "1263", "height": "575", "filesize": "729383"}, "print": {"url": 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Hanna Jr. Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 136313, "creators": [], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1960-11-12T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1595, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 1600", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "component", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": "1960.193", "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Namban Byobu: Screen of Southern Barbarians"], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:00:26.181000"}, {"id": 136509, "accession_number": "1960.80", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Silver Wine Jug, Ham, and Fruit, c. 1660\u201366. Abraham van Beyeren (Dutch, 1620/21\u20131690). Oil on canvas; framed: 124.5 x 108 x 8.5 cm (49 x 42 1/2 x 3 3/8 in.); unframed: 99.7 x 82.6 cm (39 1/4 x 32 1/2 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Mr. and Mrs. William H. Marlatt Fund, 1960.80", "current_location": "215 French, German, and Dutch", "title": "Silver Wine Jug, Ham, and Fruit", "creation_date": "c. 1660\u201366", "creation_date_earliest": 1660, "creation_date_latest": 1666, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["Netherlands"], "technique": "oil on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "P - Netherlandish-Dutch", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 124.5 x 108 x 8.5 cm (49 x 42 1/2 x 3 3/8 in.); Unframed: 99.7 x 82.6 cm (39 1/4 x 32 1/2 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 1.245, "width": 1.08, "depth": 0.085}, "unframed": {"height": 0.997, "width": 0.826}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "Signed lower left: \"AVB g. [monogram]\"", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 302015, "title": "Year in Review - Nineteen Hundred Sixty", "description": "<i>Year in Review - Nineteen Hundred Sixty</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (November 30, 1960-January 1, 1961).", "opening_date": "1960-11-30T05:00:00"}, {"id": 304393, "title": "Chardin and the Still Life Tradition in France", "description": "<i>Chardin and the Still Life Tradition in France</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (June 6-August 12, 1979).", "opening_date": "1979-06-06T04:00:00"}, {"id": 309567, "title": "The Porcelain Connection", "description": "<i>The Porcelain Connection</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 22-August 15, 1982).", "opening_date": "1982-06-22T04:00:00"}, {"id": 309664, "title": "Consuming Passions: The Art of Food and Drink", "description": "<i>Consuming Passions: The Art of Food and Drink</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (July 26-October 9, 1983); The Toledo Museum of Art (September 15, 1983-November 18, 1984).", "opening_date": "1983-07-26T04:00:00"}, {"id": 310012, "title": "The Magic of Still Life", "description": "<i>The Magic of Still Life</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (November 4, 1986-February 1, 1987).", "opening_date": "1986-11-04T05:00:00"}, {"id": 441949, "title": "A Prosperous Past: The Sumptuous Still Life in the Netherlands", "description": "<i>A Prosperous Past: The Sumptuous Still Life in the Netherlands</i>. Kimbell Art Museum, Fort Worth, TX (organizer) (co-organizer) (December 10, 1988-February 12, 1989).", "opening_date": "1988-07-01T04:00:00"}, {"id": 191843, "title": "Still-Life Paintings from the Netherlands, 1550-1720", "description": "<i>Still-Life Paintings from the Netherlands, 1550-1720</i>. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, Netherlands (June 19-September 19, 1999); The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 31, 1999-January 9, 2000).", "opening_date": "1999-10-31T00:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>A Prosperous Past:Dutch Still Life Paintings from the Golden Age. </em>Stedelijk Museum het Prinsenhof, Delft, Netherlands; Fogg Art Museum, Cambridge, MA; The Kimbell Art Museum, Fort Worth, TX (December 10, 1988-February. 4, 1989). (lent to Fort Worth only).", "opening_date": "1988-12-10T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Possibly Pierrey, Paris", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->1The Munich Central Collecting Point property card for the van Beyeren painting notes the following under \u201cidentifying marks\u201d: \u201cexposition Monte Carlo/[sous?] Pierrey, Paris/ca. 1908 (?),\u201d an indication that the van Beyeren may have been listed under Pierrey\u2019s name and was lent by him to an exhibition in Monte Carlo. &nbsp; Pierrey\u2019s full name and identity have not been determined.&nbsp; One possibility is the artist Louis Maurice Pierrey (1912-1854).&nbsp; However, he is suggested here only because of his connection to the art world, not because of any substantive link with the van Beyeren; further research is required to determine if he had an art collection and, if so, whether it included the Cleveland picture.&nbsp; Further information about the Monte Carlo exhibition is also unknown: a search of exhibitions in Monte Carlo/Monaco from c. 1905-1912 yielded no references to the van Beyeren or to Pierrey.&nbsp; Additional pre-WWII provenance details for this painting are unknown at this time.&nbsp; It was previously thought that the CMA van Beyeren appeared in a May 10, 1921 sale at Lepke, Berlin, and/or was formerly in the Huldschinsky collection.&nbsp; However, the Lepke painting was in fact a different version of the CMA painting\u2019s composition that later appeared at auction at Sotheby Mak van Waay (May 15, 1984, no. 2) and at E&amp;VE (June 20, 2005, no. 60), and the Huldschinsky collection contained a different van Beyeren still life.&nbsp;</div>"], "date": "Probably c. 1908", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "(Probably Galerie A.S. Drey, Munich)", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->Thus far, our research has not identified documentation that locates the van Beyeren with Galerie A.S. Drey in Munich prior to the war.&nbsp; However, given the painting\u2019s wartime path and postwar return to Drey, it seems likely that the painting was indeed with Galerie A.S. Drey or possibly in the personal collection of the family before the war.&nbsp; Upon his decision in 1936 to move to the United States, Franz Drey, owner of A.S. Drey, asked sculpture dealer Bornheim to take over upon the \u201cAryanization\u201d of the gallery.&nbsp; Bornheim paid RM 30,000 for the firm and took over its stock, valued at RM 300,000.&nbsp; He agreed to hold certain works, which German museum curators felt complemented objects held in German museums that they wanted to remain in the country, until the Dreys could return and resume business (Lynn H. Nicholas,<em> The Rape of Europa,</em> 1994, p. 30). &nbsp;</div>"], "date": "Probably until 1936", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "Walter Bornheim [1888-1971], Munich", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->1We do not have documentation concerning Bornheim\u2019s initial acquisition of the van Beyeren.&nbsp; The following reflects the current state of research into Bornheim and his connection to the van Beyeren, and it will continue to be updated as research permits.&nbsp; Operating under Bornheim as Galerie f\u00fcr Alte Kunst, the former Galerie A.S. Drey became a main source for artworks given to Goering as gifts and, according to the Card Files on Art-Looting Suspects, part of the records of the Roberts Commission, Bornheim was Goering\u2019s most important buyer in France.&nbsp; Bornheim received permission from Goering\u2019s headquarters to buy foreign currency and in return was obliged to give Goering first refusal on all art objects he purchased (Bornheim, Walter. Card File on Art-Looting Suspects. Records of the American Commission for the Protection and Salvage of Artistic and Historical Monuments in War Areas (Roberts Commission), 1943-1946. Record Group 239. National Archives Identifier, 1518884.&nbsp; M1944, Roll 44, page 566, <em>Fold3.com, </em>https://www.fold3.com/image/270083432, retrieved June 1, 2016). Bornheim exported many works of art from France to Germany during the war. At the end of the war, Bornheim was captured and interrogated by the O.S.S., and it was recommended that he be held as a material witness in the Goering trial (Detailed Interrogation Report No. 11.&nbsp; Walter Bornheim.&nbsp; Subject Files. Records of the American Commission for the Protection and Salvage of Artistic and Historical Monuments in War Areas (Roberts Commission), 1943-1946. Record Group 239. National Archives Identifier 1537311. M1944, Roll 84, pages 9-10. <em>Fold3.com</em>, https://www.fold3.com/image/273523052 and https://www.fold3.com/image/2735230523, retrieved Oct. 24, 2014).&nbsp; On June 14, 1945, Bornheim wrote to Drey in New York about the condition of Drey\u2019s artworks and property in Germany.&nbsp; The Galerie f\u00fcr Alte Kunst had been moved to Palais Arnulf, Briennerstrasse 13, and its contents were destroyed (Bornheim does not mention the date that this occurred); however, Bornheim had transferred much of the gallery stock, as well as Drey\u2019s own collection, to various depots outside of Munich \u2013 although at the time of this letter he did not know of the condition of those objects. (Detailed Interrogation Report No. 11.&nbsp; Walter Bornheim.&nbsp; Subject Files. Records of the American Commission for the Protection and Salvage of Artistic and Historical Monuments in War Areas (Roberts Commission), 1943-1946. Record Group 239. National Archives Identifier 1537311. M1944, Roll 84, page 13, <em>Fold3.com</em>, https://www.fold3.com/image/273523056, retrieved Oct. 24, 2014).&nbsp; Bornheim wrote: \u201cI can buy out the remaining business partner at any time so that I am the only owner of the firm.&nbsp; In case my depots are in good condition, I have a sufficient stock in good objects and shall be able to cover all my responsibilities.&nbsp; I am presuming, of course, that a confiscation of works of art will not take place.&nbsp; In any case, I shall do everything possible to keep your capital, including interest, as well as your works of art, in my custody.&nbsp; But I would be relieved if someone could come here to take over these assets\u201d (Detailed Interrogation Report No. 11.&nbsp; Walter Bornheim.&nbsp; Subject Files. Records of the American Commission for the Protection and Salvage of Artistic and Historical Monuments in War Areas (Roberts Commission), 1943-1946. Record Group 239. National Archives Identifier 1537311. M1944, Roll 84, page 14, <em>Fold3.com,<br></em>https://www.fold3.com/image/273523057, retrieved Oct. 24, 2014).&nbsp; In the end, however, Bornheim\u2019s depots were emptied by the Allies (see Note 4).</div>"], "date": "Possibly 1936-1946", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "In possession of the Allies, returned to Walter Bornheim", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->1The MCCP card says that the van Beyeren came to the Collecting Point from Tegernsee, one of Bornheim\u2019s depots: he used the Tegernsee branch of the shuttered Dresdener Bank as a repository for the art in his possession. &nbsp; As of May 1946, the depot had been completely cleared by the Allies and its contents brought to the Munich Central Collecting Point on May 15, 22, and 23, 1946 (Tegernsee; Landkreis Miesbach.&nbsp; Repositories: Straubing-Tergling.&nbsp; Records Relating to the Status of Monuments, Museums, and Archives. Records Concerning the Central Collecting Points (\u201cArdelia Hall Collection\u201d): Munich Central Collecting Point, 1945-1951. Record Group 260. National Archives Identifier 3725272. M1946, Roll 97, page 120, <em>Fold3.com,</em> https://www.fold3.com/image/270132945, retrieved July 25, 2013). The <em>List of Cultural Objects evacuated from Dresdener Bank, Tegernsee on 15, 22, and 29 May 46 </em>lists one oil still life from the collection of A.S. Drey, evacuated on May 22, 1946 (Investigations Correspondence, Bornheim-Dietrich.&nbsp; Restitution Claim Records.&nbsp; Records Concerning the Central Collecting Points (\u201cArdelia Hall Collection\u201d): Munich Central Collecting Point, 1945-1951.&nbsp; Record Group 260.&nbsp; M1946, Roll 69, page 723<em>, Fold3.com, </em>https://www.fold3.com/image/269943981, retrieved July 25, 2013). This date is consistent with the arrival date of the van Beyeren as per the MCCP card, although the absence of any further details about this still life make it difficult to confirm whether or not this painting is the Cleveland van Beyeren.&nbsp; The <em>Vollst\u00e4ndige Liste des Warenlagers der Galerie F\u00fcr Alte Kunst M\u00fcnchen \u2013 Gr\u00e4felfing, Grosostrasse 18, vom 19. Juli 1946 mit dem augenblicklichen Aufenthaltsort</em> includes (no. 136) \u201c1 \u00d6lgem\u00e4lde v. Beyeren \u201cSilleben\u201d \u2013 Collecting Point\u201d (Investigations Correspondence, Bornheim-Dietrich.&nbsp; Restitution Claim Records.&nbsp; Records Concerning the Central Collecting Points (\u201cArdelia Hall Collection\u201d): Munich Central Collecting Point, 1945-1951.&nbsp; Record Group 260.&nbsp; National Archives Identifier 3725265.&nbsp; M1946, Roll 69, page 713<em>, Fold3.com, </em>https://www.fold3.com/image/269943935, retrieved July 8, 2013).&nbsp; Again, it cannot be determined whether this is the CMA painting or the same painting as that listed in the Dresdener Bank, Tegernsee list.&nbsp; Another list, <em>A List of Objects Stored by Walter Bornheim in the Dresdener Bank, Tegernsee</em> only has several entries vaguely titled \u201coil paintings,\u201d but nothing that refers specifically to the van Beyeren (Bornheim Walter: Detailed Interrogation Report (Dir) No 11.&nbsp; Restitution Research Records.&nbsp; Records Concerning the Central Collecting Points (\"Ardelia Hall Collection\"): Munich Central Collecting Point, 1945-1951.&nbsp; Record Group 260.&nbsp; M1946, Roll 118, page 27, <em>Fold3.com,</em> https://www.fold3.com/image/270038869, retrieved July 2, 2013).&nbsp; Upon its arrival at the Collecting Point, the van Beyeren was assigned Munich no. 30958.&nbsp; The Collecting Point card notes that on Sept. 17, 1947 the painting was returned to Bornheim, as is documented on the \u201cSchedule A\u201d list of objects, attached to Bornheim\u2019s Custody Receipt Form (Custody Receipts Bavaria XIII.&nbsp; Restitution and Custody Receipts. Records Concerning the Central Collecting Points (\u201cArdelia Hall Collection\u201d): OMGUS Headquarters Records, 1938-1951. Record Group 260. National Archives Identifier 1561463. M1941, Roll 43, page 227, <em>Fold3.com</em>, https://www.fold3.com/image/293332505, retrieved March 23, 2015).</div>"], "date": "1946-1947", "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "Walter Bornheim, Munich, restituted to Paul Drey", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->1On August 4, 1949, Bornheim and Paul Drey reached a compromise wherein the former was obliged to return some artworks to the owners of A.S. Drey because they were only held in trust by Bornheim; among these objects was \u201c1 \u00d6lgem\u00e4lde Stilleben van Beyeren\u201d (Out-Shipment 145 Through Out-Shipment 153 (September 23, 1949-October 21, 1949).&nbsp; Cultural Object Movement and Control Records. Records Concerning the Central Collecting Points (\u201cArdelia Hall Collection\u201d): Wiesbaden Central Collecting Point, 1945-1952. Record Group 260. M1947, Roll 34, page 84, <em>Fold3.com</em>, https://www.fold3.com/image/231912312, retrieved March 23, 2015).&nbsp; The archives of the Bundesamt f\u00fcr zentrale Diensteund offene Verm\u00f6gensfragen confirm that the dimensions and composition of the Bornheim/Drey painting are the same as those of the Cleveland picture; therefore, and because there was only one van Beyeren painting in Bornheim\u2019s possession at the end of the war, it can reasonably be assumed that the Cleveland and Bornheim/Drey paintings are one and the same.&nbsp; It should be noted, however, that the back of the Cleveland picture\u2019s frame and stretcher do not currently display any traces of the Munich number:&nbsp; several patches of discoloration on the stretcher suggest that at some point after the painting left the Collecting Point, the Munich number, written in ink, and any other ink inscriptions were sanded off.&nbsp; The \u201cidentifying marks\u201d noted on the Collecting Point card (\u201cexposition Monte Carlo/[sous?] Pierrey, Paris/ca. 1908 (?)\u201d) were likely also written in ink and later removed (if this text had been present on labels, there would likely be residue left on the stretcher, which is not the case).&nbsp; The circumstances of these removals are unknown.</div>"], "date": "1947-1949", "sortorder": 5}, {"description": "Probably Paul Drey [1885-1953] and Elizabeth Drey, New York", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->1The records of the image library of the RKD Netherlands Institute for Art History locate the painting in the Drey collection (specific dates of ownership unknown). The painting was certainly still with the Drey family or their gallery after Paul\u2019s death in 1953, as his widow Elizabeth provided a photograph of the van Beyeren painting to the RKD at some point after he died (it was Elizabeth, not the more likely Paul, who was the sender of the photograph).&nbsp; The photograph was taken by John D. Schiff, a photographer who often took photographs of the inventory of galleries in New York; the Paul Drey Gallery was among his clients.&nbsp; The circumstances of Elizabeth Drey\u2019s sale of the painting are unknown, but she may have still been the owner when the painting appeared in a 1956 exhibition at Lempertz in Cologne (see Note 7).&nbsp; It is also possible that Drey sold it to the Terry-Engell Gallery, from whom CMA purchased the painting; however, no pattern of transactions between Drey and the Terry-Engell Gallery has been established, and Margot Drey Catherwood, Paul Drey\u2019s daughter, knew of no connection between her family and the Terry-Engell Gallery.&nbsp; Catherwood also did not know whether the van Beyeren would have been in the Drey gallery stock or in the family\u2019s personal collection.&nbsp; Another unknown possible component of the provenance is indicated by a photocopy of the CMA van Beyeren in the National Gallery of Art photo archive that is annotated: \u201cJames. J. Post\u201d (the surname is not clearly legible, but appears to read \u201cPost\u201d).&nbsp; A New York address is given: \u201cSavoy-Hilton, room 1439,\u201d as well as a reference to a letter dated December 1, 1959. &nbsp; It is not clear to what these annotations refer, and whether or not Post owned or sold the painting at some point. The Edgar Preston Richardson Papers finding aid at the Archives of American Art does record a \u201cJames J. Post\u201d among a list of art experts with whom Richardson corresponded. More research is needed to learn about Post or to investigate other possible identities of the individual noted on the National Gallery photocopy. &nbsp;</div>"], "date": "1949-at least 1953", "sortorder": 6}, {"description": "Possibly private collection, United States", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->In 1956 the van Beyeren appeared in an exhibition (<em>Erlesene Kunstwerke aus amerikanishem Besitz; </em>no. 2A), jointly organized by New York dealer French &amp; Co. with Lempertz auction house in Cologne.&nbsp; All of the works came from an American collection and were offered for sale at the exhibition.&nbsp; Lempertz records show that the van Beyeren failed to sell and was sent back to its owner in the United States.&nbsp; It is unclear from the Lempertz archive whether the exhibited objects were the property of French &amp; Co., or whether they had some of the objects on commission from private collections.&nbsp; It is possible that Margaret Drey was the owner of the van Beyeren at the time, either loaning the painting on commission to French &amp; Co., or perhaps she had sold it outright to French &amp; Co. by the time of the Lempertz exhibition.&nbsp;</div>"], "date": "By 1956", "sortorder": 7}, {"description": "H. Terry-Engell Gallery, London, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art1", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->1The Terry-Engell Gallery provided no provenance to CMA when the painting was sold to the museum.&nbsp; Because the gallery is no longer in existence and there are no extant records, it is not known from whom the gallery acquired the painting, and no particular connection between Terry-Engell and either the Drey family or French &amp; Co. has been established.</div>"], "date": "Until 1960", "sortorder": 8}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1960-", "sortorder": 9}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Look closely: the shimmering surface of the silver wine jug reflects a portrait of the artist at his easel.", "description": "With their typically large scale, and loose and energetic brushwork, Abraham van Beyeren\u2019s opulent still life paintings were designed to be seen from a slight distance\u2014perhaps installed over a mantelpiece. Here, for example, the silver wine jug is painted with rough strokes that seem almost abstract when viewed up close, but from a distance it becomes a fully realized object shimmering with complex reflections\u2014including a ghostly self-portrait of the artist at his easel.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20738578"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1960.80-silver-wine-jug-ham"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Datenbank zum Central Collecting Point M\u00fcnchen, Deutsches Historisches Museum, http://www.dhm.de/datenbank/ccp/dhm_ccp.php?seite=6&amp;fld_1=30958&amp;fld_3=&amp;auswahl=6&amp;fld_4=&amp;fld_4a=&amp;fld_5=&amp;fld_6=&amp;fld_7=&amp;fld_8=&amp;fld_9=&amp;fld_10=&amp;suchen=Suchen.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Datenbank zum Central Collecting Point M\u00fcnchen, Deutsches Historisches Museum, http://www.dhm.de/datenbank/ccp/dhm_ccp.php?seite=6&amp;fld_1=30958&amp;fld_3=&amp;auswahl=6&amp;fld_4=&amp;fld_4a=&amp;fld_5=&amp;fld_6=&amp;fld_7=&amp;fld_8=&amp;fld_9=&amp;fld_10=&amp;suchen=Suchen.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Datenbank zum Central Collecting Point M\u00fcnchen, Deutsches Historisches Museum, http://www.dhm.de/datenbank/ccp/dhm_ccp.php?seite=6&amp;fld_1=30958&amp;fld_3=&amp;auswahl=6&amp;fld_4=&amp;fld_4a=&amp;fld_5=&amp;fld_6=&amp;fld_7=&amp;fld_8=&amp;fld_9=&amp;fld_10=&amp;suchen=Suchen.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Datenbank zum Central Collecting Point M\u00fcnchen, Deutsches Historisches Museum, http://www.dhm.de/datenbank/ccp/dhm_ccp.php?seite=6&amp;fld_1=30958&amp;fld_3=&amp;auswahl=6&amp;fld_4=&amp;fld_4a=&amp;fld_5=&amp;fld_6=&amp;fld_7=&amp;fld_8=&amp;fld_9=&amp;fld_10=&amp;suchen=Suchen.<br><br><ul><li><br></li></ul>", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Fred Meijer, email to Victoria Sears Goldman, March 16, 2015, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "RKD photograph, \u201cA. van Beyeren,\u201d RKD images kunstwerknr. 182. RKD Netherlands Institute for Art History.RR", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Segal, Sam, and William B. Jordan. <em>A Prosperous Past: The Sumptuous Still Life in the Netherlands, 1600-1700</em>. The Hague: SDU Publishers, 1988. <ul><li><br></li></ul>", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Kunsthaus Lempertz. <em>Erlesene Kunstwerke aus amerikanischem Besitz: Gema\u0308lde, Skulpturen, Kunstgewerbe, Mo\u0308bel, Wirkteppiche aus dem XIII. bis XX. Jahrhundert ; Kunsthaus Math. Lempertz, Ko\u0308ln, Juli, August, September 1956</em>. 1956. <ul><li><br></li></ul>", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Carsten Felgner, email to Victoria Sears Goldman, July 17, 2013, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Carsten Felgner, email to Victoria Sears Goldman, March 21, 2015, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Henry Zimet, email to Victoria Sears Goldman, August 14, 2013, in CMA curatorial file", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Herbert Terry-Engell, letter to Sherman E. Lee, May 2, 1960, in curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Lee, Sherman E. \"Year in Review: 1960.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 47, no. 10 (1960): 223-54.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 252;  no. 55", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25142422."}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, \u201cRecent Acquisition Press Release,\u201d July 8, 1960, Cleveland Museum of Art Archives.", "page_number": null, "url": "https://archive.org/details/cmapr0577"}, {"citation": "\"Accessions of American and Canadian Museums: April - June, 1960.\" <em>The Art Quarterly</em> 23, no. 3 (Autumn 1960): 301-312.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 302; reproduced: p. 306", "url": null}, {"citation": "Francis, Henry S. \"Abraham van Beyeren: Still Life with a silver Wine Jar and Reflected Portrait of the Artist.\" <em>The Bulletin of The Cleveland Museum of Art,</em> XLVII, no.9 (November 1960): 212-214.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 212", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Catalogue of Paintings, Vol I: Foreign Schools, 1350-1800.</em> York, NY City Art Gallery, 1961.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 48", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"In the Museums.\" <em>The Magazine Antiques</em> 79, no. 2 (February 1961): 194-202.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 194", "url": null}, {"citation": "Sullivan, Scott A. \"A Banquet-Piece with Vanitas Implications.\" <em>The Bulletin of The Cleveland Museum of Art </em>LXI, no.10 (October 1974): 271-281.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 272, fig. 1; Detail: fig. 8", "url": null}, {"citation": "Johnson, Mark. \"Abraham van Beyeren's Banquet: Still Life.\"<em> Bulletin - Krannert Art Museum</em> 1, no. 2 (1976): 10-26.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 20", "url": null}, {"citation": "Moore, Janet Gaylord. <em>The Eastern Gate: An Invitation to the Arts of China and Japan</em>. Cleveland, OH: Collins, 1979.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 85; Mentioned: p. 83; Listed: p. 26", "url": null}, {"citation": "Weisberg, Gabriel P., and William S. Talbot. <em>Chardin and the Still-Life Tradition in France.</em> Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1979.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 1", "url": null}, {"citation": "Broude, Norma, and Mary D. Garrard. <em>Feminism and Art History: Questioning the Litany.</em> New York, NY: Harper &amp; Row, 1982.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 188, fig. 7; Detail Reproduced: p. 189, fig. 8", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Catalogue of Paintings, Part 3: European Paintings of the 16th, 17th, and 18th Centuries</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1982.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 220; Mentioned: p. 221", "url": null}, {"citation": "Alpers, Svetlana. <em>The Art of Describing: Dutch Art in the Seventeenth Century</em>. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1983.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 20-21", "url": null}, {"citation": "Boger, Ann C. <em>Consuming Passions: The Art of Food and Drink. </em>Exh. cat. <em>: </em>Cleveland Museum of Art (July 26-October 9, 1983). [Cleveland]: Extensions Division, Dept. of Art History and Education, Cleveland Museum of Art, 1983.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 4, p. 9", "url": null}, {"citation": "Alpers, Svetlana. <em>Kunst als Beschreibung: holla\u0308ndische Malerei des 17. Jahrhunderts</em>. Ko\u0308ln, Germany: Dumont, 1985.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 67; Detail: p. 71", "url": null}, {"citation": "Broos, B. P. J., Hans Hoetink, Beatrijs Brenninkmeyer-De Rooij, and Jean Lacambre. <em>De Rembrandt a\u0300 Vermeer: les peintres hollandais au Mauritshuis de La Haye. </em>Exh. cat. Galeries nationales du Grand Palais, Paris FEb. 19 - June 30, 1986). The Hague: Edition de la Fondation Johan Maurits van Nassau, 1986.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 150, fig. 2", "url": null}, {"citation": "Segal, Sam, and William B. Jordan. <em>A Prosperous Past: The Sumptuous Still Life in the Netherlands, 1600-1700.</em> The Hague: SDU Publishers, 1988.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 176, cat. 51; Reproduced: p. 174, fig. 51", "url": null}, {"citation": "Broos, B. P. J., and Edwin Buijsen. <em>Great Dutch Paintings from America: </em>Exh. cat. Mauritshuis, The Hague (September 24, 1990-January 13, 1991); The Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco (February 16, 1991-May 5, 1991). The Hague: Mauritshuis, 1990.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 160, fig. 2", "url": null}, {"citation": "Chong, Alan. <em>European &amp; American Painting in the Cleveland Museum of Art: A Summary Catalogue.</em> Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1993.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 11", "url": null}, {"citation": "Chong, Alan, W. Th Kloek, and Celeste Brusati. <em>Still-Life Paintings from the Netherlands, 1550-1720</em>. Exh. cat. Cleveland Museum of Art and Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, in association with Zwolle: Waanders Publishers, 1999.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 81-82, 239-241; Reproduced: p.82, figs. 14-15, 240", "url": null}, {"citation": "Liedtke, Walter A., Michiel Plomp, and Axel Ru\u0308ger. <em>Vermeer and the Delft School. </em>Exh. cat. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2001.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 96, fig. 109", "url": null}, {"citation": "Jaubert, Alain, Alberto Herra\u0301iz, and Didier Loire. <em>Zestes: Les Aventures des Agrumes dans l'Art.</em> Paris: Cohen&amp;Cohen, 2021.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 131, fig. 73", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1960.80", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1960.80/1960.80_web.jpg", "width": "743", "height": "893", "filesize": "84702", "filename": "1960.80_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1960.80/1960.80_print.jpg", "width": "2829", "height": "3400", "filesize": "1214364", "filename": "1960.80_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1960.80/1960.80_full.tif", "width": "11619", "height": "13961", "filesize": "486663008", "filename": "1960.80_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2007-02-08T14:53:49", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1960.80/1960.80_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "738", "height": "893", "filesize": "419654"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1960.80/1960.80_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "2810", "height": "3400", "filesize": "5738943"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1960.80/1960.80_alt0_full.tif", "width": "2880", "height": "3485", "filesize": "30142512"}}, {"date_created": "2013-08-05T10:26:22", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1960.80/1960.80_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "744", "height": "893", "filesize": "100998"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1960.80/1960.80_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "2831", "height": "3400", "filesize": "1908254"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1960.80/1960.80_alt1_full.tif", "width": "12000", "height": "14407", "filesize": "518675968"}}, {"date_created": "2013-08-05T11:02:26", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1960.80/1960.80_alt2_web.jpg", "width": "595", "height": "893", "filesize": "151099"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1960.80/1960.80_alt2_print.jpg", "width": "2265", "height": "3400", "filesize": "1910022"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1960.80/1960.80_alt2_full.tif", "width": "3634", "height": "5454", "filesize": "59483424"}}, {"date_created": "2013-08-05T11:12:12", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1960.80/1960.80_alt3_web.jpg", "width": "719", "height": "893", "filesize": "196929"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1960.80/1960.80_alt3_print.jpg", "width": "2736", "height": "3400", "filesize": "3040517"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1960.80/1960.80_alt3_full.tif", "width": "4539", "height": "5639", "filesize": "76810180"}}, {"date_created": "2013-08-05T11:19:38", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1960.80/1960.80_alt4_web.jpg", "width": "765", "height": "893", "filesize": "186942"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1960.80/1960.80_alt4_print.jpg", "width": "2913", "height": "3400", "filesize": "2638347"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1960.80/1960.80_alt4_full.tif", "width": "4823", "height": "5629", "filesize": "81469916"}}, {"date_created": "2012-03-07T15:00:54", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1960.80/1960.80_alt5_web.jpg", "width": "775", "height": "893", "filesize": "175632"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1960.80/1960.80_alt5_print.jpg", "width": "2951", "height": "3400", "filesize": "1926326"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1960.80/1960.80_alt5_full.tif", "width": "3326", "height": "3832", "filesize": "38282516"}}], "creditline": "Mr. and Mrs. William H. Marlatt Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Samuel Rosenthal Family Gallery", "athena_id": 136509, "creators": [{"id": 2656, "description": "Abraham van Beyeren (Dutch, 1620/21\u20131690)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1620", "death_year": "1690", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1960-04-25T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1660, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 1660\u201366", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": true, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Still Life with a Silver Wine Jug"], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:08:31.859000"}, {"id": 143656, "accession_number": "1968.110", "share_license_status": "Copyrighted", "tombstone": "Number 99, 1959\u201360. Morris Louis (American, 1912\u20131962). Acrylic resin (Magna) on canvas; unframed: 251.3 x 360.5 cm (98 15/16 x 141 15/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Contemporary Collection of The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1968.110. \u00a9  Maryland Institute College of Art (MICA), Rights Administered by Artist Rights Society (ARS), New York, All Rights Reserved.", "current_location": "227 Abstract Expressionism", "title": "Number 99", "creation_date": "1959\u201360", "creation_date_earliest": 1959, "creation_date_latest": 1960, "artists_tags": ["male", "Jewish artists"], "culture": ["America"], "technique": "acrylic resin (Magna) on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "American Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "American - Painting", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Unframed: 251.3 x 360.5 cm (98 15/16 x 141 15/16 in.)", "dimensions": {"unframed": {"height": 2.513, "width": 3.605}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": "\u00a9  Maryland Institute College of Art (MICA), Rights Administered by Artist Rights Society (ARS), New York, All Rights Reserved.", "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "written on back of stretcher (in pencil):  Louis 99", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 301285, "title": "Year in Review for 1968", "description": "<i>Year in Review for 1968</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (January 29-March 9, 1969).", "opening_date": "1969-01-29T05:00:00"}, {"id": 302330, "title": "Heritage and Horizon: American Painting 1776 - 1976", "description": "<i>Heritage and Horizon: American Painting 1776 - 1976</i>. Buffalo AKG Art Museum, Buffalo, NY (organizer) (March 7-April 11, 1976); The Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit, MI (May 2-June 13, 1976); The Toledo Museum of Art, Toledo, OH (July 4-August 15, 1976); The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (September 8-October 10, 1976).", "opening_date": "1976-03-07T05:00:00"}, {"id": 444160, "title": "Morris Lewis: The Veil Cycle", "description": "<i>Morris Lewis: The Veil Cycle</i>. Walker Art Center, Minneapolis, MN (organizer) (February 6-March 27, 1977); Denver Art Museum, Denver, CO (April 15-May 29, 1977); Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth, Fort Worth, TX (June 19-July 31, 1977); Everson Museum of Art, Syracuse, NY (September 11-October 23, 1977); The Baltimore Museum of Art, Baltimore, MD (November 29, 1977-January 22, 1978).", "opening_date": "1977-02-06T05:00:00"}, {"id": 224241, "title": "Morris Louis Now: An American Master Revisited", "description": "<i>Morris Louis Now: An American Master Revisited</i>. High Museum of Art, Atlanta, GA (organizer) (October 28, 2006-January 21, 2007); Museum of Contemporary Art, San Diego, La Jolla, CA (February 10-May 6, 2007); Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC (September 19, 2007-January 6, 2008).", "opening_date": "2006-10-28T00:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "High Museum of Art (10/28/2006 - 1/21/2007), Museum of Contemporary Art, San Diego (2/10/2007 - 5/6/2007), and the Hirshorrn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Washington, DC (9/19/2007 - 1/6/2008):  \"Morris Louis Now: An American Master Revisited\"", "opening_date": "2006-10-28T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "(Park International, Inc., New York)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": null}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Astonishingly, Louis painted his large canvases in his modest 12 x 14-foot dining room.", "description": "Louis is associated with the Washington Color School, a group of painters based in Washington, DC, during the 1960s and '70s. These artists tended to create large colorful compositions with repeated shapes, often using diluted paint.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60469892"], "internet_archive": []}, "citations": [{"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 204", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n228"}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Art of the Twentieth Century in the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: Dept. of Art History &amp; Education, CMA, 1969.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 5", "url": "https://archive.org/details/20thCenturyArtCMA/page/n5"}, {"citation": "Henning, Edward B. \u201cMorris Louis, Number 99.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 56, no. 2 (February 1969): 81\u201387.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 81-87, fig. 10", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25152259"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 256", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n276"}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1968.110", "images": {}, "alternate_images": [], "creditline": "Contemporary Collection of The Cleveland Museum of Art", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Frank H. and Nancy L. Porter Gallery", "athena_id": 143656, "creators": [{"id": 3532, "description": "Morris Louis (American, 1912\u20131962)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1912", "death_year": "1962", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1969-01-22T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1959, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1959\u201360", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:02:18.820000"}, {"id": 138881, "accession_number": "1963.252", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Mural Fragment with Elite Male and Maguey Cactus Leaves, 500\u2013550. Central Mexico, Tlacuilapaxco apartment compound(?), Teotihuac\u00e1n style, Classic Period. Fresco on wall fragment; overall: 83.2 x 116.2 cm (32 3/4 x 45 3/4 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Purchase from the J. H. Wade Fund, 1963.252", "current_location": "233 Mesoamerican and Intermediate Region", "title": "Mural Fragment with Elite Male and Maguey Cactus Leaves", "creation_date": "500\u2013550", "creation_date_earliest": 500, "creation_date_latest": 550, "artists_tags": [], "culture": ["Central Mexico, Tlacuilapaxco apartment compound(?), Teotihuac\u00e1n style, Classic Period"], "technique": "fresco on wall fragment", "support_materials": [], "department": "Art of the Americas", "collection": "AA - Mesoamerica", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Overall: 83.2 x 116.2 cm (32 3/4 x 45 3/4 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"height": 0.832, "width": 1.162}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [], "legacy": []}, "provenance": [{"description": "Black Tulip Gallery, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "?-1963", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1963-", "sortorder": 2}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "This fragment is from a larger composition that covered the walls of a patio at Teotihuacan.", "description": "This richly dressed elite male belonged to a row of identical figures who processed along the walls of a patio in one of Teotihuac\u00e1n\u2019s wealthy apartment compounds. He offers a chant or prayer, materialized in a mouth scroll, along with a flower-filled libation that cascades from one hand. In the other hand, he carries an incense bag. The thorny spines of the maguey cactus, in front and behind, may allude to the offering of precious blood and a ritual beverage made from the cactus\u2019s sap (pulque, a less refined form of tequila). The spines are thrust into objects that may represent bundles or plots of land.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60469044"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1963.252-mural-fragment-with"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Berrin, Kathleen, and Clara Millon. <em>Feathered Serpents and Flowering Trees: Reconstructing the Murals of Teotihuaca\u0301n.</em> [San Francisco, Calif.]: Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, 1988.", "page_number": "pp. 195-205", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lee, Sherman E. \"Year in Review for 1963.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 50, no. 10 (1963).", "page_number": "p. 291", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25151974"}, {"citation": "Kubler, George. \"The Iconography of the Art of Teotihuac\u00e1n.\" <em>Studies in Pre-Columbian Art and Archaeology</em>, no. 4 (1967).", "page_number": "p. 4, 7-8 , fig. 17", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/41263406"}, {"citation": "Miller, Arthur G. <em>The Mural Painting of Teotihuaca\u0301n</em>. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks, 1973.", "page_number": "p. 36-37, 170, fig. 366", "url": null}, {"citation": "Millon, Rene\u0301. <em>Urbanization at Teotihuaca\u0301n, Mexico.</em> Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1973.", "page_number": "p. 33-36, 121, fig. 48b", "url": null}, {"citation": "Young-S\u00e1nchez, Margaret. \"Veneration of the Dead: Religious Ritual on a Pre-Columbian Mirror-Back.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 77, no. 9 (1990)", "page_number": "p. 328, fig. 4", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25161301"}, {"citation": "<em>Mexican Art Abroad</em>. (Mexico: Groupo Azabache S.A. de C.V, 1994).", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Me\u0301xico en el mundo de las colecciones de arte</em>. [Me\u0301xico, D.F.]: [El Gobierno de la Repu\u0301blica], 1994. .", "page_number": "p. 84", "url": null}, {"citation": "Stokstad, Marilyn. <em>Art History.</em> New York, NY: Abrams, 1995.", "page_number": "p. 145", "url": null}, {"citation": "Gardner, Helen, Richard G. Tansey, and Fred S. Kleiner. <em>Gardner's Art Through the Ages</em>. Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1996.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Turner, J. S.<em> The Dictionary of Art. </em>New York: Grove, 1996.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Stokstad, Marilyn.<em> Art History</em>. [Place of publication not identified]: Prentice Hall, 2001.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Honour, Hugh, and John Fleming. <em>A World History of Art.</em> London: Laurence King, 1999.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Honour, Hugh, and John Fleming.<em> A World History of Art</em>. London: Laurence King, 2002.", "page_number": "p. 522, fig. 12.3", "url": null}, {"citation": "Stokstad, Marilyn, David Cateforis, and Stephen Addiss.<em> Art History</em>. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2005. .", "page_number": "fig. 12-7", "url": null}, {"citation": "Honour, Hugh, and John Fleming. <em>A World History of Art</em>. London: Laurence King, 2005.", "page_number": "p. 509, fig. 12.3", "url": null}, {"citation": "Hernaez, Gerardo A. Ramirez and Esmeralda Reynoso Camacho. <em>The Skin of Teotihuacan</em>. (Arts and Cultures, 2008).", "page_number": "p. 116, fig. 13", "url": null}, {"citation": "Wilkins, David G., Bernard Schultz, and Katheryn M. Linduff. <em>Art Past, Art Present.</em> Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Education, 2008.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Bray, Warwick, and David H. Trump.<em> The Penguin Dictionary of Archaeology.</em> Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1972.", "page_number": null, "url": null}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1963.252", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1963.252/1963.252_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "626", "filesize": "324153", "filename": "1963.252_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1963.252/1963.252_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2366", "filesize": "3884208", "filename": "1963.252_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1963.252/1963.252_full.tif", "width": "14964", "height": "10415", "filesize": "467580788", "filename": "1963.252_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1963.252/1963.252_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "1263", "height": "870", "filesize": "1035128"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1963.252/1963.252_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2343", "filesize": "7433950"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1963.252/1963.252_alt0_full.tif", "width": "5000", "height": "3446", "filesize": "51743336"}}, {"annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1963.252/1963.252_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "1241", "height": "893", "filesize": "995370"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1963.252/1963.252_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "2696", "height": "1940", "filesize": "4049879"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1963.252/1963.252_alt1_full.tif", "width": "2696", "height": "1940", "filesize": "15696076"}}, {"annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1963.252/1963.252_alt2_web.jpg", "width": "1263", "height": "869", "filesize": "1024342"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1963.252/1963.252_alt2_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2339", "filesize": "7246572"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1963.252/1963.252_alt2_full.tif", "width": "5000", "height": "3439", "filesize": "51631740"}}], "creditline": "Purchase from the J. H. Wade Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 138881, "creators": [], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1963-11-30T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 500, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "500\u2013550", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": true, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:01:39.048000"}, {"id": 94188, "accession_number": "1914.714", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Coffin of Nesykhonsu, c. 976\u2013889 BCE. Egypt, Thebes, Third Intermediate (1069\u2013715 BCE), Dynasties 21\u201322. Gessoed and painted sycamore fig; overall: 70 cm (27 9/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Gift of the John Huntington Art and Polytechnic Trust, 1914.714", "current_location": "107 Egyptian", "title": "Coffin of Nesykhonsu", "creation_date": "c. 976\u2013889 BCE", "creation_date_earliest": -976, "creation_date_latest": -889, "artists_tags": [], "culture": ["Egypt, Thebes, Third Intermediate (1069\u2013715 BCE), Dynasties 21\u201322"], "technique": "gessoed and painted sycamore fig", "support_materials": [], "department": "Egyptian and Ancient Near Eastern Art", "collection": "Egypt - Third Intermediate", "type": "Funerary Equipment", "measurements": "Overall: 70 cm (27 9/16 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"width": 0.7, "length": 2.11}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 317001, "title": "Inaugural Exhibition", "description": "<i>Inaugural Exhibition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (co-organizer) (June 6-September 20, 1916).", "opening_date": "1916-06-06T05:00:00"}], "legacy": []}, "provenance": [{"description": "Thebes, probably Deir el-Bahri.", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "Purchased from Joseph Hassan Ahmed, Luxor, by Lucy Olcott Perkins through Henry W. Kent", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "?-1914", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1914-", "sortorder": 3}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Two of Nesykhonsu's titles, \"Lady of the House\" and \"Singer of the Choir of Mut the Great,\" are written on the outside of the coffin.", "description": "Egyptian coffins told stories and illustrated spells to help the deceased transition safely to the afterlife. Inside Nesykhonsu's coffin there are two jackals, one facing right and the other left, near the top. Here, the jackal represents the powerful deity Anubis, the god of the afterlife and embalming.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60778593"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1914.714-coffin-of-nesykhonsu"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Catalogue of the Inaugural Exhibition, June 6-September 20, 1916</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1916.", "page_number": "No. 87, p. 213", "url": null}, {"citation": "Williams, Caroline Ransom. \"The Egyptian Collection in the Museum of Art at Cleveland, Ohio.\" <em>The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology</em> <em>(JEA)</em> 5 (1918).", "page_number": "pp. 272-3", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/030751331800500123"}, {"citation": "Porter, Bertha, and Rosalind L. B. Moss. <em>Topographical Bibliography of Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic Texts, Reliefs, and Paintings.</em> Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1960.", "page_number": "p. 637", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cooney, John D. \"Siren and Ba, Birds of a Feather.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 55, no. 8 (1968).", "page_number": "p. 265, fig. 8", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25152230"}, {"citation": "Niwinski, Andrzej. 21st Dynasty Coffins from Thebes: Chronological and Typological Studies. Mainz am Rhein: P. von Zabern, 1988.", "page_number": "pp. 134-5, no. 161", "url": null}, {"citation": "Walsem, Reijer van. <em>The Coffin of Djedmonthuiufankh in the National Museum of Antiquities at Leiden</em>. Leiden: [Rijksuniversiteit te Leiden], 1988.", "page_number": "pp. 56, 57n.44, 58, 59n.57, 62, 64-65, 68n.90, 84, 91, 93, 96, 99, 101, 103, 106, 108 (erroneously as Cl 1 [251]), 112-14 and nn. 142-43, 118-19, 124, 126-28, 130n.204, 135, 138, 141n.260, 150n.290, 151n.293, 159n.326, 167n.364, 169, 175, 187, 188n.433, 194, 197n.453, 210, 256, 259, 262, 264, 270n.820, 271-72 and n. 825, 287, 289, 292, 293nn.911-13, 294nn.922 and 924, 297, 304-5, 337-38, 357n.1412, figs. 36, 44, 46, 92, 110, 132, 182, 202, 203, 208, 250, 251, 340, 432, 474", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kozloff, Arielle P., Betsy Morrell Bryan, Lawrence Michael Berman, and Elisabeth Delange. <em>Egypt's Dazzling Sun: Amenhotep III and His World. </em>Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art in cooperation with Indiana University Press, 1992.", "page_number": "p. 334, fig. XI.6", "url": null}, {"citation": "Berman, Lawrence M., and Kenneth J. Boha\u010d.<em> Catalogue of Egyptian Art: The Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1999", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 325-335, Color p. 60; Mentioned: p. 325-337", "url": null}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1914.714", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1914.714/1914.714_web.jpg", "width": "758", "height": "893", "filesize": "356370", "filename": "1914.714_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1914.714/1914.714_print.jpg", "width": "2887", "height": "3400", "filesize": "6760652", "filename": "1914.714_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1914.714/1914.714_full.tif", "width": "5439", "height": "6404", "filesize": "104525284", "filename": "1914.714_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [], "creditline": "Gift of the John Huntington Art and Polytechnic Trust", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 94188, "creators": [], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1914-01-01T00:00:00", "sortable_date": -976, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 976\u2013889 BCE", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "cover", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": true, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:04:18.047000"}, {"id": 161426, "accession_number": "2000.118", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Tomb Guardians (\u93ae\u5893\u7378), early 700s. China, probably Shaanxi province, Xi'an, Tang dynasty (618-907). Glazed earthenware, sancai (three-color) ware; part 1: 92.3 x 43.8 x 41.9 cm (36 5/16 x 17 1/4 x 16 1/2 in.); part 2: 88.9 x 41 x 50.8 cm (35 x 16 1/8 x 20 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Gift of various donors to the department of Asian Art (by exchange), 2000.118", "current_location": "239 Chinese Ceramics and Metalwork", "title": "Tomb Guardians", "title_in_original_language": "\u93ae\u5893\u7378", "creation_date": "early 700s", "creation_date_earliest": 700, "creation_date_latest": 725, "artists_tags": [], "culture": ["China, probably Shaanxi province, Xi'an, Tang dynasty (618-907)"], "technique": "glazed earthenware, sancai (three-color) ware", "support_materials": [], "department": "Chinese Art", "collection": "China - Tang Dynasty", "type": "Ceramic", "measurements": "Part 1: 92.3 x 43.8 x 41.9 cm (36 5/16 x 17 1/4 x 16 1/2 in.); Part 2: 88.9 x 41 x 50.8 cm (35 x 16 1/8 x 20 in.)", "dimensions": {"part 1": {"height": 0.923, "width": 0.438, "depth": 0.419}, "part 2": {"height": 0.889, "width": 0.41, "depth": 0.508}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 666891, "title": "Demons, Ghosts, and Goblins in Chinese Art", "description": "<i>Demons, Ghosts, and Goblins in Chinese Art</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (September 8, 2024-January 20, 2025).", "opening_date": "2024-09-08T04:00:00"}], "legacy": []}, "provenance": [{"description": "(Kaikodo America Inc., New York, NY, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "?-2000", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "2000-", "sortorder": 2}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "<em>Sancai</em> (three-color) glazes in green, amber, and transparent white, plus expensive cobalt blue glaze, show the high social status of the tomb\u2019s occupant.", "description": "With fierce expressions, elongated spikes, and exaggerated physical features, these two fantastic creatures were intended to guard the entrance to a tomb, warding off evil as well as keeping the soul of the deceased from wandering. Known as <em>qitou</em>,<em> or </em>earth spirits, both sculptures differ in appearance: one has an animal face, claws, and a pair of antlers; the other sports a human face with huge ears, hooves, and a short horn.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60751622"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-2000.118-tomb-guardians"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, \u201cTomb Guardian Pair from Tang Dynasty Acquired by CMA,\u201d December 12, 2000, Cleveland Museum of Art Archives.", "page_number": null, "url": "https://archive.org/details/cmapr4361"}, {"citation": "May, Sally Ruth, Jane Takac, and Barbara J. Bradley. <em>Knockouts: A Pocket Guide</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2001.", "page_number": "Reproduced: cat. no. 79, p. 74- 75; Mentioned: p. 119", "url": null}, {"citation": "Franklin, David and C. Griffith Mann. <em>Treasures from the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2012.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pp. 74-75", "url": null}, {"citation": "\u201cA Selection of 2001 Museum Acquisitions.\u201d <em>Apollo: The International Magazine of Art &amp; Antiques</em> 154 (December 2001): 24\u201357.", "page_number": "p. 27", "url": ""}, {"citation": "\"Major Acquisitions: 2000-2005.\" <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine </em>45, no. 6 (July/August 2005): 6-19.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 7; Reproduced: P. 9", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Chung, Anita. \"Chinese Masterworks.\" <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine </em>53, no. 5 (September/October 2013): 14-15.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 14", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Bidwell, Frederick E. and Leslie Cade. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> [Cleveland]: Cleveland Museum of Art; New York, NY: Scala Arts Publishers, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 95", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Von Spee, Clarissa. \"Good or Evil? Demons, ghosts, and goblins in Chinese art.\u201d <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine </em>vol. 64, no. 3 (2024): 10\u201311.", "page_number": "Reproduced and Mentioned: p. 10", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM-2024-03/page/10/mode/2up"}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/2000.118", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/2000.118/2000.118_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "644", "filesize": "244934", "filename": "2000.118_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/2000.118/2000.118_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2431", "filesize": "1683936", "filename": "2000.118_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/2000.118/2000.118_full.tif", "width": "9864", "height": "7054", "filesize": "208768472", "filename": "2000.118_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2012-10-18T13:54:58", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2000.118/2000.118_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "641", "height": "900", "filesize": "132140"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2000.118/2000.118_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "2420", "height": "3400", "filesize": "1136663"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2000.118/2000.118_alt0_full.tif", "width": "4911", "height": "6901", "filesize": "101698000"}}], "creditline": "Gift of various donors to the department of Asian Art (by exchange)", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Clara T. Rankin Galleries of Chinese Art", "athena_id": 161426, "creators": [], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "2000-12-04T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 700, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "early 700s", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "cover", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Tomb Guardian with Animal Head"], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-04-07 15:03:11.841000"}, {"id": 173164, "accession_number": "2020.216", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Muse with Violin Screen, 1930. Paul Feh\u00e9r (American, born Hungary, 1898\u20131990), Rose Iron Works (America, Ohio, Cleveland, est. 1904). Steel, brass; silver and gold plating, cotton velveteen; overall: 156.2 x 156.2 cm (61 1/2 x 61 1/2 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund, 2020.216", "current_location": "226A American Modern", "title": "Muse with Violin Screen", "creation_date": "1930", "creation_date_earliest": 1925, "creation_date_latest": 1935, "artists_tags": ["May Show", "male"], "culture": ["America, Ohio, Cleveland"], "technique": "Steel, brass; silver and gold plating, cotton velveteen", "support_materials": [], "department": "Decorative Art and Design", "collection": "Furniture", "type": "Metalwork", "measurements": "Overall: 156.2 x 156.2 cm (61 1/2 x 61 1/2 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"height": 1.562, "width": 1.562}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 381826, "title": "The May Show: 12th Annual Exhibition of Works by Cleveland Artists and Craftsmen", "description": "<i>The May Show: 12th Annual Exhibition of Works by Cleveland Artists and Craftsmen</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (April 22-June 1, 1930).", "opening_date": "1930-04-22T05:00:00"}, {"id": 311873, "title": "Transformations in Cleveland Art, 1796-1946", "description": "<i>Transformations in Cleveland Art, 1796-1946</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (May 19-July 21, 1996).", "opening_date": "1996-05-19T04:00:00"}, {"id": 177916, "title": "Burchfield to Schreckengost: Cleveland Art of the Jazz Age", "description": "<i>Burchfield to Schreckengost: Cleveland Art of the Jazz Age</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (March 28-July 18, 2004).", "opening_date": "2004-03-28T00:00:00"}, {"id": 200463, "title": "The Jazz Age: American Style in the 1920s", "description": "<i>The Jazz Age: American Style in the 1920s</i>. Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum, New York, NY (April 7-August 20, 2017); The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (September 30, 2017-January 14, 2018).", "opening_date": "2017-04-07T00:00:00"}, {"id": 681860, "title": "Rose Iron Works and Art Deco", "description": "<i>Rose Iron Works and Art Deco</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (July 6-October 19, 2025).", "opening_date": "2025-07-06T04:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>Third International Exhibition of Contemporary Industrial Art.</em> The Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA (October 15-November 10, 1930); The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY (December 1-28, 1930); The Art Institute of Chicago, IL (January 19-February 15, 1931); The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (March 11-April 5, 1931).", "opening_date": "1930-10-15T05:00:00Z"}, {"description": "<em>American Art Deco.</em> Renwick Gallery of the Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of American Art, Washington, DC (April 17-July 26, 1987); The Center for Fine Arts, Miami, FL (September 26-November 11, 1987); Joslyn Museum of Art, Omaha, NE (November 28, 1987-January 17, 1988); Philbrook Museum of Art, Tulsa, OK (February 7-March 27, 1988); The Minnesota Museum of Art, St. Paul, MN (April 24-July 10, 1988).", "opening_date": "1987-04-17T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>The 1920s: Age of the Metropolis.</em> The Montreal Museum of Fine Arts, Montreal, Canada (June 20-November 10, 1991).", "opening_date": "1991-06-20T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "(Rose Iron Works Collections, LLC, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1930\u20132020", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "2020\u2013", "sortorder": 2}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": ["352.1996"], "did_you_know": null, "description": "Since the early years of the 20th century, the Rose Iron Works, a Cleveland supplier of architectural ornament, has produced distinguished metalwork. The company\u2019s founder, Martin Rose, was born in Austria-Hungary and studied ornamental metalsmithing in Vienna prior to immigrating to Cleveland in 1902. In the 1920s, he hired a talented young Parisian designer, Paul Feh\u00e9r, to work for the firm. Feh\u00e9r\u2019s designs, culminating in this massive screen, brought a modern European sensibility to the Rose Iron Works production. With its geometric patterning, highly stylized and abstracted natural forms, and the central figure reminiscent of the celebrated jazz singer Josephine Baker, this screen reflects the classic motifs of Art Deco design.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117230229"], "internet_archive": []}, "citations": [{"citation": "\"The New Industrial Arts of the World,\" <em>Arts and Decoration 34 </em>(January 1931).", "page_number": "Reproduced P. 58", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Duncan, Alistair. <em>American Art Deco</em> (New York: Abrams, 1986).", "page_number": "Mentioned, P. 99; reproduced, P. 96", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Claire, Jean, ed. <em>The 1920s: Age of the Metropolis, </em>exh. cat. (Montreal, Canada: Montreal Museum of Fine Arts, 1991).", "page_number": "Mentioned P. 202, 532; reproduced P. 200", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Robinson, William H., David Steinberg, and Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Transformations in Cleveland Art, 1796-1946: Community and Diversity in Early Modern America.</em> Cleveland, Ohio: Cleveland Museum of Art: Distributed by Ohio University Press, 1996.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 162; Reproduced and Mentioned: p. 173, fig. 181; Mentioned: p. 249, no. 152", "url": null}, {"citation": "Robinson, William H., Kathleen McKeever, \"And All That Jazz\", Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Cleveland Art: The Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em>. Vol. 44 no. 05, May 2004", "page_number": "Mentioned & reproduced: p. 6", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2004-05/page/n5"}, {"citation": "Channing, Laurence, \"Before Neo: The May Show\", Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Cleveland Art: The Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em>. Vol. 45 no. 07, September 2005", "page_number": "Mentioned & reproduced: p. 5", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2005-07/page/4"}, {"citation": "Coffin, Sarah, Stephen Harrison, and Emily Marshall Orr<em>. The Jazz Age: American Style in the 1920s</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 2017.", "page_number": "Reproduced: cover, p. 173, fig. 216, mentioned, cat. 316, p. 359", "url": "https://ingallslibrary.on.worldcat.org/oclc/985455434"}, {"citation": "\"Exhibitions 2017.\" <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em> 57, no. 1 (January/February 2017): 10-11.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 11", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2017-01/page/n5/mode/2up"}, {"citation": "Fensom, Sarah E. \"All that Jazz.\" <em>Art &amp; Antiques</em> (Apr 2017): 80-87.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 86", "url": null}, {"citation": "Duncan, Alastair. <em>Art Deco Sculpture.</em> New York, New York: Thames and Hudson, 2016.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 174", "url": null}, {"citation": "Griswold, William M. \u201cRecent Acquisitions (2013-20) at the Cleveland Museum of Art.\u201d <em>Burlington Magazine </em>163, no. 1414 (January 2021): 93-104.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 97, no. 7; mentioned: P. 93", "url": ""}, {"citation": "\"Discovery through Design.\" <em>American Fine Art Magazine </em>65 (Sept/Oct 2022): 72-73.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 73", "url": ""}, {"citation": "\u201cRose Iron Works: From Art Nouveau to Art Deco.\" <em>The Art Newspaper</em> 33, n. 274 (2025): 86-87.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 87; Reproduced: p. 86.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "\"Art Deco's 100th Anniversary.\" <em>Incollect Magazine </em>3, i. 4 (Jan/Mar 2025): 90-97.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 95; Reproduced: p. 2, 90, 95", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Da Wit, Ada. \"Rose Iron Works: The Cleveland Company's Journey from Art Nouveau to Art Deco.\u201d <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em> 65, no. 2 (2025): 6-7.", "page_number": "Reproduced and Mentioned: p. 6-7", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM-2025-02"}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/2020.216", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": 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Museum London, London, Canada (organizer) (May 3-June 15, 1980).", "opening_date": "1980-05-03T04:00:00"}, {"id": 442204, "title": "Paris autour de 1882 (Paris around 1882)", "description": "<i>Paris autour de 1882 (Paris around 1882)</i>. Museum of Fine Arts, Gifu, Gifu City, Japan (organizer) (November 3-December 19, 1982); Museum of Modern Art, Kamakura, Kanagawa, Japan (January 15-February 20, 1983).", "opening_date": "1982-11-03T05:00:00"}, {"id": 182153, "title": "Monet to Dal\u00ed: Modern Masters from the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Monet to Dal\u00ed: Modern Masters from the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. Beijing World Art Museum (May 26-August 27, 2006); Mori Art Center (September 16-November 26, 2006); Seoul Art Center, South Korea (December 22, 2006-March 28, 2007); Seoul Olympic Museum of Art, South Korea (April 7-May 20, 2007); Vancouver Art Gallery, Vancouver, Canada (June 9-September 16, 2007); The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 21, 2007-January 13, 2008); Frist Art Museum, Nashville, TN (February 15-June 1, 2008); Utah Museum of Fine Arts, Salt Lake City, UT (June 22-September 21, 2008); The Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit, MI (October 12, 2008-January 18, 2009).", "opening_date": "2006-05-27T00:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "Paris, Palais des Champs-\u00c9lys\u00e9es. Salon (1883), no. 224, Portrait de Mme L . . . et de sa petite fille.", "opening_date": null}, {"description": "Paris, Galerie Georges Petit. Exposition Albert Besnard (1905), no. 119, as in coll. 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Paris autour de 1882 (1982-83), no. 11, pl. 11.", "opening_date": "1982-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "CMA (organizer). Beijing World Art Museum, China, May 26 - Aug. 27, 2006; Mori Arts Center, Tokyo, Japan: Sept. 9 - Nov. 26, 2006; Seoul Arts Center, Seoul, Korea: Dec. 18, 2006 - March 31, 2007; Seoul Olympic Museum of Art, Seoul, Korea: Apr. 7 - May 20, 2007; Vancouver Art Gallery, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada: June 9 - Sept. 16, 2007; Cleveland Museum of Art, Oct. 21, 2007- January 13, 2008;  Frist Center for the Visual Arts, Nashville, TN, Feb. 21-June 1, 2008; Utah Museum of Fine Arts, Salt Lake City, UT, June 22 - September 21, 2008; and the Detroit Institute of Arts, MI, October 12, 2008 - January 18, 2009:  \"Modern Masters from the Cleveland Museum of Art\"", "opening_date": "2006-05-26T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Henri Lerolle (1883, 1913), by descent. Brame & Lorenceau, Paris. Purchased by Mr. and Mrs. Noah L. Butkin. Given to the CMA in 1977.", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": null}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": null, "description": "Albert Besnard was a good friend of fellow artist Henri Lerolle, whose wife Madeleine and daughter Yvonne are the subjects of this double portrait set in a studio. The artist\u2019s profession is referenced in the large portfolios of drawings at lower right, and the easel at upper left, which displays a canvas tipped forward at an unusual angle. The canvas has been strapped to the easel in this position so the artist can more easily paint while seated.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60473235"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1977.120-madeleine-lerolle-an"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Weisberg, Gabriel P. \u201cMadame Henry Lerolle and Daughter Yvonne.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 64, no. 10 (December 1977): 326\u2013343.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 326-343, figs. 1, 14", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25159555"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 212", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n232"}, {"citation": "Broun, Francis J. P. <em>The Seven Ages of Man: Inaugural Exhibition, May 3-June 15, 1980</em>. London, England: London Regional Art Gallery, 1980.", "page_number": "Reproduced and mentioned: pp. 18, 19, cover.", "url": null}, {"citation": "Argencourt, Louise d', and Roger Diederen. <em>Catalogue of Paintings</em>. <em>Pt. 4. European Paintings of the 19th Century</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1974.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 24-27, Vol. I, no. 9", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Lerolle, Aggy. <em>Henry Lerolle: Paris 1848-1929.</em> Willaupuis, Belgium: Wapica; Paris: Socie\u0301te\u0301 des Amis d'Henry Lerolle, 2022.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 44", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1977.120", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1977.120/1977.120_web.jpg", "width": "623", "height": "893", "filesize": "389153", "filename": "1977.120_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1977.120/1977.120_print.jpg", "width": "2371", "height": "3400", "filesize": "5579111", "filename": "1977.120_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1977.120/1977.120_full.tif", "width": "4061", "height": "5824", "filesize": "70988116", "filename": "1977.120_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [], "creditline": "Gift of Mr. and Mrs. Noah L. Butkin", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Norma and Alfred Lerner Gallery", "athena_id": 148963, "creators": [{"id": 1859, "description": "Albert Besnard (French, 1849\u20131934)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": "Albert Besnard's parents-his father an amateur painter who studied with Ingres (q.v.) and his mother a miniaturist-influenced his early artistic career. In 1866 he entered the \u00c9cole des Beaux-Arts where he studied in the ateliers of Jean- Fran\u00e7ois Br\u00e9mond (1807-1868), who taught the young Besnard fresco painting, and Alexandre Cabanel (1823-1889), one of the foremost Second Empire academic painters. Besnard first exhibited at the Salon of 1868, which proved to be the beginning of his official success and in 1874 he won the Prix de Rome, an honor that gave him the opportunity to spend four years at the Villa Medici. Besnard's success as a portraitist began in London, where he stayed from 1879 until 1881. He studied seventeenth-century British portrait painters and emulated the British colorists, Turner (q.v.) in particular. Besnard's reputation as a portrait painter followed him back to Paris where he received numerous commissions from prominent figures of the Third Republic (1870-1940). In addition to portrait painting, Besnard was commissioned by the state to paint mural decorations for various public buildings in Paris. He also experimented with different media such as pastel and etching and designed decorations for stained glass. Besnard received numerous awards and was re-cognized by his contemporaries, including the symbolists. He held the directorships of the \u00c9cole de Rome in 1913 and of the \u00c9cole Sup\u00e9rieure Nationale des Beaux-Arts from 1923 to 1934.", "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1849", "death_year": "1934", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1977-10-20T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1879, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 1879\u201380", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": true, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Madame Henry Lerolle and Daughter Yvonne"], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:08:10.549000"}, {"id": 143278, "accession_number": "1967.215", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Composition with Red, Yellow, and Blue, 1927. Piet Mondrian (Dutch, 1872\u20131944). Oil on canvas; framed: 62.2 x 62.6 x 10.8 cm (24 1/2 x 24 5/8 x 4 1/4 in.); unframed: 49.5 x 49.5 cm (19 1/2 x 19 1/2 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Contemporary Collection of The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1967.215", "current_location": "223 20th Century Avant-Garde", "title": "Composition with Red, Yellow, and Blue", "creation_date": "1927", "creation_date_earliest": 1927, "creation_date_latest": 1927, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["Netherlands"], "technique": "oil on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "Modern European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "Mod Euro - Painting 1800-1960", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 62.2 x 62.6 x 10.8 cm (24 1/2 x 24 5/8 x 4 1/4 in.); Unframed: 49.5 x 49.5 cm (19 1/2 x 19 1/2 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 0.622, "width": 0.626, "depth": 0.108}, "unframed": {"height": 0.495, "width": 0.495}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "signed lower center:  P M '27", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 301285, "title": "Year in Review for 1968", "description": "<i>Year in Review for 1968</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (January 29-March 9, 1969).", "opening_date": "1969-01-29T05:00:00"}, {"id": 445443, "title": "Mondrian Retrospective", "description": "<i>Mondrian Retrospective</i>. Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York, NY (organizer) (October 7-December 12, 1971); Kunstmuseum Bern, Bern, Switzerland (January 26-March 26, 1972).", "opening_date": "1971-10-07T04:00:00"}, {"id": 310025, "title": "Creativity in Art and Science, 1860-1960", "description": "<i>Creativity in Art and Science, 1860-1960</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (September 16-November 8, 1987).", "opening_date": "1987-09-16T04:00:00"}, {"id": 399403, "title": "L'art aux Pays-Bas au XXeme siecle", "description": "<i>L'art aux Pays-Bas au XXeme siecle</i>. Mus\u00e9e d'Art Moderne de Paris (organizer) (March 23-July 18, 1994).", "opening_date": "1994-03-23T05:00:00"}, {"id": 182153, "title": "Monet to Dal\u00ed: Modern Masters from the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Monet to Dal\u00ed: Modern Masters from the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. Beijing World Art Museum (May 26-August 27, 2006); Mori Art Center (September 16-November 26, 2006); Seoul Art Center, South Korea (December 22, 2006-March 28, 2007); Seoul Olympic Museum of Art, South Korea (April 7-May 20, 2007); Vancouver Art Gallery, Vancouver, Canada (June 9-September 16, 2007); The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 21, 2007-January 13, 2008); Frist Art Museum, Nashville, TN (February 15-June 1, 2008); Utah Museum of Fine Arts, Salt Lake City, UT (June 22-September 21, 2008); The Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit, MI (October 12, 2008-January 18, 2009).", "opening_date": "2006-05-27T00:00:00"}, {"id": 227264, "title": "Mondrian / De Stijl ", "description": "<i>Mondrian / De Stijl </i>. Centre national d'art et de culture Georges Pompidou, Paris cedex O4, France (organizer) (December 1, 2010-March 21, 2011).", "opening_date": "2010-12-01T00:00:00"}, {"id": 200463, "title": "The Jazz Age: American Style in the 1920s", "description": "<i>The Jazz Age: American Style in the 1920s</i>. Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum, New York, NY (April 7-August 20, 2017); The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (September 30, 2017-January 14, 2018).", "opening_date": "2017-04-07T00:00:00"}, {"id": 361598, "title": "Mondrian and De Stijl", "description": "<i>Mondrian and De Stijl</i>. Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sof\u00cda, Madrid, Spain (organizer) (November 10, 2020-March 1, 2021) https://www.museoreinasofia.es/exposiciones/mondrian-stijl.", "opening_date": "2020-11-10T05:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "Centre national d'art et de culture Georges Pompidou, Paris, France (12/1/2010 - 3/21/2011): \"Mondrian / De Stijl\"Mondrian\", p. 236.", "opening_date": "2010-12-01T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "J. J. P. Oud, Wassenaar (1955).  (E. V. Thaw).", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": null}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "The small strip of wood around the outside of the canvas, painted the same gray as the canvas surface, is Mondrian\u2019s original frame for the painting.", "description": "During the 1910s, Piet Mondrian\u2019s art progressed from Cubism to an increasingly abstract style based on the form of a grid. He completely abandoned the representation of natural appearances, limiting himself to horizontal and vertical rectangles and three primary colors (red, yellow, and blue) along with black and white. Intensely intellectual and deeply philosophical, Mondrian believed that following the devastation of World War I, such abstract compositions could contribute to a more harmonious society by communicating in a universal, visual language.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60469855"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1967.215-composition-with-red"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Henning, Edward B. \u201cA Classic Painting by Piet Mondrian.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 55, no. 8 (October 1968): 241\u2013249.", "page_number": "Reproduced: Cover", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25152228"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 198", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n222"}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Art of the Twentieth Century in the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: Dept. of Art History &amp; Education, CMA, 1969.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 2", "url": "https://archive.org/details/20thCenturyArtCMA/page/n3"}, {"citation": "Kupka, Frank, Paul Klee, Larry Poons, Richard Hunt, and Edward B. Henning. \u201cA Group of Twentieth-Century Works of Art Recently Acquired.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 57, no. 4 (April 1970): 107\u2013126.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 106-107, fig. 2", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25152324"}, {"citation": "Henning, Edward B. \u201cPablo Picasso: Bouteille, Verre, et Fourchette.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 59, no. 7 (September 1972): 195\u2013203.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 199-201, fig. 14", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25152438"}, {"citation": "Henning, Edward B. \u201cPlanes, Structure, Color, and Content.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 61, no. 7 (September 1974): 223\u2013239.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p . 230-231, fig. 15", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25152534"}, {"citation": "Diller, Burgoyne, Leon Polk Smith, and Edward B. Henning. \u201cTwo New Paintings in the Neo-Plastic Tradition.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 62, no. 4 (April 1975): 106\u2013119.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 106-107, fig. 1", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25152584"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 249", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n269"}, {"citation": "Hinson, Tom E. \u201cRecent Paintings by Richard Diebenkorn and Jack Tworkov.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 67, no. 2 (February 1980): 31\u201340.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 34", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25159661"}, {"citation": "Hinson, Tom E. \u201cEight New Photographs.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 68, no. 2 (February 1981): 51\u201362.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 57, fig. 8", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25159712"}, {"citation": "Landau, Ellen G. \u201c\u2018Space and Pictorial Life\u2019 Hans Hofmann\u2019s \u2018Smaragd Red and Germinating Yellow.\u2019\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 72, no. 5 (September 1985): 310\u2013322.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 320, fig. 18", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25159910"}, {"citation": "Henning, Edward B. <em>Creativity in Art and Science, 1860-1960.</em> [Cleveland, Ohio]: Published by the Cleveland Museum of Art in cooperation with Indiana University Press, 1987.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 122, no. 30", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Neet, Jane. \u201cMondrian\u2019s \u2018Chrysanthemum.\u2019\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 74, no. 7 (September 1987): 282\u2013303.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 283, fig. 1", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25159997"}, {"citation": "Foster, Carter, \"A Drawing by Myron Stout\", Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Cleveland Art: The Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em>. Vol. 42 no. 02, February 2002", "page_number": "Mentioned & reproduced: p. 6-7", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2002-02/page/n5"}, {"citation": "Sims, Lowery Stokes. <em>The Persistence of Geometry: Form, Content, and Culture in the Collection of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2006.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 64-65, fig. 12", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 300", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Gemeentemuseum ('s-Gravenhage). Mondriaan. 1955.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Janssen, Hans. <em>Mondrian &amp; De Stijl</em>. Madrid: Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofi\u0301a, 2020.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 163", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Park, J. P. \"Pastmodern: The Traditions of the Avant-Garde in Early Asian Art.\" <em>Transactions of the Oriental Ceramic Society</em> 87 (February 14, 2023): 43-57.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 54 (fig. 13)", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Le\u0301al, Brigitte. <em>Mondrian.</em> Paris: Citadelles &amp; Mazenod, 2024.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 215, no. 224; Mentioned: p. 212", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Richardson, Margaret. <em>Global Modern Art: Europe, the Americas, Asia, and Africa. </em>New York: Routledge, Taylor &amp; Francis Group, 2026.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 60-61, fig. 2.4", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1967.215", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1967.215/1967.215_web.jpg", "width": "887", "height": "900", "filesize": "230269", "filename": "1967.215_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1967.215/1967.215_print.jpg", "width": "3352", "height": "3400", "filesize": "2825926", "filename": "1967.215_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1967.215/1967.215_full.tif", "width": "9856", "height": "9998", "filesize": "295646980", "filename": "1967.215_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2005-09-26T19:24:23", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1967.215/1967.215_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "894", "height": "893", "filesize": "402726"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1967.215/1967.215_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "3398", "filesize": "5153913"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1967.215/1967.215_alt0_full.tif", "width": "3846", "height": "3844", "filesize": "44381944"}}], "creditline": "Contemporary Collection of The Cleveland Museum of Art", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Michael J. Horvitz Family Gallery", "athena_id": 143278, "creators": [{"id": 3204, "description": "Piet Mondrian (Dutch, 1872\u20131944)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1872", "death_year": "1944", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1968-01-12T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1927, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1927", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:10:22.616000"}, {"id": 147975, "accession_number": "1974.71", "share_license_status": "Copyrighted", "tombstone": "Saint Catherine, early 1970s. Christian Goller (German, 1943\u20132017), imitator of Matthias Gr\u00fcnewald (German, c. 1480\u20131528). Oil on panel; framed: 129.5 x 68.6 cm (51 x 27 in.); unframed: 121.9 x 58.4 cm (48 x 23 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, The Cleveland Museum of Art (Study Collection), 1974.71", "current_location": null, "title": "Saint Catherine", "creation_date": "early 1970s", "creation_date_earliest": 1970, "creation_date_latest": 1974, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["Germany, style of 16th Century"], "technique": "oil on panel", "support_materials": [], "department": "Modern European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "Mod Euro - Painting 1800-1960", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 129.5 x 68.6 cm (51 x 27 in.); Unframed: 121.9 x 58.4 cm (48 x 23 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 1.295, "width": 0.686}, "unframed": {"height": 1.219, "width": 0.584}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 302084, "title": "Year in Review: 1974", "description": "<i>Year in Review: 1974</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (March 11-April 6, 1975).", "opening_date": "1975-03-11T04:00:00"}, {"id": 188842, "title": "Conserving the Past for the Future", "description": "<i>Conserving the Past for the Future</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (March 4-May 6, 2001).", "opening_date": "2001-03-04T00:00:00"}, {"id": 441481, "title": "Gallery One 2012", "description": "<i>Gallery One 2012</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (December 12, 2012-March 5, 2017).", "opening_date": "2012-12-12T05:00:00"}], "legacy": []}, "provenance": [], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Goller artificially aged this painting and used a 1500s wooden panel as the support so it would appear centuries older than it is.", "description": "This panel was formerly believed to be from a lost altarpiece by German artist Matthias Gr\u00fcnewald (c.1480\u20131528). Scientific analysis of the pigments revealed that it was painted in the 1900s by Christian Goller, an artist who specialized in works inspired by Medieval and Renaissance painters. Goller\u2019s use of traditional materials and techniques has led to the frequent misattribution of his artworks to various historical artists, including Gr\u00fcnewald, Lucas Cranach the Elder (1472\u20131533), and Albrecht D\u00fcrer (1471\u20131528). Goller often based his designs on surviving motifs by these artists; this <em>Saint Catherine</em>, for example, was derived from a drawing by Gr\u00fcnewald himself.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60472670"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1974.71-st-catherine"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, \u201cRecent Acquisition Press Release,\u201d September 17, 1974, Cleveland Museum of Art Archives.", "page_number": null, "url": "https://archive.org/details/cmapr2177"}, {"citation": "Lee, Sherman E. \u201cThe Year in Review for 1974.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 62, no. 3 (1975).", "page_number": "no. 48, p. 68", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25152580"}, {"citation": "Alsop, Joseph. <em>The Rare Art Traditions: The History of Art Collecting and Its Linked Phenomena Wherever These Have Appeared.</em> New York: Harper &amp; Row, 1982.", "page_number": "Reproduced: fig. 23", "url": null}, {"citation": "Dwyer Modestini, Dianne, and Mario Modestini. <em>Masterpieces: Based on a Manuscript by Mario Modestini</em>. Fiesole (Firenze) : Cadmo, 2018.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 351-353; reproduced: p. 352", "url": null}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1974.71", "images": {}, "alternate_images": [], "creditline": "The Cleveland Museum of Art (Study Collection)", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 147975, "creators": [{"id": 449709, "description": "Christian Goller (German, 1943\u20132017)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": "German painter, born ca. 1943", "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1943", "death_year": "2017", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": true, "weight": 1}, {"id": 37852, "description": "Matthias Gr\u00fcnewald (German, c. 1480\u20131528)", "extent": null, "qualifier": "imitator of", "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1480", "death_year": "1528", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 2}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1974-08-09T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1970, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "early 1970s", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:02:07.406000"}, {"id": 543981, "accession_number": "2023.122", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "The Dutton Family in the Drawing Room of Sherborne Park, Gloucestershire, c. 1772. Johann Zoffany (German, 1733\u20131810). Oil on canvas; unframed: 101.5 x 127 cm (39 15/16 x 50 in.); framed: 124.5 x 149.9 x 7.6 cm (49 x 59 x 3 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund, 2023.122", "current_location": "203A British Painting and Decorative Arts", "title": "The Dutton Family in the Drawing Room of Sherborne Park, Gloucestershire", "creation_date": "c. 1772", "creation_date_earliest": 1771, "creation_date_latest": 1772, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["England"], "technique": "oil on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "P - British before 1800", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Unframed: 101.5 x 127 cm (39 15/16 x 50 in.); Framed: 124.5 x 149.9 x 7.6 cm (49 x 59 x 3 in.)", "dimensions": {"unframed": {"height": 1.015, "width": 1.27}, "framed": {"height": 1.245, "width": 1.499, "depth": 0.076}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [], "legacy": [{"description": "Royal Academy, London, United Kingdom (1907), no. 143.", "opening_date": "1907-01-01T05:00:00Z"}, {"description": "<em>English Conversation Pieces: Exhibition in Aid of the Royal Northern Hospital. </em>Royal Northern Hospital, 25 Park Lane, London (March 1930), no. 59.", "opening_date": "1930-03-01T05:00:00Z"}, {"description": "<em>English Eighteenth-Century Portraits</em>. Rhode Island School of Design, Providence, R.I. (November 12-30, 1932)", "opening_date": "1932-11-12T05:00:00Z"}, {"description": "<em>A Century of Progress: Exhibition of Paintings and Sculpture</em>. Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL (June 1 - November 1 1933) no. 208.", "opening_date": "1933-06-01T04:00:00Z"}, {"description": "<em>La Peinture Anglaise, XVIII et XIX sie\u0300cles. </em>Muse\u0301e du Louvre, Paris (March-July 1938), no. 157.", "opening_date": "1938-03-01T05:00:00Z"}, {"description": "<em>European Masters of the Eighteenth Century</em>. Royal Academy, London. (November 27, 1954 - February 27, 1955), no. 100.", "opening_date": "1954-11-27T05:00:00Z"}, {"description": "<em>Le sie\u0300cle de l'e\u0301le\u0301gance: la demeure anglaise au XVIIIe sie\u0300cle</em>. (February - May 1959), no. 215.", "opening_date": "1959-02-01T05:00:00Z"}, {"description": "<em>The Eye of Thomas Jefferson. </em>National Gallery of Art, Washington D.C. (June 5 - September 6, 1976), no. 76.", "opening_date": "1976-06-05T04:00:00Z"}, {"description": "<em>Rococo: Arts and Design in Hogarth's England</em>. Victoria and Albert Museum, London (May 16 - September 30, 1984), no. M31.", "opening_date": "1984-05-01T04:00:00Z"}, {"description": "<em>Johann Zoffany RA: Society Observed</em>. Yale Center for British Art, New Haven and Royal Academy, London (October 27, 2011 - June 10, 2012), London only.", "opening_date": "2011-10-27T04:00:00Z"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Commissioned by James Lenox Dutton (1712-1776), Sherborne Park, Gloucestershire, and by descent to his son", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "c. 1772-1776", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "James Dutton, 1st Baron Sherborne (1744-1820), and thence by descent to James Huntly Dutton, 6th Baron Sherborne (1873-1949)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1776-1929", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "(Christie's London, June 28, 1929 (lot 72), where acquired for 7000 gns by Daniel Haddock Farr)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1929", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "(with Daniel Haddock Farr (1876-1976), dealer, New York, NY and Philadelphia, PA)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1929-1937", "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "Walter Samuel, 2nd Viscount Bearsted (1882-1948), London, and thence by descent to Peter Samuel, 4th Viscount Bearsted (1911-1996)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "by 1938-1996", "sortorder": 5}, {"description": "The Descendants of Peter Samuel, 4th Viscount Bearsted; (Sotheby's London, June 14, 2001 (lot 16), where acquired by European Private Collection)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1996-2001", "sortorder": 6}, {"description": "European Private Collection", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "2001-2023", "sortorder": 7}, {"description": "(Christie's Private Sale to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "2023-", "sortorder": 8}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "This is an idealized, not actual, room showing the sitters\u2019 fashionable interior decorating aspirations.", "description": "This type of picture, known as a conversation piece, was invented in England in the 1700s and popular for the informal way it represented families. A father and daughter, mother and son, are strategizing over the next hand in a game of cards. The family recently lost a loved one, so the parents are dressed in full mourning (black clothing), and the siblings in lesser mourning (mauve, white, and gray).", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q122778439"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-2023.122-the-dutton-family-in"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Willoughby, L. \"Sherborne House.\", <em>Connoisseur</em> Vol. XXX (1911):", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 10,12", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Manners, Victoria, and George C. Williamson. <em>John Zoffany, R.A., His Life and Works. 1735-1810</em>. London: John Lane, 1920.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 154, 233, 277", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Williamson, George C. <em>English Conversation Pictures of the Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries</em>. London: B.T. Batsford, 1931.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 3, 14-15; Reproduced: pl. xl", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Sitwell, Sacheverell, Michel Sevier, and Rex Whistler. <em>Conversation Pieces: A Survey of English Domestic Portraits and Their Painters</em>. London: B.T. Batsford Ltd, 1936.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 24-25, 34, 36-37, 40, 43, 46-47, 94; Reproduced: pl.29", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Mann, Harrington. <em>The Technique of Portrait Painting</em>. London: Seeley Service &amp; Company, 1948.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 78; Reproduced: pl. 72", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Praz, Mario. <em>Conversation Pieces; A Survey of the Informal Group Portrait in Europe and America</em>. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1971.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 99-100; Reproduced: fig. 60", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Paulson, Ronald.<em> Emblem and Expression: Meaning in English Art of the Eighteenth Century</em>. London: Thames and Hudson, 1975.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 156-7", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Ward-Jackson, Peter W. <em>Le sie\u0300cle de l'e\u0301le\u0301gance: la demeure anglaise au XVIIIe sie\u0300cle</em>. Paris: Muse\u0301e des Arts Decoratifs, 1959.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 215", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Adams, William Howard. <em>The Eye of Thomas Jefferson</em>: [Exhibition]. Washington: National Gallery of Art, 1976.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 76", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Snodin, Michael. <em>Rococo: Art and Design in Hogarth's England</em> : [Exhibition] the Victoria and Albert Museum. London: Trefoil Books, 1984.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. M31", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Webster, Mary.<em> Johan Zoffany, 1733-1810</em>. New Haven [Conn.]: Yale University Press, 2011.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 172-3; Reproduced: fig. 152", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Zoffany, Johann, Martin Postle, and Clarissa Campbell Orr. <em>Johan Zoffany RA: Society Observed</em>. New Haven: Yale Center for British Art, 2011.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 256; Reproduced: no. 75", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Rhode Island School of Design. <em>Exhibition of English Eighteenth-Century Portraits</em>. [Providence]: Rhode Island School of Design, 1932.", "page_number": "", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Bradbury, Oliver. \"One family's 'heroic age': The forgotten treasures of Dutton patronage - and remnants of lost William Kent?\" <em>The British Art Journal </em>14, no. 3 (2013/2014): 21-26.", "page_number": "", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Korkow, Cory. \"The Conversation Piece. Zoffany's 'The Dutton Family' debuts in the British Gallery.\" <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em> 64, no. 1 (2024): 28-29.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 28; Mentioned: p. 28-29", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM-2024-01"}, {"citation": "\"Looking Back to Look Forward: A Year in Highlights.\u201d <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine </em>65, no. 3 (2024): 38.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 38", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM-2024-03"}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/2023.122", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/2023.122/2023.122_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "717", "filesize": "338100", "filename": "2023.122_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/2023.122/2023.122_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2707", "filesize": "3307325", "filename": "2023.122_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/2023.122/2023.122_full.tif", "width": "10252", "height": "8161", "filesize": "251030860", "filename": "2023.122_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2023-07-14T15:09:29", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2023.122/2023.122_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "751", "filesize": "271373"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2023.122/2023.122_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2838", "filesize": "2797507"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2023.122/2023.122_alt0_full.tif", "width": "11961", "height": "9985", "filesize": "358321568"}}], "creditline": "Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Paul J. and Edith Ingalls Vignos Gallery", "athena_id": 543981, "creators": [{"id": 543978, "description": "Johann Zoffany (German, 1733\u20131810)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": null, "biography": "German painter, 1733-1810, active in England", "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1733", "death_year": "1810", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "2023-09-11T04:00:00Z", "sortable_date": 1771, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 1772", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": true, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": true, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:01:15.768000"}, {"id": 109042, "accession_number": "1927.208", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Art Lovers, c. 1863. Honor\u00e9 Daumier (French, 1808\u20131879). Gray and black wash, charcoal, and graphite, with watercolor, on cream laid paper; sheet: 26.2 x 19.4 cm (10 5/16 x 7 5/8 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Dudley P. Allen Fund, 1927.208", "current_location": null, "title": "Art Lovers", "creation_date": "c. 1863", "creation_date_earliest": 1858, "creation_date_latest": 1868, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["France, 19th century"], "technique": "Gray and black wash, charcoal, and graphite, with watercolor, on cream laid paper", "support_materials": [], "department": "Drawings", "collection": "DR - French", "type": "Drawing", "measurements": "Sheet: 26.2 x 19.4 cm (10 5/16 x 7 5/8 in.)", "dimensions": {"sheet": {"height": 0.262, "width": 0.194}, "secondary support": {"height": 0.275, "width": 0.194}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "signed, lower left, in black ink: h.D.", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 338065, "title": "French Art Since Eighteen Hundred", "description": "<i>French Art Since Eighteen Hundred</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (November 8-December 8, 1929).", "opening_date": "1929-11-08T05:00:00"}, {"id": 350090, "title": "Drawings in the Classic and Romantic Tradition before 1830", "description": "<i>Drawings in the Classic and Romantic Tradition before 1830</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (December 7, 1932-January 8, 1933).", "opening_date": "1932-12-07T05:00:00"}, {"id": 361102, "title": "Daumier: peintures, aquarelles, dessins", "description": "<i>Daumier: peintures, aquarelles, dessins</i>. Mus\u00e9e de l'Orangerie, Paris, France (organizer) (March 2-June 7, 1934).", "opening_date": "1934-03-02T05:00:00"}, {"id": 360859, "title": "Independent Painters of Nineteenth-Century Paris", "description": "<i>Independent Painters of Nineteenth-Century Paris</i>. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Boston, MA (organizer) (March 15-April 28, 1935).", "opening_date": "1935-03-15T05:00:00"}, {"id": 356272, "title": "Drawings from the Museum Collection", "description": "<i>Drawings from the Museum Collection</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (May 28-December 9, 1937).", "opening_date": "1937-05-28T04:00:00"}, {"id": 361103, "title": "Daumier, 1808-1879", "description": "<i>Daumier, 1808-1879</i>. Philadelphia Museum of Art, Philadelphia, PA (organizer) (November 6-December 12, 1937).", "opening_date": "1937-11-06T05:00:00"}, {"id": 346109, "title": "Old Master Drawings from the Museum Collection", "description": "<i>Old Master Drawings from the Museum Collection</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (January 4-March 26, 1939).", "opening_date": "1939-01-04T05:00:00"}, {"id": 347233, "title": "Drawings from the Museum Collection", "description": "<i>Drawings from the Museum Collection</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (July 11-October 3, 1940).", "opening_date": "1940-07-11T04:00:00"}, {"id": 347343, "title": "Drawings from the Museum Collection", "description": "<i>Drawings from the Museum Collection</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (March 4-April 27, 1941).", "opening_date": "1941-03-04T05:00:00"}, {"id": 312341, "title": "The Silver Jubilee Exhibition", "description": "<i>The Silver Jubilee Exhibition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 23-September 28, 1941).", "opening_date": "1941-06-23T04:00:00"}, {"id": 312333, "title": "French Drawings and Watercolors from French Public and Private Collections", "description": "<i>French Drawings and Watercolors from French Public and Private Collections</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (January 6-February 15, 1942).", "opening_date": "1942-01-06T05:00:00"}, {"id": 347490, "title": "Drawings from the Museum Collection", "description": "<i>Drawings from the Museum Collection</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 17-August 24, 1942).", "opening_date": "1942-06-17T04:00:00"}, {"id": 312176, "title": "19th and 20th Century French Art and Leonard C. Hanna, Jr. Loans", "description": "<i>19th and 20th Century French Art and Leonard C. Hanna, Jr. Loans</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 22-September 1, 1943).", "opening_date": "1943-06-22T04:00:00"}, {"id": 361104, "title": "19th-Century French Drawings", "description": "<i>19th-Century French Drawings</i>. Fine Arts Museum of San Francisco, Legion of Honor, San Francisco, CA (organizer) (March 8-April 6, 1947).", "opening_date": "1947-03-08T05:00:00"}, {"id": 356677, "title": "Old Master Drawings from Midwestern Museums", "description": "<i>Old Master Drawings from Midwestern Museums</i>. The Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit, MI (organizer) (June 1-September 15, 1950).", "opening_date": "1950-06-01T04:00:00"}, {"id": 301184, "title": "Department of Prints and Drawings Opening Exhibition", "description": "<i>Department of Prints and Drawings Opening Exhibition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art (organizer) (March 3, 1958-October 11, 1959).", "opening_date": "1958-03-03T05:00:00"}, {"id": 360892, "title": "French Drawings from American Collections: Clouet to Matisse", "description": "<i>French Drawings from American Collections: Clouet to Matisse</i>. Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen, Rotterdam, Netherlands (July 31-September 28, 1958); Mus\u00e9e de l'Orangerie, Paris, France (October 24, 1958-January 2, 1959); The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY (February 3-March 15, 1959).", "opening_date": "1958-07-31T04:00:00"}, {"id": 301678, "title": "Italian and French Drawings", "description": "<i>Italian and French Drawings</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 13, 1959-February 2, 1960).", "opening_date": "1959-10-13T04:00:00"}, {"id": 302020, "title": "Aspects of Drawing", "description": "<i>Aspects of Drawing</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (January 10-April 2, 1961).", "opening_date": "1961-01-10T05:00:00"}, {"id": 302279, "title": "Water Color", "description": "<i>Water Color</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 6-August 27, 1962).", "opening_date": "1962-06-06T04:00:00"}, {"id": 304645, "title": "Drawings", "description": "<i>Drawings</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (January 11-September 10, 1963).", "opening_date": "1963-01-11T05:00:00"}, {"id": 350931, "title": "Drawings: France, Italy, Netherlands", "description": "<i>Drawings: France, Italy, Netherlands</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (January 1-March 24, 1965).", "opening_date": "1965-01-01T05:00:00"}, {"id": 304726, "title": "French Drawings", "description": "<i>French Drawings</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (November 16, 1965-February 16, 1966).", "opening_date": "1965-11-16T05:00:00"}, {"id": 357309, "title": "Seventeenth-, Eighteenth-, and Early Nineteenth-Century Genre and French Prints and Drawings", "description": "<i>Seventeenth-, Eighteenth-, and Early Nineteenth-Century Genre and French Prints and Drawings</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (May 31-August 19, 1979).", "opening_date": "1979-05-31T04:00:00"}, {"id": 361184, "title": "Honor\u00e9 Daumier, 1808-1879", "description": "<i>Honor\u00e9 Daumier, 1808-1879</i>. National Gallery of Art, Landover, MD (organizer) (September 23-November 25, 1979).", "opening_date": "1979-09-23T04:00:00"}, {"id": 309584, "title": "Northern European Drawings from the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Northern European Drawings from the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (November 16, 1982-January 9, 1983).", "opening_date": "1982-11-16T05:00:00"}, {"id": 311734, "title": "Treasures on Paper", "description": "<i>Treasures on Paper</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (May 10-July 24, 1988).", "opening_date": "1988-05-10T04:00:00"}, {"id": 361188, "title": "Daumier Drawings", "description": "<i>Daumier Drawings</i>. St\u00e4del Museum (organizer) (November 17, 1992-January 17, 1993); The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY (February 26-May 2, 1993).", "opening_date": "1992-11-17T05:00:00"}, {"id": 311635, "title": "French Drawings from the Collection", "description": "<i>French Drawings from the Collection</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (December 13, 1994-March 12, 1995).", "opening_date": "1994-12-13T05:00:00"}, {"id": 192019, "title": "Master Drawings from the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Master Drawings from the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (August 27-October 17, 2000); The Morgan Library & Museum, New York, NY (May 23-August 19, 2001); Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, Houston, TX (October 14, 2001-January 6, 2002).", "opening_date": "2000-08-27T00:00:00"}, {"id": 324628, "title": "Nineteenth-Century French Drawings from the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Nineteenth-Century French Drawings from the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (January 20-June 11, 2023).", "opening_date": "2023-01-19T05:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>Exposition des peintures et dessins de H. Daumier</em>. Galeries Durand-Ruel, Paris (1878).", "opening_date": null}, {"description": "<em>Exposition Daumier</em>. Palais de l'\u00c9cole des Beaux-Arts, Paris (May 1901).", "opening_date": "1901-05-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Nineteenth Century Paintings</em>. Seattle Art Museum (March 7 - May 6, 1951).", "opening_date": "1951-03-07T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Madame Pierre Bureau, Paris", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "by 1878-by 1923", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "Paul Bureau [1865-1923], Paris", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1923", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "his estate, Paris", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1923 - 1927", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "(sale, Galerie Georges Petit, Paris, Collection Paul Bureau [premi\u00e8re vente], May 20, 1927, no. 66, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH, through Marcel Guiot)", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1927", "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1927-", "sortorder": 5}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Honor\u00e9 Daumier produced watercolors primarily for collectors of his work, suggesting that this image, somewhat ironically, was intended to be sold to the very figures it depicts.", "description": "Honor\u00e9 Daumier was known for his witty depictions of contemporary Parisian types, including the art collectors seen in this drawing. The sheet belongs to a series in which the artist depicted these connoisseurs in the process of closely studying works of art. Although here, the men's focus seems sincere, in many works Daumier caricatured his subjects' greediness, smugness, or obliviousness.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60746301"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1927.208-art-lovers"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Champfleury. \"L'Hotel des commissaires-priseurs (suite), l'amateur.\" <em>Le Monde illustr\u00e9 </em>7, no. 314 (April 18, 1863): 253-254.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 253", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Exposition des peintures et dessins de H. Daumier</em>. Paris: Galeries Durand-Ruel, 1878.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 62, no. 113", "url": null}, {"citation": "Alexandre, Ars\u00e8ne. <em>Honor\u00e9 Daumier: L'Homme et l'oeuvre</em>. Paris: H. Laurens, 1888.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 376", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Exposition Daumier</em>. Paris: Palais de l'\u00c9cole des Beaux-Arts, 1901.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 29, no. 131", "url": null}, {"citation": "Klossowski, Erich. <em>Honore Daumier</em>. Munich: R. Piper &amp; Co., 1923.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 119, no. 365", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Le Vieux Collectionneur.\" \"Un Ensemble Unique de 50 Daumier: La Collection Bureau.\" <em>Bulletin de l'Art Ancien et Moderne</em>, no. 738 (May 1927): 167-173.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 170, 172; Reproduced: p. 171", "url": null}, {"citation": "Francis, Henry Sayles. \"A Drawing by Daumier.\" <em>Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 14, no. 10 (December 1927): 155-157.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 155-157; Reproduced: cover", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Catalogue des tableaux anciens...Collection de M. Paul Bureau</em>. Paris: Galerie Georges Petit, 1927.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: no. 66", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1928.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 57", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1928/page/n61"}, {"citation": "\"A Daumier Gem.\" <em>The Art Digest </em>11, no. 7 (January 1928): 32.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 32", "url": null}, {"citation": "\u201cLists of Objects in the Exhibition.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 16, no. 9 (1929): 159\u201375.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 161", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25137248."}, {"citation": "Escholier, Raymond. <em>Daumier</em>. Paris: Floury, 1930.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 263; Reproduced: pl. 75", "url": null}, {"citation": "Fuchs, Eduard. <em>Der Maler Daumier</em>. Munich: Albert Langen, 1930.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 38-39, 57, no. 249a; Reproduced: pl. 249", "url": null}, {"citation": "Wilenski, R.H. <em>French Painting</em>. Boston: Hale, Cushman &amp; Flint, Inc., 1931.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 232; Reproduced: pl. 92", "url": null}, {"citation": "Monzie, Anatole de and Claude Roger-Marx. <em>Daumier: Peintures, Aquarelles, Dessins</em>. Exh. Cat. Paris: Mus\u00e9e de l'Orangerie, 1934.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 101-102, no. 88", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Independent Painters of Nineteenth Century Paris</em>. Exh. Cat. Boston: Museum of Fine Arts, 1935.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 39, no. 72", "url": null}, {"citation": "D.A. \"'Lovers of Art,' by Honor\u00e9 Daumier.\" <em>Christian Science Monitor</em> (November 1, 1936): n.p.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: n.p.", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Daumier, 1808-1879</em>. Exh. Cat. Philadelphia: Pennsylvania Museum of Art, 1937.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 28, no. 19; Reproduced: pl. 19", "url": null}, {"citation": "Fleischmann, Benno. <em>Honor\u00e9 Daumier: Gem\u00e4lde, Graphik</em>. Vienna: Otto Lorenz, 1938.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. XXXIX; Reproduced: pl. 53", "url": null}, {"citation": "Roger-Marx, Claude. <em>Daumier</em>. Paris: Plon, 1938.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 36", "url": null}, {"citation": "Milliken, William. \"Silver Jubilee Exhibition.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art </em>28, no.6 (June 1941): 88-108", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 91", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25140932"}, {"citation": "<em>19th-Century French Drawings</em>. Exh. Cat. San Francisco: California Palace of the Legion of Honor, 1947.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 39, no. 54", "url": null}, {"citation": "Huyghe, Ren\u00e9 and Philippe Jaccottet. <em>Le Dessin Fran\u00e7ais au XIXe Si\u00e8cle</em>. Lausanne: Mermod, 1948.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 54", "url": null}, {"citation": "Wilenski, R.H. <em>French Painting</em>. Rev. Ed. London: Medici Society, 1949.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 212; Reproduced: pl. 86", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Loan Exhibition of Old Master Drawings from Midwestern Museums</em>. Exh. Cat. Detroit: Detroit Institute of Arts, 1950.", "page_number": "Mentioned: no. 8", "url": null}, {"citation": "Adh\u00e9mar, Jean. <em>Honor\u00e9 Daumier: Drawings and Watercolors</em>. New York: Macmillan, 1954.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 17; Reproduced: after p. 17", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Handbook.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 600", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1958/page/n112"}, {"citation": "Houghton, Amory. <em>Les Dessins fran\u00e7ais dans les collections am\u00e9ricaines de Clouet \u00e0 Matisse</em>. Paris: Art et style: 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: n.p.", "url": null}, {"citation": "Moskowitz, Ira. <em>Great Drawings of All Time</em>. New York: Shorewood, 1962.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: vol. III, n.p.", "url": null}, {"citation": "Moskowitz, Ira and Maurice S\u00e9rullaz. <em>Drawings of the Masters: French Impressionists</em>. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1962.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 46", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 170", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n194"}, {"citation": "Rey, Robert. <em>Honor\u00e9 Daumier</em>. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 63", "url": null}, {"citation": "Feldman, Edmund Burke. <em>Art as Image and Idea</em>. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1967.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 332", "url": null}, {"citation": "Maison, K.E. <em>Honor\u00e9 Daumier: Catalogue Raisonn\u00e9 of the Paintings, Watercolors, and Drawings. </em>New York: New York Graphic Society Ltd., 1968.", "page_number": "Mentioned: vol. II, p. 135, no. 391; Reproduced: pl. 129", "url": null}, {"citation": "Moore, Janet Gaylord. <em>The Many Ways of Seeing: An Introduction to the Pleasures of Art</em>. Cleveland: World Publishing Company, 1968.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 136; Reproduced: p. 89", "url": null}, {"citation": "Vincent, Howard P. <em>Daumier and His World</em>. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1968.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pl. 60", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 170", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n194"}, {"citation": "Feldman, Edmund Burke. <em>Varieties of Visual Experience: Art as Image and Idea</em>. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1971.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 416", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Praeger Encyclopedia of Art</em>. New York: Praeger, 1971.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 512", "url": null}, {"citation": "Roy, Claude. <em>Daumier Dessins</em>. Geneva: Skira, 1971.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 50", "url": null}, {"citation": "Feldman, Edmund Burke. <em>Varieties of Visual Experience</em>. Basic Edition. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1972.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 304", "url": null}, {"citation": "Nishimura, Toshio, ed. <em>Courbet et le r\u00e9alisme</em>. Tokyo: Chuokoronsha, 1972.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 113; Reproduced: pl. IV", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 210", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n230"}, {"citation": "Chapman, Laura H. <em>Approaches to Art Education</em>. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 66", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Drawings on Exhibition.\" <em>Drawing </em>1, no. 3 (September - October 1979): 63-65.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 64", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kist, Jan Rie. <em>Honor\u00e9 Daumier, 1808-1879</em>. Washington, D.C.: National Gallery of Art, 1979.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 75, no. 81", "url": null}, {"citation": "Richard, Paul. \"Daumier's Fearless Wit.\" <em>Washington Post </em>(September 23, 1979): G1, G7", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. G1", "url": null}, {"citation": "Koschatzky, Walter. <em>Die Kunst des Aquarelles: Technik, Geschichte, Meisterwerke</em>. Salzburg: Residenz, 1982.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 432; Reproduced: p. 28, pl. 9", "url": null}, {"citation": "Rotzler, Willy. <em>Who's Who in Graphic Art</em>. Dubendorf: De Clivo, 1982.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 70", "url": null}, {"citation": "Goldstein, Nathan. <em>The Art of Responsive Drawing</em>. 4th ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1992.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 201; Reproduced: p. 202", "url": null}, {"citation": "Ives, Colta, Margret Stuffmann, and Martin Sonnabend. <em>Daumier Drawings</em>. Exh. Cat. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1992.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 45, 165, no. 70; Reproduced: p. 46, 164.", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"1992 Annual Report.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 80, no. 6 (1993): 215-95.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 247", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25161418"}, {"citation": "Wechsler, Judith. <em>Le cabinet des dessins Daumier</em>. Paris: Flammarion, 1999.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 88; Reproduced: p. 89", "url": null}, {"citation": "Blin, Didier and Caroline Larroche. <em>Daumier 1808-1879</em>. Exh. Cat. Ottawa: National Gallery of Canada, 1999.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 410, under no. 258", "url": null}, {"citation": "DeGrazia, Diane, and Carter E. Foster. <em>Master Drawings from the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Exh. Cat. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2000.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 3, pp. 136-37, 291, no. 54; Reproduced: p. 137", "url": null}, {"citation": "Albl, Stefan, and Alina Aggujaro. <em>Il metodo del conoscitore: approcci, limiti, prospettive. </em>Roma: Artemide, 2016.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. [2]", "url": null}, {"citation": "Montfort, Anne, V. Loth, and Saul Steinberg. Saul Steinberg: entre les lignes. Paris : E\u0301ditions du Centre Pompidou, 2021.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 20, no. 4", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Salsbury, Britany. \u201cNineteenth-Century French Drawings: The widely recognized collection of the Cleveland Museum of Art.\u201d <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine </em>vol. 62, no. 4 (December 2022): Cover, P. 18-19.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 19; Mentioned, P. 18.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "DeWitte, Debra. \"The Display and Dispersal of Drawings in 19th-Century France.\" In <em>Nineteenth-Century French Drawings: The Cleveland Museum of Art, </em>32-41. Lewes, UK, Cleveland, Ohio: GILES; Cleveland Museum of Art, 2023.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 33, fig. 14", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Salsbury, Britany. <em>Nineteenth-Century French Drawings: The Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Lewes, UK, Cleveland, Ohio: GILES; Cleveland Museum of Art, 2023.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 104-107, no. 13", "url": ""}], "catalogue_raisonne": "Daumier Register 10391; Maison 391", "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1927.208", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1927.208/1927.208_web.jpg", "width": "667", "height": "900", "filesize": "306571", "filename": "1927.208_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1927.208/1927.208_print.jpg", "width": "2519", "height": "3400", "filesize": "3923533", "filename": "1927.208_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1927.208/1927.208_full.tif", "width": "9198", "height": "12414", "filesize": "342580088", "filename": "1927.208_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2010-11-08T18:45:20", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1927.208/1927.208_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "667", "height": "893", "filesize": "471458"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1927.208/1927.208_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "2539", "height": "3400", "filesize": "7596893"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1927.208/1927.208_alt0_full.tif", "width": "4580", "height": "6132", "filesize": "84283116"}}, {"annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1927.208/1927.208_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "665", "height": "893", "filesize": "486856"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1927.208/1927.208_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "1525", "height": "2048", "filesize": "2672502"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1927.208/1927.208_alt1_full.tif", "width": "1525", "height": "2048", "filesize": "9373060"}}, {"date_created": "2022-04-05T09:05:05", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1927.208/1927.208_alt2_web.jpg", "width": "667", "height": "900", "filesize": "209461"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1927.208/1927.208_alt2_print.jpg", "width": "2519", "height": "3400", "filesize": "3436999"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1927.208/1927.208_alt2_full.tif", "width": "9198", "height": "12414", "filesize": "342576312"}}], "creditline": "Dudley P. Allen Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 109042, "creators": [{"id": 1638, "description": "Honor\u00e9 Daumier (French, 1808\u20131879)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": "Honor\u00e9 Daumier was eight years old when his father, a glazier and frame maker who had decided to pursue his poetic talents in Paris, sent for the wife and three sons he lad left behind in Marseilles. In Paris Daumier studied drawing with Alexandre Lenoir (1761-1839) and at the Acad\u00e9mie Suisse. Around 1825 he began a five-year apprenticeship with the publisher and lithographer Z\u00e9pherin Belliard (1798-?). The July revolution of 1830, which established Louis-Philippe as the constitutional monarch in France, coincided with Daumier's creation of satirical lithographs aimed at this new government. That same year he joined La Caricature, a political journal founded by the republican artist-publisher, Charles Philipon (1802-1862). Daumier's antimonarchist and liberal subjects that were printed in this paper eventually cost the journal censorship and the artist six months in jail (31 August 1832 to 14 February 1833) plus a 300-franc fine. His prison sentence did not deter him from producing political statements and, in fact, only fueled his rage. The subjects of his lithographs became much more aggressive. In 1835 he worked for Philipon's second publication, Le Charivari, a humorous political newspaper that published Daumier's satirical caricature until it, too, suffered censorship under the new government. Although Daumier may be best known for his graphic art, he was also a sculptor and a prolific painter. Sculpture became another medium to produce his infamous caricatures. His friend, Honor\u00e9 de Balzac, French novelist and editor of La Caricature, saw in these works the force of Michelangelo. In 1834 Daumier began experimenting with painting, both in oil and watercolor. Apart from his Salon entries of 1849 and 1850, his paintings, which totaled over three hundred, were painted primarily for his own pleasure and virtually unknown to the public until after his death in 1879.", "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1808", "death_year": "1879", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1927-06-27T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1858, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 1863", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Connoisseurs"], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:08:40.918000"}, {"id": 109295, "accession_number": "1927.437", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Madame D\u00e9sir\u00e9 Raoul-Rochette, 1830. Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres (French, 1780\u20131867). Graphite on cream wove paper; sheet: 32.2 x 24 cm (12 11/16 x 9 7/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Purchase from the J. H. Wade Fund, 1927.437", "current_location": null, "title": "Madame D\u00e9sir\u00e9 Raoul-Rochette", "creation_date": "1830", "creation_date_earliest": 1830, "creation_date_latest": 1830, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["France, 19th century"], "technique": "graphite on cream wove paper", "support_materials": [{"description": "cream wove paper", "watermarks": []}], "department": "Drawings", "collection": "DR - French", "type": "Drawing", "measurements": "Sheet: 32.2 x 24 cm (12 11/16 x 9 7/16 in.)", "dimensions": {"sheet": {"height": 0.322, "width": 0.24}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "inscribed, lower right, in graphite: Ingres \u00e0 son ami et / confrere Monsieur / Raoul Rochette / 1830", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 338065, "title": "French Art Since Eighteen Hundred", "description": "<i>French Art Since Eighteen Hundred</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (November 8-December 8, 1929).", "opening_date": "1929-11-08T05:00:00"}, {"id": 350090, "title": "Drawings in the Classic and Romantic Tradition before 1830", "description": "<i>Drawings in the Classic and Romantic Tradition before 1830</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (December 7, 1932-January 8, 1933).", "opening_date": "1932-12-07T05:00:00"}, {"id": 356272, "title": "Drawings from the Museum Collection", "description": "<i>Drawings from the Museum Collection</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (May 28-December 9, 1937).", "opening_date": "1937-05-28T04:00:00"}, {"id": 346109, "title": "Old Master Drawings from the Museum Collection", "description": "<i>Old Master Drawings from the Museum Collection</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (January 4-March 26, 1939).", "opening_date": "1939-01-04T05:00:00"}, {"id": 347233, "title": "Drawings from the Museum Collection", "description": "<i>Drawings from the Museum Collection</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (July 11-October 3, 1940).", "opening_date": "1940-07-11T04:00:00"}, {"id": 312341, "title": "The Silver Jubilee Exhibition", "description": "<i>The Silver Jubilee Exhibition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 23-September 28, 1941).", "opening_date": "1941-06-23T04:00:00"}, {"id": 312333, "title": "French Drawings and Watercolors from French Public and Private Collections", "description": "<i>French Drawings and Watercolors from French Public and Private Collections</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (January 6-February 15, 1942).", "opening_date": "1942-01-06T05:00:00"}, {"id": 347490, "title": "Drawings from the Museum Collection", "description": "<i>Drawings from the Museum Collection</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 17-August 24, 1942).", "opening_date": "1942-06-17T04:00:00"}, {"id": 312176, "title": "19th and 20th Century French Art and Leonard C. Hanna, Jr. Loans", "description": "<i>19th and 20th Century French Art and Leonard C. Hanna, Jr. Loans</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 22-September 1, 1943).", "opening_date": "1943-06-22T04:00:00"}, {"id": 361104, "title": "19th-Century French Drawings", "description": "<i>19th-Century French Drawings</i>. Fine Arts Museum of San Francisco, Legion of Honor, San Francisco, CA (organizer) (March 8-April 6, 1947).", "opening_date": "1947-03-08T05:00:00"}, {"id": 355529, "title": "Exhibition of the Month: Components of Art: The Line", "description": "<i>Exhibition of the Month: Components of Art: The Line</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (February 12-April 12, 1948).", "opening_date": "1948-02-12T05:00:00"}, {"id": 300853, "title": "Baron Gros, Painter of Battles: The First Romantic Painter", "description": "<i>Baron Gros, Painter of Battles: The First Romantic Painter</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (March 8-April 15, 1956).", "opening_date": "1956-03-08T05:00:00"}, {"id": 301184, "title": "Department of Prints and Drawings Opening Exhibition", "description": "<i>Department of Prints and Drawings Opening Exhibition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art (organizer) (March 3, 1958-October 11, 1959).", "opening_date": "1958-03-03T05:00:00"}, {"id": 302020, "title": "Aspects of Drawing", "description": "<i>Aspects of Drawing</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (January 10-April 2, 1961).", "opening_date": "1961-01-10T05:00:00"}, {"id": 518735, "title": "Exhibition of Works by Ingres", "description": "<i>Exhibition of Works by Ingres</i>. Rosenberg & Co., New York, NY (organizer) (April 6-May 6, 1961).", "opening_date": "1961-04-06T05:00:00"}, {"id": 304645, "title": "Drawings", "description": "<i>Drawings</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (January 11-September 10, 1963).", "opening_date": "1963-01-11T05:00:00"}, {"id": 350931, "title": "Drawings: France, Italy, Netherlands", "description": "<i>Drawings: France, Italy, Netherlands</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (January 1-March 24, 1965).", "opening_date": "1965-01-01T05:00:00"}, {"id": 304726, "title": "French Drawings", "description": "<i>French Drawings</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (November 16, 1965-February 16, 1966).", "opening_date": "1965-11-16T05:00:00"}, {"id": 361190, "title": "Ingres: Centennial Exhibition, 1867-1967. Drawings, Watercolors and Oil Sketches from American Collections", "description": "<i>Ingres: Centennial Exhibition, 1867-1967. Drawings, Watercolors and Oil Sketches from American Collections</i>. Fogg Art Museum/Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (organizer) (February 12-April 9, 1967).", "opening_date": "1967-02-12T05:00:00"}, {"id": 361192, "title": "Ingres", "description": "<i>Ingres</i>. Petit Palais, Mus\u00e9e des Beaux-Arts de la Ville de Paris, Paris, France (October 27, 1967-January 29, 1968).", "opening_date": "1967-10-27T04:00:00"}, {"id": 351191, "title": "Drawings", "description": "<i>Drawings</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 11-October 21, 1968).", "opening_date": "1968-06-11T04:00:00"}, {"id": 357309, "title": "Seventeenth-, Eighteenth-, and Early Nineteenth-Century Genre and French Prints and Drawings", "description": "<i>Seventeenth-, Eighteenth-, and Early Nineteenth-Century Genre and French Prints and Drawings</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (May 31-August 19, 1979).", "opening_date": "1979-05-31T04:00:00"}, {"id": 309655, "title": "National Schools of Style", "description": "<i>National Schools of Style</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 14-September 18, 1983).", "opening_date": "1983-06-14T04:00:00"}, {"id": 311734, "title": "Treasures on Paper", "description": "<i>Treasures on Paper</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (May 10-July 24, 1988).", "opening_date": "1988-05-10T04:00:00"}, {"id": 311467, "title": "Directions in Drawing II: The Human Figure", "description": "<i>Directions in Drawing II: The Human Figure</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (November 5, 1991-January 12, 1992).", "opening_date": "1991-11-05T05:00:00"}, {"id": 311635, "title": "French Drawings from the Collection", "description": "<i>French Drawings from the Collection</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (December 13, 1994-March 12, 1995).", "opening_date": "1994-12-13T05:00:00"}, {"id": 192019, "title": "Master Drawings from the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Master Drawings from the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (August 27-October 17, 2000); The Morgan Library & Museum, New York, NY (May 23-August 19, 2001); Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, Houston, TX (October 14, 2001-January 6, 2002).", "opening_date": "2000-08-27T00:00:00"}, {"id": 204986, "title": "Treasures on Paper from the Collection of the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Treasures on Paper from the Collection of the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (March 9-June 8, 2014).", "opening_date": "2014-03-09T00:00:00"}, {"id": 324628, "title": "Nineteenth-Century French Drawings from the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Nineteenth-Century French Drawings from the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (January 20-June 11, 2023).", "opening_date": "2023-01-19T05:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>Tableaux, \u00e9tudes peintes, dessins, et croquis de J.-A.-D. Ingres</em>. Galeries du Palais de l\u2019\u00c9cole Imp\u00e9riale des Beaux-Arts, Paris (1867).", "opening_date": null}, {"description": "<em>Exposition Ingres, organis\u00e9e au profit du Mus\u00e9e Ingres</em>. Galeries Georges Petit, Paris (April 26\u2013May 14, 1911).", "opening_date": "1911-05-14T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>19th-Century French Drawings</em>. Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, California Palace of the Legion of Honor (March 8\u2013April 6, 1947).", "opening_date": "1947-04-06T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Ingres in American Collections</em>. Paul Rosenberg, New York (April 7\u2013May 6, 1961).", "opening_date": "1961-05-06T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Ingres Centennial Exhibition, 1867\u20131967</em>. Fogg Art Museum, Cambridge, MA (February 12\u2013April 9, 1967).", "opening_date": "1967-04-09T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Ingres</em>. Petit Palais, Paris (October 27, 1967\u2013January 29, 1968).", "opening_date": "1967-10-27T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>In Pursuit of Perfection: The Art of J.-A.-D. Ingres</em>. J. B. Speed Art Museum, Louisville, KY (December 6, 1983\u2013January 29, 1984); Kimbell Art Museum, Fort Worth, TX (March 3\u2013May 6, 1984).", "opening_date": "1983-12-06T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "D\u00e9sir\u00e9 Raoul-Rochette [1790\u20131854] (sitter\u2019s husband), Paris, by descent to his wife, Madame D\u00e9sir\u00e9 Raoul-Rochette", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->All this information is from Naef 1979, 5:162. For an explanation of the descent of Ingres portrait drawings within the Raoul-Rochette family, see Naef 1963b, 20, whose source was the great grandson of D\u00e9sir\u00e9 Raoul-Rochette, Andr\u00e9 Perrin</div>"], "date": "probably 1830-1854", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "Madame D\u00e9sir\u00e9 Raoul-Rochette, n\u00e9e Antoinette-Claude Houdon [1790\u20131878], Paris, by descent to her grandson, Raoul Perrin", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1854-1878", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "Raoul Perrin [1841\u20131910], by descent to his widow, Madame Raoul Perrin", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1878-1910", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "Madame Raoul Perrin [?\u20131912], by descent to her son, Edmond Perrin", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1910-1912", "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "by descent to her son, Edmond Perrin [d. 1919]", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1912-by 1918", "sortorder": 5}, {"description": "(Wildenstein & Co., Inc., New York, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1918-1927", "sortorder": 6}, {"description": "Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1927-", "sortorder": 7}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Ingres paid close attention to his sitter's costume: a fashionable open coat and dress with leg-of-mutton sleeves.", "description": "While living in Rome, Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres began making commissioned graphite portraits as a way of providing additional income. He aspired to a career as a history painter, however, and made such works only as gifts for friends after achieving professional success. This sheet was a gift for its sitter's husband, a famous archaeologist to whom Ingres dedicated it at lower right. The subject of the drawing, Antoinette-Claude Houdon, was the youngest daughter of Jean-Antoine Houdon (1741\u20131828), an important 18th-century French sculptor. Using the style he developed for such works, the artist drew in stark, confident lines, with no apparent erasing or correction.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60781118"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1927.437-madame-desire-raoul"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "<em>Catalogue des tableaux \u00e9tudes peintes, dessins, et croquis de J.-A.-D. Ingres </em>[. . .] <em>expos\u00e9s dans les galeries du Palais de l\u2019\u00c9cole Imp\u00e9riale des Beaux-Arts</em>. Paris: Ad. Lain\u00e9 et J. Havard, 1867.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 97, no. 573", "url": null}, {"citation": "Blanc, Charles. <em>Ingres, sa vie et ses ouvrages</em>. Paris: Jules Renouard, 1870.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 239", "url": null}, {"citation": "Delaborde, Henri. <em>Ingres, sa vie, ses travaux, sa doctrine</em>. Paris: Henri Plon, 1870.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 310, no. 398", "url": null}, {"citation": "Montesquiou, Robert de. <em>Roseaux pensants</em>. Paris: Charpentier, 1897.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 45", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Exposition Ingres, organis\u00e9e au profit du Mus\u00e9e Ingres</em>. Paris: Georges Petit, 1911.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 39, no. 138", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lapauze, Henry. <em>Ingres, sa vie &amp; son \u0153uvre (1780\u20131867), d\u2019apr\u00e8s des documents in\u00e9dits</em>. Paris: Georges Petit, 1911.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 286; Reproduced: p. 281", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1928.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 56", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1928/page/n60"}, {"citation": "Hourticq, Louis. <em>Ingres: l\u2019\u0153uvre du ma\u00eetre</em>. Paris: Hachette, 1928.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 72, 121", "url": null}, {"citation": "Francis, Henry Sayles. \"A Portrait Drawing by Ingres.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 15, no. 2 (1928): 27-29.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 27-29; Reproduced: cover", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25137098"}, {"citation": "Francis, Henry Sayles. \"The Graphic Section.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 16, no. 9 (1929): 157-172.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 159", "url": null}, {"citation": "Gibson, Katharine. \"Ingres, the Artist.\" <em>The Bystander </em>(November 30, 1929): 4-5.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 4-5", "url": null}, {"citation": "Zabel, Morton Dauwen. \u201cThe Portrait Methods of Ingres.\u201d <em>Art and Archaeology</em> 28, no. 4 (October 1929): 103-116.", "page_number": "Mentioned: 115", "url": null}, {"citation": "Zabel, Morton D. \u201cIngres in America.\u201d <em>The Arts</em> 16, no. 6 (February 1930): 369-382, 436.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 381-382; Reproduced: p. 374", "url": null}, {"citation": "Wilenski, R.H. <em>French Painting</em>. Boston: Hale ,Cushman &amp; Flint, 1931.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 196", "url": null}, {"citation": "Francis, Henry Sayles. \"Drawings in the Classic and Romantic Tradition before 1830.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 19, no. 10 (1932): 166-175.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 168-169", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>19th-Century French Drawings</em>. Exh. cat. San Francisco: California Palace of the Legion of Honor, 1947.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 18, no. 12", "url": null}, {"citation": "Francis, Henry S. \"Two Graphic Portraits by Ingres.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 35, no. 3 (1948): 36-37.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 37", "url": null}, {"citation": "Wilenski, R.H. <em>French Painting. </em>Rev. ed. London: Medici Society, 1949.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 181", "url": null}, {"citation": "Alazard, Jean. <em>Ingres et l\u2019ingrisme</em> Paris: Albin Michel, 1950.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 84; Reproduced: plate LXI", "url": null}, {"citation": "Alazard, Jean. <em>Ingres</em>. Firenze: Electa, 1950.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 72; Reproduced: plate LXI", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Handbook.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 595", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1958/page/n111"}, {"citation": "<em>Ingres in American Collections</em>. Exh. cat. New York: Paul Rosenberg and Co., 1961.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 41, no. 39", "url": null}, {"citation": "Naef, Hans. <em>Ingres und die Familie Raoul-Rochette</em>. Z\u00fcrich: Schweizer Monatshefte, 1963.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 33-34; Reproduced: cover", "url": null}, {"citation": "Naef, Hans. \u201cIngres et la famille Raoul-Rochette.\u201d <em>Bulletin du Mus\u00e9e Ingres</em> 14 (December 1963): 13-23.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 17", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 165", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n189"}, {"citation": "Schlenoff, Norman. \"Ingres Centennial at the Fogg Museum.\" <em>The Burlington Magazine</em> 109, no. 771 (1967): 376-79.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Ingres</em>. Exh. cat. Paris: Petit Palais, 1967.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: pp. 220-21, no. 155", "url": null}, {"citation": "Mongan, Agnes and Hans Naef<em>. Ingres Centennial Exhibition</em>. Exh. cat. Cambridge, MA: Fogg Art Museum, 1967.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: no. 66", "url": null}, {"citation": "Moore, Janet Gaylord. <em>The Many Ways of Seeing: An Introduction to the Pleasures of Art</em>. Cleveland: World Publishing Company, 1968.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 90; Reproduced: p. 91", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 165", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n189"}, {"citation": "Mongan, Agnes. \u201cIngres as a Great Portrait Draughtsman.\u201d In <em>Colloque Ingres</em>. Montauban: Amis du Mus\u00e9e Ingres, 1969.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 148, 151; Reproduced: p. 158", "url": null}, {"citation": "Wilenski, R. H. <em>French Painting</em>. 3rd rev. ed. New York: Dover, 1973.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 181", "url": null}, {"citation": "Delpierre, Madeleine. \u201cIngres et la mode de son temps (De la possibilit\u00e9 de dater, par l\u2019\u00e9tude des costumes, ses portraits dessin\u00e9s.\u201d In <em>Actes du colloque international Ingres et le n\u00e9o-classicisme</em>, 147-56. Montauban: Amis du Mus\u00e9e Ingres, 1975.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 150; Reproduced: p. 151", "url": null}, {"citation": "Pansu, Evelyne. <em>Ingres dessins</em>. Paris: Chene, 1977.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: pp. 170-71, no. 62", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 204", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n224"}, {"citation": "Naef, Hans. <em>Die Bildniszeichnungen von J.-A.-D. Ingres</em>. Bern: Benteli, 1979.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: vol. 3, pp. 98-99; vol. 5, pp. 162-63, no. 334", "url": null}, {"citation": "Condon, Patricia, Marjorie B. Cohn, and Agnes Mongan. <em>In Pursuit of Perfection: The Art of J.-A.-D. Ingres</em>, 146, 224 (ill.), no. 73. Exh. cat. Louisville, KY: J. B. Speed Art Museum, 1984.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: pp. 146, 224, no. 73", "url": null}, {"citation": "Miller, Michael J. <em>Drawing: A Glossary of Materials: Selections from the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1987.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 9; Reproduced: p. 10", "url": null}, {"citation": "Tortora, Phyllis and Keith Eubank. <em>A Survey of Historic Costume</em>. New York: Fairchild Publications, 1989.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 224; Reproduced: p. 225", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>J. A. D. Ingres, 1780\u20131867: Zeichnungen und \u00d6lstudien aus dem Mus\u00e9e Ingres, Montauban</em>. Exh. cat. Innsbruck, Aus.: Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum, 1991.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 30", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lurie, Ann Tzeutschler. \"Ferdinand Georg Waldm\u00fcller in the Cleveland Museum of Art: Portrait of Crescentia, Countess Zichy (later Countess Sz\u00e9chenyi) with a Parrot and a Camellia in a Mountainous Landscape.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 81, no. 1 (1994): 3-17.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 3", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25161437"}, {"citation": "Ribeiro, Aileen. <em>Ingres in Fashion: Representations of Dress and Appearance in Ingres\u2019s Images of Women</em>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1999.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 72, 76, 179; Reproduced: p. 73", "url": null}, {"citation": "DeGrazia, Diane and Carter E. Foster. <em>Master Drawings from the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Exh. cat. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2000.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 3, pp. 128-129, 290, no. 50; Reproduced: p. 129", "url": null}, {"citation": "Stokstad, Marilyn and Michael W. Cothren. <em>Art History</em>. Revised 2nd ed. Boston: Pearson, 2005.", "page_number": "Reproduced: fig. 27-5.", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Master Drawings</em>. London: Colnaghi, 2013.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 74", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Stokstad, Marilyn and Michael W. Cothren. <em>Art History</em>. 5th ed. Boston: Pearson, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 952-953; Reproduced: p. 953", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 164", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Codell, Julie. \u201cConvergences: Art History, Museums and Scholar-Agent Martin Birnbaum\u2019s Transatlantic Art for the Public.\u201d In <em>Art Markets, Agents and Collectors: Collecting Strategies in Europe and the United States, 1550\u20131950</em>, edited by Adriana Turpin and Susan Bracken, 316-27. London: Bloomsbury, 2021.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 325n22", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Salsbury, Britany. <em>Nineteenth-Century French Drawings: The Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Lewes, UK, Cleveland, Ohio: GILES; Cleveland Museum of Art, 2023.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 88-91, no. 7a", "url": ""}], "catalogue_raisonne": "Naef 334", "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1927.437", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1927.437/1927.437_web.jpg", "width": "707", "height": "893", "filesize": "366940", "filename": "1927.437_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1927.437/1927.437_print.jpg", "width": "2692", "height": "3400", "filesize": "6525293", "filename": "1927.437_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1927.437/1927.437_full.tif", "width": "4422", "height": "5583", "filesize": "74089784", "filename": "1927.437_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [], "creditline": "Purchase from the J. H. Wade Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 109295, "creators": [{"id": 1685, "description": "Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres (French, 1780\u20131867)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": "A leading exponent of French neoclassicism and the academic tradition, Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres was born in Montauban in 1780. At the age of ten he began studying art and music in Toulouse. In 1797 he entered the Paris studio of David (q.v.), where he became a favorite pupil and assistant. Barely a year later a dispute prompted Ingres to leave the studio and enroll in the \u00c9cole des Beaux-Arts. In 1801 he won the Prix de Rome, but lack of funds prevented him from departing for Italy until 1806. During fourteen years in Rome and four in Florence, Ingres painted romantic troubadour themes and became an admirer of Raphael. In 1824 he returned to Paris and exhibited at the Salon, where a fierce debate erupted between his supporters and those of Delacroix (q.v.). The controversial Salon of 1824 signaled Ingres's emergence as the leader of the neoclassical movement in France. At that point he effectively assumed the role of his former teacher David, now in exile. In 1833 the French government appointed Ingres vice president of the \u00c9cole des Beaux-Arts and president the following year. In 1834 he accepted the directorship of the French Academy in Rome and spent the next seven years painting and studying antique art in Italy. In 1841 he returned to Paris, where his paintings were greeted with thunderous critical acclaim. A major retrospective at the Exposition Universelle of 1855 confirmed his reputation but also aroused the hostility of young artists opposed to academic rules and conventions. During his later years Ingres continued his bitter rivalry with Delacroix, successfully blocking the latter's admission to the academy until 1857. Ingres died in 1867, leaving behind a circle of followers and a remarkable drawing style that was to inspire later artists, including Degas (q.v.) and Pablo Picasso (1881-1973).", "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1780", "death_year": "1867", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1927-12-20T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1830, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1830", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Portrait of Madame Raoul-Rochette"], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:02:30.046000"}, {"id": 110565, "accession_number": "1929.13", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Fighting Horses, c. 1820. Th\u00e9odore G\u00e9ricault (French, 1791\u20131824). Watercolor over graphite; sheet: 21.7 x 29.4 cm (8 9/16 x 11 9/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Charles W. Harkness Endowment Fund, 1929.13", "current_location": null, "title": "Fighting Horses", "creation_date": "c. 1820", "creation_date_earliest": 1815, "creation_date_latest": 1825, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["France, 19th century"], "technique": "watercolor over graphite", "support_materials": [{"description": "ivory wove paper", "watermarks": []}], "department": "Drawings", "collection": "DR - French", "type": "Drawing", "measurements": "Sheet: 21.7 x 29.4 cm (8 9/16 x 11 9/16 in.)", "dimensions": {"sheet": {"height": 0.217, "width": 0.294}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "on old label (now removed), in brown ink: This drawing by G\u00e9ricault was / the property of The Marquis of / Hertford & left to Sir Richard / Wallace, who in time bequethed / it to Sir John Murray Scott / Bart: / Purchased by Leggatt Bros at / the sale of Sir John Murray / Scott's Drawings etc, at 5 / Connaught Place Marble Arch. / Feb: 9th 1914.; on old label (now removed): across top, in graphite: 41 [circled] Dr. Bellingham Smith; down center, in brown ink: J. L. A. T. G\u00e9ricault / Horses Fighting / Colles Marquess of Hertford / Sir Richard Wallace and / Sir John Murray Scott / Exhib. Burlington Fine Arts Club / 1922 . No 52. / Pictures drawings & Sculptures of French School / of the last 100 years.\r\n", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 338065, "title": "French Art Since Eighteen Hundred", "description": "<i>French Art Since Eighteen Hundred</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (November 8-December 8, 1929).", "opening_date": "1929-11-08T05:00:00"}, {"id": 350090, "title": "Drawings in the Classic and Romantic Tradition before 1830", "description": "<i>Drawings in the Classic and Romantic Tradition before 1830</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (December 7, 1932-January 8, 1933).", "opening_date": "1932-12-07T05:00:00"}, {"id": 361204, "title": "Exhibition of Drawings from the Museum Collection Supplemented by Loans from Local Collections", "description": "<i>Exhibition of Drawings from the Museum Collection Supplemented by Loans from Local Collections</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (July 12-September 15, 1935).", "opening_date": "1935-07-12T04:00:00"}, {"id": 312498, "title": "The Work of Th\u00e9odore G\u00e9ricault and Honor\u00e9 Daumier", "description": "<i>The Work of Th\u00e9odore G\u00e9ricault and Honor\u00e9 Daumier</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (February 10-March 7, 1937).", "opening_date": "1937-02-10T05:00:00"}, {"id": 356272, "title": "Drawings from the Museum Collection", "description": "<i>Drawings from the Museum Collection</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (May 28-December 9, 1937).", "opening_date": "1937-05-28T04:00:00"}, {"id": 346109, "title": "Old Master Drawings from the Museum Collection", "description": "<i>Old Master Drawings from the Museum Collection</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (January 4-March 26, 1939).", "opening_date": "1939-01-04T05:00:00"}, {"id": 347233, "title": "Drawings from the Museum Collection", "description": "<i>Drawings from the Museum Collection</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (July 11-October 3, 1940).", "opening_date": "1940-07-11T04:00:00"}, {"id": 312333, "title": "French Drawings and Watercolors from French Public and Private Collections", "description": "<i>French Drawings and Watercolors from French Public and Private Collections</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (January 6-February 15, 1942).", "opening_date": "1942-01-06T05:00:00"}, {"id": 347490, "title": "Drawings from the Museum Collection", "description": "<i>Drawings from the Museum Collection</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 17-August 24, 1942).", "opening_date": "1942-06-17T04:00:00"}, {"id": 312176, "title": "19th and 20th Century French Art and Leonard C. Hanna, Jr. Loans", "description": "<i>19th and 20th Century French Art and Leonard C. Hanna, Jr. Loans</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 22-September 1, 1943).", "opening_date": "1943-06-22T04:00:00"}, {"id": 361104, "title": "19th-Century French Drawings", "description": "<i>19th-Century French Drawings</i>. Fine Arts Museum of San Francisco, Legion of Honor, San Francisco, CA (organizer) (March 8-April 6, 1947).", "opening_date": "1947-03-08T05:00:00"}, {"id": 361205, "title": "Watercolors by the Masters: D\u00fcrer to C\u00e9zanne", "description": "<i>Watercolors by the Masters: D\u00fcrer to C\u00e9zanne</i>. Minneapolis Institute of Art, Minneapolis, MN (organizer) (May 1-June 15, 1952).", "opening_date": "1952-05-01T04:00:00"}, {"id": 300853, "title": "Baron Gros, Painter of Battles: The First Romantic Painter", "description": "<i>Baron Gros, Painter of Battles: The First Romantic Painter</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (March 8-April 15, 1956).", "opening_date": "1956-03-08T05:00:00"}, {"id": 301184, "title": "Department of Prints and Drawings Opening Exhibition", "description": "<i>Department of Prints and Drawings Opening Exhibition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art (organizer) (March 3, 1958-October 11, 1959).", "opening_date": "1958-03-03T05:00:00"}, {"id": 301678, "title": "Italian and French Drawings", "description": "<i>Italian and French Drawings</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 13, 1959-February 2, 1960).", "opening_date": "1959-10-13T04:00:00"}, {"id": 361211, "title": "The Nineteenth Century: One Hundred Twenty-Five Master Drawings", "description": "<i>The Nineteenth Century: One Hundred Twenty-Five Master Drawings</i>. Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York, NY (March 26-April 23, 1962).", "opening_date": "1962-03-26T05:00:00"}, {"id": 519373, "title": "Nineteenth Century: 125 Master Drawings", "description": "<i>Nineteenth Century: 125 Master Drawings</i>. Frederick R. Weisman Art Museum, Minneapolis, MN (organizer) (March 26-April 23, 1962); Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York, NY (May 10-June 30, 1962).", "opening_date": "1962-03-26T05:00:00"}, {"id": 361211, "title": "The Nineteenth Century: One Hundred Twenty-Five Master Drawings", "description": "<i>The Nineteenth Century: One Hundred Twenty-Five Master Drawings</i>. Frederick R. Weisman Art Museum, Minneapolis, MN (organizer) (May 15-July 1, 1962).", "opening_date": "1962-03-26T05:00:00"}, {"id": 304645, "title": "Drawings", "description": "<i>Drawings</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (January 11-September 10, 1963).", "opening_date": "1963-01-11T05:00:00"}, {"id": 304714, "title": "European Watercolors Through the 18th Century", "description": "<i>European Watercolors Through the 18th Century</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (January 14-March 22, 1964).", "opening_date": "1964-01-14T05:00:00"}, {"id": 350931, "title": "Drawings: France, Italy, Netherlands", "description": "<i>Drawings: France, Italy, Netherlands</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (January 1-March 24, 1965).", "opening_date": "1965-01-01T05:00:00"}, {"id": 304726, "title": "French Drawings", "description": "<i>French Drawings</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (November 16, 1965-February 16, 1966).", "opening_date": "1965-11-16T05:00:00"}, {"id": 361212, "title": "The Artist and the Animal: A Loan Exhibition for the Benefit of the Animal Medical Center", "description": "<i>The Artist and the Animal: A Loan Exhibition for the Benefit of the Animal Medical Center</i>. M. Knoedler & Co., Inc., New York, NY (organizer) (May 7-24, 1968).", "opening_date": "1968-05-07T04:00:00"}, {"id": 361213, "title": "G\u00e9ricault", "description": "<i>G\u00e9ricault</i>. Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles, CA (organizer) (October 12-December 12, 1971); The Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit, MI (January 23-March 7, 1972); Philadelphia Museum of Art, Philadelphia, PA (March 30-May 14, 1972).", "opening_date": "1971-10-12T04:00:00"}, {"id": 304539, "title": "Brush Drawings", "description": "<i>Brush Drawings</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (March 3-May 10, 1981).", "opening_date": "1981-03-03T05:00:00"}, {"id": 309649, "title": "Goya, Gericault and Delacroix", "description": "<i>Goya, Gericault and Delacroix</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (January 25-April 24, 1983).", "opening_date": "1983-01-25T05:00:00"}, {"id": 361214, "title": "Master Drawings by G\u00e9ricault", "description": "<i>Master Drawings by G\u00e9ricault</i>. The Morgan Library & Museum, New York, NY (organizer) (June 7-July 31, 1985); San Diego Museum of Art, San Diego, CA (August 31-October 20, 1985); Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, Houston, TX (November 9, 1985-January 5, 1986).", "opening_date": "1985-06-07T04:00:00"}, {"id": 311734, "title": "Treasures on Paper", "description": "<i>Treasures on Paper</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (May 10-July 24, 1988).", "opening_date": "1988-05-10T04:00:00"}, {"id": 361215, "title": "Gericault: Romantic Paintings and Drawings", "description": "<i>Gericault: Romantic Paintings and Drawings</i>. Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (organizer) (January 28-March 26, 1989).", "opening_date": "1989-01-28T05:00:00"}, {"id": 441794, "title": "G\u00e9ricault", "description": "<i>G\u00e9ricault</i>. Mus\u00e9e du Louvre, Paris, France (September 26, 1991-January 6, 1992).", "opening_date": "1991-09-26T04:00:00"}, {"id": 311635, "title": "French Drawings from the Collection", "description": "<i>French Drawings from the Collection</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (December 13, 1994-March 12, 1995).", "opening_date": "1994-12-13T05:00:00"}, {"id": 192019, "title": "Master Drawings from the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Master Drawings from the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (August 27-October 17, 2000); The Morgan Library & Museum, New York, NY (May 23-August 19, 2001); Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, Houston, TX (October 14, 2001-January 6, 2002).", "opening_date": "2000-08-27T00:00:00"}, {"id": 204986, "title": "Treasures on Paper from the Collection of the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Treasures on Paper from the Collection of the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (March 9-June 8, 2014).", "opening_date": "2014-03-09T00:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>Paintings, Drawings, and Sculpture of the French School of the Last 100 Years</em>. Burlington Fine Arts Club, London (1922).", "opening_date": "1922-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Collection of Paintings, Porcelain, Bronzes, Decorative Furniture, and Other Works of Art Lent for Exhibition</em>. Bethnal Green Branch of the South Kensington Museum (June 1872).", "opening_date": null}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Possibly Anatole Demidoff [1812-1870], Paris", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "?-1863", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "(Hotel Drouot, Paris, Tableaux des premiers maitres..., January 13-16, 1863, no. 58, probably sold to Richard Seymour-Conway, 4th Marquess of Hertford)", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->As&nbsp; \"Un March\u00e9 aux chevaux. Aquarelle.\"</div>"], "date": "1863", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "Richard Seymour-Conway, 4th Marquess of Hertford [1800-1870], by descent to his son Sir Richard Wallace", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->Inscribed on an old label.</div>"], "date": "probably 1863-1870", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "Sir Richard Wallace [1818-1890], Paris, by descent to his wife Julie-Am\u00e9lie-Charlotte Castelnau, Lady Wallace", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1870-1890", "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "Julie-Am\u00e9lie-Charlotte Castelnau, Lady Wallace [1819-1897], London, by descent to her advisor Sir John Murray Scott", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->According to Hertford House inventory of 1890.</div>"], "date": "1890-1897", "sortorder": 5}, {"description": "Sir John Murray Scott [1847-1912], London", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1897-1912", "sortorder": 6}, {"description": "(Phillips, Son & Neale, Contents of the Residence...of Sir John E.A. Murray Scott, February 9, 1914, no. 446)", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->As \"Wild Horses; and Horses in a Stable (a pair).\"</div>"], "date": "1914", "sortorder": 7}, {"description": "(Ernest Leggatt [1853-1922; Lugt 1664e], London, sold to Guy Bellingham Smith)", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->According to a letter from Guy Bellingham Smith, CMA files.</div>"], "date": "after 1914-?", "sortorder": 8}, {"description": "Guy Bellingham Smith, London", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "after 1914-1927", "sortorder": 9}, {"description": "(Frederik Muller & Cie, Amsterdam, Dessins anciens...Collection Bellingham-Smith, July 5-6, 1927, no. 38, probably sold to Gustav Nebehay)", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->As \"Combat de chevaux. Au centre, un grand cheval blanc; \u00e0 gauche et \u00e0 droite, des chevaux bruns et autres aux fond. Aquarelle.-Haut. 21,5, larg. 29,5 cent.\"</div>"], "date": "1927", "sortorder": 10}, {"description": "(Gustav Nebehay [1881-1935], Vienna, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1927", "sortorder": 11}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1929-", "sortorder": 12}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Th\u00e9odore G\u00e9ricault began this work with sketches from life, which became a graphite underdrawing beneath the watercolors.", "description": "Th\u00e9odore G\u00e9ricault turned away from traditional subjects such as mythology and the Bible in favor of modernity, emotion, and drama. He was fascinated by the power and physical beauty of horses and depicted them often. G\u00e9ricault himself was an avid rider and his paintings and drawings on this theme are characterized by vigor and movement. In this watercolor, he focused on a conflict, in which a groom struggles to separate a pair of fighting horses\u2014a scene that appeared only a few times throughout his many interpretations of similar subjects. A sketchbook, now in the collection of the Art Institute of Chicago, shows that the artist carefully studied the animals, including the kicking white stallion at center, in graphite before beginning this finished work.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60757041"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1929.13-fighting-horses"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Black, C.C. <em>Catalogue of the Collection of Paintings, Porcelain, Bronzes, Decorative Furniture, and Other Works of Art, Lent for the Exhibition in the Bethnal Green Branch of the South Kensington Museum, by Sir Richard Wallace</em>. Exh. Cat. London: Bethnal Green Branch Museum, 1874.", "page_number": "Mentioned: no. 735", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Catalogue of Pictures, Drawings, and Sculpture of the French School of the Last 100 Years</em>. Exh. Cat. London: Burlington Fine Arts Club, 1922.", "page_number": "Mentioned: no. 52", "url": null}, {"citation": "\u201cLists of Objects in the Exhibition.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 16, no. 9 (1929): 159\u201375.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 159", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25137248."}, {"citation": "Francis, Henry S. \"A Drawing by Th\u00e9odore G\u00e9ricault.\" <em>Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 20, no. 7 (July 1933): 111-113", "page_number": "Mentioned: 111-113; Reproduced: p. 119", "url": null}, {"citation": "Francis, Henry. \"Exhibition of the Work of G\u00e9ricault.\" <em>Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 24 (1937): 24-26.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 24", "url": null}, {"citation": "Berger, Klaus. <em>Gericault: Drawings &amp; Watercoolrs</em>. New York: H. Bittner, 1946.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: no. 24", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>19th-Century French Drawings</em>. Exh. Cat. San Francisco: California Palace of the Legion of Honor, 1947.", "page_number": "Mentioned: no. 22", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Watercolors by the Masters: D\u00fcrer to C\u00e9zanne</em>. Exh. Cat. Minneapolis: Minneapolis Institute of Arts, 1952.", "page_number": "Mentioned: no. 35", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Th\u00e9odore G\u00e9ricault, 1791-1824</em>. Exh. Cat. Winterthur: Kunstmuseum Winterthur, 1953.", "page_number": "Mentioned: no. 47", "url": null}, {"citation": "Either, Lorenz. \"G\u00e9ricault at Winterthur.\" <em>Burlington Magazine</em> 96, no. 617 (August 1954): 254-259.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 259", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>De David a\u0300 Toulouse-Lautrec; chefs-d'\u0153uvres des collections ame\u0301ricaines</em>. Exh. Cat. Paris: Mus\u00e9e de l'Orangerie, 1955.", "page_number": "Mentioned: no. 75; Reproduced: plate 12", "url": null}, {"citation": "Roger-Marx, Claude. \"Les Chefs-d'oeuvre des mus\u00e9es des \u00c9tats-Unis: De David \u00e0 Toulouse-Lautrec.\" <em>Le Jardin des arts</em> (May 1955): 385-400.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 396, 400", "url": null}, {"citation": "Veronesi, Giulia. \"Saluto alla Francia.\" <em>Emporium</em> 122 (September 1955).", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 118", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Handbook.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 598", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1958/page/n112"}, {"citation": "H\u00fcttinger, Eduard. <em>Sammlung Emil G. B\u00fchrle</em>. Exh. Cat. Z\u00fcrich: Kunsthaus Z\u00fcrich, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 84, under no. 107", "url": null}, {"citation": "Eitner, Lorenz. <em>G\u00e9ricault: An Album of Drawings in the Art Institute of Chicago</em>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1960.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 27, under nos. 20 and 21", "url": null}, {"citation": "Eitner, Lorenz. <em>The Nineteenth Century: One Hundred Twenty-Five Master Drawings</em>. Exh. Cat. New York: Guggenheim Museum, 1962.", "page_number": "Mentioned: no. 48; Reproduced: plate 18", "url": null}, {"citation": "Mongan, Agnes. <em>Great Drawings of All Time</em>. Vol. 3. New York: Shorewood Press, 1962.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: no. 727", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 168", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n192"}, {"citation": "Virch, Claus. <em>The Artist and the Animal.</em> Exh. Cat. New York: Knoedler, 1968.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 56, no. 72", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 168", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n192"}, {"citation": "Eitner, Lorenz. <em>G\u00e9ricault</em>. Exh. Cat. Los Angeles: Los Angeles County Museum of Art, 1971.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 107, 180-181, no. 65; Reproduced: p. 107", "url": null}, {"citation": "Reidemeister, Leopold, Brigitte Zehmisch, Rolf Kultzen, et al. <em>Fondation Collection Emil G. B\u00fchrle</em>. Munich: Artemis, 1973.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 58, under no. 10", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 206", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n226"}, {"citation": "Thuillier, Jacques and Grunchec, Philippe. <em>L'opera completa di Gericault</em>. Milan: Rizzoli, 1978.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 101, under no. 98", "url": null}, {"citation": "Eitner, Lorenz. \"Review: Tout l'oeuvre peint de G\u00e9ricault.\" <em>Burlington Magazine </em>122, no. 924 (March 1980): 206-210.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 206", "url": null}, {"citation": "Grunchec, Phlippe. <em>Gericault: Dessins et Aquarelles de Chevaux</em>. Lausanne: Edita, 1982.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 94; Reproduced: p. 95", "url": null}, {"citation": "Grunchec, Philippe. <em>Master Drawings by Gericault</em>. Exh. Cat. Washington, DC: International Exhibitions Foundation, 1985.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: no. 59", "url": null}, {"citation": "Ingamells, John. <em>The Wallace Collection Catalogue of Pictures: French Nineteenth Century</em>. London: Wallace Collection, 1986.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 301, no. 139", "url": null}, {"citation": "Eitner, Lorenz E.A. and Steven A. Nash. <em>Gericault, 1791-1824</em>. Exh. Cat. San Francisco: Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, 1989.", "page_number": "Mentioned: no. 48", "url": null}, {"citation": "Laveissi\u00e8re, Sylvain and R\u00e9gis Michel. <em>Gericault</em>. Exh. Cat. Pairs: Galeries nationales du Grand Palais, 1991.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: no. 353", "url": null}, {"citation": "Noel, Bernard. <em>G\u00e9ricault</em>. Paris: Flammarion, 1991.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 66", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bazin, Germain. <em>Th\u00e9odore G\u00e9ricault: \u00e9tude critique, documents et catalogue raisonn\u00e9</em>. Paris: Wildenstein, 1992.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 69, 214, no. 1657; Reproduced: p. 214", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Drawings on Exhibition.\" <em>Drawing</em> 16, no. 6 (March - April 1995): 131-133.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 131", "url": null}, {"citation": "Brugerolles, Emmanuelle. <em>G\u00e9ricault: Dessins &amp; estampes des collections de l'\u00c9cole des Beaux-Arts</em>. Exh. Cat. Paris: \u00c9cole nationale sup\u00e9reure des Beaux-Arts, 1997.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 221, under no. E.9", "url": null}, {"citation": "DeGrazia, Diane, and Carter E. Foster. <em>Master Drawings from the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Exh. Cat. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2000.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 126-127, p. 290, no. 49; Reproduced: p. 127", "url": null}, {"citation": "Chenique, Bruno. <em>Les Chevaux de G\u00e9ricault</em>. Paris: Bibliotheque de l'Image, 2002.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 38, no. 36", "url": null}, {"citation": "Alsteens, Stijn, Carmen C. Bambach, George Goldner, et al, eds. <em>Raphael to Renoir: Drawings from the Collection of Jean Bonna</em>. Exh. Cat. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2009.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 220, under no. 97", "url": null}], "catalogue_raisonne": "Bazin 1657", "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1929.13", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1929.13/1929.13_web.jpg", "width": "1212", "height": "893", "filesize": "832471", "filename": "1929.13_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1929.13/1929.13_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2505", "filesize": "7802308", "filename": "1929.13_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1929.13/1929.13_full.tif", "width": "6210", "height": "4577", "filesize": "85299632", "filename": "1929.13_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1929.13/1929.13_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "1217", "height": "893", "filesize": "933723"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1929.13/1929.13_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "2048", "height": "1503", "filesize": "2694107"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1929.13/1929.13_alt0_full.tif", "width": "2048", "height": "1503", "filesize": "9237620"}}], "creditline": "Charles W. Harkness Endowment Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 110565, "creators": [{"id": 11643, "description": "Th\u00e9odore G\u00e9ricault (French, 1791\u20131824)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1791", "death_year": "1824", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1929-01-09T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1815, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 1820", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Horses Battling in a Corral"], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:07:35.078000"}, {"id": 127227, "accession_number": "1949.544", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Church Bells Ringing, Rainy Winter Night, December 1917. Charles Burchfield (American, 1893\u20131967). Watercolor and gouache over graphite on wove paper; sheet: 77.2 x 50 cm (30 3/8 x 19 11/16 in.); secondary support: 77.5 x 50 cm (30 1/2 x 19 11/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Gift of Mrs. Louise M. Dunn in memory of Henry G. Keller, 1949.544", "current_location": null, "title": "Church Bells Ringing, Rainy Winter Night", "creation_date": "December 1917", "creation_date_earliest": 1917, "creation_date_latest": 1917, "artists_tags": ["May Show", "male", "Cleveland Institute of Art (alumni)"], "culture": ["America"], "technique": "watercolor and gouache over graphite on wove paper", "support_materials": [{"description": "two sheets (joined) of cream(2) wove paper, laid down on cardboard", "watermarks": []}], "department": "Drawings", "collection": "DR - American 20th Century", "type": "Drawing", "measurements": "Sheet: 77.2 x 50 cm (30 3/8 x 19 11/16 in.); Secondary Support: 77.5 x 50 cm (30 1/2 x 19 11/16 in.)", "dimensions": {"sheet": {"height": 0.772, "width": 0.5}, "secondary support": {"height": 0.775, "width": 0.5}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "signed, at lower right, in graphite: Chas E Burchfield / Dec. 1917", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 616515, "title": "Eighth Exhibition of Watercolors and Pastels", "description": "<i>Eighth Exhibition of Watercolors and Pastels</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (November 6-December 7, 1930).", "opening_date": "1930-11-06T00:00:00"}, {"id": 338899, "title": "New Accessions, USA, 1950", "description": "<i>New Accessions, USA, 1950</i>. Colorado Springs Fine Arts Center (July 2-September 4, 1950).", "opening_date": "1950-07-02T04:00:00"}, {"id": 311926, "title": "The Drawings of Charles E. Burchfield", "description": "<i>The Drawings of Charles E. Burchfield</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (November 4, 1953-January 10, 1954).", "opening_date": "1953-11-04T05:00:00"}, {"id": 301176, "title": "Charles Burchfield Retrospective Exhibition", "description": "<i>Charles Burchfield Retrospective Exhibition</i>. Whitney Museum of American Art (January 11-February 26, 1956); The Baltimore Museum of Art (March 14-April 22, 1956); Museum of Fine Arts, Boston (May 9-June 17, 1956); San Francisco Museum of Modern Art (July 11-August 19, 1956); Los Angeles County Museum of Art (September 5-October 14, 1956); The Phillips Collection (November 4-December 11, 1956); The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (December 28, 1956-February 10, 1957).", "opening_date": "1956-12-28T05:00:00"}, {"id": 520118, "title": "The Decade of the Armory Show", "description": "<i>The Decade of the Armory Show</i>. Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, NY (organizer) (February 27-April 14, 1963).", "opening_date": "1963-02-27T05:00:00"}, {"id": 338891, "title": "The Decade of the Armory Show: New Directions in American Art, 1910-1920", "description": "<i>The Decade of the Armory Show: New Directions in American Art, 1910-1920</i>. Whitney Museum of American Art (February 27-April 14, 1963); Contemporary Art Museum St. Louis (June 1-July 14, 1963); The Cleveland Museum of Art (August 6-September 15, 1963); Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, Museum of American Art (September 30-October 30, 1963); The Art Institute of Chicago (November 15-December 29, 1963); Buffalo AKG Art Museum (January 20-February 23, 1964).", "opening_date": "1963-02-27T05:00:00"}, {"id": 338888, "title": "The New Tradition: Modern Americans Before 1940", "description": "<i>The New Tradition: Modern Americans Before 1940</i>. Corcoran Gallery of Art (April 26-June 3, 1963).", "opening_date": "1963-04-26T05:00:00"}, {"id": 519722, "title": "The New Tradition: Modern Americans before 1940", "description": "<i>The New Tradition: Modern Americans before 1940</i>. Corcoran Gallery of Art, Washington, DC (organizer) (April 26-June 3, 1963).", "opening_date": "1963-04-26T05:00:00"}, {"id": 520217, "title": "Paintings by Charles Burchfield", "description": "<i>Paintings by Charles Burchfield</i>. Kansas City Art Institute, Kansas City, MO (organizer) (September 15-October 20, 1963).", "opening_date": "1963-09-15T04:00:00"}, {"id": 338885, "title": "Inaugural Exhibition", "description": "<i>Inaugural Exhibition</i>. Kemper Museum of Contemporary Art (organizer) (September 15-October 20, 1963).", "opening_date": "1963-09-15T04:00:00"}, {"id": 315769, "title": "200 Years of American Painting", "description": "<i>200 Years of American Painting</i>. Saint Louis Art Museum, St. Louis, MO (organizer) (co-organizer) (April 1-May 31, 1964).", "opening_date": "1964-04-01T05:00:00"}, {"id": 338585, "title": "Past and Present", "description": "<i>Past and Present</i>. Corcoran Gallery of Art, Washington, DC (April 14-September 15, 1966).", "opening_date": "1966-04-14T05:00:00"}, {"id": 338582, "title": "Pageant of Ohio Painters", "description": "<i>Pageant of Ohio Painters</i>. The Butler Institute of American Art (April 3-30, 1967).", "opening_date": "1967-04-03T05:00:00"}, {"id": 517431, "title": "Exhibition of Ohio Painters", "description": "<i>Exhibition of Ohio Painters</i>. The Butler Institute of American Art, Youngstown, OH (organizer) (April 4-30, 1967).", "opening_date": "1967-04-04T05:00:00"}, {"id": 338576, "title": "Eight American Masters of Watercolor: Winslow Homer, John Singer Sargent, Maurice B. Prendergast, John Marin, Arthur G. Dove, Charles Demuth, Charles E. Burchfield, Andrew Wyeth", "description": "<i>Eight American Masters of Watercolor: Winslow Homer, John Singer Sargent, Maurice B. Prendergast, John Marin, Arthur G. Dove, Charles Demuth, Charles E. Burchfield, Andrew Wyeth</i>. Los Angeles County Museum of Art (April 23-June 16, 1968); Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, de Young Museum (June 28-August 18, 1968); Seattle Art Museum (September 5-October 13, 1968).", "opening_date": "1968-04-23T05:00:00"}, {"id": 338569, "title": "The Nature of Charles Burchfield: A Memorial Exhibition, 1893\u20131967, Paints, Drawings, Prints", "description": "<i>The Nature of Charles Burchfield: A Memorial Exhibition, 1893\u20131967, Paints, Drawings, Prints</i>. Munson Museum of Art, Utica, NY (organizer) (April 3-June 14, 1970).", "opening_date": "1970-04-03T05:00:00"}, {"id": 444839, "title": "Expo '74 International Exposition on the Environment: Our Land, Our Sky, Our Water", "description": "<i>Expo '74 International Exposition on the Environment: Our Land, Our Sky, Our Water</i>. World's Fair, Spokane, WA (organizer) (May 4-November 3, 1974).", "opening_date": "1974-05-04T04:00:00"}, {"id": 443959, "title": "The Natural Paradise: Painting in America 1800 - 1950", "description": "<i>The Natural Paradise: Painting in America 1800 - 1950</i>. The Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY (organizer) (September 29-November 30, 1976).", "opening_date": "1976-09-29T04:00:00"}, {"id": 309579, "title": "The Cleveland Institute of Art: 100 Years", "description": "<i>The Cleveland Institute of Art: 100 Years</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (December 22, 1982-January 30, 1983).", "opening_date": "1982-12-22T05:00:00"}, {"id": 309860, "title": "America Draws", "description": "<i>America Draws</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (December 28, 1984-March 17, 1985).", "opening_date": "1984-12-28T05:00:00"}, {"id": 309877, "title": "Nocturnal Impressions", "description": "<i>Nocturnal Impressions</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (February 20-May 12, 1985).", "opening_date": "1985-02-20T05:00:00"}, {"id": 338564, "title": "An American Visionary: Watercolors and Drawings of Charles E. Burchfield", "description": "<i>An American Visionary: Watercolors and Drawings of Charles E. Burchfield</i>. Currier Museum of Art; Berkshire Museum; Boston Athenaeum (March 20-May 16, 1986).", "opening_date": "1986-03-20T05:00:00"}, {"id": 338503, "title": "The Early Works of Charles E. Burchfield 1915-1921", "description": "<i>The Early Works of Charles E. Burchfield 1915-1921</i>. Columbus Museum of Art (December 13, 1987-February 7, 1988); Laguna Art Museum (March 5, 1998-April 24, 1988); Burchfield Penney Art Center (May 14-July 3, 1998).", "opening_date": "1987-12-13T05:00:00"}, {"id": 338490, "title": "Charles E. Burchfield: The Sacred Woods", "description": "<i>Charles E. Burchfield: The Sacred Woods</i>. The Drawing Center (June 12-July 30, 1993); Minnesota Museum of American Art (September 10-November 14, 1993); Burchfield Penney Art Center (December 11, 1993-February 6, 1994); Hunter Museum of American Art (April 3-May 22, 1994).", "opening_date": "1993-06-12T04:00:00"}, {"id": 311873, "title": "Transformations in Cleveland Art, 1796-1946", "description": "<i>Transformations in Cleveland Art, 1796-1946</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (May 19-July 21, 1996).", "opening_date": "1996-05-19T04:00:00"}, {"id": 338484, "title": "The Paintings of Charles Burchfield: North by Midwest", "description": "<i>The Paintings of Charles Burchfield: North by Midwest</i>. Columbus Museum of Art (March 25-May 19, 1997); Burchfield Penney Art Center (June 15-August 17, 1997); National Museum of American Art, Washington, DC (September 1, 1997-January 25, 1998).", "opening_date": "1997-03-25T05:00:00"}, {"id": 192019, "title": "Master Drawings from the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Master Drawings from the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (August 27-October 17, 2000); The Morgan Library & Museum, New York, NY (May 23-August 19, 2001); Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, Houston, TX (October 14, 2001-January 6, 2002).", "opening_date": "2000-08-27T00:00:00"}, {"id": 177916, "title": "Burchfield to Schreckengost: Cleveland Art of the Jazz Age", "description": "<i>Burchfield to Schreckengost: Cleveland Art of the Jazz Age</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (March 28-July 18, 2004).", "opening_date": "2004-03-28T00:00:00"}, {"id": 230346, "title": "Heat Waves in a Swamp: The Paintings of Charles Burchfield", "description": "<i>Heat Waves in a Swamp: The Paintings of Charles Burchfield</i>. Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, NY (June 23-October 17, 2010).", "opening_date": "2010-06-23T00:00:00"}, {"id": 313096, "title": "Charles Burchfield: The Ohio Landscapes, 1915\u20131920", "description": "<i>Charles Burchfield: The Ohio Landscapes, 1915\u20131920</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (December 22, 2018-May 5, 2019).", "opening_date": "2018-12-22T05:00:00"}, {"id": 439250, "title": "Charles E. Burchfield: A Lifetime of Themes", "description": "<i>Charles E. Burchfield: A Lifetime of Themes</i>. Burchfield Penney Art Center, Buffalo, NY (organizer) (December 10, 2021-May 1, 2022) https://burchfieldpenney.org/exhibitions/exhibition:11-13-2020-02-28-2021-charles-e-burchfield-a-lifetime-of-themes/.", "opening_date": "2021-12-10T05:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>Pioneers of Modern Art in America</em>. Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, NY (April 9 - May 19, 1946).", "opening_date": "1946-04-09T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Romantic Painting in America</em>. Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY (November 17, 1943 - February 6, 1944).", "opening_date": "1943-11-17T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Exhibition of Paintings by Charles Burchfield. </em>Cleveland School of Art, Cleveland, OH (April 20 - May 10, 1941).", "opening_date": "1941-04-20T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Early Water Colors of Charles Burchfield</em>. Phillips Memorial Gallery (November 5, 1933 - February 15, 1934).", "opening_date": "1933-11-05T00:00:00"}, {"description": "<em>Charles Burchfield: Early Watercolors, 1916-1918</em>. Museum of Modern Art, New York (April 11 - April 26, 1930).", "opening_date": "1930-04-11T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Louise M. Dunn, Cleveland, OH, gift to the Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "?-1949", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1949-", "sortorder": 2}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [{"id": 130711, "description": "Winter Night, 1917. Charles Burchfield (American, 1893\u20131967). Black ink, black crayon, and graphite on two sheets of butt-joined paper, lined; sheet: 27.7 x 24.8 cm (10 7/8 x 9 3/4 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Norman O. Stone and Ella A. Stone Memorial Fund, 1953.428. Reproduced with permission from the Charles E. Burchfield Foundation", "relationship": null}], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Salem's Baptist Church, a central feature of Burchfield's composition, has since been destroyed by fire.", "description": "Burchfield considered this drawing among the greatest accomplishments of his \u201cgolden year.\u201d This period followed a time of self-doubt and uncertainty: after graduating from the Cleveland School of Art, Burchfield enrolled in the National Academy of Design in New York City, but dropped out after one day, returning to Salem to work an office job. He painted inexhaustibly during his breaks and at night, depicting Salem and its environs in an increasingly abstract style.<br><br><em>Church Bells Ringing, Rainy Winter Night</em> shows the spire of Salem\u2019s Baptist church rising up between two houses. Burchfield hoped to express his powerful childhood fear of the bell\u2019s ominous ring\u2014which he described as \u201ca dull roar . . . dying slowly &amp; with a growl.\u201d Hearing it on stormy winter nights, he huddled in his bed and calmed himself by thinking of Christmas, a practice suggested by the tree visible through a window in the drawing. Burchfield carefully refined the composition throughout the sketches seen in this gallery.<br><br>The drawing\u2019s mood is conveyed through gray tones and the buildings\u2019 hulking forms. Burchfield also created a complex language of symbols entitled \u201cConventions for Abstract Thoughts,\u201d that recurred throughout his work and represented universal emotions. The hooked forms surrounding the tower stood for \u201cFear,\u201d for example, and the shapes of the houses\u2019 doors and windows symbolize \u201cMorbidness\u201d and \u201cEvil.\u201d Developed fully in this drawing, these symbols dominated Burchfield\u2019s work during the remaining several years he spent in Ohio.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60780835"], "internet_archive": []}, "citations": [{"citation": "<em>Charles Burchfield: Early Watercolors 1916 to 1918</em>. Exh. Cat. New York: Museum of Modern Art, 1930.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 5-7, 11; Reproduced: plate 17", "url": null}, {"citation": "Burroughs, Alan. <em>Limners and Likenesses: Three Centuries of American Painting</em>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1936.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Watson, Forbes. <em>American Painting Today</em>. Washington, D.C.: American Federation of Arts, 1939.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Exhibition of Paintings by Charles Burchfield</em>. Exh. Cat. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland School of Art, 1941.", "page_number": "Mentioned: no. 16", "url": null}, {"citation": "Soby, James Thrall and Dorothy C. Miller. <em>Romantic Painting in America</em>. Exh. Cat. New York: Museum of Modern Art, 1943.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 42, 102; Reproduced: p. 103", "url": null}, {"citation": "Soby, James Thrall. <em>Contemporary Painters</em>. New York: Museum of Modern Art, 1948.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Francis, Henry S. \"'Church Bells Ringing: Rainy Winter Night' by Charles E. Burchfield.\" <em>Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art </em>37, no. 2 (February 1950): 23-24, repr. on cover.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 23-24; Reproduced on cover", "url": null}, {"citation": "Baur, John Ireland Howe. \"Burchfield's Intimate Diaries.\" <em>Art News </em>54 (January 1956): 27 (repr.).", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 27", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bauer, John I. H. <em>Charles Burchfield. </em>Exh. Cat. New York: Whitney Museum, 1956.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 16, no. 11; Reproduced: no. 11", "url": null}, {"citation": "Baur, John. \"Fantasy and Symbolism in Charles Burchfield's Early Watercolors.\" <em>Art Quarterly </em>19 (Spring 1956): 30-40", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 36-37; Reproduced: p. 36", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Handbook.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 556", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1958/page/n104"}, {"citation": "<em>The Decade of the Armory Show: New Directions in American Art, 1910 - 1920</em>. Exh. Cat. New York: Whitney Museum of American Art, 1963.", "page_number": "Mentioned: no. 9; Reproduced", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 191", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n215"}, {"citation": "Curry, Larry. <em>Eight American Masters of Watercolor: Winslow Homer, John Singer Sargent, Maurice B. Prendergast, John Marin, Arthur G. Dove, Charles Demuth, Charles E. Burchfield, Andrew Wyeth</em>. Exh. Cat. Los Angeles: Los Angeles County Museum of Art, 1968.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 15, no. 84; Reproduced", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 191", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n215"}, {"citation": "Trovato, Joseph S. <em>Charles Burchfield: Catalogue of Paintings in Public and Private Collections</em>. Utica: Munson-Williams-Proctor Institute, 1970.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 57; Mentioned: p. 70, no. 401", "url": null}, {"citation": "Hamilton, George Heard. <em>19th and 20th Century Art: Paintings, Sculpture, Architecture</em>. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1970.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 303", "url": null}, {"citation": "Hamilton, George Heard. <em>19th and 20th Century Art: Painting, Sculpture, Architecture</em>. New York: H.N. Abrams, 1970.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 303, fig. 281", "url": null}, {"citation": "Trovato, Joseph S. <em>The Nature of Charles Burchfield: A Memorial Exhibition, 1893\u20131967, Paints, Drawings, Prints</em>. Exh. Cat. Utica, NY: Museum of Art, Munson-Williams-Proctor Institute, 1970.", "page_number": "Mentioned: no. 77", "url": null}, {"citation": "Adams, Celeste, Rita Myers, and Adele Z. Silver. <em>An Introduction to American Art in the Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1972.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 18-19; Reproduced: p. 19", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 237", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n257"}, {"citation": "Melvin, Ronald McKnight. <em>Five American Masters of Watercolor</em>. Evanston, IL: Terra Museum of American Art, 1981.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 30", "url": null}, {"citation": "Baur, John I. H. <em>The Inlander: Life and Work of Charles Burchfield 1893-1967</em>. Newark: University of Delaware Press, 1984.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 73; Reproduced: p. 80", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>The Early Works of Charles E. Burchfield, 1915-1921</em>. Exh. Cat. Columbus, Ohio: Columbus Museum of Art, 1987.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 10, 48; Mentioned: p. 67, no. 53", "url": null}, {"citation": "Appelhof, Ruth Ann, Barbara Haskell, and Jeffrey Russell Hayes. <em>The Expressionist Landscape: North American Modernist Painting, 1920-1947</em>. Exh. Cat. Birmingham, AL: Birmingham Museum of Art, 1988.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 68", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1991.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 146", "url": null}, {"citation": "Townsend, J. Benjamin, ed. <em>Charles Burchfield's Journals: The Poetry of Place</em>. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1993.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 18-19, 28 no. 18, 112 no. 15, 136 no. 38, 311 no. 20, 332, 410 no. 13, 437, 577; Reproduced: p. 19", "url": null}, {"citation": "Weekly, Nancy. <em>Charles E. Burchfield: The Sacred Woods</em>. Exh. Cat. Buffalo, NY: Burchfield Art Center, 1993.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 41-43, 115; Reproduced: p. 41", "url": null}, {"citation": "Robinson, William H., and David Steinberg. <em>Transformations in Cleveland Art, 1796-1946: Community and Diversity in Early Modern America</em>. Cleveland, Ohio: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1996.", "page_number": "Referenced: cat. no. 44, p. 88-89, 104n., 56, 245, Reproduced: fig. 87", "url": null}, {"citation": "Maciejunes, Nannette V., and Michael D. Hall. <em>The Paintings of Charles Burchfield: North by Midwest.</em> Exh. Cat. Columbus, OH: Columbus Museum of Art, 1997.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 113, 160-161, 264; Reproduced: p. 161", "url": null}, {"citation": "Maciejunes ,Nannette V., and Norine S. Hendricks. \"Nurturing His Muse: The Archives of Charles Burchfield's Creative Life.\" <em>American Art Journal </em>28, no. 1/2 (1997):", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 32; Mentioned: p. 38", "url": null}, {"citation": "DeGrazia, Diane, and Carter E. Foster. <em>Master Drawings from the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 2000.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 238-39, no. 100; Reproduced: p. 239", "url": null}, {"citation": "Udall, Sharyn Rohlfsen. <em>Carr, O'Keeffe, Kahlo: Places of Their Own</em>. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 156", "url": null}, {"citation": "Hunter, Sam, John M. Jacobus, and Daniel Wheeler. <em>Modern Art: Painting, Sculpture, Architecture</em>. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 2000.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 256", "url": null}, {"citation": "Gober, Robert, Cynthia Burlingham, Dave Hickey, Tullis Johnson, and Nancy Weekly. <em>Heat Waves in a Swamp: The Paintings of Charles Burchfield</em>. Exh. Cat. Los Angeles: Hammer Museum, 2009.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 16, 18-19, 22, 26, 62 (repr.), 63, 162; Reproduced: p. 19", "url": null}, {"citation": "Duncan, Michael. <em>\"</em>Charles Burchfield: Into the Mystic.\" <em>Art in America</em> (February 2010): 94-101.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 98", "url": null}, {"citation": "Welchans, Roger Anthony, Elizabeth McClelland, and Douglas Max Utter. <em>Joseph McCullough: Remembrances</em>. Exh. Cat. Cleveland: Artists Archives of the Western Reserve, 2012.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 11", "url": null}, {"citation": "Burns, Sarah. \"'Better for Haunts': Victorian Houses and the Modern Imagination.\" <em>American Art</em> 26, no. 3 (2012): 2-25.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 13", "url": null}, {"citation": "Adams, Henry, and Lawrence Waldman. <em>Painting in Pure Color: Modern Art in Cleveland Before the Armory Show (1908-1913)</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Artists Foundation, 2013.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 9-10; Reproduced: p. 11", "url": null}, {"citation": "Weekly, Nancy and Audrey Lewis. <em>Exalted Nature: The Real and Fantastic World of Charles E. Burchfield.</em> Buffalo, NY: Burchfield Penney Art Center, SUNY Buffalo State, 2014.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 30, figure 15; Mention: p. 128", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cozzolino, Robert, et. al., eds. <em>World War I and American Art. </em>Philadelphia: Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, 2016.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 199, pl. 63", "url": null}, {"citation": "Salsbury, Britany. \u201cCharles Burchfield's Golden Year: A new exhibition examines the Ohio-born artist's symbolic landscapes.\u201d <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine </em>58, no. 6 (November/December 2018): 9.", "page_number": "Reproduced and Mentioned: P. 9", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2018-06/page/n3/mode/2up"}, {"citation": "Weekly, Nancy, and Burchfield-Penney Art Center. <em>Charles E. Burchfield: A Lifetime of Themes</em>. Edited by Mariel Bard. Buffalo: Burchfield Penney Art Center, 2023.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 46-47", "url": ""}], "catalogue_raisonne": "Straus 280; Trovato 401", "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1949.544", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1949.544/1949.544_web.jpg", "width": "587", "height": "900", "filesize": "199232", "filename": "1949.544_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1949.544/1949.544_print.jpg", "width": "2216", "height": "3400", "filesize": "1964637", "filename": "1949.544_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1949.544/1949.544_full.tif", "width": "5213", "height": "8000", "filesize": "125145560", "filename": "1949.544_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2009-03-12T17:40:06", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1949.544/1949.544_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "585", "height": "893", "filesize": "408960"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1949.544/1949.544_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "2227", "height": "3400", "filesize": "5513626"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1949.544/1949.544_alt0_full.tif", "width": "4285", "height": "6542", "filesize": "84133452"}}, {"annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1949.544/1949.544_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "572", "height": "893", "filesize": "398954"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1949.544/1949.544_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "984", "height": "1536", "filesize": "1128442"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1949.544/1949.544_alt1_full.tif", "width": "984", "height": "1536", "filesize": "4535988"}}], "creditline": "Gift of Mrs. Louise M. Dunn in memory of Henry G. Keller", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 127227, "creators": [{"id": 3989, "description": "Charles Burchfield (American, 1893\u20131967)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": "Charles Burchfield was among the most original and poetic painters of the Cleveland modernist movement. Born in Ashtabula, he moved to Salem, Ohio, following the death of his father in 1898. After graduating from high school, he attended Cleveland School of Art, studying with William Eastman, Frederick Gottwald, Henry Keller, and Frank Wilcox. In 1914 Burchfield began attending Kokoon Klub exhibitions, and in spring 1915 he went to Brandywine to meet William Sommer. Around this time Burchfild began experimenting with the brilliant colors and simplified forms of the Berlin Heights painters. He painted his first mature works in 1915, and grad ed from the Cleveland School of Art with a degree in illustration the following spring. That summer the Cleveland School of Art sponsored his first solo exhibition, and in the fall, after attending the National Academy of Design in New York for one month, he returned to Salem. In February 1917 the Cleveland School of Art mounted his second solo exhibition. Burchfield was inducted into the army that summer. After his return in 1919 he exhibited with other Cleveland modernists at the Play House, Laukhuff\u2019 s Book store, and other Cleveland venues. In 1921 he went on an extended sketching trip through eastern Ohio with Keller, Wilcox, and Paul Travis, exhibiting these recent paintings at the Cleveland School of Art and in the May Show at the Cleveland Museum of Art. Later that year he moved to Buffalo to work as a wallpaper designer, a position he retained until he resigned in 1929 to become a full-time painter. Over the next 30 years he exhibited extensively at museums and galleries across the country. Solo exhibitions of his paintings were held at New York\u2019s Museum of Modern Art (1930), Pittsburgh\u2019 s Carnegie Institute of Art (1935, 1938, 1946), and Buffalo\u2019 s Albright-Knox Art Gallery (1944, 1955, 1963, 1967). In 1953 New York\u2019s Whitney Museum of American Art organized a major exhibition that traveled to the Cleveland Museum of Art. Burchfield died in West Seneca, New York. <br>\"Transformations in Cleveland Art\" (CMA, 1996), p. 224", "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1893", "death_year": "1967", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1949-12-23T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1917, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "December 1917", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": true, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:07:44.575000"}, {"id": 126059, "accession_number": "1948.28", "share_license_status": "Copyrighted", "tombstone": "Sunday Afternoon in the Country, 1917. Florine Stettheimer (American, 1871\u20131944). Oil on canvas; framed: 139 x 103.5 x 8.3 cm (54 3/4 x 40 3/4 x 3 1/4 in.); unframed: 128 x 92.5 cm (50 3/8 x 36 7/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Gift of Ettie Stettheimer, 1948.28", "current_location": "226A American Modern", "title": "Sunday Afternoon in the Country", "creation_date": "1917", "creation_date_earliest": 1917, "creation_date_latest": 1917, "artists_tags": ["female", "Jewish artists"], "culture": ["America"], "technique": "oil on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "American Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "American - Painting", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 139 x 103.5 x 8.3 cm (54 3/4 x 40 3/4 x 3 1/4 in.); Unframed: 128 x 92.5 cm (50 3/8 x 36 7/16 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 1.39, "width": 1.035, "depth": 0.083}, "unframed": {"height": 1.28, "width": 0.925}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "Signed lower left: \"19 FS 17 [FS in monogram]\"\r\n", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 520340, "title": "Florine Stettheimer: One Man Show", "description": "<i>Florine Stettheimer: One Man Show</i>. Durlacher Brothers, New York, NY (organizer) (October 29-November 23, 1963).", "opening_date": "1963-10-29T05:00:00"}, {"id": 443032, "title": "Florine Stettheimer: Still Lifes, Portraits, and Pageants, 1910-1942", "description": "<i>Florine Stettheimer: Still Lifes, Portraits, and Pageants, 1910-1942</i>. The Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston, Boston, MA (organizer) (March 4-April 27, 1980).", "opening_date": "1980-03-04T05:00:00"}, {"id": 232658, "title": "Florine Stettheimer", "description": "<i>Florine Stettheimer</i>. Lenbachhaus, M\u00fcnchen, Germany (organizer) (September 27, 2014-January 4, 2015).", "opening_date": "2014-09-27T00:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "New York, The Museum of Modern Art, Florine Stettheimer (1946); traveled to Chicago, Arts Club (1947); to San Francisco, De Young Memorial Museum (1947); illus. plate 14, listed p. 54; ownership attributed to Durlacher Bros, New York.", "opening_date": "1946-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Detroit, Detroit Institute of Arts (3-27 April 1951), no catalogue but see Bulletin of the Detroit Institute of Arts (Annual Report, 1951-1952) vol. 31, no. 2, p. 29.", "opening_date": "1951-04-03T00:00:00"}, {"description": "New York, Durlacher Bros., Florine Stettheimer: One Man Show (29 October-23 November 1963).", "opening_date": "1963-10-29T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Boston, Institute of Contemporary Art, Florine Stettheimer: Still Lifes, Portraits and Pageants 1910 to 1942 (4 March-27 April 1980); traveled to San Antonio, TX, Marion Koogler McNay Art Institute (7 July-15 August 1980); to Poughkeepsie, NY, Vassar College Art Gallery (28 September-9 November 1980); illus. fig. 6, listed. cat. no. 8.", "opening_date": "1980-03-04T00:00:00"}, {"description": "New York, Whitney Museum of American Art, Florine Stettheimer: Manhattan Fantastica (13 July-5 November 1995) illus. p. 36; listed p. 138.", "opening_date": "1995-07-13T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Munich, Germany, Lenbachhaus, Florine Stettheimer (27 September 2014-1 April 2015).", "opening_date": "2014-09-27T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Ettie Stettheimer (Durlacher Brothers, New York), given to the Cleveland Museum of Art", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "?\u20131948", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1948\u2013", "sortorder": 3}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Although on her deathbed Florine Stettheimer instructed that all her paintings be destroyed, her family did not grant the wish.", "description": "Born into a cosmopolitan German-Jewish family, Florine Stettheimer hosted numerous gatherings for cutting-edge New York cultural figures. These events often provided subject matter for her paintings, as in this rendering of a weekend picnic held at her family\u2019s summer home on the banks of the Hudson River. In the background at the upper right, Stettheimer portrays herself working at her easel, recording the varied activities taking place. Dismissed as not being serious art in their day, almost all her paintings remained unsold when she died. Afterward, her sister Ettie\u2014seen here standing at lower left in a red coat\u2014donated many of them to selected museums, including this work.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60515579"], "internet_archive": []}, "citations": [{"citation": "Mulcahy, Susan, \"Why Were So Many Stettheimer Art Works Up for Sale? Not All Were Real,\" <em>New York Times</em>, February 7, 2021.<em><br></em>", "page_number": "P. C-1", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Florine Stettheimer,\" <em>Artnews</em> 45 (November 1946).", "page_number": "Mentioned, p. 59.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "\"Part II. Annual Report Issue for the Year 1948.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 36, no. 6 (June 1949): 111-42.", "page_number": "Mentioned: P. 113", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25141566"}, {"citation": "Tyler, Parker. <em>Florine Stettheimer: A Life in Art.</em> New York: Farrar, Straus, 1963.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 34-36; Mentioned: P. 90, 131-134, 176", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Reviews and Previews.\" <em>ARTnews </em>62, no. 8 (December 1963): 10-14, 50-58, 68.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 13", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cullinan, Helen. \"Art &amp; Artists: Brotherly Love for Sisters.\" <em>The Plain Dealer</em> (June 9, 1974): 16E.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 16E", "url": null}, {"citation": "Nochlin, Linda. \u201cFlorine Stettheimer: Rococo Subversive.\u201d <em>Art in America</em> 68, no. 7 (September 1980): 64\u201383.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 71", "url": null}, {"citation": "Rosenblum, Naomi. <em>A World History of Photography.</em> New York, N.Y.: Abbeville Press, 1984.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 507-508, fig. 653", "url": null}, {"citation": "Rosenblum, Naomi. <em>A World History of Photography</em>. New York: Abbeville Press, 1989.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 507-508, fig. 653", "url": null}, {"citation": "Watson, Steven. <em>Strange Bedfellows: The First American Avant-Garde.</em> New York: Abbeville Press, 1991.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 119", "url": null}, {"citation": "Watson, Steven. \u201cThree Sisters.\u201d <em>Art &amp; Antiques</em> 9, no. 5 (May 1992): 60\u201367.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 65", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bloemink, Barbara J. <em>The Life and Art of Florine Stettheimer.</em> New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 77, no. 46", "url": null}, {"citation": "Winkfield, Trevor. 1996. \u201cVery Rich Hours.\u201d <em>Art in America</em> 84 (July 1996): 64\u201369.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 67", "url": null}, {"citation": "Rosenblum, Naomi. <em>A World History of Photograph</em>y. New York: Abbeville Press, 1997.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 508-509, fig. 653", "url": null}, {"citation": "Marquis, Alice Goldfarb. <em>Marchel Duchamp: The Bachelor Stripped Bare : a Biography</em>. Boston: MFA Publications, 2002.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 117-118", "url": null}, {"citation": "Thum, Carol. \"Personal Favorite.\" <em>Cleveland Museum of Art </em>44, no. 5 (May 2004): 15.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 15", "url": null}, {"citation": "Mu\u0308hling, Matthias, Karin Althaus, Susanne Bo\u0308ller, Gerrit Jackson, and Florine Stettheimer. <em>Florine Stettheimer</em>. Munich, Germany: Hirmer, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 22-23, no. 11", "url": null}, {"citation": "Brown, Stephen, Georgiana Uhlyarik, Cecily Brown, and Jens Hoffmann. <em>Florine Stettheimer: Painting Poetry</em>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2017.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 105", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cristia, Cintia. \"Painting Jazz: Sound, Music, and Rhythm In the Work of Florine Stettheimer.\" In <em>Florine Stettheimer: New Directions in Multimodal Modernism</em>. Irene Gammel, and Suzanne Zelazo, 179-199. Toronto: Book*hug Press, 2019.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: P. 187-188, fig. 9.3", "url": null}, {"citation": "Althaus, Karin, Florine Stettheimer, Susanne Bo\u0308ller, and Russell Stockman. Florine Stettheimer: the great masters of art. 2020, 22.", "page_number": "Reproduced; p. 22, fig 10.", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1948.28", "images": {}, "alternate_images": [], "creditline": "Gift of Ettie Stettheimer", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Dr. Robert B. Benyo Trust Gallery", "athena_id": 126059, "creators": [{"id": 3297, "description": "Florine Stettheimer (American, 1871\u20131944)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1871", "death_year": "1944", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1948-01-28T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1917, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1917", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:06:05.521000"}, {"id": 147479, "accession_number": "1973.212", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Pan and Syrinx, 1720. Jean Fran\u00e7ois de Troy (French, 1679\u20131752). Oil on canvas; framed: 123.5 x 159.5 x 12 cm (48 5/8 x 62 13/16 x 4 3/4 in.); unframed: 106 x 139 cm (41 3/4 x 54 3/4 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Mr. and Mrs. William H. Marlatt Fund, 1973.212", "current_location": "215 French, German, and Dutch", "title": "Pan and Syrinx", "creation_date": "1720", "creation_date_earliest": 1720, "creation_date_latest": 1720, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["France, 18th century"], "technique": "oil on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "P - French 18th Century", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 123.5 x 159.5 x 12 cm (48 5/8 x 62 13/16 x 4 3/4 in.); Unframed: 106 x 139 cm (41 3/4 x 54 3/4 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 1.235, "width": 1.595, "depth": 0.12}, "unframed": {"height": 1.06, "width": 1.39}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [{"inscription": "Signed lower center: \"De Troy 1720\"", "inscription_translation": null, "inscription_remark": null, "sortorder": null}], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 301878, "title": "Year in Review: 1973", "description": "<i>Year in Review: 1973</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (January 30-March 17, 1974).", "opening_date": "1974-01-30T05:00:00"}], "legacy": []}, "provenance": [{"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, Ohio", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1973-", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "(Herner Wengraf/Old Masters Galleries, London, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1973", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "(Christie\u2019s, London, sale, June 29, 1973, no. 93, sold to Herner Wengraf)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1973", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "George Ortiz [1927-2013], Geneva, consigned to Christie\u2019s", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "Untiel 1973", "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "Graziella Pati\u00f1o de Ortiz-Linares [b. c. 1908-1980], to her son, George Ortiz", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "After 1934-before 1973", "sortorder": 5}, {"description": "Page?1", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->1\"Page\" is written in as the buyer of this painting in the Galerie Charpentier auction catalogue.&nbsp; His or her identity, and whether he or she was a collector, a dealer, or an agent for Graziella Pati\u00f1o de Ortiz-Linares, the subsequent owner, is unknown at this point.</div>"], "date": "1934-", "sortorder": 6}, {"description": "(Galerie Charpentier, Paris, Chaix d\u2019Est-Ange sale, Dec. 11, 1934, lot 46, sold to \u201cPage\u201d)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1934", "sortorder": 7}, {"description": "Family of Gustave Chaix d\u2019Est-Ange III, consigned to Galerie Charpentier", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1923-1934", "sortorder": 8}, {"description": "Gustave Chaix d\u2019Est-Ange III [1863-1923], by descent to his family", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1917-1923", "sortorder": 9}, {"description": "Jeanne Sipi\u00e8re Chaix d\u2019Est-Ange [1843-1917], to her son, Gustave Chaix d\u2019Est-Ange III", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1882-1917", "sortorder": 10}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": null, "description": "Subjects drawn from classical mythology posed a challenge for painters: they demanded skill in depicting the human body in complex poses, as well as knowledge of ancient texts and an ability to interpret them imaginatively. Jean Fran\u00e7ois de Troy\u2019s rich colors and voluptuous figure types were ideal for depicting the sorts of mythological subjects favored by his elite patrons, which generally focused on themes of love. In a myth recounted in the Roman poet Ovid\u2019s <em>Metamorphoses</em>, the nymph Syrinx fled from the lecherous advances of the god Pan. Trapped at the edge of a river, she begged for a way to escape, and the gods transformed her into reeds. Pan later gathered these reeds to form the pan pipes, the musical instrument forever associated with him.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60472514"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1973.212-pan-and-syrinx"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Christie, Manson &amp; Woods. <em>Highly Important Pictures by Old Masters: The Properties of the Parish of All Hallows Berkyngechirche by the Tower ... and from Other Sources, Which Will Be Sold at Auction by Christie, Manson &amp; Woods ... Friday, June 29, 1973</em>. London: Christie, Manson &amp; Woods, 1973.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Galerie Charpentier. <em>Collection Chaix d\u2019Est-Ange, partie de cette collection appartenant \u00e0 Monsier le Comte de X\u2026.Tableaux anciens\u2026don\u2019t la vente\u2026aura lieu \u00e0 Paris, Galerie Jean Charpentier\u202611 d\u00e9cembre 1934.  </em>Paris, 1934.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Ann Tzeutschler Lurie, letter to Philipe-Gerard Chabert, Dec. 15, 1977, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Philipe-Gerard Chabert, letter to Ann Tzeutschler Lurie, Aug. 8, 1978, in CMA curatorial file.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Du Teil, Baron Josef. \"La Collection Chaix d'Est-Ange.\" <em>Les Arts</em> VI, no. 67 (July 1907): 2-35.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 18", "url": null}, {"citation": "Talbot, William S. \"Jean-Francois de Troy, Pan and Syrinx.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art </em>LXI<em>,</em> no. 10 (October, 1974): 250-259.", "page_number": "Reproduced: cover, p. 249, p. 250", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"The Year in Review for 1973.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 61, no. 2 (1974): 31-78.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 74, cat. no. 44; Reproduced: p. 44", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25152513"}, {"citation": "Rosenberg, Pierre. <em>The Age of Louis XV: French Painting 1710-1774 : [Exhibition Catalogue] 1975-1976, </em>Toledo, OH: The Toledo Museum of Art, October 26-December 7; Chicago, IL: The Art Institute of Chicago, January 10-February 22; Ottawa, Ontario: The National Gallery of Canada, March 21-May 2; Toledo, OH: Toledo Museum of Art, 1975.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 75", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 176", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n196"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Catalogue of Paintings, Part 3: European Paintings of the 16th, 17th, and 18th Centuries. </em>Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1982.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 143-144; Reproduced: p. 144", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bordeaux, Jean-Luc. <em>Franc\u0327ois Le Moyne and His Generation, 1688-1737</em>. Neuilly-sur-Seine, France: Arthena, 1984.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 129, fig. 363", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bailey, Colin B., and Carrie A. Hamilton. <em>The Loves of the Gods: Mythological Painting from Watteau to David</em>. New York, NY: Rizzoli, 1992.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 216", "url": null}, {"citation": "Sestieri, Giancarlo. <em>Repertorio della pittura romana della fine del Seicento e del Settecento</em>. Torino, Italy: U. Allemandi, 1994.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pl. no. 1108", "url": null}, {"citation": "Sakamoto, Mitsuru. <em>Rokoko</em>. To\u0304kyo\u0304, Japan: Sho\u0304gakkan, 1996.", "page_number": "Reproduced: fig. 53, vol. 18-92", "url": null}, {"citation": "Leribault, Christophe. <em>Jean-Franc\u0327ois de Troy, 1679-1752</em>. Paris, France: Arthena, 2002.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 84, p. 250", "url": null}, {"citation": "Gustin-Gomez, Cle\u0301mentine. <em>L'ave\u0300nement du plaisir dans la peinture franc\u0327aise: de Le Brun a\u0300 Watteau</em>. Que\u0301tigny, France: Faton, 2011.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 27, fig. 318", "url": null}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1973.212", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1973.212/1973.212_web.jpg", "width": "1173", "height": "893", "filesize": "744124", "filename": "1973.212_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1973.212/1973.212_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2589", "filesize": "6022435", "filename": "1973.212_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1973.212/1973.212_full.tif", "width": "6000", "height": "4568", "filesize": "82256968", "filename": "1973.212_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2017-09-22T10:45:44.088000", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1973.212/1973.212_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "730", "filesize": "305753"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1973.212/1973.212_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2759", "filesize": "2854697"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1973.212/1973.212_alt0_full.tif", "width": "6493", "height": "5268", "filesize": "102667892"}}, {"date_created": "2013-07-23T15:37:25", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1973.212/1973.212_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "1140", "height": "893", "filesize": "160691"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1973.212/1973.212_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2664", "filesize": "1999528"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1973.212/1973.212_alt1_full.tif", "width": "6784", "height": "5316", "filesize": "108215024"}}, {"date_created": "2013-07-23T14:59:41", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1973.212/1973.212_alt2_web.jpg", "width": "1191", "height": "893", "filesize": "167742"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1973.212/1973.212_alt2_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2550", "filesize": "1138559"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1973.212/1973.212_alt2_full.tif", "width": "8000", "height": "6000", "filesize": "144045440"}}], "creditline": "Mr. and Mrs. William H. Marlatt Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Samuel Rosenthal Family Gallery", "athena_id": 147479, "creators": [{"id": 1965, "description": "Jean Fran\u00e7ois de Troy (French, 1679\u20131752)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1679", "death_year": "1752", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1973-12-28T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1720, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1720", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": true, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:08:57.905000"}, {"id": 136459, "accession_number": "1960.37", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Serpent Headdress, late 1800s\u2013early 1900s. Africa, West Africa, Guinea, possibly Baga-style maker. Wood (Nauclea pobeguinii) and paint; overall: 148 cm (58 1/4 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, The Norweb Collection, 1960.37", "current_location": "108A African", "title": "Serpent Headdress", "creation_date": "late 1800s\u2013early 1900s", "creation_date_earliest": 1875, "creation_date_latest": 1925, "artists_tags": [], "culture": ["Africa, West Africa, Guinea, possibly Baga-style maker"], "technique": "Wood (Nauclea pobeguinii) and paint", "support_materials": [], "department": "African Art", "collection": "African Art", "type": "Mask", "measurements": "Overall: 148 cm (58 1/4 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"height": 1.48}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 302015, "title": "Year in Review - Nineteen Hundred Sixty", "description": "<i>Year in Review - Nineteen Hundred Sixty</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (November 30, 1960-January 1, 1961).", "opening_date": "1960-11-30T05:00:00"}, {"id": 302281, "title": "Landscape", "description": "<i>Landscape</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (January 9-April 22, 1962).", "opening_date": "1962-01-09T05:00:00"}, {"id": 519209, "title": "The Imagination of Primitive Man", "description": "<i>The Imagination of Primitive Man</i>. The Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City, MO (organizer) (January 18-February 25, 1962).", "opening_date": "1962-01-18T05:00:00"}, {"id": 302145, "title": "Traditions and Revisions: Themes from the History of Sculpture", "description": "<i>Traditions and Revisions: Themes from the History of Sculpture</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (September 24-November 16, 1975).", "opening_date": "1975-09-24T04:00:00"}, {"id": 310042, "title": "Images of the Mind", "description": "<i>Images of the Mind</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (July 7-August 30, 1987).", "opening_date": "1987-07-07T04:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "CMA 1960:  \"Year in Review,\" Bulletin XLVII (December 1960), p. 250, no. 13, repr. p. 234.", "opening_date": "1960-12-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "Kansas City, MO: The Imagination of Primitive Man, January 3-March 14, 1962, no. 18.", "opening_date": "1962-01-03T00:00:00"}, {"description": "CMA 1975:  Traditions and Revisions, no. 117.", "opening_date": "1975-01-01T00:00:00"}, {"description": "CMA 1987:  Images of the Mind, July 7-August 23, 1987, repr. p. 22,", "opening_date": "1987-07-07T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Jacqueline (and Maurice?) Nicaud by purchase. Possibly village of Kanfrande [Kanfarand\u00e9], District of Boke, French Guinea.", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<ul><li><!--block-->Location reported in letter February 24, 1960 between Sherman E. Lee and Emery May Norweb, curatorial files.</li><li><!--block-->However, in a July 17, 1994 letter between Jacqueline Nicaud and Thomas Wheelock, Madame Nicaud says that she cannot remember where she purchased the \"bansonyi,\" even after reviewing her archives. She does note that she was buying them starting from 1954, \"in the presence of the chief and his administrators.\" Curatorial files.</li></ul>"], "date": "ca.1954\u20131960", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "Mathias Komor, New York, NY", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->Letter February 24, 1960 between Sherman E. Lee and Emery May Norweb, curatorial files.</div>"], "date": "by 1960", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "Emery May Norweb (aka Mrs. R. Henry Norweb) by purchase", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<div><!--block-->Letter February 24, 1960 between Sherman E. Lee and Emery May Norweb, curatorial files.</div>"], "date": "1960", "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art by gift", "citations": [], "footnotes": ["<ul><li><!--block-->Letter February 24, 1960 between Sherman E. Lee and Emery May Norweb, curatorial files.&nbsp;</li><li><!--block-->Press release, August 10, 1960 - https://archive.org/details/cmapr0592/mode/1up&nbsp;</li><li><!--block-->\"Year in Review\" December 1960 (catalogue #13).&nbsp;</li></ul>"], "date": "1960\u2013", "sortorder": 4}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "In the context of boys' initiations, the serpent headdress was sometimes identified as the rainbow, which the Baga and their neighbors associate with beginnings and endings, life and death, and the continuation of lineages.", "description": "Traditionally, Baga society was ruled by village councils of elders who derived their power from their direct contact with spirit entities through lifelong initiation rituals and the accumulation of secret knowledge. Two different religious orders controlled initiations, providing the context for much Baga art. One was identified as female, the other as male, though only men belonged to both groups. Initiations in each order followed three stages, culminating in the revelation of the highest spirit being. This type of Baga headdress embodied the serpent spirit Ninkinanka, honored for giving rain, bestowing riches, and bringing forth children. The serpent figure would be placed on top of a conical framework of palm branches carried on a male dancer\u2019s head. It appeared at the end of the first level of the initiation for boys and girls or just before the circumcision at the beginning of the boys\u2019 initiation.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": [], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1960.37-serpent-headdress"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, and Case Western Reserve University. 1975. <em>Traditions and Revisions : Themes from the History of Sculpture</em>. Cleveland, Kent, Ohio: Cleveland Museum of Art ; Distributed by the Kent State University Press, cat. 117.", "page_number": "", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, and Henry John Drewal. 1989. <em>African Art : A Brief Guide to the Collection : The Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Museum, fig. 28.", "page_number": "", "url": ""}, {"citation": "<em>The Visual Arts of Africa : Gender, Power, and Life Cycle Rituals</em>. 2022 Second ed. New York: Oxford University Press, fig. 3.6, p. 83-84.", "page_number": "", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Franklin, David, C. Griffith Mann, and Cleveland Museum of Art. 2012. <em>Treasures from the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, Ohio: Cleveland Museum of Art, p. 286-7.", "page_number": "", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, \u201cRecent Acquisition Press Release,\u201d August 10, 1960, Cleveland Museum of Art Archives.", "page_number": null, "url": "https://archive.org/details/cmapr0592"}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, \u201cRecent Acquisition Press Release,\u201d October 25, 1960, Cleveland Museum of Art Archives.", "page_number": null, "url": "https://archive.org/details/cmapr0627"}, {"citation": "Wixom, William. \"Two African Tribal Sculptures.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art </em>48, no. 3 (March 1961): 39-45.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 38, fig 1-3; Mentioned: p. 40", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25142440"}, {"citation": "William Rockhill Nelson Gallery of Art and Mary Atkins Museum of Fine Arts, and Ralph T. Coe. <em>The Imagination of Primitive Man: A Survey of the Arts of the Non-Literate Peoples of the World</em>. Kansas City, Mo: The Museum, 1962.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 11, 17, cat. no. 18", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 302", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n326"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 302", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n326"}, {"citation": "Wixom, William D. \u201cAfrican Art in the Cleveland Museum of Art.\u201d <em>African Arts</em> 10, no. 3 (1977): 16\u201388.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 23, fig. 11; mentioned: p. 24", "url": "https://doi.org/10.2307/3335296"}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 410", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n430"}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Images of the Mind.</em> Cleveland, Ohio: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1987.", "page_number": "Reproduced: [p. 22]", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Robbins, Warren M., and Nancy Ingram Nooter. <em>African Art in American Collections, Survey 1989</em>. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1989.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 143, fig. 247", "url": null}, {"citation": "Petridis, Constantijn. <em>South of the Sahara: selected works of African art. </em>Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2003.", "page_number": "Reproduced: cat. 12, p. 54 - 55", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Petridis, Constantine. \u201cSpirit-Bringer-of-Riches: News on Cleveland's serpent headdress.\u201d <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em> 56, no. 5 (September/October 2016): 14-15.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 14; Mentioned: p. 14, 15", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2016-05"}, {"citation": "Petridis, Constantine. \"Not Just a Snake: New Light on the Serpent Headdress at the Cleveland Museum of Art.\"<em> Tribal Art 21</em>, no. 1 (Winter 2016): 122-127.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 122, fig. 1a & b; p. 127, fig. 9", "url": null}, {"citation": "Curtis, Marie Yvonne. <em>Baga</em>. Milan, Italy : 5 Continents Editions, 2018.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 77, pl. 12; mentioned: pp. 39, 123", "url": null}, {"citation": "Smith, Fred T., Judith Perani, Joseph L. Underwood, and Martha J. Ehrlich. The Visual Arts of Africa : Gender, Power, and Life Cycle Rituals. Second edition. New York: Oxford University Press, 2022.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 90, no. 4.4", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1960.37", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1960.37/1960.37_web.jpg", "width": "561", "height": "900", "filesize": "134382", "filename": "1960.37_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1960.37/1960.37_print.jpg", "width": "2121", "height": "3400", "filesize": "567601", "filename": "1960.37_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1960.37/1960.37_full.tif", "width": "8195", "height": "13137", "filesize": "323002900", "filename": "1960.37_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"date_created": "2009-06-12T17:32:11", "annotation": "", "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/1960.37/1960.37_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "372", "height": "893", "filesize": "144661"}, "print": {"url": 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