{"data": {"id": 122351, "accession_number": "1942.647", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "The Burning of the Houses of Lords and Commons, 16 October 1834, 1835. Joseph Mallord William Turner (British, 1775\u20131851). Oil on canvas; framed: 123.5 x 153.5 x 12 cm (48 5/8 x 60 7/16 x 4 3/4 in.); unframed: 92 x 123.2 cm (36 1/4 x 48 1/2 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Bequest of John L. Severance, 1942.647", "current_location": "203B British Painting and Decorative Arts", "title": "The Burning of the Houses of Lords and Commons, 16 October 1834", "creation_date": "1835", "creation_date_earliest": 1835, "creation_date_latest": 1835, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["England, 19th century"], "technique": "oil on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "Modern European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "Mod Euro - Painting 1800-1960", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 123.5 x 153.5 x 12 cm (48 5/8 x 60 7/16 x 4 3/4 in.); Unframed: 92 x 123.2 cm (36 1/4 x 48 1/2 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 1.235, "height_inch": 48, "height_inch_fraction": 0.625, "width": 1.535, "width_inch": 60, "width_inch_fraction": 0.4375, "depth": 0.12, "depth_inch": 4, "depth_inch_fraction": 0.75}, "unframed": {"height": 0.92, "height_inch": 36, "height_inch_fraction": 0.25, "width": 1.232, "width_inch": 48, "width_inch_fraction": 0.5}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 335856, "title": "Exhibition of the John L. Severance Collection", "description": "<i>Exhibition of the John L. Severance Collection</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (November 12, 1942-March 14, 1943).", "opening_date": "1942-11-12T04:00:00"}, {"id": 361411, "title": "Turner in America: Oils, Water Colors, Drawings, and Some Engraved Works of Joseph Mallord William Turner", "description": "<i>Turner in America: Oils, Water Colors, Drawings, and Some Engraved Works of Joseph Mallord William Turner</i>. Indianapolis Museum of Art at Newfields, Indianapolis, IN (organizer) (November 12, 1955-December 25, 1995); Dayton Art Institute, Dayton, OH (January 1-31, 1956).", "opening_date": "1955-11-12T05:00:00"}, {"id": 300857, "title": "Art: The International Language", "description": "<i>Art: The International Language</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art (October 2-November 4, 1956).", "opening_date": "1956-10-02T04:00:00"}, {"id": 703001, "title": "The Romantic Movement", "description": "<i>The Romantic Movement</i>. The Board of Trustees of the Tate Gallery, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (organizer) (July 10-September 27, 1959).", "opening_date": "1959-07-10T04:00:00"}, {"id": 515827, "title": "Turner: Imagination and Reality", "description": "<i>Turner: Imagination and Reality</i>. The Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY (organizer) (March 23-June 19, 1966).", "opening_date": "1966-03-23T05:00:00"}, {"id": 302662, "title": "Turner Watercolors from The British Museum", "description": "<i>Turner Watercolors from The British Museum</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (September 27-November 27, 1977).", "opening_date": "1977-09-27T04:00:00"}, {"id": 304561, "title": "Visions of Landscape: East and West", "description": "<i>Visions of Landscape: East and West</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (February 17-March 21, 1982).", "opening_date": "1982-02-17T05:00:00"}, {"id": 311444, "title": "Object Lessons: Cleveland Creates an Art Museum", "description": "<i>Object Lessons: Cleveland Creates an Art Museum</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 7-September 8, 1991).", "opening_date": "1991-06-07T04:00:00"}, {"id": 380209, "title": "Turner", "description": "<i>Turner</i>. National Gallery of Australia (organizer) (March 16-June 10, 1996).", "opening_date": "1996-03-16T05:00:00"}, {"id": 223416, "title": "J. M. Turner", "description": "<i>J. M. Turner</i>. Museum Folkwang, 45128 Essen, Germany (organizer) (September 14, 2001-January 6, 2002).", "opening_date": "2001-09-14T00:00:00"}, {"id": 179631, "title": "CMA Highlights", "description": "<i>CMA Highlights</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art (organizer) (June 21-September 11, 2005).", "opening_date": "2005-06-21T00:00:00"}, {"id": 222394, "title": "Masterpieces of European Painting from The Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Masterpieces of European Painting from The Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. Frick Collection, New York, NY (organizer) (November 8, 2006-January 28, 2007).", "opening_date": "2006-11-08T00:00:00"}, {"id": 179662, "title": "Masterpieces of European Painting from the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Masterpieces of European Painting from the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. Maltz Museum of Jewish Heritage, Beachwood, OH (March 29-July 8, 2007).", "opening_date": "2007-03-29T00:00:00"}, {"id": 177207, "title": "J.M.W. Turner", "description": "<i>J.M.W. Turner</i>. National Gallery of Art, Landover, MD (organizer) (October 1, 2007-January 6, 2008); The Dallas Museum of Art, Dallas, TX (February 10-May 25, 2008).", "opening_date": "2007-10-01T00:00:00"}, {"id": 306699, "title": "British Gallery Reinstallation  (June 2020)", "description": "<i>British Gallery Reinstallation  (June 2020)</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art (organizer).", "opening_date": "2020-06-30T04:00:00"}, {"id": 406868, "title": "Turner's Modern World", "description": "<i>Turner's Modern World</i>. Kimbell Art Museum, Fort Worth, TX (organizer) (October 17, 2021-February 6, 2022) https://kimbellart.org/exhibition/turners-modern-world; Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Boston, MA (March 27-July 10, 2022) https://www.mfa.org/exhibition/turners-modern-world.", "opening_date": "2021-10-17T04:00:00"}, {"id": 683135, "title": "Turner and Constable", "description": "<i>Turner and Constable</i>. Tate Britain, London (organizer) (November 27-April 12, 2025) https://www.tate.org.uk/whats-on/tate-britain/turner-and-constable.", "opening_date": "2025-11-27T05:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>The Burning of the Houses of Lords and Commons</em>. Royal Academy, London, United Kingdom (1835).", "opening_date": null}, {"description": "<em>Works of British Artists</em>. British Institution, London, United Kingdom (1836).", "opening_date": null}, {"description": "<em>National Exhibition of Works of Art</em>. Leeds, United Kingdom, lent by J. G. Marshall, Esg. (1868)", "opening_date": null}, {"description": "<em>Exhibition of works by the old master and deceased masters of the British school</em>. Royal Academy, London, United Kingdom, lent by Victor Marshall, Esg. (1883),", "opening_date": null}, {"description": "<em>Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition of the Cleveland Museum of Art. </em>Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH, lent by the Estate of John L. Severance (June 26-October 4, 1936).", "opening_date": "1936-06-26T00:00:00"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Bought from the artist by John Garth Marshall [1765-1845], Headingly House, Leeds, United Kingdom, and by descent.", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": null}, {"description": "(Christie's, London, United Kingdom, April 28, 1888, under the name of Ponsford.", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1888", "sortorder": 2}, {"description": "Descended in the Marshall family through Victor Marshall of Mark Coniston to James Marshall.", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": null, "sortorder": 3}, {"description": "(Leicester Gallery, London, United Kingdom, 1920, sale; but returned to owner)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1920", "sortorder": 4}, {"description": "(Knoedler, London, United Kingdom, 1922, sold to  John L. Severance)", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "1922", "sortorder": 5}, {"description": "John L. Severance [1863-1936], Cleveland, OH, by bequest in 1936 to the Cleveland Museum of Art", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1922-1936", "sortorder": 6}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1942-", "sortorder": 7}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Turner painted two versions of this event. Cleveland's painting views the fire downriver, from the southeast bank of the Thames, while the second version at the Philadelphia Museum of Art views the fire from directly across Westminster Bridge.", "early_education_description": null, "artlens_description": null, "description": "Fire consumed London\u2019s famous Houses of Parliament on the night of October 16, 1834, and people gathered along the banks of the river Thames to gaze in awe at the horrifying spectacle. Initially, a low tide made it difficult to pump water to land and hampered steamers towing firefighting equipment along the river. The blaze burned uncontrollably for hours.<br><br>J. M. W. Turner records the struggle as the boats in the lower-right corner head toward the flames. Although Turner based the painting on an actual event, he magnified the height of the flames, using the disaster as the starting point to express man\u2019s helplessness when confronted with the destructive powers of nature. Brilliant swathes of color and variable atmospheric effects border on abstraction.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60514853"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1942.647-the-burning-of-the-h"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Morse, John D. <em>Old Master Paintings in North America: Over 3000 Masterpieces by 50 Great Artists</em>. New York, NY: Abbeville Press, 1979.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 280", "url": null}, {"citation": "Waagen, Gustav Friedrich. <em>Works of Art and Artists in England</em>. London, United Kingdom: J. Murray, 1838.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 152, vol. II", "url": null}, {"citation": "Royal Academy of Arts. <em>Exhibition of the Works of the Old Masters.</em> London, United Kingdom: Printed by Wm. Clowes and Sons, 1870.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 215", "url": null}, {"citation": "Thornbury, Walter. <em>Life of J.M.W. Turner, R.A., Founded on Letters and Papers Furnished by His Friends and Fellow-Academicians</em>. New York, NY: Holt, 1877.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 327, vol. I, p. 217, vol. II", "url": null}, {"citation": "Monkhouse, W. Cosmo. <em>The Turner Gallery; A Series of One Hundred and Twenty Engravings from the Works of the Late J.M.W. Turner, R.A</em>. New York, NY: D. Appleton and Company, 1879.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 118", "url": null}, {"citation": "Armstrong, Walter.<em>Turner</em>. London, United Kingdom: Agnew, 1902.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 117,120,146-147,236", "url": null}, {"citation": "Chignell, Robert. <em>J.M.W. Turner, R.A</em>. London, United Kingdom: Walter Scott Pub. Co, 1902.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 197", "url": null}, {"citation": "Ruskin, John, Edward Tyas Cook, and Alexander D. O. Wedderburn. <em>The Works of John Ruskin</em>. London, United Kingdom: George Allen, 1903.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 423-424, vol. 3; Reproduced: p. 389, vol. 12", "url": null}, {"citation": "Graves, Algernon. <em>The Royal Academy of Arts; A Complete Dictionary of Contributors and Their Work from Its Foundation in 1769 to 1904</em>. London, United Kingdom: H. Graves and Co, 1905.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 39", "url": null}, {"citation": "Graves, Algernon. <em>Century of Loan Exhibitions 1813-1912</em>. London, United Kingdom: Graves, 1913.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 1334. vol. 3, Reproduced: p. 1336", "url": null}, {"citation": "Hind, C. Lewis. <em>Turner's Golden Visions</em>. London, United Kingdom: T.C. &amp; E.C. Jack, 1925.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 183", "url": null}, {"citation": "Whitley, William T. <em>Art in England, 1821-1837</em>. Cambridge, United Kingdom: University Press, 1930.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 298", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Catalogue of the Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition of the Cleveland Museum of Art: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition : June Twenty-Sixth to October Fourth 1936</em>. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1936.", "page_number": "no. 249", "url": null}, {"citation": "John Long Severance Art Collection Photographs: Furniture, Cleveland Museum of Art Archives.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 301", "url": "https://archive.org/details/SeveranceFurniture/page/n299/mode/1up"}, {"citation": "Finberg, A. J. <em>The Life of J.M.W. Turner, R.A</em>. Oxford, United Kingdom: Clarendon Press, 1939.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 500, no. 463, pl. 18", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Catalogue of the John L. Severance Collection: Bequest of John L. Severance, 1936.</em> [Cleveland, Ohio]: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1942.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. [23], Plate IX, cat. no. 16; Mention: p. 25, cat. no. 16", "url": "https://archive.org/details/SeveranceBequest/page/n29"}, {"citation": "Francis, Henry. \"Department of Paintings.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art </em>29, no. 9 (November 1942): 132-136", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 134; Mentioned: p. 136", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25141016"}, {"citation": "<em>Paintings in the Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> [Cleveland]: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1945.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 20", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAPaintings1945/page/n28"}, {"citation": "Constable, W. G., and Henry Preston Rossiter. <em>An Exhibition of Paintings, Drawings and Prints by J.M.W. Turner, John Constable [and] R.P. Bonington. March 21 to April 28, 1946</em>. Bsoton, MA: Museum of Fine Arts, 1946.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 11", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>An Exhibition of Paintings by J.M.W. Turner (1775-1851) to Commemorate the Centennial of His Death</em>. Toronto, Ontario: Art Gallery of Toronto, National Gallery of Canada, 1951.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 9", "url": null}, {"citation": "Berenson, Bernard. <em>Seeing and Knowing</em>. New York, NY: Macmillan, 1953.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 33; Reproduced: p. 48, no. 86", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Turner in America: Oils, Water Colors, Drawings, and Some Engraved Works of Joseph Mallord William Turner, English, 1775-1851</em>. Indianapolis, IN: Art Association of Indianapolis, 1955.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 38", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Handbook.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 476", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1958/page/n87"}, {"citation": "Arts Council of Great Britain. <em>The Romantic Movement: Fifth Exhibition to Celebrate the Tenth Anniversary of the Council of Europe, 10 July to 27 September 1959 [at] the Tate Gallery and the Arts Council Gallery, London</em>. London, United Kingdom: Arts Council of Great Britain, 1959.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 353, pl. 48", "url": null}, {"citation": "Rothenstein, John, and Martin Butlin. <em>Turner</em>. New York, NY: G. Braziller, 1964.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 48-50, 54; Reproduced: p, 64, opl. xvii", "url": null}, {"citation": "Birren, Faber. <em>History of Color in Painting, With New Principles of Color Expression</em>. New York, NY: Reinhold Pub. Corp, 1965.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 261, pl. xi; Mentioned: p. 185, 260", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 183", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n207"}, {"citation": "Lindsay, Jack. <em>J.M.W. Turner: His Life and Work; A Critical Biography</em>. Greenwich, CT: New York Graphic Society, 1966.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 178-182, 187, 204", "url": null}, {"citation": "Gowing, Lawrence. <em>Turner: Imagination and Reality</em>. New York, NY. Museum of Modern Art,1966.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 45,59; Reproduced: no, 10", "url": null}, {"citation": "Arnason, H. H. <em>History of Modern Art: Painting, Sculpture, Architecture</em>. New York, NY: H.N. Abrams, 1968.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 16, pl. 2", "url": null}, {"citation": "Gatt, Giuseppe. <em>Turner: The Life and Work of the Artist Illustrated with 80 Colour Plates</em>. London, United Kingdom: Thames &amp; Hudson, 1968.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 33; Reproduced: pl. 49-50", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 183", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n207"}, {"citation": "Graves, Algernon. <em>The British Institution, 1806-1867; A Complete Dictionary of Contributors and Their Work from the Foundation of the Institution</em>. Bath, United Kingdom: Kingsmead Reprints, 1969.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 545", "url": null}, {"citation": "Gage, John. <em>Color in Turner; Poetry and Truth</em>. New York. NY: Praeger, 1969.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 117, 252; Reproduced on dust jacket", "url": null}, {"citation": "Reynolds, Graham. <em>Turner</em>. London, United Kingdom: Thames &amp; Hudson, 1969.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 81, 165; Reproduced: p. 214, pl. 142", "url": null}, {"citation": "Hirsh, Diana. <em>The World of Turner, 1775-1851</em>. New York, NY: Time-Life Books, 1969.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 154-155", "url": null}, {"citation": "Blunden, Maria, Godfrey Blunden, and James Emmons. <em>Impressionists and Impressionism</em>. Geneva, Switzerland : Skira; New York, NY : Distributed in the United States by World Pub. Co., 1970.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 98", "url": null}, {"citation": "Munro, Thomas. <em>Form and Style in the Arts: An Introduction to Aesthetic Morphology</em>. Cleveland, OH: Press of Case Western Reserve University, 1970.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pl. II", "url": null}, {"citation": "Turner, J. M. W. <em>Ta\u0304na\u0304 = Turner</em>. Tokyo, Japan: Bijutsu shuppan-sha, 1970.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 5", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>L'impressionnisme</em>. Paris, France: Re\u0301alite\u0301s, 1971.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 38", "url": null}, {"citation": "Valsecchi, Marco. <em>Landscape Painting of the 19th Century</em>. Greenwich, CT: New York Graphic Society, 1971.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 371, pl. 9", "url": null}, {"citation": "Clark, Kenneth. <em>The Romantic Rebellion: Romantic Versus Classic Art</em>. London, United Kingdom: Sotheby Parke Bernet Publications Ltd., 1973.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 256", "url": null}, {"citation": "Philadelphia Museum of Art, and George H. Marcus. <em>Treasures of the Philadelphia Museum of Art and the John G. Johnson Collection</em>. Philadelphia, PA: The Museum, 1973.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 73", "url": null}, {"citation": "Centraal Museum (Utrecht, Netherlands). <em>Landschap in Utrecht: Centraal Museum Utrecht, 18 september-3 november 1974</em>. [Utrecht]: [Centraal Museum], 1974.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 18", "url": null}, {"citation": "Tate Gallery. <em>Turner, 1775-1851</em>. London, United Kingdom: Tate Gallery Publications, 1974.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 142", "url": null}, {"citation": "Talbot, William S. \u201cJohn Constable: Branch Hill Pond, Hampstead Heath.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 61, no. 3 (March 1974): 97\u2013115.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 104-105, fig. 5", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25152518"}, {"citation": "Herrmann, Luke. <em>Turner: Paintings, Watercolors, Prints &amp; Drawings</em>. Boston, MA: New York Graphic Society, 1975.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 42, pl. 133", "url": null}, {"citation": "Selz, Jean. <em>Turner</em>. New York, NY: Crown Publishers, 1975.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 59", "url": null}, {"citation": "Butlin, Martin, and Evelyn Joll. <em>The Paintings of J.M.W. Turner</em>. New Haven, CT: Published for the Paul Mellon Centre for Studies in British Art and the Tate Gallery by Yale University Press, 1977.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 364, vol. I and pl, 339, vol. 2", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 208", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n228"}, {"citation": "Honour, Hugh. <em>Romanticism</em>. New York, NY: Harper &amp; Row, 1979.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 97; Reproduced: p. 383, fig. 51", "url": null}, {"citation": "Thomas, David. <em>J.M.W. Turner</em>. London, United Kingdom: Medici Society, 1979.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 18", "url": null}, {"citation": "Wilton, Andrew. <em>J.M.W. Turner: His Art and Life</em>. New York, NY: Rizzoli, 1979.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 218, 364", "url": null}, {"citation": "Wilton, Andrew. <em>Turner and the Sublime</em>. London, United Kingdom: Published by British Museum Publications for the Art Gallery of Ontario, the Yale Center for British Art, the Trustees of the British Museum, 1980.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 97", "url": null}, {"citation": "Joll, Evelyn, Martin Butlin, and Gemma Verchi. <em>L'opera completa di Turner</em>. Milano, Italy: Rizzoli, 1982.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 377", "url": null}, {"citation": "Paulson, Ronald. <em>Book and Painting: Shakespeare, Milton, and the Bible : Literary Texts and the Emergence of English Painting</em>. Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press, 1982.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 147; Reproduced: p. 149 p.", "url": null}, {"citation": "Gealt, Adelheid M. <em>Looking at Art: A Visitor's Guide to Museum Collections</em>. New York, NY: R.R. Bowker, 1983.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 367-368; Reproduced: pl. 10", "url": null}, {"citation": "Butlin, Martin, and Evelyn Joll. <em>The Paintings of J.M.W. Turner</em>. New Haven, CT: Published for the Paul Mellon Centre for Studies in British Art and the Tate Gallery by Yale University Press, 1984.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 208, vol. 1; Reproduced: p, 210, no. 364", "url": null}, {"citation": "Solender, Katherine. <em>Dreadful Fire!: Burning of the Houses of Parliament</em>. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1984.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 12", "url": null}, {"citation": "Heffernan, James A. W. <em>The Re-Creation of Landscape: A Study of Wordsworth, Coleridge, Constable, and Turner</em>. Hanover, CT: Published for Dartmouth College by University Press of New England, 1984.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 24; Reproduced: p. 223, fig. 43", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleaver, Dale G. <em>Art: An Introduction</em>. San Diego, CA: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1985.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 281, fig. 17-5", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lindsay, Jack. <em>Turner: The Man and His Art</em>. London, United Kingdom: Granada, 1985.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 123-125; Reproduced: pl. 15", "url": null}, {"citation": "Dorment, Richard. <em>British Painting in the Philadelphia Museum of Art: From the Seventeenth Through the Nineteenth Century</em>. Philadelphia, PA: Philadelphia Museum of Art, 1986.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 396,398, 401; Reproduced: fig. 111-1", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kroeber, Karl. <em>British Romantic Art</em>. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1986.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 168, 169; Reproduced: fig. 10", "url": null}, {"citation": "Larson, Dean M. <em>Studying with the Masters: Lessons from Rubens, Vela\u0301zquez, Turner, Degas, Monet, Sargent, Matisse</em>. New York, NY: Watson-Guptill Publications, 1986.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 48", "url": null}, {"citation": "Eitner, Lorenz. <em>An Outline of 19th Century European Painting: From David Through Ce\u0301zanne</em>. New York, NY: Harper &amp; Row, 1987.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 149, vol. 1; Reproduced: fig. 133", "url": null}, {"citation": "Gage, John. <em>J.M.W. Turner: A Wonderful Range of Mind</em>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1987.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 226; Reproduced: p. 233, no. 89, fig. 320", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kurtz, Bruce D. <em>Visual Imagination: An Introduction to Art</em>. Englewood Cliffs, NJ.: Prentice-Hall, 1987.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 178, fig. 7-19", "url": null}, {"citation": "Wilton, Andrew. <em>Turner in His Time</em>. New York, NY: H.N. Abrams, 1987.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 183-184; Reproduced: p. 206", "url": null}, {"citation": "Adams, Steven. <em>The Art of the Pre-Raphaelites</em>. Secaucus, NJ.: Chartwell Books, 1988.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 46", "url": null}, {"citation": "Robinson, Jeremy. <em>The Light Eternal: A Study of J.M.W. Turner</em>. London, United Kingdom: Crescent Moon, 1989.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 64", "url": null}, {"citation": "Ginzburg Carignani, Silvia. <em>Turner</em>. New York, NY: Arch Cape Press, 1990.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 17, fig. 43", "url": null}, {"citation": "Klien, Wolfgang. <em>Der Siegeszug der Landschaftsmalerei: eine Entwicklungsgeschichte der Landschaftsmalerei in Europa</em>. Hamburg, Germany: Jahn &amp; Ernst, 1990.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 71", "url": null}, {"citation": "Ferrier, Jean-Louis, and Sophie Monneret. <em>L'aventure de l'art au XIXe sie\u0300cle</em>. Paris. France: Hachette 1991.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 378", "url": null}, {"citation": "Mathes, Charles. <em>Treasures of American Museums</em>. New York, NY: Mallard Press, 1991.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 121, fig. 6", "url": null}, {"citation": "Meyer, Laure. <em>Les mai\u0302tres du paysage anglais: de la Renaissance a\u0300 nos jours</em>. Paris, France: Terrail, 1992.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 110; Reproduced: p. 112-113", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lyles, Anne. <em>Turner: the Fifth Decade: Watercolours 1830-1840</em>. London, United Kingdom: Tate Gallery, 1992.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 71-73", "url": null}, {"citation": "Nagata, Yoshio. <em>Ta\u0304na\u0304 = William Turner</em>. To\u0304kyo\u0304, Japan: Asahi Shinbunsha, 1992.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pl. 50", "url": null}, {"citation": "Breuille, Jean-Philippe. <em>L'Art du XIXe sie\u0300cle: dictionnaire de peinture et de sculpture</em>. Paris, France: Larousse, 1993.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 719", "url": null}, {"citation": "Daniels, Stephen. <em>Fields of Vision: Landscape Imagery and National Identity in England and the United States</em>. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Polity, 1993.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 130, 132, 134; Reproduced: p. 136, fig. 8", "url": null}, {"citation": "Robinson, Michelle, and J. M. W. Turner. <em>J.M.W. Turner's The Burning of the Houses of Parliament, 16th October, 1834, an Allegory of Misrule</em>. [Place of publication not identified]: [publisher not identified], 1994.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 48", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kenner, Robert. <em>J.M.W. Turner</em>. New York, NY: H.N. Abrams, 1995.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 76", "url": null}, {"citation": "Egerton, Judy. <em>Turner, the Fighting Temeraire</em>. London, United Kingdom: National Gallery Publications, 1995.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 79", "url": null}, {"citation": "Liversidge, M. J. H., and Catharine Edwards. <em>Imagining Rome: British Artists and Rome in the Nineteenth Century</em>. London, United Kingdom: Merrell Holberton, 1996.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 51", "url": null}, {"citation": "Rosenthal, Michael. \"Turner in Australia.\" <em>Apollo: The International Magazine for Collectors</em> 144 (October 1996): 51.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 51", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lloyd, Michael. <em>Turner</em>. Canberra, Australia, ACT: National Gallery of Australia, 1996.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 87-99; Reproduced: p. 89, 231", "url": null}, {"citation": "Strasser, Rene\u0301. <em>Die Stadt als Landschaft</em>. Rorschach, Switzerland: E. Lo\u0308pfe-Benz AG, 1997.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 61", "url": null}, {"citation": "Suzuki, Haruo, and Chieko Hasegawa. <em>100 chefs-d'\u0153uvres du monde</em>. Tokyo, Japan: Kyuryudo, 1997.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 97, no. 45", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bailey, Anthony. <em>Standing in the Sun: A Life of J.M.W. Turner</em>. New York, NY: Harper Collins Publishers, 1998.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 288-299, 301, 333-335; Reproduced: 358-359", "url": null}, {"citation": "Rottmann, Carl, Christoph H. Heilmann, and Erika Ro\u0308diger-Diruf. <em>Landschaft als Geschichte: Carl Rottmann, 1797-1850, Hofmaler Ko\u0308nig Ludwigs I</em>. Mu\u0308nchen, Germany: Hirmer, 1998.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 43, pl. 9", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lammerhuber, Lois, and Alexander Smoltczyk. <em>Das Dach der Welt seine Geschichte, seine Magie, sein Gesicht und seine Sprache</em>. Baden, Germany: Ed. Lammerhuber, 1998.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Marceau, Jo. <em>Art: A World History</em>. London, United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley, 1997.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 462", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lambourne, Lionel. <em>Victorian Painting</em>. London, United Kingdom: Phaidon Press, 1999.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 22-23; Reproduced: no. 18", "url": null}, {"citation": "D'Argencourt, Louise and Roger Diederen. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Catalogue of Paintings: Part Four;European Paintings of the 19th Century.</em> Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1999.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 213", "url": null}, {"citation": "Butlin, Martin, Luke Herrmann, and Evelyn Joll. <em>The Oxford Companion to J.M.W. Turner</em>. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press, 2001.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pl. 21", "url": null}, {"citation": "Wilton, Andrew and Georg-W. Ko\u0308ltzsch. <em>William Turner: Licht und Farbe : eine Ausstellung in Zusammenarbeit mit Tate</em>. Ko\u0308ln, Germany: DuMont, 2001.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 248; Mentioned: p. 362", "url": null}, {"citation": "May, Sally Ruth, Jane Takac, and Barbara J. Bradley. <em>Knockouts: A Pocket Guide</em>. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2001.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 47-48; Reproduced: p. 47", "url": null}, {"citation": "Meslay, Olivier. <em> l'incendie de la peinture</em>. Paris, France: Gallimard, 2004.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 98-99", "url": null}, {"citation": "Adams, Laurie. <em>A History of Western Art</em>. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill, 2004.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 407, fig. 22.14", "url": null}, {"citation": "Owen, Susan Margaret. <em>Rivers and the British Landscape</em>. Lancaste, United Kingdomr: Carnegie, 2005.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 163", "url": null}, {"citation": "Meslay, Olivier. <em>Turner: Life and Landscape</em>. New York, NY: Harry N. Abrams, 2005.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 98-99", "url": null}, {"citation": "Iacono, Margaret. <em>Masterpieces of European Painting from the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. New York, NY: The Frick Collection, 2006", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 70-73; Reproduced: no. 14", "url": null}, {"citation": "Gage, John. <em>Colour in Art</em>. London, United Kingdom: Thames &amp; Hudson, 2006.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 74, fig. 64", "url": null}, {"citation": "Channing, Laurence, \"Personal and Professional\", Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Cleveland Art: The Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em>. Vol. 46 no. 10, December 2006", "page_number": "Mentioned & reproduced: p. 4", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2006-10/page/4"}, {"citation": "Warrell, Ian and Franklin Kelly. <em>J.M.W. Turner</em>. London, United Kingdom: Tate Publishing, 2007.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 184, fig. 130", "url": null}, {"citation": "Gage, John, He\u0301le\u0300ne Tronc, and Odile Me\u0301ne\u0301gaux. <em>Turner</em>. Paris, France: Citadelles &amp; Mazenod, 2010", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 356-357; Reproduced: fig. 282, front dust jacket", "url": null}, {"citation": "Oge\u0301e, Fre\u0301de\u0301ric. <em>Turner les paysages absolus</em>. Paris, France: Hazan, 2010.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 186-187", "url": null}, {"citation": "Arnason, H. Harvard, and Elizabeth Mansfield. <em>History of Modern Art: Painting, Sculpture, Architecture, Photography</em>. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2010.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 13, no. 1.15", "url": null}, {"citation": "Adams, Laurie. <em>A History of Western Art</em>. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2011.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 411, fig. 22.15", "url": null}, {"citation": "Richter-Musso, Ines, Ortrud Westheider, James Hamilton, and Michael Philipp. <em>Turner and the Elements</em>. Munich, Germany: Hirmer, 2011.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 184, no. 7", "url": null}, {"citation": ".Buren, Daniel. <em>Revealed: Turner Contemporary Opens</em>. Margate, United Kingdom: Turner Contemporary, 2011.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 22", "url": null}, {"citation": "Vacha, John. \"Art Gets It's Due.\" <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em> 51, no. 4 (July/August 2011): 7-9.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 8", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2011-04/page/6/mode/2up"}, {"citation": "Costello, Leo. <em>J.M.W. Turner and the Subject of History</em>. Farnham, Surrey, United Kingdom: Ashgate, 2012.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 95, fig. 2.17", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Treasures of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. London, United Kingdom: Scala Books, 2012.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 228-229", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 288", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Moyle, Franny, and J. M. W. Turner. <em>Turner: The Extraordinary Life and Momentous Times of J.M.W. Turner</em>. London : Viking, 2016.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 381; Reproduced: endpapers", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lapucci, Roberta &amp; Borgioli, Leonardo. \"Un inedito duplice bozetto di Joseph Mallallord William Turner.\" <em>Kermes: la rivista del restauro</em> 29, no.101/102 (Jan./June 2016).", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 110; fig. 3", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cheshire, Lee. <em>London in Paint</em>. London, United Kingdom : Tate Publishing, 2017.", "page_number": "Mentioned & reproduced: P. 40", "url": null}, {"citation": "Sotheby's. \"Critical Reception.\" <em>Old Masters, Evening Sale</em>, July 5, 2017: 116-119.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 119, fig. 18", "url": null}, {"citation": "Hunter, Matthew C. \"Curve, Line, Circle, Slash, Cross: A Diagram of Liquid Intelligence.\" <em>Grey Room </em>69 (Fall 2017): 6-23.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 13", "url": ""}, {"citation": "\"A Bright New Welcome: The corridor in the museum's main entrance will be flooded with lights and color by Spencer Finch's<em> Color Test 2010 (9 Permutations</em>).\u201d <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em> 58. no. 2 (March/April 2018): 30-31.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 31 and Mentioned: P. 30", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2018-02/page/n15/mode/2up"}, {"citation": "Ehrlich, Linda C. \"Turning Away from the Fire: A New Look at Films of Kore-eda Hirokazu.\"<em> Framework: The Journal of Cinema and Media 60, no. 1 (Spring 2019): 116-140. <br></em>", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 118, fig. 2", "url": null}, {"citation": "\u201cReimaging the British Galleries: Our curators preview the new look of the space.\u201d <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine </em>vol. 59, no. 6 (November/December 2019): 5-7.", "page_number": "Reproduced and Mentioned: P. 5.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Masello, David. \"Backlit: looking into Turner's light.\" <em>Fine Art Connoisseur </em>17, no. 1 (January/February 2020): 90-93.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p.92", "url": null}, {"citation": "Reynolds, Graham. <em>Turner</em>. [Place of publication not identified]: Thames &amp; Hudson, 2020.", "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 157; Mentioned: P. 156, no. 142", "url": null}, {"citation": "Faroult, Guillaume, Sophie Barthe\u0301le\u0301my, Sandra Buratti-Hasan, and Jenny Gaschke. Absolutely bizarre !: les dro\u0302les d'histoire de l'e\u0301cole de Bristol (1800-1840). 2020, 114.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: pp. 113-114, fig. 46.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Arcangeli, Francesco, and Filippo Milani. Dal romanticismo all'informale. 2020, 183.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 192; reproduced: p. 183, No. 160.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Ellcock, Stephen. <em>The Book of Change: Images to Inspire Revelations and Revolutions.</em> London: September Publishing, 2021.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 30Reproduced: p. 234", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Imhof, Michael, and J. M. W. Turner. William Turner: Leben und Werk. Petersberg : Michael Imhof Verlag, 2023.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 195; reproduced: pp. 192-193", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Hunter, Matthew C. \"The Sun is God: Turner, Angerstein, and Insurance.\" <em>Oxford Art Journal</em> 47, n. 1 (2024): 39-65.", "page_number": "Reproduced: front cover, p. 52 (fig. 8), 64 (fig. 11 detail); Mentioned: p. 51, 64", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Moorby, Nicola. <em>Turner and Constable: Art, Life, Landscape. </em>New Haven: Yale University Press, 2025.", "page_number": "Reproduced: Jacket cover", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Concannon, Amy, ed. <em>Turner &amp; Constable: Rivals and Originals. </em>London: Tate Publishing, 2025.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 198-199, no. 162", "url": ""}, {"citation": "\u201cTurner versus Constable.\" <em>L\u2019Estampille, L\u2019objet d\u2019Art</em>, n. 628 (December 2025): 16.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 16", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Imhof, Michael. <em>Die Malerei der Romantik: von Friedrich bis Turner.</em> Petersberg, Deutschland: Michael Imhof Verlag, 2026.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 651, 653", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Lin, Savi. \u201cThe Eternal Dialogue Between Light and Shadow and Reality: the Rivalry Between Turner and Constable, Founders of the British Landscape Painting School.\u201d <em>Yi shu jia</em>, i. 610 (March 2026): 68-75.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 74", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1942.647", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1942.647/1942.647_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "668", "filesize": "241680", "filename": "1942.647_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1942.647/1942.647_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2525", "filesize": "3069687", "filename": "1942.647_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1942.647/1942.647_full.tif", "width": "15155", "height": "11254", "filesize": "511692212", "filename": "1942.647_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1942.647/1942.647_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "683", "filesize": "261878"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1942.647/1942.647_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2582", "filesize": "3465872"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1942.647/1942.647_alt0_full.tif", "width": "7594", "height": "5768", "filesize": "131435400"}, "date_created": "2017-01-23T10:45:49", "annotation": ""}, {"web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1942.647/1942.647_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "900", "height": "679", "filesize": "224408"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1942.647/1942.647_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2566", "filesize": "2916456"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1942.647/1942.647_alt1_full.tif", "width": "7681", "height": "5797", "filesize": "133608516"}, "date_created": "2017-01-23T10:51:33", "annotation": ""}, {"web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1942.647/1942.647_alt2_web.jpg", "width": "1205", "height": "893", "filesize": "790219"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1942.647/1942.647_alt2_print.jpg", "width": "3400", "height": "2519", "filesize": "6049467"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1942.647/1942.647_alt2_full.tif", "width": "5500", "height": "4075", "filesize": "67269068"}, "date_created": "2007-02-12T17:29:40", "annotation": ""}], "creditline": "Bequest of John L. Severance", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Ellen and Bruce Mavec Gallery", "athena_id": 122351, "creators": [{"id": 1280, "description": "Joseph Mallord William Turner (British, 1775\u20131851)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": "Joseph Mallord William Turner, the supreme landscape painter of the romantic era, had the exceptional good fortune to be the son of a Covent Garden barber and wigmaker who thoroughly supported his aspirations to paint pictures. As an adolescent, Turner colored engravings for the print sellers and apprenticed with architectural draftsman Thomas Malton (1726-1801). Although he entered the Royal Academy Schools in 1789, Turner's substantive artistic training came from his numerous self-conducted topographical drawing tours of the British Isles in the early 1790s and from his camaraderie with Thomas Girtin (1775-1802), with whom he copied the masterworks of landscape watercolorist John Robert Cozens (1752-1799) in the collection of Dr. Thomas Monro (1759-1833). Turner submitted his first oil painting, a seascape, for exhibition at the Royal Academy in 1796 and was elected an associate member three years later, at the earliest permissible age. Devoted to the academy's lofty mission, as it had been articulated by the recently deceased Sir Joshua Reynolds (1723-1792) in his annual lectures to the students of the academy, Turner would relish his election as a full academician in 1802 and would serve as professor of perspective from 1807 until 1837. His masterpieces of the early decades (and there seems an endless succession of works with title to that distinction) were either homages to past masters of landscape painting or entirely personal interpretations of the most extraordinary range of naturalistic effects and subjects. Whether it was The Fifth Plague of Egypt (1800, Indianapolis Museum of Art) and its amalgam of allusions to Nicolas Poussin (1594-1665) and Richard Wilson (1714-1782), The Dort Packet-Boat from Rotterdam Becalmed (1818, Yale Center for British Art, New Haven), with its overt tribute to Aelbert Cuyp (1620-1691), or The Fall of an Avalanche in the Grisons (1810, Tate Gallery, London), with its unprecedented invention of horrific naturalistic detail that challenged conventional notions of the sublime in art, the net effect of Turner's achievement was to elevate landscape painting to a status within the traditional hierarchy of genres that it had rarely enjoyed since the seventeenth century. Unlike Constable (q.v.), Turner was an indefatigable traveler abroad. His first visit to Switzerland in 1802 resulted in a spectacular series of exhibition watercolors that boldly established watercolor painting as a vital medium of original expression. A tour of Belgium, the Netherlands, and the Rhine in 1817 was followed by his first protracted stay in Italy in 1819. After 1820 summer excursions to France, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, and especially Venice were almost annual occurrences. Gradually, and primarily after the 1819 Italian sojourn, Turner's palette lightened. Traditional notions of chiaroscuro, of alternating bands of light and dark earth colors, yielded to compositions orchestrated in brighter hues, in which the various colors move across the painted surface almost at will, little respecting the forms they describe but in perfect balance.\r\nDuring the 1820s and early 1830s Turner committed vast amounts of his creative capital to the production of literary and travel illustrations. These kept an entire generation of engravers employed for several decades. Despite the tendency of his era to stigmatize reproductive engraving as an inferior instrument of artistic presentation, Turner was preoccupied with its processes and potential, acutely aware that, long after his pigments had faded, his reputation would be secure in the more durable brilliance of the engraver's deftly crafted reproductions. A second trip to Italy in 1828 may partially account for the heightened coloring of Ulysses Deriding Polyphemus (1828, National Gallery, London), which John Ruskin described as a pivotal picture in Turner's career. But there was very little falling off in either technical or thematic invention during the last decades of Turner's life. In major oils like Snow Storm-Steam Boat Off a Harbor's Mouth (1842, Tate Gallery, London) and Rain, Steam and Speed (1844, National Gallery, London) and no less measure in the series of elaborately finished Swiss watercolors executed on commission at the end of his life, natural forms occupy an uncertain place between concrete reality and total dissolution by light into the colors and images of what Monet (q.v.) admiringly called the \"exuberant romanticism of Turner's fancy.\" Perspective can be intentionally distorted and the color schemes can approach the brazenly artificial, yet somehow the fundamental truth of Turner's vision, his faith in the supreme forces of nature and in the artist's preeminence as the mediator of that experience, continues to persuade.", "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1775", "death_year": "1851", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1942-07-24T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1835, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1835", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": ["Burning of the Houses of Parliament, 1834"], "is_highlight": true, "updated_at": "2026-07-24 11:49:01.386000"}}