{"data": {"id": 96097, "accession_number": "1916.1835", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "Bill, c. 1480. Italy. Steel, wood haft; overall: 184.8 cm (72 3/4 in.); blade: 11.4 cm (4 1/2 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Gift of Mr. and Mrs. John L. Severance, 1916.1835", "current_location": "210A Armor Court", "title": "Bill", "creation_date": "c. 1480", "creation_date_earliest": 1475, "creation_date_latest": 1485, "artists_tags": [], "culture": ["Italy"], "technique": "steel, wood haft", "support_materials": [], "department": "Medieval Art", "collection": "MED - Arms & Armor", "type": "Arms and Armor", "measurements": "Overall: 184.8 cm (72 3/4 in.); Blade: 11.4 cm (4 1/2 in.)", "dimensions": {"overall": {"length": 1.848, "length_inch": 72, "length_inch_fraction": 0.75}, "blade": {"width": 0.114, "width_inch": 4, "width_inch_fraction": 0.5, "length": 0.775, "length_inch": 30, "length_inch_fraction": 0.5}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 190103, "title": "Armor Court Reinstallation", "description": "<i>Armor Court Reinstallation</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art (organizer).", "opening_date": "1998-09-10T00:00:00"}, {"id": 211267, "title": "The Book of Kings:  Art, War and the Morgan Library's Medieval Picture Bible", "description": "<i>The Book of Kings:  Art, War and the Morgan Library's Medieval Picture Bible</i>. The Walters Art Museum, Baltimore, MD (organizer) (October 27-December 29, 2002).", "opening_date": "2002-10-27T00:00:00"}, {"id": 180667, "title": "Sacred Gifts and Worldly Treasures: Medieval Masterworks from the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Sacred Gifts and Worldly Treasures: Medieval Masterworks from the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. National Museum of Bavaria, Munich, Germany (May 10-September 16, 2007); J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, CA (October 30, 2007-January 20, 2008).", "opening_date": "2007-05-10T00:00:00"}], "legacy": []}, "provenance": [{"description": "Frank Gair Macomber (1849-1941), Boston, MA, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "?-1916", "sortorder": 1}, {"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1916-", "sortorder": 2}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "With its long shaft, the bill was useful for reaching mounted men, and a military version soon emerged.", "early_education_description": null, "artlens_description": null, "description": "This weapon known as the \"bill\" was developed from an agricultural tool and was one of the first staff weapons to be used by medieval infantries. Used throughout Western Europe, it was particularly popular in Italy and England where it served as an equivalent to the Central European halberd. Fitted with a pronounced hook whose inside and outside curves were cutting edges, it was topped by a long spike.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60756674"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1916.1835-bill"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "<em>Catalogue of Arms and Armour.</em> [Boston, Massachusetts]: [Frank Gair Macomber], 1900.", "page_number": "cat. no. 373", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CatArmsArmour1/page/n219/mode/2up"}, {"citation": "Gilchrist, Helen Ives. <em>A Catalogue of the Collection of Arms &amp; Armor Presented to the Cleveland Museum of Art by Mr. and Mrs. John Long Severance; 1916-1923</em>. Cleveland: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1924.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 181-182, H3; Reproduced: Plate XL, H3", "url": "https://archive.org/details/SeveranceCollection1924/page/n261"}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, and Helen Ives Gilchrist. <em>Handbook of the Severance Collection of Arms and Armor</em>. 2d ed., 1948.", "page_number": "Reproduction: p. 44", "url": "https://archive.org/details/HandbookArmsArmor1948/page/n51"}, {"citation": "Fliegel, Stephen N.<em> Arms and Armor: The Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. [Cleveland, Ohio]: The Museum, 1998.", "page_number": "pp. 126, 168; cat. no. 117", "url": null}, {"citation": "Louis, William Noel, and Daniel H. Weiss. <em>The Book of Kings: Art, War and the Morgan Library's Medieval Picture Bible.</em> Baltimore: Walters Art Museum, 2002.", "page_number": "exh. cat. #33, fig. 8, pp. 94, 189", "url": null}, {"citation": "Shafroth, Frank. \"Deep Cuts: The Crisis in State Funding.\" <em>American Association of Museums. Museum News</em> 82 (July 2003).", "page_number": "no. 4. p. 34.", "url": null}, {"citation": "Fliegel, Stephen N.<em> Arms &amp; Armor: The Cleveland Museum of Art. </em>[Cleveland, Ohio]: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2007.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, and Holger A. Klein. <em>Sacred Gifts and Worldly Treasures: Medieval Masterworks from the Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> Cleveland, Ohio: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2007.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Eikelmann, Renate, Holger A. Klein, Stephen N. Fliegel, and Virginia Brilliant.<em> The Cleveland Museum of Art: Meisterwerke von 300 bis 1550</em>. Mu\u0308nchen: Hirmer, 2007.", "page_number": "p. 28-1, no. 105", "url": null}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1916.1835", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1916.1835/1916.1835_web.jpg", "width": "497", "height": "893", "filesize": "128816", "filename": "1916.1835_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1916.1835/1916.1835_print.jpg", "width": "1894", "height": "3400", "filesize": "2178054", "filename": "1916.1835_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1916.1835/1916.1835_full.tif", "width": "3280", "height": "5888", "filesize": "57965628", "filename": "1916.1835_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [], "creditline": "Gift of Mr. and Mrs. John L. Severance", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": null, "athena_id": 96097, "creators": [], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1916-04-10T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1475, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "c. 1480", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": null, "has_conservation_images": false, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": false, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": false, "updated_at": "2026-08-21 12:43:12.197000"}}