{"info": {"total": 1, "parameters": {"skip": 0, "limit": 1000, "accession_number": "1976.2", "select": "accession_number,accession_number_sortable,cover_accession_number,department,collection,gallery,department,classification_type"}}, "data": [{"id": 148758, "accession_number": "1976.2", "share_license_status": "CC0", "tombstone": "The Crucifixion of Saint Andrew, 1606\u20137. Caravaggio (Italian, 1571\u20131610). Oil on canvas; framed: 233.5 x 184 x 12 cm (91 15/16 x 72 7/16 x 4 3/4 in.); unframed: 202.5 x 152.7 cm (79 3/4 x 60 1/8 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund, 1976.2", "current_location": "217 Italian Baroque", "title": "The Crucifixion of Saint Andrew", "creation_date": "1606\u20137", "creation_date_earliest": 1606, "creation_date_latest": 1607, "artists_tags": ["male"], "culture": ["Italy, Naples"], "technique": "oil on canvas", "support_materials": [], "department": "European Painting and Sculpture", "collection": "P - Italian 16th & 17th Century", "type": "Painting", "measurements": "Framed: 233.5 x 184 x 12 cm (91 15/16 x 72 7/16 x 4 3/4 in.); Unframed: 202.5 x 152.7 cm (79 3/4 x 60 1/8 in.)", "dimensions": {"framed": {"height": 2.335, "height_inch": 91, "height_inch_fraction": 0.9375, "width": 1.84, "width_inch": 72, "width_inch_fraction": 0.4375, "depth": 0.12, "depth_inch": 4, "depth_inch_fraction": 0.75}, "unframed": {"height": 2.025, "height_inch": 79, "height_inch_fraction": 0.75, "width": 1.527, "width_inch": 60, "width_inch_fraction": 0.125}}, "state_of_the_work": null, "edition_of_the_work": null, "copyright": null, "inscriptions": [], "exhibitions": {"current": [{"id": 302374, "title": "Year in Review, 1976", "description": "<i>Year in Review, 1976</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (February 1-March 6, 1977).", "opening_date": "1977-02-01T05:00:00"}, {"id": 442218, "title": "Painting in Naples from Caravaggio to Giordano", "description": "<i>Painting in Naples from Caravaggio to Giordano</i>. Royal Academy of Arts, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (organizer) (October 2-December 12, 1982).", "opening_date": "1982-10-02T04:00:00"}, {"id": 213644, "title": "Caravaggio: The Last Years", "description": "<i>Caravaggio: The Last Years</i>. Museo di Capodimonte, Naples, Italy (October 23, 2004-January 23, 2005); National Gallery, London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (organizer) (February 23-May 22, 2005).", "opening_date": "2004-10-23T00:00:00"}, {"id": 215387, "title": "Rembrandt - Caravaggio", "description": "<i>Rembrandt - Caravaggio</i>. Van Gogh Museum, 1070 AJ Amsterdam, Netherlands (February 25-June 16, 2006).", "opening_date": "2006-02-25T00:00:00"}, {"id": 222394, "title": "Masterpieces of European Painting from The Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Masterpieces of European Painting from The Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. Frick Collection, New York, NY (organizer) (November 8, 2006-January 28, 2007).", "opening_date": "2006-11-08T00:00:00"}, {"id": 179662, "title": "Masterpieces of European Painting from the Cleveland Museum of Art", "description": "<i>Masterpieces of European Painting from the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. Maltz Museum of Jewish Heritage, Beachwood, OH (March 29-July 8, 2007).", "opening_date": "2007-03-29T00:00:00"}, {"id": 205251, "title": "Conservation in Focus: Caravaggio's Crucifixion of Saint Andrew", "description": "<i>Conservation in Focus: Caravaggio's Crucifixion of Saint Andrew</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 3-September 14, 2014).", "opening_date": "2014-06-03T00:00:00"}], "legacy": [{"description": "<em>Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio: Come nascono i Capolavori, </em>Galleria Palatina, Palazzo Pitti, Florence, Italy (December 12, 1991\u2013March 15, 1992); Palazzo Ruspoli, Rome, Italy (March 26\u2013May 29, 1992).", "opening_date": "1991-12-12T05:00:00Z"}]}, "provenance": [{"description": "Don Juan Alonso Pimentel y Herrera, Eighth Conde de Benavente, Spanish viceroy in Naples.", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1603\u20131610", "sortorder": null}, {"description": "Don Juan Francisco Alonso Pimentel y Ponce de L\u00e9on (grandson of above, inherited and lived 1584\u20131652) Tenth Conde de Benavente, Valladolid.", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "until c. 1652\u20133", "sortorder": null}, {"description": "An unidentified convent in Castilla, Spain.", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": null}, {"description": "A. Tors, Madrid.", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": null, "sortorder": null}, {"description": "Jos\u00e9 Manuel Arnaiz, Madrid.", "citations": [], "footnotes": [], "date": "1973", "sortorder": null}, {"description": "Legatt Brothers (London) sold by Arnaiz to the Cleveland Museum of Art.", "citations": [], "footnotes": null, "date": "24 February 1976", "sortorder": 6}], "find_spot": null, "related_works": [], "former_accession_numbers": [], "did_you_know": "Although Saint Andrew is typically associated with an X-shaped cross, here he is depicted on a standard vertical cross.", "early_education_description": null, "artlens_description": null, "description": "Saint Andrew\u2019s efforts to introduce Christianity to Greece in the first century CE were met with hostility from local authorities. He was sentenced to die on the cross because he refused to acknowledge pagan gods. For two days, Andrew preached from his martyr\u2019s station to an increasingly sympathetic crowd. Bowing to public demand, Andrew\u2019s would-be executioners attempted to untie him, but their hands were mysteriously paralyzed. Andrew\u2019s desire for martyrdom was thus fulfilled and he died enveloped in divine light. Caravaggio\u2019s innovative interpretation involves the viewer more closely in the event by presenting the crucifixion as intimate and private, rather than as a gruesome public spectacle. Bold contrasts of light and dark suggest the presence of God. A masterpiece of Baroque painting, Caravaggio\u2019s <em>Crucifixion of Saint Andrew</em> is the only altarpiece by the artist in America.", "external_resources": {"wikidata": ["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3221991"], "internet_archive": ["https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1976.2-the-crucifixion-of-s"]}, "citations": [{"citation": "Zahn, Leopold, and Georg Kirsta. <em>Caravaggio</em>. Berlin: Albertusverlag, 1928.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 55", "url": null}, {"citation": "Longhi, Roberto. \"Ultimi Studi Sul Caravaggio e la Sua Cerchia.\" <em>Proporzioni </em>I (1943): 5\u201363.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp.17\u201318", "url": null}, {"citation": "Garci\u0301a Chico, Esteban. \"El palacio del Conde de Benavente\" In <em>Boletin de la Academia de Bellas Artes de la Purisma Concepcion de Valladolid </em>IX (1946): 13\u201330.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 18", "url": null}, {"citation": "Garci\u0301a Chico, Esteban. \"Varios Inventarios.\" <em>Documentos Para el Estudio del Arte en Castilla </em>3, pt. 1 (1946): 385\u201399.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 393", "url": null}, {"citation": "Ainaud, J. \"Ribalta Y Caravaggio.\" <em>Anales Y Boleti\u0301n De Los Museos De Arte De Barcelona / Ayuntamiento De Barcelona</em> V (1947): 345\u2013413.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 366, 380, 381 no. 59, 382, 406", "url": null}, {"citation": "Green, Otis H., and Denis Mahon. \"Caravaggio's Death: A New Document.\" <em>The Burlington Magazine</em> 93, no. 579 (June 1951): 202\u201304.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 203, no. 5", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/870609."}, {"citation": "Mahon, Denis. \"Addenda to Caravaggio.\" <em>The Burlington Magazine</em> 94, no. 586 (January 1952): 3\u201323.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 19", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/870727."}, {"citation": "Hinks, Roger. <em>Michelangelo Merisi Da Caravaggio: His Life, His Legend, His Works</em>. London: Faber and Faber, 1953.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 120; Reproduced: plate no. 96", "url": null}, {"citation": "Baumgart, Fritz. <em>Caravaggio: Kunst und Wirklichkeit</em>. Berlin: Gebr. Mann, 1955.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 44, 108; Reproduced: plate no. 61", "url": null}, {"citation": "Re\u0301au, Louis.<em> Iconographie de l'Art Chre\u0301tien</em>. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1955.", "page_number": "Mentioned: Vol. III, pt. 1, pp. 80, 83", "url": null}, {"citation": "Soehner, Halldohr. \"Die Malerei in Spanien und Frankreich um Caravaggio.\" <em>Kunstchronik</em> VIII (1955): 249\u2013253.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 250", "url": null}, {"citation": "Ainaud, Juan. 1955. \"Le Caravagisme en Espagne\". <em>Cahiers De Bordeaux/ Journe\u0301es Internationales D'Etudes D'Art </em>II (1955): 21\u201326.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 22", "url": null}, {"citation": "Friedlaender, Walter. 1955. \"Re\u0301flexions sur les Proble\u0300mes Pose\u0301s a\u0300 l'Exposition\". <em>Cahiers De Bordeaux/Journe\u0301es Internationales D'Etudes D'Art </em>II (1955): 27\u201330.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Jullian, Rene. \"Caravage a Naples.\" <em>La Revue des Arts </em>V (June 1955): 79\u201390.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 84, 88, 90, no. 21", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Ein Hauptwerk Caravaggios Wiederentdeckt.\" <em>Die Weltkunst</em> XXV, no. 14 (July 15, 1955): 9.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 9", "url": null}, {"citation": "Merisi da, Michelangelo and Costantino Baroni. <em>Tutta la pittura del Caravaggio. A cura di Costantino Baroni</em>. Milano, Italy: Rizzoli, 1956.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 24", "url": null}, {"citation": "Samek Ludovici, Sergio. <em>Vita del Caravaggio: dalle testimonianze del suo tempo</em>. Milano, Italy: Edizioni del Milione, 1956.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 69, no. 105", "url": null}, {"citation": "Wagner, Hugo. <em>Michelangelo da Caravaggio</em>. Bern, Switzerland: Eicher, 1958.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 233", "url": null}, {"citation": "Back-Vega, Emmerich, and Christa Back-Vega. \"A Lost Masterpiece by Caravaggio.\" <em>The Art Bulletin</em> 40, no. 1 (March 1958): 65\u20136.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 65\u201366", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/3047748"}, {"citation": "Longhi, Roberto. \"Un'Opera Estrema del Caravaggio.\" <em>Paragone </em>IX, no. 111 (March 1959): 21\u201332.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 27\u201329", "url": null}, {"citation": "Guinard, Paul. <em>Zurbara\u0301n et les peintres espagnols de la vie monastique</em>. Paris, France: E\u0301ditions du Temps, 1960.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 19", "url": null}, {"citation": "Longhi, Roberto. \"Un Originale del Caravaggio a Rouen e il Problema Delle Copie Caravaggesche.\" <em>Paragone </em>XI, no. 121 (January 1960): 23\u201336.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 35", "url": null}, {"citation": "Jullian, Rene\u0301. <em>Caravage</em>. Paris, Lyon: Editions IAC, 1961.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 174; Reproduced: p. 181, no. 37", "url": null}, {"citation": "Delogu, Giuseppe. <em>Caravaggio</em>. Milano, Italy: \"Silvana\" Editoriale d'Arte, 1962.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 158", "url": null}, {"citation": "Venturi, Lionello. <em>Il Caravaggio</em>. Novara: Istituto geografico de Agostini, 1963.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 33", "url": null}, {"citation": "Kitson, Michael. <em>The Complete Paintings of Caravaggio</em>. New York. NY: Harry N. Abrams, Inc, 1967.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p, 105, under no. 77", "url": null}, {"citation": "Moir, Alfred. <em>The Italian Followers of Caravaggio</em>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1967.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pl. 158, vol. I", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bodart, Didier. <em>Louis Finson / Bruges, avant 1580-Amsterdam, 1617</em>. Brussels, Belgium: Palais des Academies, 1970.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 15; Mentioned: p. 137", "url": null}, {"citation": "Caravaggio, Michelangelo Merisi da, Gian Alberto Dell'Acqua, and Mia Cinotti. <em>Il Caravaggio e le sue grandi opere da San Luigi dei Francesi</em>. Milano, Italy: Rizzoli, 1971.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pp. 136, and 199 no. 512", "url": null}, {"citation": "Valdivieso, Enrique. <em>La Pintura en Valladolid en el siglo XVII.</em> Valladolid: [Diputacio\u0301n Provincial], 1971.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 19, no. 2", "url": null}, {"citation": "Marini, Maurizio. \"Tre Proposte per il Caravaggio Meridionale.\" <em>Arte Illustrata</em> XLIII-XLIV (Sept/Oct 1971): 56\u201365.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 56\u201358", "url": null}, {"citation": "Causa, Raffaello. <em>La Pittura del Seicento a Napoli dal Naturalismo al Barocco; La Natura Morta a Napoli nel Sei e nel Settecento</em>. [Napoli]: Societa\u0300 Editrice Storia di Napoli, 1972.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 916", "url": null}, {"citation": "Marini, Maurizio. I<em>o Michelangelo da Caravaggio.</em> Roma: Studio B di Bestetti e Bozzi, 1973.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 235, 433\u20135; Reproduced: p. 235, no. 72", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cinotti, Mia. <em>Immagine del Caravaggio. Mostra didattica itinerante. Catalogo</em>. Cinisello Balsamo: Pizzi, 1973.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 99, no. 60", "url": null}, {"citation": "Mariani, Valerio. <em>Caravaggio</em>. Roma, Italy: Istituto poligrafico dello Stato, Libreria, 1973.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 112", "url": null}, {"citation": "Sanchez, Alfonso E. Pe\u0301rez. <em>Caravaggio y el naturalismo espan\u0303ol: exposicio\u0301n realizada con motivo del XXIII Congreso Internacional de Historia del Arte, Sevilla, Sala de Armas de los Reales Aleazares, septiembre-octubre 1973</em>. Madrid, Spain: Comisari\u0301a General de Exposiciones, Direccio\u0301n General de Bellas Artes, Ministerio de Educacio\u0301n y Ciencia, 1973.", "page_number": "Mentioned in unpaginated introduction.", "url": null}, {"citation": "Borea, Evelina. \"Caravaggio e la Spagna: osservazioni su una mostra a Siviglia.\" <em>Bollettino D'Arte</em> LIX, n. 1\u20132, ser. V (1974): 43\u201352.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 44", "url": null}, {"citation": "Friedlaender, Walter. <em>Caravaggio Studies</em>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1974.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 254; Mentioned: p. 210", "url": null}, {"citation": "Harris, Enriqueta. \"Caravaggio e il Naturalismo Spagnolo.\" <em>Arte Illustrata</em> VII, no. 58 (1974): 233\u2013245.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 237, fig. 3", "url": null}, {"citation": "Nicolson, Benedict. \"Caravaggio and the Caravaggesques: Some Recent Research.\" <em>The Burlington Magazine </em>116.859 (October 1974): 603\u2013616.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 602, 605, 607\u2013608; Reproduced: p. 605, no. 55", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bellori, Giovan Pietro. <em>Le vite de' pittori, scultori e architetti moderni.</em> Edited by Evelina Borea. Torino: Giulio Einaudi, 1976.", "page_number": "pp. 232\u20133", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Notizen.\" <em>Alte und Moderne Kunst </em>XXI, no. 146 (1976): 42\u201343.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 42\u201343", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art, \u201cRecent Acquisition Press Release,\u201d April 8, 1976, Cleveland Museum of Art Archives.", "page_number": null, "url": "https://archive.org/details/cmapr2350"}, {"citation": "Llewellyn, Briony, and Charles McCorquodale. \"In the Light of Caravaggio.\" <em>The Connoisseur</em> (June 1976): 110\u2013113.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 113", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"La Vie des Arts.\"<em> L'\u0152il </em>251 (June 1976): 48\u201354.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 48", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Patrimoine.\" <em>Connaissance des Arts </em>(July 1976): 15.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 15", "url": null}, {"citation": "Butler, Joseph T. \"America: Recent Major Museum Acquisitions.\" <em>Connoisseur </em>(August 1976).", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 312\u2013313", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"Chronique des Arts.\" <em>Gazette des Beaux-Arts </em>88 (September 1976): 5\u20139.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 7", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lurie, Ann Tzeutschler in collaboration with Dennis Mahon. \"Caravaggio's Crucifixion of Saint Andrew from Valladolid.\" <em>The Bulletin of The Cleveland</em> <em>Museum of Art LXIV</em>, no. 1 (January, 1977): 3\u201324.", "page_number": "Reproduced: cover, p. 4, fig. 1; Detail: pp. 6\u201324", "url": null}, {"citation": "\u201cOther Museum News and Comments.\u201d <em>Art Journal</em> 36, no. 4 (July 15, 1977): 344\u201354.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 352", "url": null}, {"citation": "Pacelli, Vincenzo. \"New Documents Concerning Caravaggio in Naples.\" <em>The Burlington Magazine</em> 119, no. 897 (December 1977): 819\u201329.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 826, 829, no. 33", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/879030."}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 135", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n155"}, {"citation": "Bardon, Franc\u0327oise. <em>Caravage: ou, L'expe\u0301rience de la matie\u0300re</em>. Paris, France: Presses universitaires de France, 1978.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 208\u201309, no. 25", "url": null}, {"citation": "Marini, Maurizio. <em>Michael Angelus Caravaggio Romanus: rassegna degli studi e proposte</em>. Roma, Italy: De Luca, 1978.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 16\u201319, 22, 36, 43", "url": null}, {"citation": "Prohaska, Wolfgang. \"Beitr\u00e4ge zu Giovanni Battista Caracciolo.\"<em>Jahrbuch der Kunsthistorischen Sammlungen in Wien</em> LXXIV (N. F. XXXVIII) (1978): 153\u2013269.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 176, fig. 152", "url": null}, {"citation": "Borowitz, Helen. \"Making Rounds at The Cleveland Museum of Art.\" <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Medical Library </em>XXIV, no. 3 (July 1978): 53\u201367.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 60", "url": null}, {"citation": "Lopez-Rey, Jose. Velazquez: <em>The Artist As a Maker, with a Catalogue Raisonne\u0301 of His Extant Works.</em> Lausanne; Paris: Bibliothe\u0301que des Arts, 1979.", "page_number": "pp. 24, 156", "url": null}, {"citation": "Nicolson, Benedict. <em>The International Caravaggesque Movement: Lists of Pictures by Caravaggio and His Followers Throughout Europe from 1590 to 1650</em>. Oxford, United Kingdom: Phaidon, 1979.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 32; Detail: p. 4", "url": null}, {"citation": "Guillaume, Marguerite. <em>Peintures italiennes: catalogue raisonne\u0301 du Muse\u0301e des beaux-arts de Dijon</em>. Dijon, France: Le Muse\u0301e, 1980.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 17\u201318 under no. 27", "url": null}, {"citation": "Gash, John. <em>Caravaggio</em>. London, United Kingdom: Jupiter, 1980.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 110\u2013111, Reproduced: no. 54", "url": null}, {"citation": "Marini, Maurizio. <em>Caravaggio e il Naturalismo Internazionale</em>. Torino: Einaudi, 1981.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 369, n. 24; Reproduced: p. 417, fig. 238", "url": null}, {"citation": "Moir, Alfred. <em>Caravaggio.</em> New York: H.N. Abrams, 1982.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 142\u20133; Reproduced: p. 143, color pl. 40", "url": null}, {"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The Cleveland Museum of Art Catalogue of Paintings, Part 3: European Paintings of the 16th, 17th, and 18th Centuries</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1982.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 319\u2013323; Reproduced: p. 320", "url": null}, {"citation": "Wood, Jeremy. \"London, Royal Academy of Art Exhibition: Painting in Naples from Caravaggio to Giordano.\" <em>Pantheon</em> XL, no. 4 (October\u2013December 1982): 330\u2013331.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 30", "url": null}, {"citation": "Whitfield, Clovis, and Jane Martineau. <em>Painting in Naples, 1606\u20131705: From Caravaggio to Giordano</em>. London: Royal Academy of Arts in association with Weidenfield and Nicolson, 1982.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 21, 37, 38, 40, 70, 128\u201330; Reproduced: p. 70, no. 17", "url": null}, {"citation": "Von Gehren, Georg. \"Malerei in Neapel von Caravaggio bis Giordano.\" <em>Die Weltkunst. The World-art Review </em>LII (December 1982): 3470\u20133473.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 3471", "url": null}, {"citation": "Hibbard, Howard. <em>Caravaggio</em>. New York: Harper &amp; Row, 1983.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 219, 220, 221, 223, 249, 291, 324\u20135, 328, 330; Reproduced: p. 220, no. 144", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cinotti, Mia, and Gian Alberto Dell'Acqua. \"Michelangelo Merisi detto il Caravaggio\". <em>I Pittori Bergamaschi</em> 4,1 (1983): 203\u2013641.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 420\u2013423; Reproduced: p. 620, fig. 1", "url": null}, {"citation": "Borowitz, Helen O. \"A Medical Tour Through The Cleveland Museum of Art.\" <em>Cleveland Clinic Quarterly</em> 50, no. 4 (Winter 1983): Cleveland: Cleveland Clinic, 1959.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 426", "url": null}, {"citation": "Pacelli, Vincenzo. <em>Caravaggio, le sette opere di misericordia</em>. Salerno, Italy: 10/17, 1984.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 79; Reproduced: p. 105, no. 12, fig. 51", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bonsanti, Giorgio, Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio, and Karin Stephan. <em>Caravaggio</em>. Antella, Florence, Italy: Scala, 1984.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 59; Reproduced: p. 66, pl. 64", "url": null}, {"citation": "Spinosa, Nicola. <em>La Pittura napoletana del '600</em>. Milano, Italy: Longanesi, 1984.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 533", "url": null}, {"citation": "Brigstocke, Hugh. <em>The Burlington Magazine</em> 126, no. 970 (January 1984): 42\u201345.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 45", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/881518."}, {"citation": "Schloder, John E. <em>Baroque Imagery</em>. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1984.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 39\u201341; Reproduced: p. 54, no. 15", "url": null}, {"citation": "Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York, NY and Museo e gallerie nazionali di Capodimonte, Naples, Italy. <em>The Age of Caravaggio</em>. New York, NY: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1985.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 21, 47, 345\u20139; Reproduced: p. 349", "url": null}, {"citation": "Harris, Dale. \"Rebel with a Cause: Caravaggio Defied the Conventions of Life and Art\". <em>Connoisseur</em> (February 1985).", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 52\u20134, 56", "url": null}, {"citation": "Spike, John T. \u201cThe Age of Caravaggio.\u201d <em>Apollo: The International Magazine for Collectors</em> 121 (June 1985): 415\u201317.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 417", "url": null}, {"citation": "Sutton, Peter C. <em>A Guide to Dutch Art in America</em>. Washington, DC: Netherlands-American Amity Trust, 1986.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 64", "url": null}, {"citation": "Christiansen, Keith. \"Caravaggio and \"L'esempio Davanti Del Naturale\".\" <em>The Art Bulletin</em> 68, no. 3 (September 1986): 421\u201345.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 436", "url": null}, {"citation": "Marini, Maurizio. C<em>aravaggio: Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio \"pictor praestantissimus\": la tragica esistenza, la raffinata cultura, il mondo sanguigno del primo Seicento, nell'iter pittorico completo di uno dei massimi rivoluzionari dell'arte di tutti i tempi</em>. Roma: Newton Compton, 1987.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 272\u2013273; Mentioned p. 520\u2013524", "url": null}, {"citation": "Calvesi, Maurizio, and Lucia Trigilia. <em>L'Ultimo Caravaggio: e la cultura artistica a Napoli, in Sicilia e a Malta</em>. Siracusa, Italy: EDIPRINT, 1987.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Ottino Della Chiesa, Angela. <em>Tout l'oeuvre peint du Caravage</em>. Paris, France: Flammarion, 1988.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>La Pittura in Italia</em>. Milano: Electa, 1988.", "page_number": "Mentioned: vol. II, p. 464", "url": null}, {"citation": "Milesi, Silvana. <em>Caravaggio.</em> Bergamo: Corponove, 1989.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 194, no. 3", "url": null}, {"citation": "Calvesi, Maurizio. <em>Le realta del Caravaggio</em>. Torino: G. Einaudi, 1990.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 144\u2013145, 149, 163, 373, 381, 427; Reproduced: p. 427, no. 241", "url": null}, {"citation": "Nicolson, Benedict, Luisa Vertova, and Benedict Nicolson. <em>Caravaggism in Europe</em>. Torino, Italy: U. Allemandi, 1990.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 80, vol. 2, pl. 65; Detail: pl. 73", "url": null}, {"citation": "Heimburger, Minna. \"Interpretazioni Delle Pitture di Genere del Caravaggio Secondo il Metodo Neerlandese.\" <em>Paragone: Mensile di Arte Figurativa e Letteratura </em>XLI, no. 24 (November 1990): 3\u2013110.", "page_number": "Reproduced: fig. 17", "url": null}, {"citation": "Spear, Richard E. <em>Caravaggio and His Followers</em>. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1971.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 93", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Interpretations: Sixty-Five Works from the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1991.", "page_number": "Reproduced: no. 17", "url": null}, {"citation": "Gregori, Mina. <em>Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio: come nascono i capolavori</em>. Milano, Italy: Electa, 1991.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 22, 32, 36, 301; Reproduced: figs. 23, 25, 29, 344", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cinotti, Mia. <em>Caravaggio: la vita e l'opera</em>. Bergamo, Italy: Edizioni Bolis, 1991.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 219; Reproduced: no. 69", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bologna, Ferdinando, and Battistello Caracciolo. <em>Battistello Caracciolo e il primo naturalismo a Napoli</em>. Napoli, Italy: Electa, 1991.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 33, fig. 31", "url": null}, {"citation": "Pe\u0301rez Sa\u0301nchez, Alfonso E. <em>El Siglo de Oro de la pintura espan\u0303ola</em>. Madrid, Spain: Mondadori Espan\u0303a, 1991.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 53, fig. 3", "url": null}, {"citation": "Bologna, Ferdinando. <em>L'incredulita\u0300 del Caravaggio e l'esperienza delle \"cose naturali\"</em>. Torino, Italy: Bollati Boringhieri, 1992.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 333\u2013334; Reproduced: pl. 30, no. 70", "url": null}, {"citation": "Chong, Alan. <em>European &amp; American Painting in the Cleveland Museum of Art: A Summary Catalogue</em>. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1993.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 28", "url": null}, {"citation": "Pacelli, Vincenzo. <em>L'ultimo Caravaggio: dalla Maddalena a mezza figura ai due san Giovanni (1606\u20131610).</em> Todi (Perugia): Ediart, 1994.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 38\u20139, 50, 52\u20133, 80, 146; Reproduced: p. 38, no. 16; Details: p. 50, no. 24\u20136", "url": null}, {"citation": "Gilbert, Creighton. <em>Caravaggio and His Two Cardinals</em>. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1995.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 23, 169, 266", "url": null}, {"citation": "Fre\u0300ches, Jose\u0301. <em>Le Caravage, peintre et assassin</em>. Paris, France: Gallimard, 1995.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 116; Reproduced: p. 117", "url": null}, {"citation": "<em>Caravaggio: eine Fondacc-Forschung : Verifikation 1995</em>. Hof, Austria: Fondacc-Forschung, 1995.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 31; Reproduced: p. 136", "url": null}, {"citation": "Macioce, Stefania. <em>Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio: la vita e le opere attraverso i documenti : atti del Convegno internazionale di studi</em>. Roma, Italy: Logart Press, 1996.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 307, fig. 146", "url": null}, {"citation": "Ko\u0308nig, Eberhard. <em>Michelangelo Merisi Da Caravaggio 1571\u20131610</em>. Cologne: Ko\u0308nemann, 1997.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 124, no. 108", "url": null}, {"citation": "Jeromack, Paul. \"Met Buys Caravaggio By Installments.\" <em>The Art Newspaper</em> 72 (July\u2013August 1997).", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 9", "url": null}, {"citation": "Puglisi, Catherine R. <em>Caravaggio. </em>London: Phaidon, 1998.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 347\u20138; Reproduced: p. 340, no. 173", "url": null}, {"citation": "Weller, Dennis P., Leonard J. Slatkes, and Roger B. Ward.<em> Sinners &amp; Saints: Darkness and Light : Caravaggio and His Dutch and Flemish Followers. </em>Raleigh, NC: North Carolina Museum of Art, 1998.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 206, no. 5", "url": null}, {"citation": "Mormando, Franco. <em>Saints &amp; Sinners: Caravaggio &amp; the Baroque Image</em>. Chestnut Hill, MA: McMullen Museum of Art, Boston College, 1999.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 201, fig. 23", "url": null}, {"citation": "Causa, Stefano. \"Gli Amici Nordici Del Caravaggio a Napoli.\" <em>Prospettiva</em>, no. 93/94 (January-April 1999): 142\u201357.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 150, fig. 14", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/24432795"}, {"citation": "Marini, Maurizio. \"Caravaggio y Espa\u00f1a: Momentos de Historia y de Pintura entre la Naturaleza y la Fe.\" In <em>Caravaggio: Museo Nacional del Prado, 21 septiembre\u201321 noviembre, 1999: Museo de Bellas Artes de Bilbao, 29 noviembre, 1999\u201323 enero, 2000</em>. Claudio M. Strinati, and Rossella Vodret Adamo, eds., 29\u201348. Madrid: Sociedad Electa de Espan\u0303a, 1999.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 35", "url": null}, {"citation": "Causa, Stefano.<em> Battistello Caracciolo: l'opera completa</em>. Naples: Electa Napoli, 2000.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 40\u201341, 129, 361; Reproduced: p. 40, no. 40", "url": null}, {"citation": "Resca, Giuseppe. <em>La spada e la misericordia: Caravaggio e il demone della violenza</em>. Roma: Armando, 2001.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 20, 67, 175; Reproduced: p. 175, fig. 47", "url": null}, {"citation": "Hall &amp; Knight Ltd, and Nicholas H. J. Hall. <em>MMI. </em>Exh. cat. Hall &amp; Knight Ltd., London, New York. London: Hall &amp; Knight Ltd, 2001.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 21, fig. 16", "url": null}, {"citation": "May, Sally Ruth, Jane Takac, and Barbara J. Bradley. <em>Knockouts: A Pocket Guide</em>. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2001.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 37, no. 33", "url": null}, {"citation": "Hall, Nicholas H. J. <em>MMI: [Exhibition].</em> New York: London: Hall &amp; Knight Ltd, 2001.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 21, fig. 16", "url": null}, {"citation": "Pacelli, Vincenzo, and Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio. <em>L'ultimo Caravaggio, 1606\u20131610: il giallo della morte: omicidio di Stato?</em> Todi Perugia, Iitaly: Ediart, 2002.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pl. V, VI", "url": null}, {"citation": "Gash, John. <em>Caravaggio</em>. London: Chaucer, 2003.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 109, no. 61", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cassani, Silvia and Maria Sapio. <em>Caravaggio: l'ultimo tempo, 1606\u20131610</em>. Napoli, Italy: Electa Napoli, 2004.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 31, fig. 6 and p. 173, fig. 9", "url": null}, {"citation": "Harris, Ann Sutherland. <em>Seventeenth-Century Art &amp; Architecture.</em> London: Laurence King Publishing Ltd., 2005.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 134\u20135; Reproduced: p. 135, no. 1.134.", "url": null}, {"citation": "Pagano, Denise Maria. <em>Caravaggio a Napoli: dalle Opere di Misericordia alla Sant'Orsola trafitta tecnica e restauri</em>. Naples, Italy: Electa Napoli, 2005.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 173, no. 9", "url": null}, {"citation": "L\u00f3pez, Mercedes Simal. \"Don Juan Alfonso Pimentel, VIII Conde-Duque de Benavente, y el Coleccionismo de Antig\u00fcedades: Inquietudes de un Virrey de N\u00e1poles (1603\u20131610).\" <em>Reales Sitios</em> XLII, no. 164 (2005): 30\u201349.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 37", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cassani, Silvia, Maria Sapio, Paolo Altieri, Enrica D'Aguanno, Gianni Manna, Mark Weir, and Ferdinando Bologna. <em>Caravaggio: the final years. </em>Naples: Electra Napoli, 2005.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 173, no. 9", "url": null}, {"citation": "Morel, Guillaume. \"La Sublime Violence du Caravage.\" <em>L'\u0152il </em>(May 2005): 70\u201375.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: pp. 72\u20133", "url": null}, {"citation": "Varriano, John L. <em>Caravaggio: The Art of Realism.</em> University Park, Pa: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2006.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 57, 112, 240; Reproduced: p. 240, fig. 49", "url": null}, {"citation": "Miyashita, Kikuro. <em>Karavajjo.</em> Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 110", "url": null}, {"citation": "Harten, Ju\u0308rgen, Jean Hubert Martin, and Denis Mahon. <em>Caravaggio: Originale und Kopien im Spiegel der Forschung</em>. Ostfildern: Hatje Cantz, 2006.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pp. 173\u2013174", "url": null}, {"citation": "Dibbits, Taco. \"Prologue: Caravaggio, the Utrecht Caravaggisti and the Young Rembrandt.\" In <em>Rembrandt, Caravaggio</em>. Duncan Bull, ed., 30\u201351. Zwolle: Waanders, 2006.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pp. 30, 33", "url": null}, {"citation": "Donley, Gregory M., \"World Travelers\", Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Cleveland Art: The Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em>. Vol. 46 no. 01, January 2006", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 6", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2006-01/page/6"}, {"citation": "Iacono, Margaret, ed. <em>Masterpieces of European Painting from the Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> New York: The Frick Collection, 2006.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 36\u201339; Reproduced: p. 36, no. 6", "url": null}, {"citation": "Gabriel, Theodore, and Ron Geaves.<em> ...isms: Understanding Religion</em>. New York: Universe, 2007.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 38", "url": null}, {"citation": "Sgarbi, Vittorio. <em>Caravaggio.</em> Milano: Skira; London: Thames &amp; Hudson, 2007.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 158\u20139", "url": null}, {"citation": "Jover, Manuel. <em>Caravaggio</em>. Paris: Terrail, 2007.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 220\u201321; Reproduced: p. 221", "url": null}, {"citation": "Pichler, Wolfram. \"Il dubbio e il doppio: le evidenze in Caravaggio.\" In <em>Caravaggio e il suo ambiente: ricerche e interpretazioni,</em> edited by S. Ebert-Schifferer and Veronika Birbaumer. Cinisello Balsamo, Milano: Silvana, 2007.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 9, 11; Reproduced: p. 11, no. 3", "url": null}, {"citation": "Ferriss, J. Barry. T<em>he Many Reasons Why Goiter Is Seen in Old Paintings: Commentary</em>. New York: Mary Ann Liebert, Inc, 2008.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 389, 391; Reproduced: p. 391, fig. 10", "url": null}, {"citation": "Mun\u0303oz Gonza\u0301lez, Mari\u0301a Jesu\u0301s. <em>El mercado espan\u0303ol de pinturas en el siglo XVII</em>. Madrid: Fundacio\u0301n Caja Madrid, 2008.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 183, no. 112", "url": null}, {"citation": "Harris, Ann Sutherland. <em>Seventeenth-Century Art &amp; Architecture</em>. London: Laurence King Pub, 2008.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 134, no. 1.137", "url": null}, {"citation": "Venier, Pierpaolo, and Fernando Noris. <em>Caravaggio Drammaturgo: Lettura teatrale dell'opera pittorica</em>. Azzano San Paolo (Bergamo): Bolis, 2009.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 132\u20133; Reproduced: p. 133", "url": null}, {"citation": "Zuccari, Alessandro. <em>Caravaggio Controluce: Ideali e Capolavori.</em> Milano: Skira, 2011.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. xviii, fig. 22", "url": null}, {"citation": "Vodret Adamo, Rossella. <em>Caravaggio.</em> Cinisello Balsamo (Milano): Silvana, 2009.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 200\u2013201; Reproduced: p. 201, no. 119", "url": null}, {"citation": "Schutze, Sebastian. <em>Caravaggio: The Complete Works</em>. Cologne: Taschen, 2009.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 203, 277\u20138", "url": null}, {"citation": "Damia\u0300 Bautista, Joan. <em>L'here\u0300ncia formal de Caravaggio.</em> Artana: Joan Damia\u0300 Bautista i Garcia, 2009.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 99, fig. 245.", "url": null}, {"citation": "Spinosa, Nicola. <em>Pittura del Seicento a Napoli: da Caravaggio a Massimo Stanzione</em>. Napoli: Arte'm Srl., 2010.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 351, no. 330", "url": null}, {"citation": "Papa, Rodolfo. <em>Caravaggio: le origini, i modelli.</em> Firenze: Giunti, 2010.", "page_number": "p. 23", "url": null}, {"citation": "Milesi, Silvana. <em>Caravaggio incomparabile, 1610-2010.</em> Bergamo: Corponove, 2010.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 143", "url": null}, {"citation": "Graham-Dixon, Andrew. <em>Caravaggio: A Life Sacred and Profane</em>. London; New York, Allen Lane, 2010.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. xvii, no. 73; pp. 347\u20139, 350, 358, 379, 398", "url": null}, {"citation": "Fried, Michael. <em>The Moment of Caravaggio</em>. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2010.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 158, fig. 5.10", "url": null}, {"citation": "Spike, John T., Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio, and Miche\u0300le K. Spike. <em>Caravaggio.</em> 2nd rev. ed. New York: Abbeville Press, 2010.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 202\u201303, cat. 55", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Clark, Carol Zeller, and Orlo H. Clark. <em>The Remarkables: Endocrine Abnormalities in Art</em>. Berkeley: UC Medical Humanities Consortium, 2011.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 84\u20135; Reproduced: p. 85, fig. 2\u201314.", "url": null}, {"citation": "Franklin, David. <em>Director's Choice</em>: The Cleveland Museum of Art. London: Scala Publisherts Ltd, 2012.", "page_number": "pp. 3435", "url": null}, {"citation": "Franklin, David, and C. Griffith Mann. <em>Treasures from the Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art; London: Scala Publishers Ltd, 2012.", "page_number": "p.184\u20135", "url": null}, {"citation": "Pacelli, Vincenzo, and Gianluca Forgione. <em>Caravaggio tra arte e scienza</em>. Pozzuoli, Italy: Paparo, 2012.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pp. 40\u201343: fig. 4, 5; p. 282: fig. 62; p. 395\u20136: fig. A46", "url": null}, {"citation": "Cappelletti, Francesca. <em>Zurbaran</em>. Florence: Giunti, 2013.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 9", "url": null}, {"citation": "Denunzio, Antonio Ernesto. \"La Giuditta, Louis Finson e un probabile committente.\" In <em>Giuditta decapita Oloferne: Louis Finson interprete di Caravaggio.</em> Louis Finson, and Giovanna Capitelli., eds., 44\u201352. Napoli: Arte'm, 2013.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: pp. 44\u20135", "url": null}, {"citation": "Rivero, Ignacio Cano, and Gabriele Finaldi. <em>Francisco de Zurbara\u0301n (1598\u20131664)</em>. Antwerpen: Mercatorfonds, 2014.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 44, fig.19", "url": null}, {"citation": "Pacelli, Vincenzo, and Gianluca Forgione. <em>Caravaggio: le Sette opere di Misericordia</em>. Napoli: Artstudiopaparo, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: pp. 112\u2013116", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 181", "url": ""}, {"citation": "\"Real Time Restoration Forms New Exhibition.\" <em>The Art Newspaper </em>23, no. 258 (June 2014): 47.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 45: Detail: p. 47", "url": null}, {"citation": "Yoder, Dean. \u201cCaravaggio in Focus: A rare opportunity for an up-close look at the conservation process.\u201d <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine </em>54, no. 3 (May/June 2014): 9\u201310.", "page_number": "Reproduced and Mentioned: p. 9\u201310", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2014-02"}, {"citation": "Wismer, Beat, Odile Delenda and Mari\u0301a del Mar Borobia Guerrero. <em>Zurbara\u0301n</em>. Dusseldorf and Munchen: Museum Kunstpalais, 2015.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 234, fig. 1", "url": null}, {"citation": "Papi, Gianni. Caravaggio: <em>La Crocifissione di sant'Andrea Back-Vega = The Back-Vega Crucifixion of St Andrew</em>.Milano: Skira, 2016.", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 6, 10, 34, 56, 80; Reproduced: p. 12, fig. 3; p. 30, fig, 17 (detail); p. 33, fig. 20 (detail); p. 38, fig, 24 (detail); p. 41, fig, 30 (detail); p. 43, fig. 32 (detail); p. 44, fig. 34 (detail); p. 47, fig. 36 (detail); p. 48, (fig. 38 (detail); p. 49, fig. 40 (detail)", "url": null}, {"citation": "Mart\u00ednez, Javier G\u00f3mez. <em>Museograf\u00eda al filo del milenio: tendencias y recurrencias. </em>Somonte-Cenero, Gij\u00f3n (Asturias): Ediciones Trea, 2016.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 331", "url": null}, {"citation": "Ebert-Schifferer, Sybille. \"Caravaggio in Neapel: Kurze Zeit, grosse Wirkung.\" In Forster, Peter, et. al. <em>Caravaggios Erben: Barock in Neapel.</em> M\u00fcnchen: Hirmer, 2016, 48\u201365.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 57, fig. 7", "url": null}, {"citation": "Zuffi, Stefano. <em>Caravaggio in Detail.</em> New York: Abrams, 2016.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 25, no. 44; Detail: p. 76\u20137", "url": null}, {"citation": "Spinosa, Nicola, and James M. Bradburne.<em> Attorno a Caravaggio: una questione di attribuzione.</em> Ginevr ; Milano: Skira, 2016.", "page_number": "Reproduced: pp. 27\u20138, fig. 1", "url": null}, {"citation": "Duffy-Zeballos, Lisa and Sharon Flescher. \"A Long-Lost Caravaggio? Not so Fast Doubters Say But France embargoes Export Just in Case.\" <em>IFAR Journal, </em>17 no. 1 (2016): 2\u20135.", "page_number": "Reproduced and Mentioned; p. 4, fig 4.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Museum Masters: 2016-17 Companion Guide.</em> [Cleveland, Ohio]: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2016.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: pp. 48\u201350", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Yoder, Dean. \"Conserving Caravaggio: After an intensive process of cleaning and restoration, a masterpiece is back on view.\u201d <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em> 56, no. 5 (September/October 2016): 16\u201318.", "page_number": "Reproduced and Mentioned: pp. 16, 17, 18", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2016-05"}, {"citation": "Bowron, Edgar Peters. \"Introduction: The Critical Fortunes of Italian Baroque Painting in America.\" In <em>Buying Baroque: Italian Seventeenth-Century Paintings Come to America</em>. Edited by Edgar Peters Bowron, 2\u201315. University Park, Pennsylvania: The Frick Collection, The Pennsylvania State University Press, 2017.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 11", "url": null}, {"citation": "Benay, Erin E. <em>Exporting Caravaggio: The Crucifixion of Saint Andrew</em>. Cleveland, Ohio: Cleveland Museum of Art; London: Giles, 2017.", "page_number": null, "url": null}, {"citation": "Scaletti, Fabio.<em> Caravaggio: catalogo ragionato delle opere autografe, attribuite e controverse: con un regesto completo delle repliche e delle copie</em>. 2 vols. [Naples] :Artstudiopaparo, 2017.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: pp. 25, 198\u2013201, no. OR61", "url": null}, {"citation": "Garci\u0301a Cueto, David.<em> Las copias de obras maestras de la pintura en las colecciones de los Austrias y el Museo del Prado: actas del Congreso internacional = proceedings of the international Symposium</em>. 2021, 93.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 92\u20133, fig. 1.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Caravaggio a Montserrat (Conference), Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio, Artur Ramon, and Clara Beltra\u0301n Catala\u0301n. Cent anys del Sant Jeroni de Caravaggio a Montserrat. 2019, 92.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: pp. 91\u20132, fig. 1.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Zuffi, Stefano, and Philippe Daverio. <em>Discovering Caravaggio: the Art Lover's Guide to Understanding Symbols in his Paintings</em>. New York: Rizzoli International, 2010.", "page_number": "pp. 210\u2013213", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"The Cleveland Caravaggio.\" <em>New Lugano Review</em> 8.9 (1976).", "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 36\u20137, 65", "url": null}, {"citation": "\"New in the Galleries.\" <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em> 57, no. 6 (November/December 2017): Back cover.", "page_number": "Reproduced: Back cover", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2017-06"}, {"citation": "Bray, Xavier. \"Ribera: The Shock of the Real.\" In <em>Ribera: Art of Violence.</em> Edward Payne, and Xavier Bray, 35-54. Lewes, UK : Giles : Imprint of D. Giles Limited, 2018. London : Dulwich Picture Gallery : in association with D. Giles Limited, 2018.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 36\u20137, fig. 3.1", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Spear, Richard E. \"Caravaggio's 'Crucifixion of St Andrew' and the Problem of Autograph Replicas.\" <em>The Burlington Magazine</em> 160, no.1383 (June 2018): 454\u201361.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 456, fig. 3", "url": null}, {"citation": "Osnabrugge, Marije.<em> The Neapolitan Lives and Careers of Netherlandish Immigrant Painters (1575\u20131655).</em> Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2019.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 80; Reproduced: p. 81", "url": null}, {"citation": "Hall, Marcia B. T<em>he Power of Color: Five Centuries of European Painting. </em>New Haven: Yale University Press, 2019.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 99; Reproduced: p. 100. fig. 2.38", "url": null}, {"citation": "Terzaghi, Maria Cristina , et. al.<em> Caravaggio, Napoli</em>. Milano: Electa, 2019.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 38, fig. 4", "url": null}, {"citation": "Sallandrouze, Aure\u0301lie, and Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio. <em>Caravaggio: Judith et Holopherne</em> : <em>vente aux enche\u0300res</em>, Toulouse, 27 juin 2019. 2019, 63.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 63, fig. 39.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Pacelli, Vincenzo, and Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio. <em>Caravaggio a Napoli: studi e ricerche</em>. Roma : Editori Paparo, 2019.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 22, fig, 13; Mentioned: p. 26", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Porzio, Giuseppe. <em>Antichi maestri a Napoli: dipinti del Sei e Settecento</em>. <br>Napoli, Italia : Porcini, 2019.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 8; Reproduced: p. 10, no.2", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Dinelli, Pier Paolo, and Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio. C<em>aravaggio dall'ombra al dettaglio</em>. 2020, 145.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 145.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Nuovi dati e nuove idee (Conference), and Maria Cristina Terzaghi. <em>Caravaggio a Napoli: nuovi dati nuove idee : atti del convegno di Capodimonte</em> : 13\u201314 gennaio 2020. Todi (Perugia) : Ediart, luglio, 2021.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 83; Reproduced: p. 80, fig. 14", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Gengler, Matthew. \u201cYou Ask, We Answer.\u201d <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine </em>60, no. 1 (January/February 2020): 22.", "page_number": "Reproduced and Mentioned: p. 22", "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2020-01/page/n11/mode/2up"}, {"citation": "Dal Bello, Mario, and Nicola Ciola. <em>La Trinita\u0300 nell'arte. Roma : Dei Merangoli</em>, 2021, 160.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 160", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Saraceno, Francesca, and Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio. <em>Caravaggio: emozioni e impressioni</em>. Lesmo (MB) : Etabeta, 2022.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 409", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Zirpolo, Lilian H., and Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio.<em> Caravaggio: A Reference Guide to His Life and Works</em>. 2023.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 95\u20136", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Caravaggio, Michelangelo Merisi da. <em>Caravaggio and How to Find Him : At the Galleria Borghese, in Rome, and around the World. </em>Edited by Francesca Cappelletti. Napoli: Editori Paparo, 2023.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 87, no. 34", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Cipriani, Andrea, Claudio Falcucci, and Claudio Giusti. <em>Caravaggio : The \u201cEcce Homo\u201d Unveiled.</em> Edited by Keith Christiansen, Gianni Papi, Giuseppe Porzio, and Maria Cristina Terzaghi. Translated by Helen Glanville. First edition. Venezia: Marsilio arte, 2023.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 90 and 92, fig. 11; Mentioned: pp. 92\u20133.", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Penco, Sara, and Michelangelo Buonarroti. <em>Maria Maddalena Nel Giudizio Di Michelangelo = Mary Magdalene in Michelangelo\u2019s Judgement</em>. Bologna, Italy: Scripta maneant editore, 2024.", "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 54", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Smee, Sebastian. \u201cA Rare U.S. Caravaggio Masterpiece Shows How a Murderer Painted Death.\u201d <em>Washington Post</em>, June 27, 2024.", "page_number": "", "url": "https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/interactive/2024/caravaggio-crucifixion-of-saint-andrew/"}, {"citation": "Zafran, Eric M. \"Caravaggio in America \u2013 Part 3,\" <em>Nicholashall.art </em>(September 24, 2024).", "page_number": "", "url": "https://www.nicholashall.art/journal/caravaggio-in-america-part-3/"}, {"citation": "Olson, Todd. <em>Ribera\u2019s Repetitions : Paper and Canvas in Seventeenth-Century Spanish Naples</em>. University Park, Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 2025.", "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: pp. 75\u20136, fig. 34", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Porzio, Giuseppe. \"Caravaggio: The Years in the South.\" In <em>Caravaggio 2025</em>, edited by Francesca Cappelletti and Maria Cristina Terzaghi, 60\u201379. Venice: Marsilio Arte srl, 2025.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 66\u20138, fig. 9", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Vodret Adamo, Rossella, and Claudio Falcucci. <em>Caravaggio: 1571\u20131610.</em> Cinisello Balsamo, Milano: Silvana Editoriale, 2025.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 97\u20138, fig. 17; p. 294\u20135, no. 59", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Currie, Elizabeth. <em>Street Style: Art and Dress in the Time of Caravaggio</em>. London: Reaktion Books, 2025.", "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 117\u2013119, fig. 70", "url": ""}, {"citation": "Porzio, Giuseppe, ed. <em>Pittura a Napoli Intorno a Caravaggio, 1606-1610. </em>[Naples]: Arte\u2019m, 2026.", "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 18; Reproduced: p. 62, 66, nos. 33, 37", "url": ""}], "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1976.2", "images": {"annotation": null, "web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1976.2/1976.2_web.jpg", "width": "678", "height": "900", "filesize": "223048", "filename": "1976.2_web.jpg"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1976.2/1976.2_print.jpg", "width": "2563", "height": "3400", "filesize": "2852637", "filename": "1976.2_print.jpg"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1976.2/1976.2_full.tif", "width": "11447", "height": "15187", "filesize": "521573284", "filename": "1976.2_full.tif"}}, "alternate_images": [{"web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1976.2/1976.2_alt0_web.jpg", "width": "726", "height": "900", "filesize": "282364"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1976.2/1976.2_alt0_print.jpg", "width": "2742", "height": "3400", "filesize": "3030831"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1976.2/1976.2_alt0_full.tif", "width": "6000", "height": "7440", "filesize": "133969016"}, "date_created": "2016-04-14T13:34:10", "annotation": ""}, {"web": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1976.2/1976.2_alt1_web.jpg", "width": "665", "height": "893", "filesize": "395349"}, "print": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1976.2/1976.2_alt1_print.jpg", "width": "2531", "height": "3400", "filesize": "5981460"}, "full": {"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1976.2/1976.2_alt1_full.tif", "width": "4466", "height": "6000", "filesize": "80419072"}, "date_created": "2007-02-15T19:47:04", "annotation": ""}], "creditline": "Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund", "image_credit": null, "sketchfab_id": null, "sketchfab_url": null, "gallery_donor_text": "Donna and James Reid Gallery", "athena_id": 148758, "creators": [{"id": 2065, "description": "Caravaggio (Italian, 1571\u20131610)", "extent": null, "qualifier": null, "role": "artist", "biography": null, "name_in_original_language": null, "birth_year": "1571", "death_year": "1610", "use_in_caption": true, "include_extent": false, "weight": 1}], "legal_status": "accessioned", "accession_date": "1976-02-24T00:00:00", "sortable_date": 1606, "date_added_to_oa": null, "date_text": "1606\u20137", "collapse_artists": false, "on_loan": false, "recently_acquired": false, "record_type": "object", "conservation_statement": "Beginning in 2014 and completed in 2016, the painting received a comprehensive conservation treatment to address lingering and critical aesthetic issues that were created by a restoration from 1974\u2014two years before the painting entered the CMA collection. In an attempt to create a more even and level surface, the 1974 treatment used layers of different varnish coatings to fill in the heavily cracked paint layer. Over time, this strategy failed, as movement in the underlying original paint and ground layers telegraphed through, creating a dense network of distracting surface cracking in the varnish. Because of the painting\u2019s importance, a three-month conservation exhibition in the Julia and Larry Pollock Focus Gallery was designed to explain the conservation issues to the public and allow visitors to observe the initial removal of the old varnish. The rest of the treatment was completed in the paintings conservation lab over the next two years. While the main focus of the conservation was to correct the aesthetic problems created by the previous treatment, the opportunity to conduct the first in-depth technical and scientific analysis of the painting was equally important. This extensive study, entitled <em>Conserving Caravaggio\u2019s Crucifixion of Saint Andrew: A Technical Study</em>, was originally published on a digital platform for iPads and tablets. Caravaggio used a single piece of a diamond weave canvas, possibly a tablecloth linen, which can easily be seen when zooming in on the X-radiograph. This canvas was carefully prepared with a double ground. First, a thick, aqueous, brown ground composed of earth pigments was applied over the canvas. This was followed by a second, thinner, and slightly darker ground layer composed of the same pigment mixture, though bound in a drying oil. After the preparation of the ground, Caravaggio began laying out the composition by cutting fine incisions into the ground layer. These fine incisions were used to roughly establish the position of the figures and can be found in several other paintings by the artist. These allusive incisions are apparent in raking light and in the X-ray where lead white was used to initially lay in the highlights of the drapery folds and anatomy of the figures. These initial strokes of the lead white (X-ray blocking) pigment, also referred to as the <em>abozzo</em>, were laid over top, filling in the incisions, which is why they are visible in the X-ray. Around the same time the abozzo was applied, darker, nearly black outlines were used around the figures. These dark paint strokes can be seen in the infrared reflectogram (IRR). After these highlights and shadows were positioned, Caravaggio skillfully manipulated opaque and transparent pigments to create gradations and nuances in the figures, garments, and draperies. Caravaggio used a fairly limited palette for this painting. The red cloth over Saint Andrew was found to contain lead white, umber, and vermilion with glazes of red lake. Small amounts of azurite added to earth pigments were used in the gown of the old woman on the left. The trousers of the executioner on the ladder contains lead-tin yellow type II. The garment of the figure on the far right is composed of red ochre with dark red lake glazes in the darker folds. Flesh tones are mostly composed of lead white, yellow ochre, and red ochre with trace amounts of green earth in the figure of Saint Andrew. Once prior varnishes and overpaint were removed from the original surface, the paint layer could finally be properly saturated with a reversible conservation-grade varnish. Areas of loss were filled and textured to match the aged and cracked surface of the original paint layer. After the fills were sufficiently textured, they were toned to match the dark umber color of the original ground as a base for inpainting, which was executed with a reversible conservation paint. The entire painting then received an overall application of a final varnish to produce the desired amount of surface gloss. For more in-depth information about Caravaggio\u2019s pigments and about the treatment of this painting, please refer to the <a href=\"https://archive.org/details/caravaggio-app\">archived application</a>.", "has_conservation_images": true, "cover_accession_number": null, "is_nazi_era_provenance": true, "impression": null, "alternate_titles": [], "is_highlight": true, "updated_at": "2026-09-22 12:35:55.083000"}]}