{
    "data": {
        "id": 148753,
        "accession_number": "1926.1976",
        "share_license_status": "CC0",
        "tombstone": "Violette Heymann, 1910. Odilon Redon (French, 1840\u20131916). Pastel on gray wove paper; unframed: 72 x 92 cm (28 3/8 x 36 1/4 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Hinman B. Hurlbut Collection, 1926.1976",
        "current_location": null,
        "title": "Violette Heymann",
        "creation_date": "1910",
        "creation_date_earliest": 1910,
        "creation_date_latest": 1910,
        "artists_tags": [
            "male"
        ],
        "culture": [
            "France, early 20th Century"
        ],
        "technique": "pastel on gray wove paper",
        "support_materials": [],
        "department": "Drawings",
        "collection": "DR - French",
        "type": "Drawing",
        "measurements": "Unframed: 72 x 92 cm (28 3/8 x 36 1/4 in.)",
        "dimensions": {
            "unframed": {
                "height": 0.72,
                "height_inch": 28,
                "height_inch_fraction": 0.375,
                "width": 0.92,
                "width_inch": 36,
                "width_inch_fraction": 0.25
            }
        },
        "state_of_the_work": null,
        "edition_of_the_work": null,
        "copyright": null,
        "inscriptions": [],
        "exhibitions": {
            "current": [
                {
                    "id": 616624,
                    "title": "Fifty Years of French Art",
                    "description": "<i>Fifty Years of French Art</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 29-November 29, 1926).",
                    "opening_date": "1926-10-29T05:00:00"
                },
                {
                    "id": 338065,
                    "title": "French Art Since Eighteen Hundred",
                    "description": "<i>French Art Since Eighteen Hundred</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (November 8-December 8, 1929).",
                    "opening_date": "1929-11-08T05:00:00"
                },
                {
                    "id": 312341,
                    "title": "The Silver Jubilee Exhibition",
                    "description": "<i>The Silver Jubilee Exhibition</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 23-September 28, 1941).",
                    "opening_date": "1941-06-23T04:00:00"
                },
                {
                    "id": 312176,
                    "title": "19th and 20th Century French Art and Leonard C. Hanna, Jr. Loans",
                    "description": "<i>19th and 20th Century French Art and Leonard C. Hanna, Jr. Loans</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 22-September 1, 1943).",
                    "opening_date": "1943-06-22T04:00:00"
                },
                {
                    "id": 355481,
                    "title": "Exhibition of the Month: The Floral Motif in Art",
                    "description": "<i>Exhibition of the Month: The Floral Motif in Art</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (July 29-September 30, 1947).",
                    "opening_date": "1947-07-29T04:00:00"
                },
                {
                    "id": 311904,
                    "title": "Odilon Redon (1840-1916): Pastels and Drawings",
                    "description": "<i>Odilon Redon (1840-1916): Pastels and Drawings</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (November 29, 1951-January 20, 1952); Walker Art Center, Minneapolis, MN (February 1-March 1, 1952).",
                    "opening_date": "1951-10-22T04:00:00"
                },
                {
                    "id": 300822,
                    "title": "Horticulture Motifs in Art",
                    "description": "<i>Horticulture Motifs in Art</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (March 9-April 24, 1955).",
                    "opening_date": "1955-03-09T05:00:00"
                },
                {
                    "id": 309840,
                    "title": "Odilon Redon: Dream Creatures and Anemones",
                    "description": "<i>Odilon Redon: Dream Creatures and Anemones</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (August 21-October 14, 1984).",
                    "opening_date": "1984-08-21T04:00:00"
                },
                {
                    "id": 192019,
                    "title": "Master Drawings from the Cleveland Museum of Art",
                    "description": "<i>Master Drawings from the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (August 27-October 17, 2000).",
                    "opening_date": "2000-08-27T00:00:00"
                },
                {
                    "id": 182153,
                    "title": "Monet to Dal\u00ed: Modern Masters from the Cleveland Museum of Art",
                    "description": "<i>Monet to Dal\u00ed: Modern Masters from the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 21, 2007-January 13, 2008).",
                    "opening_date": "2006-05-27T00:00:00"
                },
                {
                    "id": 202597,
                    "title": "Imagining the Garden",
                    "description": "<i>Imagining the Garden</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 24, 2015-March 6, 2016).",
                    "opening_date": "2015-10-24T00:00:00"
                },
                {
                    "id": 283693,
                    "title": "Pure Color: Pastels from the Cleveland Museum of Art",
                    "description": "<i>Pure Color: Pastels from the Cleveland Museum of Art</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (November 19, 2016-March 19, 2017).",
                    "opening_date": "2016-11-19T05:00:00"
                },
                {
                    "id": 393854,
                    "title": "Collecting Dreams: Odilon Redon",
                    "description": "<i>Collecting Dreams: Odilon Redon</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (September 19, 2021-January 23, 2022).",
                    "opening_date": "2021-09-19T04:00:00"
                }
            ],
            "legacy": [
                {
                    "description": "Exposition annuelle, 1er groupe. Galerie E. Druet, Paris (December 4 - 17, 1910).",
                    "opening_date": "1910-12-04T00:00:00"
                },
                {
                    "description": "Exposition r\u00e9trospective d'oeuvres d'Odilon Redon (1840-1916). Galerie Barbazanges, Paris (May - June 1920).",
                    "opening_date": "1920-05-01T00:00:00"
                },
                {
                    "description": "Odilon Redon: Exposition r\u00e9trospective de son oeuvre. Mus\u00e9e des arts d\u00e9coratifs, Paris (March 1926).",
                    "opening_date": "1926-03-01T00:00:00"
                },
                {
                    "description": "Paintings and Pastels by Odilon Redon. Lef\u00e8vre Galleries, London (June - July 1926).",
                    "opening_date": "1926-06-01T00:00:00"
                },
                {
                    "description": "Fifty Years of French Art. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (October 29 - November 28, 1926).",
                    "opening_date": "1926-10-29T00:00:00"
                }
            ]
        },
        "provenance": [
            {
                "description": "Marcel Kapferer [1872-1966], Paris",
                "citations": [],
                "footnotes": null,
                "date": "by 1910-1926",
                "sortorder": null
            },
            {
                "description": "(Kraushaar Gallery, New York, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH)",
                "citations": [],
                "footnotes": [],
                "date": "1926",
                "sortorder": 2
            },
            {
                "description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH",
                "citations": [],
                "footnotes": [],
                "date": "1926-",
                "sortorder": 3
            }
        ],
        "find_spot": null,
        "related_works": [],
        "former_accession_numbers": [
            "1886.1926",
            "1976.1926"
        ],
        "did_you_know": "This pastel was acquired by the Cleveland Museum of Art in the same year as several other works by Redon, leading arts writers to describe Cleveland as holding the most important works by the artist outside of Paris at the time.",
        "description": "Although he was known early in his career for works primarily in black and white, such as charcoal drawings and lithographs, Odilon Redon turned to more colorful media, including pastel, later on. In particular, he focused on commissioned pastel portraits of women with flowers, such as this one. Here, the young niece of the Parisian collector Marcel Kapferer appears alongside colorful blossoms as she looks forward, focused as if in the dreamlike state evoked by her surroundings.",
        "external_resources": {
            "wikidata": [
                "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117066460"
            ],
            "internet_archive": [
                "https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1926.1976-violette-heymann"
            ]
        },
        "citations": [
            {
                "citation": "<em>Exposition Annuelle, 1er Groupe</em>. Exh. Cat. Paris: Galerie E. Druet, 1910.",
                "page_number": "Mentioned: no. 27",
                "url": null
            },
            {
                "citation": "Salmon, Andr\u00e9. \"Odilon Redon.\" <em>L'Art d\u00e9coratif</em> 15, no. 1 (1913): 5-21.",
                "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 19",
                "url": null
            },
            {
                "citation": "<em>Exposition r\u00e9trospective d'oeuvres d'Odilon Redon (1840-1916)</em>. Exh. Cat. Paris: Galerie Barbazanges, 1920.",
                "page_number": "Mentioned: no. 124",
                "url": null
            },
            {
                "citation": "Mellerio, Andr\u00e9. \"Odilon Redon (1840-1916).\" <em>Gazette des Beaux-Arts</em> 62 (1920): 137-156.",
                "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 152",
                "url": null
            },
            {
                "citation": "Rey, Robert. \"Odilon Redon.\" <em>Art et Decoration</em> 38, no. 224 (1920): 36-45.",
                "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 43",
                "url": null
            },
            {
                "citation": "Mellerio, Andr\u00e9. <em>Odilon Redon: peintre, dessinateur et graveur</em>. Paris: H. Floury, 1923.",
                "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 136; Reproduced: opposite p. 88",
                "url": null
            },
            {
                "citation": "Furst, Herbert. \"Paintings and Pastels by Odilon Redon at the L\u00e9f\u00e8vre Galleries, King Street.\" <em>Apollo</em> 4, no. 19 (July 1926): 46.",
                "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 46",
                "url": null
            },
            {
                "citation": "<em>Odilon Redon, exposition r\u00e9trospective de son oeuvre</em>. Exh. Cat. Paris: Mus\u00e9e des arts d\u00e9coratifs, 1926.",
                "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 17, no. 137",
                "url": null
            },
            {
                "citation": "Karr, Benjamin. \"Notable Painting Added to Art Museum's Display.\" <em>Cleveland News</em> (December 19, 1926): n.p.",
                "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced.",
                "url": null
            },
            {
                "citation": "Glasier, Jessie C. \"Museum Gets Another French Canvas.\" <em>Cleveland Plain Dealer</em> (December 19, 1926): n.p.",
                "page_number": "Mentioned.",
                "url": null
            },
            {
                "citation": "<em>Paintings and Pastels by Odilon Redon</em>. Exh. Cat. London: Lef\u00e8vre Galleries, 1926.",
                "page_number": "Mentioned: no. 13",
                "url": null
            },
            {
                "citation": "\"Cleveland Museum Buys a Redon.\" <em>The Art News</em> (January 1, 1927): 1-2.",
                "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 1-2",
                "url": null
            },
            {
                "citation": "W.M.M. \"'Portrait of Mademoiselle Violette H.' by Odilon Redon.\" <em>Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art </em>14, no. 3 (March 1927): 41, 47.",
                "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 41; Reproduced p. 47",
                "url": null
            },
            {
                "citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1928.",
                "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 39",
                "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1928/page/n43"
            },
            {
                "citation": "Dorival, Bernard. <em>La Peinture fran\u00e7aise. </em>Paris: Larousse, 1942.",
                "page_number": "Reproduced: opposite p. 105",
                "url": null
            },
            {
                "citation": "Jewell, Edward Alden and Aim\u00e9e Crane. <em>French Impressionists and their Contemporaries Represented in American Collections</em>. New York: Hyperion Press, 1944.",
                "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 129",
                "url": null
            },
            {
                "citation": "<em>Paintings in the Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> Cleveland: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1945.",
                "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 39",
                "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAPaintings1945/page/n47"
            },
            {
                "citation": "Bazin, Germain. <em>History of Modern Painting</em>. Trans. Rosamund Frost (New York: Hyperion Press, 1951.",
                "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 77",
                "url": null
            },
            {
                "citation": "Hartlaub, G.F. <em>Impressionists in France</em>. Milan: Uffici Press, 1951.",
                "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 35",
                "url": null
            },
            {
                "citation": "<em>Odilon Redon, 1840-1916</em>. Exh. Cat. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1951.",
                "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: no. 16",
                "url": null
            },
            {
                "citation": "Seligman, Germain. <em>Oh! Fickle Taste: Objectivity in Art</em>. New York: B. Wheelwright, 1952.",
                "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 51",
                "url": null
            },
            {
                "citation": "Berger, Klaus. \"The Pastels of Odilon Redon.\" <em>College Art Journal</em> 16, no. 1 (Autumn 1956): 23-33.",
                "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 28",
                "url": ""
            },
            {
                "citation": "Rewald, John. <em>Post-Impressionism from Van Gogh to Gauguin</em>. New York: Museum of Modern Art, 1956.",
                "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 179",
                "url": null
            },
            {
                "citation": "Colombo, Alfredo and Gaston Diehl. <em>Treasury of World Painting</em>. New York: Tudor, 1960.",
                "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 65",
                "url": null
            },
            {
                "citation": "Awazu, Norio. \"Redon's Letters: Letters to Redon (IV).\" <em>Mizue</em>, no. 721 (March 1965): 73-77.",
                "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 76",
                "url": null
            },
            {
                "citation": "Berger, Klaus. <em>Odilon Redon: Fantasy and Colour</em>. Trans. Michael Bullock. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1965.",
                "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 212, no. 406",
                "url": null
            },
            {
                "citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.",
                "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 180",
                "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n204"
            },
            {
                "citation": "<em>I Maestri del Colore: Redon</em>. Milan: Fratelli Fabbri, 1966.",
                "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: no. VI-VII",
                "url": null
            },
            {
                "citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.",
                "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 180",
                "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n204"
            },
            {
                "citation": "Selz, Jean. <em>Odilon Redon</em>. Lugano: Uffici Press, 1971.",
                "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 81",
                "url": null
            },
            {
                "citation": "<em>Praeger Encyclopedia of Art</em>. London: Praeger, 1971.",
                "page_number": "Mentioned: vol. 4, p. 1667; Reproduced: vol. 4, p. 1666",
                "url": null
            },
            {
                "citation": "Preston, Stuart. <em>Edouard Vuillard. </em>New York: Harry Abrams, 1971.",
                "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 23",
                "url": null
            },
            {
                "citation": "Cassou, Jean. <em>Odilon Redon</em>. Milan: Fratelli Fabbri, 1972.",
                "page_number": "Reproduced: pp. 16-17.",
                "url": null
            },
            {
                "citation": "<em>Die Grosse Enzyklopadie der Malerei</em>. Freiburg: Herder, 1975.",
                "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 2648",
                "url": null
            },
            {
                "citation": "Hobbs, Richard. <em>Odilon Redon</em>. London: Studio Vista, 1977.",
                "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 139; Reproduced: p. 141",
                "url": null
            },
            {
                "citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.",
                "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 224",
                "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n244"
            },
            {
                "citation": "<em>Phaidon Encyclopedia of Art and Artists</em>. Oxford: Phaidon, 1978.",
                "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 544",
                "url": null
            },
            {
                "citation": "Wilson, Michael. <em>Nature and Imagination: The Work of Odilon Redon</em>. Oxford: Phaidon, 1978.",
                "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 66; Reproduced: p. 67",
                "url": null
            },
            {
                "citation": "Bacou, Roseline. <em>Odilon Redon: Pastels</em>. Trans. Beatrice Rehl. New York: George Braziller, 1987.",
                "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 126, no. 43; Reproduced: p. 127",
                "url": null
            },
            {
                "citation": "Vialla, Jean. <em>La vie et l'oeuvre d'Odilon Redon</em>. Paris: ACR, 1988.",
                "page_number": "Mentioned: pp. 140-141",
                "url": null
            },
            {
                "citation": "Fugazza, Stefano. <em>Simbolismo</em>. Milan: Arnoldo Mondadori Arte, 1991.",
                "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 104",
                "url": null
            },
            {
                "citation": "Wildenstein, Alec. <em>Odilon Redon, catalogue raisonn\u00e9 de l'oeuvre peint et dessin\u00e9</em>. Paris: Wildenstein Institute, 1992.",
                "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: vol. I, p. 50, no. 96",
                "url": null
            },
            {
                "citation": "Jarrass\u00e9, Dominique. <em>Odilon Redon, le r\u00eave</em>. Paris: Herscher, 1996.",
                "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 42; Reproduced: p. 43",
                "url": null
            },
            {
                "citation": "<em>Impressionist, Modern and Contemporary Paintings, Drawings, Sculpture and Ceramics</em>. London: Christie's, 1996.",
                "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 26, lot 53",
                "url": null
            },
            {
                "citation": "Takashina, Shuji and Nobuyuki Senzoku. <em>Seikimatsu to shocho shugi, New World History of Art</em>. Tokyo: Shogakukan, 1996.",
                "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 85",
                "url": null
            },
            {
                "citation": "Humair, Sylviane. \"De la fin du XIXe si\u00e8cle au d\u00e9but du XXe.\" <em>Gazette de l'Hotel Drouot</em> (April 17, 1998): 72-74.",
                "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 73",
                "url": null
            },
            {
                "citation": "<em>300 Selected European Paintings</em>. Otsuka: Otsuka Museum of Art, 1998.",
                "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 314",
                "url": null
            },
            {
                "citation": "<em>Impressionist and Modern Art</em>. London: Sotheby's, 1999.",
                "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 17, lot 20",
                "url": null
            },
            {
                "citation": "De Grazia, Diane. \"Drawings in Cleveland: The Evolution of a Collection.\" In <em>Master Drawings from the Cleveland Museum of Art</em>, 1-15. Diane De Grazia and Carter E. Foster, eds. Exh. Cat. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art in Association with Rizzoli International Publications, New York, 2000.",
                "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 11-12, fig. 11",
                "url": null
            },
            {
                "citation": "DeGrazia, Diane and Carter E. Foster. <em>Master Drawings from the Cleveland Museum of Art.</em> Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art in association with Rizzoli International Publications, New York, 2000.",
                "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: P. 11-12, fig. 11",
                "url": null
            },
            {
                "citation": "Masini, Lara Vinca and Alessandro Vezzosi. <em>Il Liberty, Art Nouveau. </em>Firenze: Giunti, 2000.",
                "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 83",
                "url": null
            },
            {
                "citation": "Shimizu, Yoshiro. <em>Redon, Moro</em>. Tokyo: Shogakkan, 2000.",
                "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 12",
                "url": null
            },
            {
                "citation": "<em>Sugu wakaru gakabetsu genso bijutsu no mikata</em>. Tokyo: Tokyobijutsu, 2004.",
                "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 57",
                "url": null
            },
            {
                "citation": "Lemonedes, Heather, \"Unparalleled Color\", Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Cleveland Art: The Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em>. Vol. 47 no. 10, December 2007",
                "page_number": "Mentioned & reproduced: p. 4",
                "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2007-10/page/4/"
            },
            {
                "citation": "Yamamoto, Atsuko. <em>Redon, His Life and Works: I Want to Know More</em>. Tokyo: Bijutsu, 2011.",
                "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 66; Reproduced: p. 67",
                "url": null
            },
            {
                "citation": "\"Exhibitions.\u201d <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em> 55, no. 5 (September/October 2015): 3.",
                "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 3",
                "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2015-05"
            },
            {
                "citation": "Lemonedes, Heather. \u201cImaging the Garden: The garden is a ground plot for the mind. --Thomas Hill, <em>The Gardener's Labyrinth</em> (1577).\u201d <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine</em> 55, no. 6 (November/December 2015): 4-6.",
                "page_number": "Reproduced: Cover; Mentioned: p. 5.",
                "url": ""
            },
            {
                "citation": "De Seta, Cesare. <em>Arti Della Modernit\u00e0</em>. Milano: Jaca Book, 2021.",
                "page_number": "Reproduced: P. 194-195",
                "url": ""
            },
            {
                "citation": "\u201cThe Legacy of Odilon Redon at the CMA.\u201d <em>Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine </em>61, no. 3 (Summer 2021): 37.",
                "page_number": "Reproduced and Mentioned: p. 37",
                "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2021-03"
            },
            {
                "citation": "Salsbury, Britany. \"Collecting 19th-Century French Drawings at the Cleveland Museum of Art.\" In <em>Nineteenth-Century French Drawings: The Cleveland Museum of Art, </em>11-23. Lewes, UK, Cleveland, Ohio: GILES; Cleveland Museum of Art, 2023.",
                "page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 18-19, fig. 8",
                "url": ""
            }
        ],
        "catalogue_raisonne": "Wildenstein 96",
        "url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/1926.1976",
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                "description": "Odilon Redon (French, 1840\u20131916)",
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                "biography": "A leader of the symbolist movement in France, Odilon Redon was born in Bordeaux in 1840 and grew up in the surrounding region. During his early years he studied drawing, architecture, and the violin. A friendship with Armand Clavaud, a local botanist and philosopher, stimulated Redon's passion for romantic art and literature. In 1864, after a brief and discouraging period of instruction with G\u00e9r\u00f4me in Paris, Redon returned to Bordeaux, where he studied printmaking with Rodolphe Bresdin (1825-1885). Deploring the emphasis on rational, phenomenal experience in academic and naturalist art, Redon turned for inspiration to the imaginative paintings of Delacroix, the prints of Francisco Jos\u00e9 de Goya (1746-1828), and the poetry of Charles Baudelaire. In 1870, after military service in the Franco-Prussian War, Redon settled in Paris and produced his first <em>Noirs</em>. These visionary images, featuring floating eyes and severed heads born aloft on wings, reflect Redon's belief in the superiority of the imagination and fantasy, which he considered \"the messenger of the unconscious.\" After producing his initial <em>Noirs </em>in charcoal, Redon discovered a method of transferring his drawings to lithography in 1876. Throughout the 1880s he continued to use charcoal, etching, and lithography as his primary media, and he produced twelve lithography albums before abandoning the genre in the late 1890s. During the 1880s Redon emerged as a leader of the symbolist reaction against impressionism. The publication in 1879 of his first lithographic album, <em>Dans le r\u00eave</em>, followed by his first solo exhibition in 1881, attracted the admiration of J. K. Huysmans, who included illustrations by Redon in his novel <em>\u00c0 rebours</em> (1884). Around the same time, Redon developed a personal and artistic relationship with poet St\u00e9phane Mallarm\u00e9. Increasingly drawn into the public arena, Redon helped organize the Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 des Artistes Ind\u00e9pendants in 1884. In 1886 he participated in the last impressionist exhibition and began showing with Les XX in Brussels. Redon's antinaturalist, visionary, art inspired many symbolist and Nabi artists, including Gauguin and Vuillard. Maurice Denis praised Redon as \"our Mallarm\u00e9,\" and in 1892 critic Albert Aurier described Redon as a leader of the new \"idealistic\" tendency in art. After 1890 the focus of Redon's activity shifted from monochromatic drawings and prints toward exploring color in richly worked pastels. His innovations in luminous color, as seen in the pastel and oil paintings he exhibited at the Galeries Durand-Ruel in 1900 were greatly admired by Henri Matisse (1869-1954) and the Fauves. Awarded the Legion of Honor in 1903, Redon continued his leadership role in the avant-garde and in 1904 became a founding member of the Salon d'Automne. In 1913 forty of his works were selected for exhibition in the Armory Show, the most by any artist. Redon died at his home in Paris in the summer of 1916.",
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        "alternate_titles": [
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