{
"data": {
"id": 115405,
"accession_number": "1936.19",
"share_license_status": "CC0",
"tombstone": "The Pigeon Tower at Bellevue, 1890. Paul Cezanne (French, 1839\u20131906). Oil on fabric; framed: 95.5 x 113 x 7 cm (37 5/8 x 44 1/2 x 2 3/4 in.); unframed: 65.6 x 81.5 cm (25 13/16 x 32 1/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, The James W. Corrigan Memorial, 1936.19",
"current_location": "222 Impressionism & Post-Impressionism",
"title": "The Pigeon Tower at Bellevue",
"creation_date": "1890",
"creation_date_earliest": 1890,
"creation_date_latest": 1890,
"artists_tags": [
"male"
],
"culture": [
"France, 19th century"
],
"technique": "oil on fabric",
"support_materials": [],
"department": "Modern European Painting and Sculpture",
"collection": "Mod Euro - Painting 1800-1960",
"type": "Painting",
"measurements": "Framed: 95.5 x 113 x 7 cm (37 5/8 x 44 1/2 x 2 3/4 in.); Unframed: 65.6 x 81.5 cm (25 13/16 x 32 1/16 in.)",
"dimensions": {
"framed": {
"height": 0.955,
"width": 1.13,
"depth": 0.07
},
"unframed": {
"height": 0.656,
"width": 0.815
}
},
"state_of_the_work": null,
"edition_of_the_work": null,
"copyright": null,
"inscriptions": [],
"exhibitions": {
"current": [
{
"id": 616624,
"title": "Fifty Years of French Art",
"description": "Fifty Years of French Art. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 29-November 29, 1926).",
"opening_date": "1926-10-29T05:00:00"
},
{
"id": 312517,
"title": "The Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition",
"description": "The Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 26-October 4, 1936).",
"opening_date": "1936-06-26T04:00:00"
},
{
"id": 338201,
"title": "C\u00e9zanne and Gauguin",
"description": "C\u00e9zanne and Gauguin. The Toledo Museum of Art, Toledo, OH (organizer) (November 1-December 13, 1936).",
"opening_date": "1936-11-01T05:00:00"
},
{
"id": 338226,
"title": "Paul C\u00e9zanne",
"description": "Paul C\u00e9zanne. San Francisco Museum of Modern Art (organizer) (September 1-October 4, 1937).",
"opening_date": "1937-09-01T04:00:00"
},
{
"id": 338205,
"title": "Paul C\u00e9zanne",
"description": "Paul C\u00e9zanne. Portland Art Museum, Portland, OR (organizer) (October 8-29, 1937).",
"opening_date": "1937-10-08T05:00:00"
},
{
"id": 338244,
"title": "French Impressionists from Manet to Cezanne",
"description": "French Impressionists from Manet to Cezanne. The Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit, MI (organizer) (May 3-June 2, 1940).",
"opening_date": "1940-03-03T05:00:00"
},
{
"id": 312341,
"title": "The Silver Jubilee Exhibition",
"description": "The Silver Jubilee Exhibition. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 23-September 28, 1941).",
"opening_date": "1941-06-23T04:00:00"
},
{
"id": 338292,
"title": "Masterpieces of Painting",
"description": "Masterpieces of Painting. Montr\u00e9al Museum of Fine Arts (organizer) (February 5-March 8, 1942).",
"opening_date": "1942-02-05T05:00:00"
},
{
"id": 312176,
"title": "19th and 20th Century French Art and Leonard C. Hanna, Jr. Loans",
"description": "19th and 20th Century French Art and Leonard C. Hanna, Jr. Loans. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 22-September 1, 1943).",
"opening_date": "1943-06-22T04:00:00"
},
{
"id": 338295,
"title": "A Thousand Years of Landscape: East and West",
"description": "A Thousand Years of Landscape: East and West. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston (organizer) (October 24-December 9, 1945).",
"opening_date": "1945-10-24T05:00:00"
},
{
"id": 338298,
"title": "French Paintings of the 19th Century",
"description": "French Paintings of the 19th Century. Colorado Springs Fine Arts Center (organizer) (November 5-December 9, 1946).",
"opening_date": "1946-11-05T05:00:00"
},
{
"id": 338301,
"title": "C\u00e9zanne",
"description": "C\u00e9zanne. Wildenstein & Co. (organizer) (March 26-April 26, 1947).",
"opening_date": "1947-03-26T05:00:00"
},
{
"id": 338304,
"title": "Springtime of Impressionism",
"description": "Springtime of Impressionism. Columbus Museum of Art, Columbus, OH (organizer) (April 3-May 2, 1948).",
"opening_date": "1948-04-03T05:00:00"
},
{
"id": 338316,
"title": "French Impressionists",
"description": "French Impressionists. Vancouver Art Gallery, Vancouver, Canada (organizer) (May 23-April 19, 1953).",
"opening_date": "1953-03-23T05:00:00"
},
{
"id": 338336,
"title": "Exposition pour comm\u00e9morer le cinquantenaire de la mort de C\u00e9zanne",
"description": "Exposition pour comm\u00e9morer le cinquantenaire de la mort de C\u00e9zanne. Pavillon de Vend\u00f4me, Aix-en-Provence, France (July 20-August 15, 1956).",
"opening_date": "1956-07-20T04:00:00"
},
{
"id": 337140,
"title": "Masterpieces of World Art from American Museums",
"description": "Masterpieces of World Art from American Museums. National Museum of Western Art, Tokyo (organizer) (September 11-October 17, 1976); Kyoto National Museum (November 2-December 5, 1976).",
"opening_date": "1976-09-11T04:00:00"
},
{
"id": 310025,
"title": "Creativity in Art and Science, 1860-1960",
"description": "Creativity in Art and Science, 1860-1960. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (September 16-November 8, 1987).",
"opening_date": "1987-09-16T04:00:00"
},
{
"id": 338323,
"title": "C\u00e9zanne and Poussin: The Classical Vision of Landscape",
"description": "C\u00e9zanne and Poussin: The Classical Vision of Landscape. National Galleries of Scotland, Edinburgh, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (organizer) (August 9-October 21, 1990).",
"opening_date": "1990-08-09T04:00:00"
},
{
"id": 338341,
"title": "C\u00e9zanne",
"description": "C\u00e9zanne. Galeries Nationales du Grand Palais, Paris, France (September 26, 1995-January 1, 1996); Tate Britain, London (February 7-April 28, 1996); Philadelphia Museum of Art, Philadelphia, PA (May 26-September 1, 1996).",
"opening_date": "1995-09-26T04:00:00"
},
{
"id": 223479,
"title": "Right Under the Sun: Painting in Provence from Classicism to Modernism (1750-1920)",
"description": "Right Under the Sun: Painting in Provence from Classicism to Modernism (1750-1920). Montr\u00e9al Museum of Fine Arts, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (organizer) (September 22, 2005-January 8, 2006).",
"opening_date": "2005-05-14T00:00:00"
},
{
"id": 177189,
"title": "C\u00e9zanne in Provence",
"description": "C\u00e9zanne in Provence. National Gallery of Art, Landover, MD (organizer) (January 29-May 7, 2006).",
"opening_date": "2006-01-29T00:00:00"
},
{
"id": 182153,
"title": "Monet to Dal\u00ed: Modern Masters from the Cleveland Museum of Art",
"description": "Monet to Dal\u00ed: Modern Masters from the Cleveland Museum of Art. Seoul Art Center, South Korea (December 22, 2006-March 28, 2007); Seoul Olympic Museum of Art, South Korea (April 7-May 20, 2007); Vancouver Art Gallery, Vancouver, Canada (June 9-September 16, 2007); The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 21, 2007-January 13, 2008); Frist Art Museum, Nashville, TN (February 15-June 1, 2008); Utah Museum of Fine Arts, Salt Lake City, UT (June 22-September 21, 2008); The Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit, MI (October 12, 2008-January 18, 2009).",
"opening_date": "2006-05-27T00:00:00"
},
{
"id": 222303,
"title": "Lend-Back: Painting the Modern Garden",
"description": "Lend-Back: Painting the Modern Garden. Dayton Art Institute, Dayton, OH (organizer) (October 1, 2015-April 30, 2016).",
"opening_date": "2015-10-01T00:00:00"
}
],
"legacy": [
{
"description": "Fifty Years of French Art. Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (1926).",
"opening_date": "1926-01-01T00:00:00"
},
{
"description": "Inaugural Exhibition. Art Gallery of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario (1926).",
"opening_date": "1926-01-01T00:00:00"
},
{
"description": "Paintings by Paul C\u00e9zanne 1839-1906. Wildenstein Gallery, New York, NY (1928).",
"opening_date": "1928-01-01T00:00:00"
},
{
"description": "The Museum of Modern Art First Loan Exhibition: C\u00e9zanne, Gauguin, Seurat, Van Gogh.",
"opening_date": null
},
{
"description": "Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY (1929).",
"opening_date": "1929-01-01T00:00:00"
},
{
"description": "A Century of Progress Exhibition of Paintings and Sculpture. Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL (1934).",
"opening_date": "1934-01-01T00:00:00"
}
]
},
"provenance": [
{
"description": "Maxime Conil [1822- ?] Aix en Provence, France, brother-in-law of the artist, sold to Ambroise Vollard, December 18, 1899",
"citations": [],
"footnotes": null,
"date": "1899",
"sortorder": 1
},
{
"description": "(Ambroise Vollard, Paris, France, January 25, 1922, sold to Ralph M. Coe)",
"citations": [],
"footnotes": null,
"date": "1899-1922",
"sortorder": 2
},
{
"description": "Ralph M. Coe [1882-1959], Cleveland, OH",
"citations": [],
"footnotes": null,
"date": "1922",
"sortorder": 3
},
{
"description": "Mrs. Ralph M. Coe [1891-1966], Cleveland, OH, November 7, 1935, to Knoedler & Co.for sale",
"citations": [],
"footnotes": null,
"date": "1922-1935",
"sortorder": 4
},
{
"description": "(Knoedler & Co., New York, NY, January 6, 1936, work returned to Mr. Ralph M. Coe)",
"citations": [],
"footnotes": null,
"date": "1935-1936",
"sortorder": 5
},
{
"description": "Mr. Ralph M. Coe, Cleveland, OH, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art",
"citations": [],
"footnotes": null,
"date": "1936",
"sortorder": 6
},
{
"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH",
"citations": [],
"footnotes": null,
"date": "1936-",
"sortorder": 7
}
],
"find_spot": null,
"related_works": [],
"former_accession_numbers": [
"517.26",
"1971.23",
"2654.31"
],
"did_you_know": "C\u00e9zanne\u2019s method of compressing space and simplifying forms into flattened, geometric shapes provided the foundation for both Fauvism and Cubism.",
"description": "Paul Cezanne painted this composition in three horizontal planes: the azure blue of the sky; the luminous white of the tower and the farmyard buildings; and the burnt-orange shade of the foreground earth, whose color is indicative of the iron-rich soil of Provence. The shimmering greens of Cezanne\u2019s favorite cypress and olive trees are interspersed across the middle ground. The composition is pared down to its essentials, devoid of extraneous detail; it exemplifies his ambition \u201cto make something solid and enduring, like the art in museums.\u201d",
"external_resources": {
"wikidata": [
"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60513959"
],
"internet_archive": [
"https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1936.19-the-pigeon-tower-at"
]
},
"citations": [
{
"citation": "Rivie\u0300re, Georges. Le Mai\u0302tre Paul Ce\u0301zanne. Paris: H. Floury, 1923.",
"page_number": "Mentioned: p. 214",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "Milliken, William. \"Fifty Years of French Art.\" The Arts 10 (December 1926): 336-338.",
"page_number": "Reproduced: p. 336; mentioned: 337",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "Watson, Forbes. \"New York Exhibitions.\" The Arts 13 (February 1928): 106-115.",
"page_number": "Reproduced: p. 112; mentioned: p. 107",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "Johnson, Erle Loran. \"Cezanne's Country.\" The Arts 16 (April 1930): 521-552.",
"page_number": "Reproduced: p. 533",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "Wilenski, R. H. French Painting. Boston: Hale, Cushman & Flint, 1931.",
"page_number": "Mentioned: p. 309",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "\"List of Paintings.\" Art Digest 8, no. 17 (June 1,1934): 12-22.",
"page_number": "Mentioned: p. 17",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "Venturi, Lionello. Ce\u0301zanne, Son Art, Son Oeuvre; 1,600 Illustrations. Paris: P. Rosenberg, 1936.",
"page_number": "Mentioned: vol. 1, p. 205, no. 650; reproduced: pl. 208, fig. 650",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. Catalogue of the Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition of the Cleveland Museum of Art: The Official Art Exhibit of the Great Lakes Exposition : June Twenty-Sixth to October Fourth 1936. [Cleveland, Ohio]: [Cleveland Museum of Art], 1936.",
"page_number": "Mentioned: p. 100, no. 255; reproduced: pl. LXVII, no. 255",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "Francis, Henry S. \"The Pigeon Tower at Montbriand by Paul Cezanne.\" The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art 23, no. 3 (March, 1936): 30, 33-36.",
"page_number": "Mentioned: p. 33-36; reproduced: p. 30",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "\"Cleveland: A Cezanne for the Museum.\" ARTnews 34 (March 28, 1936): 11.",
"page_number": "Mentioned: p. 11",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "\"Cezanne's Pigeon Tower at Montbriand.\" The American Magazine of Art 29 (April 1936): 247-248.",
"page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 247-248",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "Milliken, William. \"The Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition of the Cleveland Museum of Art.\" ARTnews 34 (June 13, 1936): 7-14.",
"page_number": "Mentioned: p. 14",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "Ce\u0301zanne, Paul. Paul Ce\u0301zanne: Exhibition of Paintings, Water-Colors, Drawings and Prints : September 1 Through October 4, 1937. San Francisco: San Francisco Museum of Art, 1937.",
"page_number": "Mentioned: cat. no. 26",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "Novotny, Fritz. Ce\u0301zanne und das Ende der wissenschaftlichen Perspektive. Wien: A. Schroll, 1938.",
"page_number": "Mentioned: p. 202, no. 75",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "Wilenski, R. H. Modern French Painters. New York: Reynal & Hitchcock, 1940.",
"page_number": "Reproduced: opp. p. 173",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "Milliken, William. \"Silver Jubilee Exhibition.\" The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art 28, no.6 (June 1941): 88-108",
"page_number": "Mentioned: p. 106",
"url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/25140932"
},
{
"citation": "Montreal Museum of Fine Arts. Loan Exhibition of Masterpieces of Painting = Exposition De Chefs-D'oeuvre De La Peinture. Montreal: Museum of Fine Arts, Arts Association of Montreal, 1942.",
"page_number": "Mentioned: cat. no. 68",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "Loran, Erle. Cezanne's Composition; Analysis of His Form, with Diagrams and Photographs of His Motifs. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1943.",
"page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 78-79",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "Paintings in the Cleveland Museum of Art. [Cleveland]: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1945.",
"page_number": "Reproduced: p. 38",
"url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAPaintings1945/page/n46"
},
{
"citation": "Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. A Thousand Years of Landscape East and West : (paintings, Drawings, Prints) : Special Exhibition, October 24 through December 9, 1945, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Boston: Museum of Fine Arts, 1945.",
"page_number": null,
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "Colorado Springs Fine Arts Center. French Paintings of the 19th Century : [exhibition] November 5-December 9, 1946. Colorado Springs: Publisher Not Identified, 1946.",
"page_number": "Mentioned: cat. no. 3",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "Visson, Vladimir. A Loan Exhibition of Cezanne: For the Benefit of the New York Infirmary. March 27- April 26, 1947, at Wildenstein ... New York. [New York]: Wildenstein and Company, Inc, 1947.",
"page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 44",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "Rewald, John. Paul Ce\u0301zanne, A Biography. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1948.",
"page_number": "Mentioned: p. 139, 164; reproduced: fig. 88",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "\"The Springtime of Impressionsim.\" Columbus Gallery of Fine Arts. Bulletin. 18, no 7 (1948)",
"page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 5",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "Rewald, John. The Ordeal of Paul Ce\u0301zanne. London: Phoenix House, 1950.",
"page_number": "Mentioned: p. 132; reproduced: fig. 68",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "Vancouver Art Gallery. The French Impressionists: Including Works by Some Earlier Artists Who Influenced the Movement : March 24 to April 19, 1953, Vancouver Art Gallery. Vancouver: Vancouver Art Gallery, 1953.",
"page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 47",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "Raynal, Maurice. Ce\u0301zanne; Biographical and Critical Studies. [Geneva]: Skira, 1954.",
"page_number": "Mentioned & reproduced: p. 83",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "Coe, Nancy. The History of the Collecting of European Paintings and Drawings in the City of Cleveland. Thesis M.A. Oberlin College, 1956.",
"page_number": "Reproduced: vol. 2, p. 20",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "Ce\u0301zanne, Paul. Exposition pour comme\u0301morer le cinquantenaire de la mort de Ce\u0301zanne: Pavillon de Vendo\u0302me du 21 juillet au 15 aou\u0302t, 1956, Aix-en-Provence. [Place of publication not identified]: [publisher not identified], 1956.",
"page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 41, pl. xx",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. The Cleveland Museum of Art Handbook. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.",
"page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: cat. no. 508",
"url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1958/page/n94"
},
{
"citation": "Milliken, William Mathewson. The Cleveland Museum of Art Collections. 1960.",
"page_number": "Mentioned: p. 99-101",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "\"Pigeon Tower at Monbriand.\" Apollo: A Journal of the Arts 68 (December 1963): 485-486.",
"page_number": "Reproduced: p. 486",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.",
"page_number": "Reproduced: p. 177",
"url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n201"
},
{
"citation": "Moore, Janet Gaylord. The Many Ways of Seeing: An Introduction to the Pleasures of Art. Cleveland: World Pub. Co, 1968.",
"page_number": "Reproduced: p. 38",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "Murphy, Richard W. The World of Ce\u0301zanne, 1839-1906. New York: Time-Life Books, 1968.",
"page_number": "Reproduced: p. 150",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.",
"page_number": "Reproduced: p. 177",
"url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n201"
},
{
"citation": "Orienti, Sandra. The Complete Paintings of Ce\u0301zanne. New York: H.N. Abrams, 1972.",
"page_number": "Reproduced: p. 117, cat. 674",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "D'Argencourt, Louise and Roger Diederen. Catalogue of Paintings. Pt. 4. European paintings of the 19th Century. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1974.",
"page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: Vol. 1, no. 46",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "Elgar, Frank. Cezanne. New York: Praeger Publishers, 1975.",
"page_number": "Reproduced: p. 63",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "Nakayama, Kimio. Po\u0304ru Sezannu. To\u0304kyo\u0304: Kenshu\u0304 Shuppan, 1975.",
"page_number": "Reproduced: pl. 60",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "Milliken, William Mathewson. A Time Remembered: A Cleveland Memoir. Cleveland: Western Reserve Historical Society, 1975.",
"page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 108-110",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "Kokuritsu Seiyo\u0304 Bijutsukan. Masterpieces of World Art from American Museums from Ancient Egyptian to Contemporary Art. Tokyo: National Museum of Western Art, 1976.",
"page_number": "Mentioned: cat. no. 46, p 77, Reproduced: p. 130",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.",
"page_number": "Reproduced: p. 219",
"url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n239"
},
{
"citation": "Bourges, M. R. Itine\u0301raires de Ce\u0301zanne. [Aix-en-Provence]: Ville d'Aix-en-Provence, 1982.",
"page_number": "Reproduced: Valcros, fig. 2",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "Arrouye, Jean. La Provence de Ce\u0301zanne. La Calade, Aix-en-Provence: Edisud, 1982.",
"page_number": "Reproduced: p. 86-87",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "\"Das Cleveland Museum of Art.\" Die Kunst und das Schone Heim 95 (August 1983): 531-538.",
"page_number": "Reproduced: p. 535",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "Paul Ce\u0301zanne: [exposicio\u0301n] Madrid, marzo-abril 1984, Museo Espan\u0303ol de Arte Contempora\u0301neo. Madrid: El Museo, 1984.",
"page_number": "Reproduced: p. 235",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "Rewald, John. Ce\u0301zanne: A Biography. New York: H.N. Abrams, 1986.",
"page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 186-187",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "Henning, Edward B. Creativity in Art and Science, 1860-1960. [Cleveland, Ohio]: Published by the Cleveland Museum of Art in cooperation with Indiana University Press, 1987.",
"page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 35, 104. cat. no. 12",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "Verdi, Richard, Paul Ce\u0301zanne, and Nicolas Poussin. Ce\u0301zanne and Poussin: The Classical Vision of Landscape. London: National Galleries of Scotland, in association with Lund Humphries Publishers, 1990.",
"page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 154-155",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "Turner, Evan H. Object Lessons: Cleveland Creates an Art Museum. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1991.",
"page_number": "Reproduced: p. 155",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "Verdi, Richard. Ce\u0301zanne. London: Thames and Hudson, 1992.",
"page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 147-148, no. 127",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "Chong, Alan. European & American Painting in the Cleveland Museum of Art: A Summary Catalogue. Cleveland, Ohio: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1993.",
"page_number": "Reproduced: p. 33",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "Benedetti, Maria Teresa. Paul Ce\u0301zanne: La Vita e l'Opera. Milano: A. Mondadori, 1995.",
"page_number": "Reproduced: p. 182",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "Orienti, Sandra. Tout l'Oeuvre Peint de Ce\u0301zanne. Paris: Flammarion, 1995.",
"page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 116-117, no. 674",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "Lartigue, Charles de. Les Paysages de Paul Ce\u0301zanne. Lyon: Cre\u0301ations du Pe\u0301lican, 1995.",
"page_number": "Reproduced: p. 103",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "Ce\u0301zanne: Paris, Galeries nationales du Grand Palais, 25 septembre 1995-7 janvier 1996, Londres, Tate Gallery, 8 fe\u0301vrier-28 avril 1996, Philadelphie, Philadelphia Museum of Art, 26 mai-18 aou\u0302t 1996. Paris: Re\u0301union des Muse\u0301es Nationaux, 1995.",
"page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 310-311, no. 121",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "Blin, Sylvie. \u201cUn G\u00e9nie Ind\u00e9finissable.\u201d Connaissance Des Arts, no. 521 (October 1995): 46\u201355.",
"page_number": "Reproduced: p. 54",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "Machotka, Pavel. Ce\u0301zanne: Landscape into Art. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996.",
"page_number": "Reproduced: p. 77",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "Les Sites Ce\u0301zanniens du Pays d'Aix: Hommage a\u0300 John Rewald. Paris: Re\u0301union des Muse\u0301es Nationaux, 1996.",
"page_number": "Reproduced: p. 96",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "Rewald, John. The Paintings of Paul Ce\u0301zanne: A Catalogue Raisonne\u0301. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1996.",
"page_number": "Mentioned: vol. 1, no. 692; reproduced: vol. 2, fig. 692",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "Toshio, Yamanashi. Sezannu: Zettai no Tankyu\u0304sha = Paul Ce\u0301zanne, a\u0300 la Recherche de laAbsolu. To\u0304kyo\u0304: Nigensha, 1997.",
"page_number": "Reproduced: no. 94",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "Callen, Anthea. The Art of Impressionism: Painting Technique & the Making of Modernity. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000.",
"page_number": "Reproduced: p. 170, no. 234",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "Donahue, Suzanne M. \"Modern Men: Inventing/Resisting the Modern in Nineteenth-Century French Visual Culture.\" Nineteenth-Century Studies 18 (2004): 197-205.",
"page_number": "Reproduced: p. 202, fig. 3",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "Coutagne, Denis. \"Cezanne's Sun.\" In Right Under the Sun: Landscape in Provence from Classicism to Modernism (1750-1920). Guy Cogeval, and Marie-Paule Vial, ed., 156-181. Montre\u0301al: Montreal Museum of Fine Arts, 2005.",
"page_number": "Reproduced: p. 177, no. 36, and cover.",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "\"La Provence Sous e Regard des Peintres.\" L'Estampille, l'Objet d'Art. 404 (July/August 2005): 4-5.",
"page_number": "Reproduced: p. 5",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "Conisbee, Philip, and Denis Coutagne. Ce\u0301zanne in Provence. Washington: National Gallery of Art, 2006.",
"page_number": "Reproduced: p. 169, no. 60",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "Goetz, Adrien. L'Atelier de Ce\u0301zanne. Paris: Hazan, 2006.",
"page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 90",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "Donley, Gregory M., \"World Travelers\", Cleveland Museum of Art. Cleveland Art: The Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine. Vol. 46 no. 01, January 2006",
"page_number": "Mentioned & reproduced: p. 7",
"url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2006-01/page/6"
},
{
"citation": "Adler, Kathleen. Renoir: la maturita\u0300 tra classico e moderno. Milano: Skira, 2008.",
"page_number": "Reproduced: p. 104, fig. 8",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "Lucy, Martha and John House. Renoir in the Barnes Foundation. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2012.",
"page_number": "Reproduced: p. 123, fig. 1",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "Cousinie\u0301, Fre\u0301de\u0301ric. L'Impressionnisme: Du Plein Air au Territoire. Mont-Saint-Aignan: Presses Universitaires de Rouen et du Havre, 2013.",
"page_number": "Reproduced: p. 208, fig. 27",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "Smith, Paul. \u201cC\u00e9zanne\u2019s \u2018Primitive\u2019 Perspective, or the \u2018View from Everywhere.\u2019\u201d Art Bulletin 95, no. 1 (March 2013): 102\u2013119.",
"page_number": "Reproduced: p. 104, fig. 1",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "Girardeau, Ce\u0301cile. \"Pierre-Auguste Renoir au Debut du XX Siecle: Paul Guillanme et la Collection Walter-Guillaume au Musee de l'Orangerie.\" In Ce\u0301zanne - Renoir, Regards Croise\u0301s: Chefs-d\u2019\u0152uvre Des Collections Des Muse\u0301Es de l\u2019Orangerie et d\u2019Orsay, Fondation Pierre Gianadda, 11-16. Martigny, Suisse: Fondation Pierre Gianadda, 2024.",
"page_number": "Reproduced: p. 14, fig. 4",
"url": ""
},
{
"citation": "Locke, Nancy. Ce\u0301zanne\u2019s Shadows: Poussin, Chardin, Rubens. University Park, Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 2025.",
"page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 127-129, fig. 4",
"url": ""
}
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"creditline": "The James W. Corrigan Memorial",
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{
"id": 1754,
"description": "Paul Cezanne (French, 1839\u20131906)",
"extent": null,
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"biography": "The son of a wealthy banker, C\u00e9zanne began his studies in Aix-en-Provence at the \u00c9cole Saint-Joseph in 1849, then attended the Coll\u00e8ge Bourbon from 1852 until 1858. \u00c9mile Zola, the future author, was to become one of his closest friends. C\u00e9zanne enrolled at the \u00c9cole Gratuite de Dessin in 1857, entering the studio of Joseph Gibert (1806-1884). Two years later, complying with his father's wishes, he began studying law at the Universit\u00e9 d'Aix while still at the \u00c9cole Gratuite de Dessin. In 1861 C\u00e9zanne finally left law school and followed Zola to Paris where he met Pissarro (q.v.) at the Acad\u00e9mie Suisse. Probably after his failure to enter the \u00c9cole des Beaux-Arts, he returned to Aix and began working at his father's bank. In 1862, however, C\u00e9zanne returned to Paris, where he studied at the Acad\u00e9mie Suisse and copied the works of the Old Masters in the Louvre. The works he produced during this period reflect the influence of Spanish painters such as Ribera (1591-1562) and Zurbar\u00e1n (1598-1664), and other predecessors such as Delacroix (q.v.). His submissions to the Salons of 1865 through 1870 (and even through 1881) did not receive the jury's approval; the reinstatement of the Salon des Refus\u00e9s was repeatedly but unsuccessfully demanded. C\u00e9zanne traveled often between Aix and Paris until 1870. To escape the Franco-Prussian War (1870-71) he stayed in the south in L'Estaque, along with his mistress, Hortense Fiquet, whom he had met in 1869. C\u00e9zanne moved back north to Pontoise with Hortense and his son, Paul, in 1872 and worked with Pissarro and met Dr. Paul Gachet. The following year he moved again to nearby Auvers-sur-Oise with his family, continuing his work with Pissarro. In 1874 and 1877 C\u00e9zanne participated in the first and third impressionist exhibitions, but the severe criticism of his works led him to abstain from using this venue again. In 1878 his father learned of the existence of Hortense and Paul, who at that point were living in Marseille, and threatened to discontinue his allowance. While in the Midi, C\u00e9zanne often worked with Monticelli (q.v.). His art increasingly matured, and he began concentrating on the order and internal structure within his compositions, limiting his palette. During these years he also met Gauguin (q.v.) and Renoir (q.v.), and always trav-eled, chiefly between Aix and L'Estaque. In 1886 C\u00e9zanne married Hortense, his father died, and the inheritance provided him with the financial means to live without constraints. He bought a house in Marlotte near Fontainebleau in 1892. In 1895 he had his first solo show at the gallery of Ambroise Vollard, who two years later bought all the artist's works from his studio near Corbeil. The dealer Paul Durand-Ruel became another important client. C\u00e9zanne participated in the Salon des Ind\u00e9pendants in 1899, 1901, and 1902 and exhibited at La Libre Esth\u00e9tique in Brussels in 1901 and 1904, the Secession in Vienna in 1903, and the Salon d'Automne in 1904-6. He continued to study the underlying structure of nature, at times approaching abstraction by denying traditional perspective and using multiple viewpoints. He also began leaving portions of the canvas bare, giving some works an unfinished appearance. C\u00e9zanne's work had a tremendous influence on the artists of his time as well as those of subsequent generations, and he is considered one of the most influential figures in the development of modern art.",
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"birth_year": "1839",
"death_year": "1906",
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"sortable_date": 1890,
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"date_text": "1890",
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"updated_at": "2026-03-27 00:09:05.084000"
}
}