id: 119941 accession number: 1940.739 share license status: CC0 url: https://clevelandart.org/art/1940.739 updated: 2024-03-26 01:57:43.018000 Herd of Pigs, c. 1845. Charles-Émile Jacque (French, 1813–1894). Graphite; framing lines in graphite; sheet: 13.8 x 22.2 cm (5 7/16 x 8 3/4 in.); image: 13.2 x 21.5 cm (5 3/16 x 8 7/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Bequest of James Parmelee 1940.739 title: Herd of Pigs title in original language: series: series in original language: creation date: c. 1845 creation date earliest: 1840 creation date latest: 1850 current location: creditline: Bequest of James Parmelee copyright: --- culture: France, 19th century technique: graphite; framing lines in graphite department: Drawings collection: DR - French type: Drawing find spot: catalogue raisonne: --- CREATORS * Charles-Émile Jacque (French, 1813–1894) - artist After his schooling, Charles-Émile Jacque began work in a notary's office, but he quickly departed to pursue printmaking. Apprenticed at seventeen to a map engraver, he made his first etching the same year, a female head after Rembrandt. Dissatisfied with cartography, Jacque joined the army, where he served seven years. During this time he prepared the lithographic album Militairiana (1840), praised by poet and critic Charles Baudelaire for the frankness of its caricatures of military life. Jacque worked in London in 1836-38 producing woodcuts to illustrate Shakespeare and a history of Greece. Back in France he established his reputation as an illustrator and contributed caricatures to Charivari in 1843 and 1844. Married in 1843, he made his debut at the Salon as an etcher two years later, his prints prompting Baudelaire's admiration once again. Jacque played a key role in the revival of etching in France during the 1840s, but he also began to paint in this period. He depicted windmills at Montmartre in emulation of Michel (q.v.), whose dramatic landscapes would remain a source of inspiration. Jacque's realist paintings of animals in the country, especially pigs, chickens, and sheep, soon became his hallmark, and in 1848 the state bought his picture Herd of Cattle at the Drinking Hole (Musée des Beaux-Arts, Angers). In the spring of 1849, to avoid cholera in Paris, Jacque and his friend of three years Millet (q.v.) moved their families to adjoining properties in the artists' colony of Barbizon. Jacque introduced Millet to rustic themes, while Millet's work prompted Jacque to imbue his peasant subjects with more vigor. Besides making art, Jacque bred poultry, cultivated asparagus, and invested in real estate in Barbizon. He also wrote and illustrated the book Le poulailler: Monographie des poules indigènes et exotiques (The Henhouse: Monograph on Native and Exotic Poultry, 1858). These business interests distinguished him from his Barbizon colleagues and contributed to the cooling of his friendship with Millet and others. In the 1850s and 1860s Jacque experimented with larger print formats, and he exhibited animal paintings at the Salon for the first time in 1861, winning a third-class medal. After 1860 he spent more time in Paris than Barbizon and in the 1870s established a factory for the production of "artistic furniture" based on Gothic and Renaissance pieces. Between 1870 and 1888 Jacque did not show at the Salon, but he continued to produce and sell works through dealers. Repeating the same themes, he began to use the palette knife and painted more thickly and freely. Combining art and business, he helped establish and became president of the Société des Animaliers Français in 1881. Outliving the other Barbizon artists, the elderly Jacque called himself "the last of the romantics." He profited from the Anglo-American taste for landscape in the late nineteenth century. At the 1889 Exposition Universelle Jacque obtained a gold medal as painter and a grand prix as printmaker. --- measurements: Sheet: 13.8 x 22.2 cm (5 7/16 x 8 3/4 in.); Image: 13.2 x 21.5 cm (5 3/16 x 8 7/16 in.) state of the work: edition of the work: support materials: description: cream(3) wove paper, discolored to beige(1) in the area of the image watermarks: inscriptions: --- CURRENT EXHIBITIONS title: French Drawings and Watercolors from French Public and Private Collections opening date: 1942-01-06T05:00:00 French Drawings and Watercolors from French Public and Private Collections. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (January 6-February 15, 1942). title: Drawings from the Museum Collection opening date: 1942-06-17T04:00:00 Drawings from the Museum Collection. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 17-August 24, 1942). title: 19th and 20th Century French Art and Leonard C. Hanna, Jr. Loans opening date: 1943-06-22T04:00:00 19th and 20th Century French Art and Leonard C. Hanna, Jr. Loans. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (June 22-September 1, 1943). title: The Graphic Art of the Barbizon School opening date: 1987-03-17T05:00:00 The Graphic Art of the Barbizon School. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (March 17-May 17, 1987). --- LEGACY EXHIBITIONS * {'description': 'CMA, The Graphic Art of the Barbizon School (Mar. 17-May 17, 1987).', 'opening_date': '1987-03-17T00:00:00'} * {'description': 'CMA, "Paintings and Drawings from the Collection" (Dec. 14, 1943-Jan. 4, 1944).', 'opening_date': '1943-12-14T00:00:00'} * {'description': 'CMA, Exhibition of French Art (June 22-Aug. 31, 1943).', 'opening_date': '1943-06-22T00:00:00'} * {'description': 'CMA, "Drawings from the Collection" (June 17, 1942-Jan. 13, 1943).', 'opening_date': '1942-06-17T00:00:00'} * {'description': 'CMA, French Drawings and Watercolors from French Public and Private Collections (among CMA drawings supplementing this show) (Jan. 6-Feb. 15, 1942).', 'opening_date': '1942-01-06T00:00:00'} * {'description': 'CMA, "Drawings from the Collection" (Oct. 28, 1941-before Jan. 6, 1942) [was it returned to this show after Feb. 15? (end date of this show according to file was May 31, 1942)].', 'opening_date': '1941-10-28T00:00:00'} * {'description': 'CMA, Exhibition of the Bequest of James Parmelee (Jan. 29-Mar. 16, 1941).', 'opening_date': '1941-01-29T00:00:00'} --- PROVENANCE Adolphe Moreau, Paris date: footnotes: citations: Adolphe Moreau, Paris (Lugt 1900, lower right, in blue ink) date: footnotes: citations: --- fun fact: digital description: wall description: --- RELATED WORKS --- CITATIONS --- IMAGES web: https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1940.739/1940.739_web.jpg print: https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1940.739/1940.739_print.jpg full: https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1940.739/1940.739_full.tif