id: 121286 accession number: 1942.1156 share license status: CC0 url: https://clevelandart.org/art/1942.1156 updated: 2025-02-21 16:16:03.395000 Portrait of Lieutenant General Daniel Burr, 1799. John I Smart (British, 1741–1811). Watercolor on ivory in a gold frame with glazed hair reverse; framed: 8.8 x 7.2 cm (3 7/16 x 2 13/16 in.); sight: 8.4 x 6.8 cm (3 5/16 x 2 11/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, The Edward B. Greene Collection 1942.1156 title: Portrait of Lieutenant General Daniel Burr title in original language: series: series in original language: creation date: 1799 creation date earliest: 1799 creation date latest: 1799 current location: creditline: The Edward B. Greene Collection copyright: --- culture: England, 18th century technique: watercolor on ivory in a gold frame with glazed hair reverse department: European Painting and Sculpture collection: P - British before 1800 type: Portrait Miniature find spot: catalogue raisonne: --- CREATORS * John I Smart (British, 1741–1811) - artist John Smart is often regarded as the most skilled painter of portrait miniatures at the height of the art form’s popularity in late-eighteenth-century Britain. While the free style and white and blue color palette of his rival Richard Cosway (1742–1821) conjured up the glamour of fashionable society, Smart’s attention to minute detail, saturated colors, and frank conveyance of likeness and character attracted a different type of clientele, one who prized these qualities
above Cosway’s homogenized modishness.
Information is limited about Smart’s life and career, so much so that while G. C. Williamson had penned the definitive biographies of Cosway, George Engleheart (1752–1829), and Andrew Plimer (1763–1837) by 1905, it wasn’t until 1964 that a biography of Smart appeared. Little is known about the artist’s early training beyond evidence suggesting that before the age of fourteen, he was winning prizes from the Society of Arts for his drawings and, like Cosway, was an apprentice in William Shipley’s London school in St. Martin’s Lane. Smart exhibited for several years as an active member and eventually president of the Society of Artists of Great Britain before seeking his fortune as a miniature painter in India, where he lived between 1785 and 1795, hoping to secure patronage from wealthy princes and those
involved in England’s growing trade market. Works from this period are signed with the initial I, signifying India.
Unlike Cosway, an ostentatious showman, Smart lived and worked quietly, settling in London after his return from India and exhibiting at the Royal Academy. His style, which changed little throughout his career, is characterized by a meticulous description of a sitter’s countenance through the use of delicate stippling, often featuring wrinkles, crow’s feet around the eyes, and a slightly upturned mouth that suggests joviality. Unlike his contemporaries Cosway, Engleheart, and Plimer, whose backgrounds most often featured blue and white cloudy skies, Smart painted his backgrounds in varying shades of browns, greens, and grays. The size of the artist’s miniatures expanded over time, measuring around 11/ 2 inches until about 1775, then 2 inches until around 1790, and 3 inches thereafter. Though
highly sought after in his time, Smart’s work grew even more popular among collectors following his death. The Cleveland Museum of Art has a total of twenty-three portraits by Smart: seven gentlemen sitters painted on ivory and sixteen preparatory drawings of men and women. Of the seven miniatures on ivory, two date from 1770, three from
Smart’s years in India, and two after his 1795 return to London. --- measurements: Framed: 8.8 x 7.2 cm (3 7/16 x 2 13/16 in.); Sight: 8.4 x 6.8 cm (3 5/16 x 2 11/16 in.) state of the work: edition of the work: support materials: inscriptions: inscription: signed lower right: J S / 1799 translation: remark: --- CURRENT EXHIBITIONS title: John Smart - Miniaturist opening date: 1965-12-09T05:00:00 John Smart - Miniaturist. The Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City, MO (organizer) (December 9-31, 1965). title: Intimate Images: Portrait Miniatures from Europe and America opening date: 1993-03-26T04:00:00 Intimate Images: Portrait Miniatures from Europe and America. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (March 26-October 17, 1993). title: Disembodied: Portrait Minatures and their Contemporary Relatives opening date: 2013-11-10T00:00:00 Disembodied: Portrait Minatures and their Contemporary Relatives. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (November 10, 2013-February 16, 2014). --- LEGACY EXHIBITIONS * {'description': 'Main European Rotation (Gallery 202), The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (January 30, 2012 - July 23, 2012). [Verso on display]', 'opening_date': '2012-01-30T00:00:00'} * {'description': 'Royal Academy of Art, London, England (1799).', 'opening_date': None} --- PROVENANCE Benjamin Nathan, London, England date: Before 1930 footnotes: citations: (Leo Schidlof, Paris, France, sold to Edward B. Greene) date: -1930 footnotes: citations: Edward B. Greene (1878-1957), Cleveland, OH, gifted to the Cleveland Museum of Art date: 1930-1942 footnotes: citations: The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH date: 1942- footnotes: citations: --- fun fact: digital description: wall description: --- RELATED WORKS --- CITATIONS Royal Academy of Arts (Great Britain). The Exhibition of the Royal Academy, M, DCC, XCIX. The Thirty-First. London: Printed by J. Cooper, printer to the Royal Academy, 1799. page number: no. 34 url: Cleveland Museum of Art. Portrait Miniatures: The Edward B. Greene Collection. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1951. page number: Reproduced: p. 30-31, no. 37, pl. IX url: https://archive.org/details/PortraitMiniatures/page/n55 Smart, John, and Rose E. Taggart. John Smart - Miniaturist, 1741/42-1811: Starr Collection of Consecutively Dated Miniatures and Special Loan Exhibition : William Rockhill Nelson Gallery of Art, Mary Atkins Museum of Fine Arts, Kansas City, Missouri, Decmeber 9, 1965 to January 2, 1966. Kansas City, Mo: The Gallery, 1966. page number: Mentioned: cat no. 34 url: Cleveland Museum of Art, and Alan Chong. European & American Painting in the Cleveland Museum of Art: A Summary Catalogue. Cleveland, Ohio: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1993. page number: p. 305 url: Korkow, Cory, and Dario Robleto. Disembodied: Portrait Miniatures and Their Contemporary Relatives. 2013. page number: Mentioned: p.81 url: Korkow, Cory, and Jon L. Seydl. British Portrait Miniatures: The Cleveland Museum of Art. 2013. page number: Cat. no. 33, pp. 153-155 url: --- IMAGES web: https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1942.1156/1942.1156_web.jpg print: https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1942.1156/1942.1156_print.jpg full: https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1942.1156/1942.1156_full.tif