{
"data": {
"id": 135595,
"accession_number": "1959.138",
"share_license_status": "CC0",
"tombstone": "Nine Songs (\u4e5d\u6b4c\u5716), 1361. Zhang Wo (Chinese, active c.1336\u2013after 1364), calligraphy by Chu Huan (Chinese, active 1361). Handscroll; ink on paper; overall: 28 x 438.2 cm (11 x 172 1/2 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Purchase from the J. H. Wade Fund, 1959.138",
"current_location": null,
"title": "Nine Songs",
"title_in_original_language": "\u4e5d\u6b4c\u5716",
"creation_date": "1361",
"creation_date_earliest": 1361,
"creation_date_latest": 1361,
"artists_tags": [
"male"
],
"culture": [
"China, Yuan dynasty (1271\u20131368)"
],
"technique": "handscroll; ink on paper",
"support_materials": [],
"department": "Chinese Art",
"collection": "ASIAN - Handscroll",
"type": "Painting",
"measurements": "Overall: 28 x 438.2 cm (11 x 172 1/2 in.)",
"dimensions": {
"overall": {
"height": 0.28,
"height_inch": 11,
"height_inch_fraction": 0.0,
"width": 4.382,
"width_inch": 172,
"width_inch_fraction": 0.5
}
},
"state_of_the_work": null,
"edition_of_the_work": null,
"copyright": null,
"inscriptions": [
{
"inscription": "Text of The Nine Songs written by Chu Huan at the end of each section.",
"inscription_translation": null,
"inscription_remark": null,
"sortorder": null
},
{
"inscription": "7 colophons and 47 seals: 1 colophon, dated 1361, and 28 seals of Chu Huan \u891a\u5950 (active c. 1361); 1 colophon, dated 1785, and 1 seal of Lu Shihua \u9678\u6642\u5316 (1714\u20131779); 2 seals of Lu Y\u00fc-ch'ing (18th c.); 1 colophon, dated 1935, of Ye Gongchuo \u8449\u606d\u7dbd (1881-1968); 1 colophon, dated 1935, of Wu Hufan \u5433\u6e56\u5e06(1894\u20131968); 1 colophon, dated 1938, and 1 seal of Wang Tongyu \u738b\u540c\u6108 (1856\u20131941); 1 colophon, dated 1941, of Wu Huayuan \u5433\u83ef\u6e90 (1893\u20131972); 1 colophon, dated 1942, and 9 seals of Xu Bangda \u5f90\u90a6\u9054 (1911\u20132012); 1 colophon, dated 1942, of Lang Jingshan \u90ce\u975c\u5c71 (1892\u20131995); 1 colophon, dated 1944, of Tang Yun \u5510\u96f2 (1910\u20131993); 6 seals of Wang Jiqian [C.C. Wang] \u738b\u5b63\u9077 (1907\u20132003).",
"inscription_translation": null,
"inscription_remark": null,
"sortorder": 1
},
{
"inscription": "\u53f3\uf9ea\u9a37\u4e5d\u6b4c\u5716\uff0c\u5b8b\uf9c4\u6e9f\u5c45\u58eb\uf9e1\u516c\u672c\uff0c\u6dee\u5357\u5f35\u6e25\u53d4\u539a\u6240\u756b\u5999\u7d55\u7576\u4e16\u3002\u5bb6\u85cf\u8acb\u4e88\u66f8\u5176\u8fad\u76ee\uf9fc\u4e8e\u5de6\u3002\u81f3\u6b63\u4e8c\u5341\u4e00\uf98e\u8f9b\u919c\u4e09\u6708\u65e6\u6cb3\u5357\u891a\u5950\u8a18\u3002",
"inscription_translation": "Colophon and 3 seals by Chu Huan \u891a\u5950: \n\nIn the foregoing is The Nine Songs from Li-sao based on the original of Long ming ju shi [Li Gonglin] and painted by Zhang Wo, t. Shuhou of Huainan. The painting is a wonder unsurpassed in our time. It has been in the family collection of ... who has asked me to write the text. I therefore recorded this as above. Noted by Chu Huan of Henan on the first day of the third month of the xin chou year, the twenty-first year of the Zhizheng era [1361]. \n\n[3 seals] Chu Huan; Shi wen fu yin; Shi xue zhai.",
"inscription_remark": null,
"sortorder": 2
},
{
"inscription": "Colophon by Lu Shihua \u9678\u6642\u5316 (1714\u20131789): \n\nThis scroll is fortunate to have been handed down from collections of the right people. Now, after 500 years, its condition is as good as when it was painted. I acquired this from Mr. Shen Guiyu [1673-1769], the President of the Board of Rites. The label is in his handwriting when he was 95 years old. I submit that Chu Huan (t. Shiwen) of the Yuan Dynasty was a native of Qiantang. His \"seal\" and li writings are in the style of Wu Rui. For example, in [Chu Kuei's] Ming ji lu [A list of masterpieces] is recorded the stele commemorating the restoration of the prefectural school of Kun-shan, the text of which was composed by Yang Weizhen in the twenty-first year of Zhizheng [1361]; and the calligraphy as well as the title in li style was by Chu Huan, who was at that time an assistant judge of the prefecture of Haining in the circuit of Hangzhou. Zhang Wo's zi is Shuhou (\u53d4\u539a). His literary name is Zhen Qisheng (\u8d1e\u671f\u751f). According to [Gu Ying's] Yu shan cao tang ya jii, he liked to paint in the bai-miao or the \"pure delineation\" style after the method of Li Longmian [Li Gonglin \u674e\u516c\u9e9f], which finds no peer among the ancient masters. This is agreed upon [by Pei Ch'iung] in his Qing jiang zhi who praised [Zhang Wo] as being quite learned and well-versed in many branches of the arts, especially figure painting. Recorded by Lu Shihua [The mountain dweller], listening to the pine, in the twelfth month of the yisi year [1785].",
"inscription_translation": null,
"inscription_remark": null,
"sortorder": 3
}
],
"exhibitions": {
"current": [
{
"id": 377849,
"title": "1000 Jahre Chinesische Malerei",
"description": "1000 Jahre Chinesische Malerei. Haus der Kunst, Munich, M\u00f9nich, Germany (organizer) (October 16-December 13, 1959).",
"opening_date": "1959-10-16T04:00:00"
},
{
"id": 301895,
"title": "The Colors of Ink",
"description": "The Colors of Ink. Asia House Galleries (January 10-March 3, 1974); The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (April 9-May 12, 1974).",
"opening_date": "1974-01-10T04:00:00"
},
{
"id": 304518,
"title": "Chinese Paintings: Themes and Techniques",
"description": "Chinese Paintings: Themes and Techniques. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (February 7-April 5, 1981).",
"opening_date": "1981-02-07T05:00:00"
},
{
"id": 304517,
"title": "Eight Dynasties of Chinese Painting",
"description": "Eight Dynasties of Chinese Painting. The Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art (November 7, 1980-January 4, 1981); The Cleveland Museum of Art (February 11-March 29, 1981); Tokyo National Museum (October 4-November 17, 1982).",
"opening_date": "1981-02-11T05:00:00"
},
{
"id": 311446,
"title": "Asian Autumn: Masterpieces from the Collection",
"description": "Asian Autumn: Masterpieces from the Collection. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (September 17, 1991-January 5, 1992).",
"opening_date": "1991-09-17T04:00:00"
},
{
"id": 199339,
"title": "Chinese Art in an Age of Revolution: Fu Baoshi (1904\u20131965)",
"description": "Chinese Art in an Age of Revolution: Fu Baoshi (1904\u20131965). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (October 16, 2011-January 8, 2012).",
"opening_date": "2011-10-16T00:00:00"
},
{
"id": 231365,
"title": "Masterpieces of Early Chinese Painting and Calligraphy in American Collections",
"description": "Masterpieces of Early Chinese Painting and Calligraphy in American Collections. Shanghai Museum, Shanghai, China (organizer) (November 1, 2012-January 3, 2013).",
"opening_date": "2012-11-01T00:00:00"
}
],
"legacy": [
{
"description": "Chiao-y\u00fc-pu. [Jiao yu bu di er ci quan guo mei shu zhan lan hui zhuan ji = \u654e\u80b2\u90e8\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u5168\u570b\u7f8e\u8853\u5c55\u89bd\u6703\u5c08\u96c6 = A special collection of the second National Exhibition of Chinese Art under the auspices of the Ministry of Education]. Nanking Art Gallery, Nanjing, China (April 1-23, 1937).",
"opening_date": "1937-04-01T05:00:00Z"
},
{
"description": "Mostra D'arte Cinese. Palazzo Ducale, Venice, Italy (1954).",
"opening_date": "1954-01-01T00:00:00"
},
{
"description": "Chinese Paintings. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (1960).",
"opening_date": "1960-01-01T00:00:00"
},
{
"description": "Chinese Art Under the Mongols: The Yu\u0308an Dynasty, 1279-1368. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (October 1-November 24, 1968)",
"opening_date": "1968-10-01T00:00:00"
},
{
"description": "Realm of the Immortals: Daoism in the Arts of China. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (February 10-April 10, 1988).",
"opening_date": "1988-02-10T00:00:00"
},
{
"description": "Main Asian Rotation (Gallery 122). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (October 27, 2003-March 10, 2004).",
"opening_date": "2003-10-27T00:00:00"
}
]
},
"provenance": [
{
"description": "Shen Deqian \u6c88\u5fb7\u6f5b [1673\u20131769]",
"citations": [],
"footnotes": null,
"date": null,
"sortorder": 1
},
{
"description": "Lu Shihua \u9678\u6642\u5316 [1714\u20131789]",
"citations": [],
"footnotes": null,
"date": null,
"sortorder": 2
},
{
"description": "Lin of Ningbo \u56db\u660e\u6797\u6c0f [early 20th century]",
"citations": [],
"footnotes": null,
"date": null,
"sortorder": 3
},
{
"description": "Xu Maoxun \u5f90\u61cb\u52f3 [late 19th\u201320th century]",
"citations": [],
"footnotes": null,
"date": null,
"sortorder": 4
},
{
"description": "Xu Bangda \u5f90\u90a6\u9054 [1911\u20132012]",
"citations": [],
"footnotes": null,
"date": "1937\u20131940s",
"sortorder": 5
},
{
"description": "(C. C. Wang \u738b\u5b63\u9077 [1907\u20132003], New York, NY, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)",
"citations": [],
"footnotes": null,
"date": "?\u20131959",
"sortorder": 6
},
{
"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH",
"citations": [],
"footnotes": [],
"date": "1959\u2013",
"sortorder": 7
}
],
"find_spot": null,
"related_works": [],
"former_accession_numbers": [],
"did_you_know": "Divided into eleven sections, the scroll contains illustrations by painter Zhang Wu followed by a transcription of the relevant verse by calligrapher Chu Huan.",
"early_education_description": null,
"artlens_description": null,
"description": "Painted in the baimiao, or fine-line drawing style, this ancient work demonstrates the literati\u2019s use of abstract calligraphic brushwork for self-expression. The subject of the \u201cNine Songs\u201d\u2014songs associated with shamanistic rituals in the ancient Chu kingdom\u2014had traditionally provided artists with myths and legends that they could explore and reinterpret in their own works.",
"external_resources": {
"wikidata": [
"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60465182"
],
"internet_archive": [
"https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1959.138-nine-songs"
]
},
"citations": [
{
"citation": "Lu, Shihua \u9678\u6642\u5316. Wu Yue suo jian shu hua lu: 6 juan \u5433\u8d8a\u6240\u898b\u66f8\u756b\u9304 : \u516d\u5377. Shunde: Teng shi, 1910.",
"page_number": "ch. 3, pp. 6(a)-6(b).",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "Jiao yu bu di er ci quan guo mei shu zhan lan hui zhuan ji [\u654e\u80b2\u90e8\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u5168\u570b\u7f8e\u8853\u5c55\u89bd\u6703\u5c08\u96c6 = A special collection of the second National Exhibition of Chinese Art under the auspices of the Ministry of Education]. [Nanjing?]: Shang wu yin shu guan, 1937.",
"page_number": "Vol. 1, cat. no. 75",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "Dubosc, Jean Pierre, and Alberto Giuganino. Mostra D'arte Cinese: Catalogo = Exhibition of Chinese Art: Catalogue. Venezia: Alfieri Editore, 1954.",
"page_number": "cat. no. 785",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "Sire\u0301n, Osvald. Chinese Painting: Leading Masters and Principles. New York: Ronald Press, 1956.",
"page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: IV, 36; VI, pls. 44, 45; VII, Lists, 100",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "Chen, Rentao \u9673\u4ec1\u6fe4 [J.D. Chen]. Gu gong yi yi shu hua mu jiao zhu \u6545\u5bae\u5df2\u4f5a\u66f8\u756b\u76ee\u6821\u6ce8. Hong Kong: Dongnan shu ju, 1956.",
"page_number": "p. 14(b)",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "Goepper, Roger. 1000 Jahre chinesische Malerei. Mu\u0308nchen: Haus der Kunst, 1959.",
"page_number": "cat. no. 36",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "Goepper, Roger. The Essence of Chinese Painting. London: Lund Humphries, 1963.",
"page_number": "Reproduced: pp. 60, 61, 100, 101, pls. 10, 11",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "Zheng, Zhenduo \u90d1\u632f\u9438. Zhongguo gu dai hui hua xuan ji [\u4e2d\u570b\u53e4\u4ee3\u7e6a\u756b\u9078\u96c6]. Beijing: Ren min mei shu chu ban she, 1963.",
"page_number": "Reproduced: pl. 63",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.",
"page_number": "Reproduced: p. 261",
"url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1966/page/n285"
},
{
"citation": "Lee, Sherman E., and Wai-kam Ho. Chinese Art Under the Mongols: The Yu\u0308an Dynasty, 1279-1368. [Cleveland, OH]: The Cleveland Museum of Art; [distributed by the Press of Case Western Reserve University], 1968.",
"page_number": "cat. no. 187",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1969. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1969.",
"page_number": "Reproduced: p. 261",
"url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1969/page/n285"
},
{
"citation": "Barnhart, Richard M. Survivals, Revivals, and the Classical Tradition of Chinese Figure Painting \u4e2d\u570b\u50b3\u7d71\u4eba\u7269\u756b\u7684\u907a\u98a8\u8207\u5fa9\u8208\u4e4b\u7814\u7a76. [Taipei]: [National Palace Museum], 1970.",
"page_number": "Reproduced: p. 174, fig. 21",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "Toynbee, Arnold, and Else\u0301 Glahn. Half the World: The History and Culture of China and Japan. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1973.",
"page_number": "Reproduced: p. 155",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "Lee, Sherman Emery, and James Robinson. The Colors of Ink: Chinese Paintings and Related Ceramics from the Cleveland Museum of Art. New York: Asia Society; distributed by New York Graphic Society, 1974.",
"page_number": "cat. no. 15",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "Kawakami, Kei \u5ddd\u4e0a\u6d87, Teisuke Toda \u6236\u7530\u798e\u4f51, and Toshio Ebine \u6d77\u8001\u6839\u8070\u90ce. Ryo\u0304 Kai, Indara [\u7cb1\u6977\u30fb\u56e0\u9640\u7f85 = Liang Kai, Yintuoluo]. To\u0304kyo\u0304: Ko\u0304dansha, Sho\u0304wa 50 [1975].",
"page_number": "figs. 4-7, supp. pl. 25",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "Cahill, James. Hills Beyond a River: Chinese Painting of the Yu\u0308an Dynasty, 1279-1368. New York: Weatherhill, 1976.",
"page_number": "Reproduced: pp. 153, 154, pl. 70",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.",
"page_number": "Reproduced: p. 346",
"url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n366"
},
{
"citation": "Oertling, Sewall Jerome. Ting Yu\u0308n-P\u02bceng: A Chinese Artist in the Late Ming Dynasty. PhD dissertation. University of Michigan, 1980.",
"page_number": "pp. 170, 180",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "Ho, Wai-kam, Sherman E. Lee, Laurence Sickman, and Marc F. Wilson. Eight Dynasties of Chinese Painting: The Collections of the Nelson Gallery-Atkins Museum, Kansas City, and the Cleveland Museum of Art. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, in cooperation with Indiana University Press, 1980.",
"page_number": "Reproduced: cat. no. 96, pp. 119-122",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "Williams, Marjorie. Chinese Painting--an Escape from the \"Dusty\" World. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1981.",
"page_number": "Reproduced: p. 14, fig. 3",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "Little, Stephen. Realm of the Immortals: Daoism in the Arts of China : the Cleveland Museum of Art, February 10-April 10, 1988. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art in cooperation with Indiana University Press, 1988.",
"page_number": "Reproduced: p. 3, fig. 3",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "Cunningham, Michael R. \u201cPainting the Poetry of the Natural World.\u201d The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art 75, no. 7 (September 1988): 279\u2013291.",
"page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 280, fig. 1",
"url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25160039"
},
{
"citation": "Sugimura, To\u0304 \u6749\u6751\u68df. Isura\u0304mu \u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0. To\u0304kyo\u0304: Sho\u0304gakukan, 1999.",
"page_number": "Reproduced: p. 128, no. 106",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "Cunningham, Michael R., Stanislaw J. Czuma, Anne E. Wardwell, and J. Keith Wilson. Masterworks of Asian Art. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1998.",
"page_number": "Reproduced: pp. 76-77",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "Murray, Julia K. Mirror of Morality: Chinese Narrative Illustration and Confucian Ideology. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2007.",
"page_number": "Reproduced: p. 69, fig. 44",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "Yang, Kathleen \u694a\u51f1\u7433, and Chi-ch\u02bbien Wang \u738b\u5b63\u9077. Through a Chinese connoisseur's eye: private notes of C.C. Wang \u738b\u5b63\u9077\u8b80\u66f8\u7b46\u8a18. Beijing: Zhong hua shu ju, 2010.",
"page_number": "Reproduced: p. 309, fig. 22",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "Chung, Anita, Julia Frances Andrews, Kuiyi Shen, Tamaki Maeda, and Aida Yuen Wong. Chinese art in an age of revolution: Fu Baoshi (1904-1965). Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 2011.",
"page_number": "Reproduced: p. 90, fig. 39",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "Tan, Yvonne. \"Masterpieces of Song and Yuan Paintings from American Collections.\" The Asian Art Newspaper: Monthly for Collectors, Dealers, Museums and Galleries (Nov 2012): 12\u201313.",
"page_number": "Reproduced: p. 12",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "Chung, Anita. \"Collaboration and Commemoration: Cleveland's Masterpieces at the Shanghai Museum.\" Orientations 43:8 (Nov/Dec 2012): 90\u201395.",
"page_number": "Reproduced: p. 94-95, fig 5",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "Shanghai bo wu guan. Han mo hui cui: xi du Meiguo cang Zhongguo Wu dai Song Yuan shu hua zhen pin [\u7ff0\u58a8\u8588\u8403: \u7ec6\u8bfb\u7f8e\u56fd\u85cf\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e94\u4ee3\u5b8b\u5143\u4e66\u753b\u73cd\u54c1 = Masterpieces of early Chinese painting and calligraphy in American collections]. Beijing: Beijing da xue chu ban she, 2012.",
"page_number": "Reproduced: cat no. 44, pp. 397-379",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "Zhang, Hongxing, Lizhong Ling, Masaaki Itakura, Charles Mason, Shane McCausland, Camille Schmitt, Clarissa von Spee, and Roderick Whitfield. Masterpieces of Chinese Painting, 700-1900. London: V & A Publishing, 2013.",
"page_number": "Reproduced: pp. 104\u2013105, fig. 48",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "Chou, Ju-hsi and Anita Chung. Silent poetry: Chinese paintings from the collection of the Cleveland Museum of Art. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2015.",
"page_number": "Reproduced: pp. 157\u2013163",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "Lu, Elisabeth A. Jung. Ru jia jing shen yu Nan chao feng liu de jiao hui: Bei Qi shi ke shu fa chuan tong de yuan liu he chuan bo [\u5112\u5bb6\u7cbe\u795e\u8207\u5357\u671d\u98a8\u6d41\u7684\u4ea4\u6703 : \u5317\u9f4a\u77f3\u523b\u66f8\u6cd5\u50b3\u7d71\u7684\u6e90\u6d41\u548c\u50b3\u64ad (550-577) = When Confucian spirit meets Southern elegance: the origins and transmission of calligraphic traditions carved in stone during the Northern Qi dynasty (550-577)]. Hangzhou Shi: Zhejiang ren min mei shu chu ban she, 2018.",
"page_number": "Reproduced: Vol. II, pp. 360\u2013361, fig. 2.32",
"url": ""
}
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