{
    "data": {
        "id": 144588,
        "accession_number": "1969.23",
        "share_license_status": "CC0",
        "tombstone": "Saint Ambrose, c. 1796\u201399. Francisco de Goya (Spanish, 1746\u20131828). Oil on canvas; framed: 148.7 x 225.3 x 10.3 cm (58 9/16 x 88 11/16 x 4 1/16 in.); unframed: 190 x 113 cm (74 13/16 x 44 1/2 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund, 1969.23",
        "current_location": "201 Neoclassical Painting & Sculpture",
        "title": "Saint Ambrose",
        "creation_date": "c. 1796\u201399",
        "creation_date_earliest": 1796,
        "creation_date_latest": 1799,
        "artists_tags": [
            "Latine and Hispanic Artists",
            "male"
        ],
        "culture": [
            "Spain"
        ],
        "technique": "oil on canvas",
        "support_materials": [],
        "department": "European Painting and Sculpture",
        "collection": "P - Spanish before 1800",
        "type": "Painting",
        "measurements": "Framed: 148.7 x 225.3 x 10.3 cm (58 9/16 x 88 11/16 x 4 1/16 in.); Unframed: 190 x 113 cm (74 13/16 x 44 1/2 in.)",
        "dimensions": {
            "framed": {
                "height": 1.487,
                "height_inch": 58,
                "height_inch_fraction": 0.5625,
                "width": 2.253,
                "width_inch": 88,
                "width_inch_fraction": 0.6875,
                "depth": 0.103,
                "depth_inch": 4,
                "depth_inch_fraction": 0.0625
            },
            "unframed": {
                "height": 1.9,
                "height_inch": 74,
                "height_inch_fraction": 0.8125,
                "width": 1.13,
                "width_inch": 44,
                "width_inch_fraction": 0.5
            }
        },
        "state_of_the_work": null,
        "edition_of_the_work": null,
        "copyright": null,
        "inscriptions": [],
        "exhibitions": {
            "current": [
                {
                    "id": 301313,
                    "title": "Year in Review: 1969",
                    "description": "<i>Year in Review: 1969</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (January 27-February 22, 1970).",
                    "opening_date": "1970-01-27T05:00:00"
                },
                {
                    "id": 441959,
                    "title": "Goya y el nacimiento del liberalismo (Goya and the Spirit of Enlightenment)",
                    "description": "<i>Goya y el nacimiento del liberalismo (Goya and the Spirit of Enlightenment)</i>. Museo del Prado, Madrid, Spain (organizer) (co-organizer) (October 6-December 18, 1988); Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Boston, MA (co-organizer) (January 18-March 26, 1989); The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY (co-organizer) (May 9-July 16, 1989).",
                    "opening_date": "1988-10-06T04:00:00"
                },
                {
                    "id": 219137,
                    "title": "Goya, un regard libre (Goya, Another Look)",
                    "description": "<i>Goya, un regard libre (Goya, Another Look)</i>. Palais des Beaux Arts de Lille, Lille, France (December 11, 1998-March 14, 1999); Philadelphia Museum of Art, Philadelphia, PA (April 17-July 11, 1999).",
                    "opening_date": "1998-12-11T00:00:00"
                },
                {
                    "id": 184132,
                    "title": "Masterworks from The Phillips Collection",
                    "description": "<i>Masterworks from The Phillips Collection</i>. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (February 20-May 29, 2005).",
                    "opening_date": "2005-02-20T00:00:00"
                }
            ],
            "legacy": [
                {
                    "description": "Rome, Valle Guilia, Galeria Nazionale d'arte Modera, 1930: \"gli Antichi Pittori Spagnoli della collezione Contini-Bonacossi,\" cat. # 28, pl. XIX.",
                    "opening_date": "1930-01-01T00:00:00"
                },
                {
                    "description": "CMA 1970: \"Year in Review 1969,\" Bulletin LVII (January, 1970), cat. # 145, repr. pl. I (clr).",
                    "opening_date": "1970-01-01T00:00:00"
                },
                {
                    "description": "Madrid, Spain, Prado Museum, October 4-December 18, 1988: \"Goya and the Spirit of Enlightenment,\" cat. # 22, pp. 50-55, repr. clr. p. 52, detail p. 53 (clr.) Boston, MA, Museum of Fine Arts, January 18-March 26, 1989, New York, NY, Metropolitan Museum of Art, May 9-July 16, 1989",
                    "opening_date": "1988-10-04T00:00:00"
                },
                {
                    "description": "Lille, France: Palais de Beaux-Arts de Lille 12/11/98 - 3/21/99;  Philadelphia Museum of Art 4/11/99 - 7/11/99 \"Goya, un regard libre (Goya, Another Look)\"",
                    "opening_date": "1998-12-11T00:00:00"
                },
                {
                    "description": "Cleveland, Ohio: The Cleveland Museum of Art; February 20 - May 29, 2005. \"Masterworks from The Phillips Collection\". Not in exh. cat.",
                    "opening_date": "2005-02-20T00:00:00"
                }
            ]
        },
        "provenance": [
            {
                "description": "Marques de la Cueva del Rey, sold to Galerie Heinemann",
                "citations": [],
                "footnotes": [
                    "<div><!--block-->1 The title of the Marqueses de la Cueva del Rey was created by Carlos II of Spain in 1690, and so it is possible that the family were the original owners of the painting, and that it remained in their possession from its execution in the late 1790s until 1928.</div>"
                ],
                "date": "Until 1928",
                "sortorder": 1
            },
            {
                "description": "(Galerie Heinemann, Munich, sold to Alessandro Contini-Bonacossi)",
                "citations": [],
                "footnotes": [
                    "<div><!--block-->1 The painting\u2019s Heinemann inventory number was 18609.</div><div><!--block--><br></div><div><!--block--><br></div>"
                ],
                "date": "1928-1930",
                "sortorder": 2
            },
            {
                "description": "Alessandro Contini-Bonacossi (1878-1955), Florence, Italy, by descent to his heirs",
                "citations": [],
                "footnotes": [
                    "<div><!--block-->1 Contini-Bonacossi began collecting and dealing works of art around 1918, after settling in Rome.&nbsp; While he acquired the Goya prior to the war, Contini-Bonacossi did engage in wartime art dealing with Hermann G\u00f6ring. Contini-Bonacossi sold a large number of works to G\u00f6ring through art dealer Andreas Hofer; the OSS Consolidated Interrogation Report No. 2 contains a list of 49 artworks purchased by Hofer on behalf of G\u00f6ring from Contini-Bonacossi (<em>Saint Ambrose </em>was not among them).&nbsp; In 1927 Contini-Bonacossi met Samuel H. Kress in Rome and began to sell him works of art. He continued to do so during Kress's annual trips to Italy which lasted until 1941, when both Italy and the United States ceased to be neutral nations in the war.&nbsp; Contini-Bonacossi resumed his art business dealings with Kress in the late 1940s and 1950.&nbsp; He also sold hundreds of works to the Kress Foundation, most of which were later donated to the National Gallery of Art.&nbsp; Contini-Bonacossi promised to bequeath his entire collection to the Italian state, but ultimately, only 144 works were actually given to the Italian state; they are now part of the Uffizi collection.&nbsp; <em>Saint Ambrose </em>was among those works not bequeathed to Italy; the painting instead remained in his family at least until the late 1950s.</div>"
                ],
                "date": "1930-probably 1955",
                "sortorder": 3
            },
            {
                "description": "Family of Contini-Bonacossi, probably consigned to Pinakos, Inc.",
                "citations": [],
                "footnotes": [
                    "<div><!--block-->1 Contini-Bonacossi\u2019s heirs likely consigned the painting to Pinakos, Inc. after his death in 1955.</div>"
                ],
                "date": "Probably 1955-late 1950s",
                "sortorder": 4
            },
            {
                "description": "(Pinakos, Inc./Rudolf J. Heinemann, New York, NY, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)",
                "citations": [],
                "footnotes": [
                    "<div><!--block-->1I n the 1940s and 1950s, Pinakos, Inc. was the firm name used by Rudolf Heinemann.</div>"
                ],
                "date": "Late 1950s-1969",
                "sortorder": 5
            },
            {
                "description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, Ohio",
                "citations": [],
                "footnotes": null,
                "date": "1969-",
                "sortorder": 6
            }
        ],
        "find_spot": null,
        "related_works": [],
        "former_accession_numbers": [],
        "did_you_know": null,
        "early_education_description": null,
        "artlens_description": null,
        "description": "This work belongs to a series depicting Ambrose, Jerome, Augustine, and Gregory, key figures of early Catholicism. Saint Ambrose (about AD 340\u2013391), the bishop of Milan, resolved important theological conflicts within the church and worked effectively with advocates of Roman paganism. The low viewpoint and large scale suggest that this painting hung high on the wall of a religious institution, but its original location remains unknown. In the late 1700s, Spain expelled all the Jesuits and sparked a transformation of the church. Many of these reformers turned back to early church history for inspiration, and this painting was probably commissioned by one of these new organizations.",
        "external_resources": {
            "wikidata": [
                "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60470497"
            ],
            "internet_archive": [
                "https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-1969.23-saint-ambrose"
            ]
        },
        "citations": [
            {
                "citation": "Lee, Sherman E. \u201cThe Year in Review for 1969.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 57, no. 1 (January 1970): 1\u201350.",
                "page_number": "Reproduced: Cover; Mentioned: p. 48, no. 145",
                "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25152307"
            },
            {
                "citation": "Lurie, Ann Tzeutschler. \u201cGoya: St. Ambrose.\u201d <em>The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art</em> 57, no. 5 (May 1970): 131\u2013140.",
                "page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 131-140",
                "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/25152329"
            },
            {
                "citation": "Gudiol, Jos\u00e9. <em>Goya, 1746-1828. </em>New York: Tudor, 1971.",
                "page_number": null,
                "url": null
            },
            {
                "citation": "Gassier, Pierre, Juliet Wilson Bareau, and Fran\u00e7ois Lachenal. <em>The Life and Complete Work of Francisco Goya; with a Catalogue Raisonn\u00e9 of the Paintings, Drawings and Engravings. </em>New York: Reynal, in association with W. Morrow, 1971.",
                "page_number": null,
                "url": null
            },
            {
                "citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1978</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.",
                "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 152",
                "url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1978/page/n172"
            },
            {
                "citation": "The Cleveland Museum of Art<em>. The Cleveland Museum of Art Catalogue of Paintings, Part 3: European Paintings of the 16th, 17th, and 18th Centuries</em>. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1982.",
                "page_number": "Reproduced: p. 490; Mentioned: p. 491-492",
                "url": null
            },
            {
                "citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. <em>European Paintings of the 16th, 17th, and 18th Centuries</em>. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1982.",
                "page_number": null,
                "url": null
            },
            {
                "citation": "Morales y Mar\u00edn, Jos\u00e9  Luis.  <em>Goya: A Catalogue of His Paintings.  </em>Saragossa: Real Academia de Nobles y Bellas Artes de San Luis, 1997.",
                "page_number": null,
                "url": null
            },
            {
                "citation": "Fundaci\u00f3n Goya en Arag\u00f3n, accessed March 14, 2014.",
                "page_number": null,
                "url": "http://www.fundaciongoyaenaragon.es/goya/obra/catalogo/"
            },
            {
                "citation": "Galerie Heinemann Online, accessed March 16, 2014.",
                "page_number": null,
                "url": "http://heinemann.gnm.de/en/search.html"
            },
            {
                "citation": "Wilson-Bareau, Juliet and Leah Rosenblatt Lehmbeck. <em>Goya in the Norton Simon Museum</em>. Pasadena: Norton Simon Museum, 2016.",
                "page_number": "Mentioned: p. 85; Reproduced: p. 86, fig. 49",
                "url": null
            }
        ],
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        ],
        "creditline": "Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund",
        "image_credit": null,
        "sketchfab_id": null,
        "sketchfab_url": null,
        "gallery_donor_text": "Sarah S. and Alexander M. Cutler Gallery",
        "athena_id": 144588,
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            {
                "id": 2386,
                "description": "Francisco de Goya (Spanish, 1746\u20131828)",
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        "legal_status": "accessioned",
        "accession_date": "1969-01-22T00:00:00",
        "sortable_date": 1796,
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        "date_text": "c. 1796\u201399",
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        "updated_at": "2026-09-17 11:22:17.393000"
    }
}