id: 155783
accession number: 1991.110
share license status: CC0
url: https://clevelandart.org/art/1991.110
updated: 2024-03-26 02:00:10.736000
The Power of Music, 1847. William Sidney Mount (American, 1807–1868). Oil on canvas; framed: 67 x 78 x 7.5 cm (26 3/8 x 30 11/16 x 2 15/16 in.); unframed: 43.4 x 53.5 cm (17 1/16 x 21 1/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Leonard C. Hanna, Jr. Fund 1991.110
title: The Power of Music
title in original language:
series:
series in original language:
creation date: 1847
creation date earliest: 1847
creation date latest: 1847
current location: 207 American Realism
creditline: Leonard C. Hanna, Jr. Fund
copyright:
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culture: America, 19th century
technique: oil on canvas
department: American Painting and Sculpture
collection: American - Painting
type: Painting
find spot:
catalogue raisonne:
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CREATORS
* William Sidney Mount (American, 1807–1868) - artist
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measurements: Framed: 67 x 78 x 7.5 cm (26 3/8 x 30 11/16 x 2 15/16 in.); Unframed: 43.4 x 53.5 cm (17 1/16 x 21 1/16 in.)
state of the work:
edition of the work:
support materials:
inscriptions:
inscription: signed lower left: Wm S. MOUNT. / 1847
translation:
remark:
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CURRENT EXHIBITIONS
title: William Sidney Mount: American Genre Painter
opening date: 1998-08-14T00:00:00
William Sidney Mount: American Genre Painter. New-York Historical Society (August 14-October 25, 1998); Frick Art Museum, Pittsburgh, PA (November 20, 1998-January 10, 1999); Amon Carter Museum (February 5-April 4, 1999).
title: American Stories: Paintings of Everyday Life 1765-1915
opening date: 2009-10-05T00:00:00
American Stories: Paintings of Everyday Life 1765-1915. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY (organizer) (October 5, 2009-January 24, 2010); Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles, CA (February 28-May 23, 2010).
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LEGACY EXHIBITIONS
* {'description': 'The Force of Music. National Academy, Annual Exhibition, New York, NY (1847).', 'opening_date': None}
* {'description': 'The Washington Exhibition in Aid of the New York Gallery of the Fine Arts. Art Union Gallery, New York, NY (1853).', 'opening_date': None}
* {'description': 'Exhibition of the Industry of All Nations in the Picture Gallery of the Crystal Palace. Crystal Palace, New York, NY (1853).', 'opening_date': None}
* {'description': 'Metropolitan Fair. U.S. Sanitary Commission. New York, NY (1864).', 'opening_date': None}
* {'description': "World's Columbian Exposition: Retrospective Exhibit of American Painting. The Art Palace, Chicago, IL (1893).", 'opening_date': None}
* {'description': 'Centennial Exhibition 1825 - 1925. National Academy of Design, New York, NY (April 1-April 24, 1925); Corcoran Gallery, Washington DC (October 17, 1925 - November 15, 1925); Grand Central Art Galleries, Inc., New York, NY (December 1, 1925-January 3, 1926).', 'opening_date': '1925-04-01T00:00:00'}
* {'description': 'American Genre: The Social Scene in Painting and Prints. Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, NY (March - April 1935).', 'opening_date': '1935-03-01T00:00:00'}
* {'description': 'Life in America. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY (1939).', 'opening_date': '1939-01-01T00:00:00'}
* {'description': 'Exhibition of Drawings and Paintings by William Sidney Mount 1807 - 1868. Brooklyn Museum of Art, Brooklyn, NY (January - March 1942).', 'opening_date': '1942-01-01T00:00:00'}
* {'description': 'A Loan Exhibition of Paintings, Sketches, Manuscripts, Memorabilia (of the Mount Family). Suffolk Museum at Stony Brook, Long Island, NY (1947).', 'opening_date': '1947-01-01T00:00:00'}
* {'description': ' American Classics of the Nineteenth Century. Carnegie Institute of Art, Pittsburgh, PA (October - December 1957).', 'opening_date': '1957-10-01T00:00:00'}
* {'description': 'A Hundred Years Ago. American Federation of the Arts, New York, NY (November 1958 - November 1959).', 'opening_date': '1958-11-01T00:00:00'}
* {'description': 'The Portrayal of the Negro in American Painting. Bowdoin College Museum of Art, Brunswick, ME (1964).', 'opening_date': '1964-01-01T00:00:00'}
* {'description': 'Twice as Natural: 19th Century American Genre. Finch College Art Museum, New York, NY (1974)..', 'opening_date': '1974-01-01T00:00:00'}
* {'description': 'Selected Acquisitions. Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (January 28 - April 26 1992).', 'opening_date': '1992-04-26T00:00:00'}
---
PROVENANCE
The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, Ohio
date: 1991-
footnotes:
citations:
(James H. Maroney, Jr., Leicester, VT, and Christie's, New York, NY, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)
date: 1990-1991
footnotes:
citations:
The Century Association, New York, NY
date: 1880-1990
footnotes:
* The Board of Management meeting minutes from January 8, 1881 confirm that the Century Association purchased the painting in 1880 for $500. Because there are no extant financial records or sales receipts from that time period in the Century Association's archives, the identity of the seller is not recorded. However, it can reasonably be assumed that it was Gideon Lee, Jr., as he was a member of the club and no additional names have been associated with this provenance.
citations:
Gideon Lee, Jr. [1824-1894], Carmel, NY?
date: 1870-1880
footnotes:
citations:
Mrs. Gideon Lee [d. 1870], Geneva, NY, probably by descent to her stepson, Gideon Lee, Jr.
date: 1859-1870
footnotes:
* After Charles Leupp's death in 1859, the painting was returned to Mrs. Lee.
citations:
Charles M. Leupp [1807-1859], New York, NY
date: -1859
footnotes:
* The circumstances surrounding Leupp's acquisition of this painting, as well as its return to Mrs. Lee, his mother-in-law, after his death are unclear. Leupp,a founder of The Century Association, greatly admired the painting; Mount recalled that in the spring of 1847 Leupp "stood a long time looking at it until I began to think I had made a failure and observed to him, ‘If you think this picture will not suit Mrs. Lee, I will paint her another with pleasure.’ ‘Why man,’ he said, ‘I only wish the picture belonged to me.’” By at least 1856, the painting did go to Leupp; in that year The Crayon listed it as part of his collection.
citations:
Laura (Mrs. Gideon) Lee [1800-1870], Geneva, NY, to her son-in-law, Charles M. Leupp
date: 1847-
footnotes:
* Although the painting was ostensibly commissioned by Laura Lee, wife of Gideon Lee, a former mayor of New York City, Leupp, her son-in-law, seems to have controlled the commission.
citations:
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fun fact:
digital description:
wall description:
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RELATED WORKS
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CITATIONS
James Maroney acting for Christie’s, CMA expect notice, Aug. 9, 1991, in CMA curatorial file.
page number:
url:
Board of Management Minutes, Jan. 8, 1881, Century Association Archives, New York, NY.
page number:
url:
Bruce Robertson, “’The Power of Music’: A Painting by William Sidney Mount,” The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art 79.2 (Feb. 1992): 38-62.
page number:
url:
Bruce Robertson, “’The Power of Music’: A Painting by William Sidney Mount,” The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art 79.2 (Feb. 1992): 38-62.
page number:
url:
Fagg, John. Re-Envisioning the Everyday: American Genre Scenes, 1905-1945. 2023.
page number: Mentioned, p. 145-46; reproduced p. 146.
url:
"Clubs and Societies." The American Art Review. Vol.2. First Division. Boston: Dana Estes and Charles E. Lauriat, 1881.
page number: Mentioned: p.40
url: https://www.jstor.org/stable/20559754
The Department of Fine Arts, Chicago. World's Columbian Exposition: Revised Catalogue. Exh. Cat. Chicago, IL: W.B. Conkey Co.,1893.
page number: Mentioned: p.32
url:
Weitenkampf, Frank. "American Life in American Art." The Century Illustrated Monthly Magazine 79 (November 1920-April 1921). New York, NY: Scribner & Co.; The Century Co, 1920.
page number: Mentioned: p.159; Reproduced: p.158
url:
"Mount Homestead Famous Landmark." New York Times, December 25, 1923.
page number: Mentioned: p.22
url:
Mather, Frank Jewett, Charles Rufus Morey, and W. J. Henderson. The American Spirit in Art. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1927
page number: Reproduced: p. 40, no. 64
url:
Isham, Samuel, Royal Cortissoz, and Henry Meier. The History of American Painting. New York, NY: Macmillan Co, 1927.
page number: Reproduced: p.206
url:
Burroughs, Alan. Limners and Likenesses; Three Centuries of American Painting. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1936.
page number: Mentioned: p. 192
url:
American Federation of Arts. Magazine of Art Index 32, nos.1-2 (January-December 1939). Washington, D.C.: American Federation of Arts, 1939.
page number: Reproduced: p.330
url:
The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Life in America: A Special Loan Exhibition of Paintings Held During the Period of the New York World's Fair. Exh. Cat. New York, NY: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1939.
page number: Mentioned: pp.79-80, no.110 (as "Music Hath Charms"); Reproduced: p.80
url: libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p15324coll10/id/138674
Locke, Alain. The Negro in Art; A Pictorial Record of the Negro Artist and of the Negro Theme in Art. Washington, D.C.: Associates in Negro Folk Education, 1940.
page number: Reproduced: p.162 (as "Music Hath Charms")
url:
Brooklyn Museum. Catalogue of an Exhibition of Drawings and Paintings by William Sidney Mount 1807-1868. Exh. Cat. New York, NY: Brooklyn Museum, 1942.
page number: Mentioned: p.23
url:
Cowdrey, Mary Bartlett, and Hermann Warner Williams. William Sidney Mount, 1807-1868, an American Painter. New York, NY: Pub. for the Metropolitan Museum of Art by Columbia University Press, 1944.
page number: Mentioned: pp.21-22; Reproduced: fig.40
url:
"Met Spurs Interest in Mount." New York World-Telegram, February 3, 1945.
page number: Reproduced
url:
"William Sidney Mount: Painter Made Long Island His Italy." Life Magazine, July 25, 1945.
page number: Reproduced: p.66
url:
Goodrich, Lloyd. "The Study of Nineteenth-Century Art." Art in America 33, no.4 (October 1945).
page number: Reproduced: p.223
url:
Suffolk Museum. The Mount Brothers. A Loan Exhibition of Paintings, Sketches, Manuscripts, Memorabilia, Henry Smith Mount, A.N.A., 1802-1841, Shepard Alonzo Mount, N.A., 1804-1868, William Sidney Mount, N.A., 1807-1868. August 23 to September 28, 1947, the Suffolk Museum at Stony Brook, Long Island, New York. [Stony Brook], Long Island, NY: The Museum, 1947.
page number: Mentioned: p.45
url:
Larkin, Oliver W. The University Prints, Student Series H: American Art [Painting and Sculpture]. Winchester, MA: University Prints, 1956.
page number: Reproduced: p. H 259
url:
Carnegie Institute. American Classics of the Nineteenth Century. Exh. Cat. The Carnegie Institute, Pittsburgh, PA: The Carnegie Institute, 1957.
page number: Mentioned: p.16 (unpaginated)
url:
Larkin, Oliver W. Art and Life in America. New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1960.
page number: Mentioned and reproduced: p.217
url:
Pierson Jr., William H., and Martha Davidson, eds. Arts of the United States: A Pictorial Survey. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1960.
page number: Reproduced: p.318
url:
Flexner, James Thomas. That Wilder Image: The Painting of America's Native School from Thomas Cole to Winslow Homer. Boston, MA: Little, Brown, 1962.
page number: Mentioned: p.32; Reproduced: p.33
url:
Richardson, E. P. A Short History of Painting in America; The Story of 450 Years. New York, NY: Crowell, 1963.
page number: Mentioned: p.134 (as "Music Hath Charms")
url:
Bowdoin College. The Portrayal of the Negro in American Painting. Exh. Cat. Brunswick, MA: Bowdoin College Museum of Art, 1964.
page number: Mentioned: p.37
url:
Green, Samuel M. American Art, a Historical Survey. New York, NY: Ronald Press, 1966.
page number: Mentioned: pp.270-271
url:
McLanathan, Richard B. K. The American Tradition in the Arts. New York, NY: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1968.
page number: Mentioned: pp.311-312; Reproduced: p.311
url:
Novak, Barbara. American Painting of the Nineteenth Century: Realism, Idealism, and the American Experience. New York, NY: Praeger, 1969.
page number: Reproduced: p. 106; Mentioned: p. 107-108
url:
Prown, Jules David, and Barbara Rose. American Painting: From Its Beginnings to the Armory Show. Geneva, Switzerland: Skira, 1969.
page number: Mentioned: pp.82-83
url:
Lynes, Russell. The Art-Makers of Nineteenth-Century America. New York, NY: Atheneum, 1970.
page number: Mentioned: p.240 (as "Music Hath Charms")
url:
Flexner, James Thomas. "Fitz Hugh Lane is the hero, American Painting of the Nineteenth Century: Review." New York Times, Jan 25, 1970.
page number: Mentioned: p.244
url:
Davidson, Marshall B. The American Heritage History of the Writers' America. New York, NY: American Heritage Pub. Co, 1973
page number: Reproduced: p. 115
url:
Davidson, Marshall B. The American Heritage History of the Artists' America. New York, NY: American Heritage Publishing Co., 1973.
page number: Reproduced: p. 115
url:
Finch College, and Robert H. Luck. Twice As Natural: 19th Century American Genre Painting. Exh. Cat. New York, NY: Finch College Museum of Art, 1973.
page number: Mentioned: p.17
url:
Hills, Patricia. The Painters' America: Rural and Urban Life, 1810-1910. New York, New York: Praeger, 1974.
page number: Mentioned: p.26; Reproduced: p.28
url:
Parry, Ellwood. The Image of the Indian and the Black Man in American Art, 1590-1900. New York, NY: G. Braziller, 1974.
page number: Mentioned: p.86
url:
Frankenstein, Alfred V. and Alan Buechner. William Sidney Mount. New York, NY: Harry N. Adams, 1975.
page number: Mentioned: pp.30,49,118,152,153,157,(as "force of music"),160,236, 249, 379, 471; Reproduced: p.159, no.56
url:
Adams, Karen M. "The Black Image in the Paintings of William Sidney Mount." The American Art Journal 7, No.2 (November 1975): 42-59.
page number: Mentioned: p.49; Reproduced: p.50
url: https://www.jstor.org/stable/1593998
Taylor, Joshua C. America As Art. Washington D.C: Published for the National Collection of Fine Arts by the Smithsonian Institution Press, 1976.
page number: Reproduced: p. 55
url:
Brown, Milton W. American Art to 1900: Painting, Sculpture, Architecture. New York, NY: H.N. Abrams, 1977.
page number: Mentioned: p.345 (as "Music Hath Charms"); Reproduced: p.346 (as "Music Hath Charms")
url:
Callow, James T. "American art in the collection of Charles M. Leupp." Antiques 118 (November 1980).
page number: Mentioned: p.1003; Reproduced: frontispiece and p.1002
url:
Chirico, Robert. F. "Some Reflections on Sound and Silence in the Visual Arts." Arts Magazine 56, no.8 (April 1982):101-105.
page number: Mentioned: pp.102-103, 105; Reproduced: p.102
url:
Cassedy, David C., Gail Shrott, and Janice Gray Armstrong. William Sidney Mount, Annotated Bibliography and Listings of Archival Holdings of the Museums at Stony Brook. Stony Brook, NY: The Museums, 1983
page number: Mentioned: p.28, 65-67; Reproduced: p.67
url:
Martha V. Pike. "Catching the Tune: Music and William Sidney Mount." In Catching the Tune: Music and William Sidney Mount, edited by Janice Gray Armstrong. Stony Brook, NY: The Museums at Stony Brook, 1984.
page number: Mentioned: pp.11-12; Reproduced: p.14
url:
Smith, Jessie Carney. Images of Blacks in American Culture: A Reference Guide to Information Sources. New York, NY: Greenwood Press, 1988.
page number: Mentioned: p. 23
url:
McElroy, Guy C., Henry Louis Gates, and Christopher C. French. Facing History: The Black Image in American Art, 1710-1940. San Francisco, CA: Bedford Arts, 1990.
page number: Mentioned: p.19
url:
Boime, Albert. The Art of Exclusion: Representing Blacks in the Nineteenth Century. Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1990.
page number: Mentioned: pp.92-93; Reproduced: p.91
url:
Glueck, Grace. "The Century Club's Hard Decision to Raise Cash by Selling a Painting." The New York Times, October 20, 1990.
page number: Mentioned and reproduced: p.11
url:
Berry, Wendell. Outstanding in the Field: A Catalogue of American Paintings for the Nineties, Hard Times Call for Hard Choices, Plus Some Food for Thought ... an Essay Entitled The Pleasures of Eating, by Wendell Berry. Leicester, VT: James Maroney, Inc, 1991.
page number: Mentioned: p.11-13; Reproduced: p.11
url:
Johns, Elizabeth. American Genre Painting: The Politics of Everyday Life. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1991.
page number: Mentioned: p.119-123; Reproduced: pl.14
url:
The Century Association. 1991. The Century Yearbook. New York: The Century Association.
page number:
url:
Vogel, Carol. "The Art Market: Painting sold for Century's renovation." The New York Times, November 29, 1991.
page number: Mentioned and reproduced: p.C30
url:
Cullinan, Helen. "Art museum pays $4 million for 'Music.'" The Plain Dealer, November 30, 1991.
page number: Mentioned and reproduced (unpaginated)
url:
Robertson, Bruce. "The Power of Music: A Painting by William Sydney Mount." The Bulletin of The Cleveland Museum of Art 79, no. 2 (February 1992): 38-62.
page number: Mentioned: pp.38-62; Reproduced: p.38
url: https://www.jstor.org/stable/25161349
Turner, Evan H. "Selected 1991 Acquisitions." The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art 79, no. 2 (1992): 63-83.
page number: Mentioned: p. 64-65, 76
url: https://www.jstor.org/stable/25161350
Bruce Robertson, “’The Power of Music’: A Painting by William Sidney Mount,” The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art 79.2 (Feb. 1992): 38-62.
page number: Mentioned: pp.38-62; Reproduced: front cover and p.38
url: https://www.jstor.org/stable/i25161347
The Cleveland Museum of Art. "Exhibitions: Selected Acquisitions." News & Calendar (Feb.1992).
page number: Mentioned and reproduced: p.3 (unpaginated mailer)
url:
Gazette des beaux-arts 119, no.134 (March 1992).
page number: Reproduced: p.73
url:
Patterson, Jerry E. "The Grand Acquisitors." Town & Country (August 1992).
page number: Mentioned: p.109
url:
Chong, Alan. European & American Painting in the Cleveland Museum of Art: A Summary Catalogue. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1993.
page number: Reproduced: p. 162
url:
Moffatt, Frederick C. "Barnburning and Hunkerism: William Sidney Mount's Power of Music." Winterthur Portfolio 29, no.1 (Spring 1994).
page number: Mentioned: pp.19-42; Reproduced: pp.21, 33
url: journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdf/10.1086/496642
Fred L. Emerson Gallery, and Whitney Museum of American Art at Philip Morris. The Art of Music: American Paintings & Musical Instruments, 1770-1910: An Exhibition. Clinton, N.Y.: The Gallery, Hamilton College, 1984.
page number: Mentioned: p.46; Reproduced: p.47
url:
Gay, Peter. The Naked Heart. The Bourgeois Experience: Victoria to Freud. Vol. IV. New York: NY: W.W. Norton & Company, 1995.
page number: Mentioned: pp.11-12; Reproduced (unpaginated)
url:
Christman, Margaret C. S., Alan Fern, and Robert V. Remini. 1846: Portrait of the Nation. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1996.
page number: Mentioned: p.159; Reproduced: p.163
url:
Kelly, Franklin, and Robert Wilson Torchia. American Paintings of the Nineteenth Century. Washington D.C.: National Gallery of Art, 1996.
page number: Mentioned and reproduced: p.79
url:
Johnson, Deborah J., William Sidney Mount, and Elizabeth Johns. William Sidney Mount: Painter of American Life. New York, NY: American Federation of Arts, 1998.
page number: Mentioned: pp.61-62; Reproduced: p.60
url:
Robertson, Bruce. "Who's sitting at the table?: William Sidney Mount's After Dinner 1834." The Yale Journal of Criticism 11, no.1 (1998).
page number: Mentioned: pp.108-109; Reproduced: p.107
url:
William Reese Company. Illustrated Americana & American Art. New Haven, CT: Wm Reese Co, 1990.
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Davis, John. "Eastman Johnson's Negro Life at the South and Urban Slavery in Washington D.C." The Art Bulletin 80, no.1 (March 1998).
page number: Mentioned: p.81; Reproduced: p.82
url: https://www.jstor.org/stable/3051254
Cotter, Holland. "A Young and Uninnocent America." The New York Times, August 14, 1998.
page number: Mentioned: Section E, p.36
url: nytimes.com/1998/08/14/arts/art-review-a-young-and-uninnocent-america.html
Amon Carter Museum. "Exhibitions. William Sidney Mount: Painter of American Life." Amon Carter Museum Program (September 1998-February 1999).
page number: Reproduced: p. 21
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Koja, Stephan, and Nicolai Cikovsky. America: The New World in 19th-Century Painting. Munich, Germany: Prestel, 1999.
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Turner, Jane Shoaf. Encyclopedia of American Art Before 1914. New York, NY: Grove's Dictionaries, 1999.
page number: Mentioned: p.325
url:
Koja, Stephan, and Nicolai Cikovsky. America, Die Neue Welt in Bildern Des 19. Jahrhunderts. Munich: Prestel, 1999.
page number: Reproduced: p.110
url:
Hitchcock, H. Wiley, and Kyle Gann. Music in the United States: A Historical Introduction. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2000.
page number: Reproduced: cover
url:
Voorsanger, Catherine Hoover, and John K. Howat. Art and the Empire City: New York, 1825-1861. New York, NY: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000.
page number: Mentioned: p.209; Reproduced: p.208
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Cikovsky, Nicolai. A Connecticut Place: Weir Farm, an American Painter's Rural Retreat. Wilton, Connecticut: Weir Farm Trust in collaboration with the National Park Service, Weir Farm National Historic Site, 2000.
page number: Mentioned: pp.49-50; Reproduced: p.49
url:
Cikovsky, Nicolai. A Connecticut Place: Weir Farm, an American Painter's Rural Retreat. Wilton, CT: Weir Farm Trust in collaboration with the National Park Service, Weir Farm National Historic Site, 2000.
page number: Mentioned and Reproduced: p.49
url:
May, Sally Ruth, Jane Takac, and Barbara J. Bradley. Knockouts: A Pocket Guide. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2001.
page number: Reproduced: p. 48
url:
Kleinman, Craig, Nicholas M. Evans, Scott Gac, and David W. Stowe. Special Issue: Noting the Nation: Words and Music in Nineteenth-Century America. ATQ 16, no. 3. Kingston, RI: University of Rhode Island, 2002.
page number: Mentioned: p.143; Reproduced: front cover
url:
Wilmerding, John. Signs of the Artist: Signatures and Self-Expression in American Paintings. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2003.
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page number: Mentioned: pp.107-108; Reproduced: p.106
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Davies, Penelope J. E., and H. W. Janson. Janson's History of Art: The Western Tradition. Seventh Edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, 2007.
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page number: Mentioned: pp.22, 141; Reproduced: p.23
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url:
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page number: Mentioned: pp.xiv, 39, 68, 173; Reproduced: pp.xiii, 68
url:
Burns, Sarah, and John Davis. American Art to 1900: A Documentary History. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2009.
page number: Mentioned: pp.312,316
url:
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page number: Mentioned: p.75; Reproduced: p.72
url:
The Metropolitan Museum of Art. "American Stories: Paintings of Everyday Life, 1765-1915: Artist Kara Walker Discusses 'The Power of Music.'" Podcast, November 9, 2009.
page number: Mentioned.
url:
Stoodley, Sheila Gibson. "Narrative Paintings of the 18th and 19th Centuries Show How the Lives of Ordinary Americans Were the Stuff of History." Art & Antiques Magazine 33, no.1 (January 2010).
page number: Mentioned: pp.68, 71-73; Reproduced: p.66
url:
Cleveland Museum of Art. Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art (March/April 2010).
page number: Mentioned and reproduced: p.10
url: archive.org/details/CMAMM2010-02/page/n9/mode/2up
Sotheby's (Firm). American Paintings, Drawings & Sculpture. New York: Sotheby's, December 2, 2010.
page number: Mentioned: p.34
url:
Marter, Joan M. The Grove Encyclopedia of American Art. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2011.
page number: Mentioned: p.372
url:
Treasures of the Cleveland Museum of Art. London, UK: Scala Books, 2012.
page number: Mentioned and reproduced: p. 234-235
url:
Galpin, Amy. Behold, America!: Art of the United States from Three San Diego Museums. San Diego, CA: San Diego Museum of Art, 2012.
page number: Mentioned: p.74
url:
Brownlee, Peter John. American Encounters: Genre Painting and Everyday Life. Chicago, IL: Terra Foundation for American Art, 2012.
page number: Reproduced: p. 35, fig. 20
url:
Bindman, David and Henry Louis Gates, Jr., eds. The Image of the Black in Western Art, Vol. IV: From the American Revolution to World War I, Part 2: Black Models and White Myths. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2012.
page number: Mentioned: pp.73-75; Reproduced: p.73
url:
Cleveland Museum of Art, David Franklin, and C. Griffith Mann. Treasures from the Cleveland Museum of Art. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 2012.
page number: Mentioned: p.234; Reproduced: p.235
url:
Brownlee, Peter John, Sarah Burns, Diane Dillon, Daniel Greene, Scott Manning Stevens, and Adam Goodheart. Home Front: Daily Life in the Civil War North. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, 2013.
page number: Mentioned: pp.131-134; Reproduced: p.132
url:
Cleveland Museum of Art. The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.
page number: Mentioned and reproduced: P. 47
url:
Davis, John, Jennifer A. Greenhill, and Jason David LaFountain. A Companion to American Art. Malden, MA: Wiley Blackwell, 2015.
page number: Mentioned: pp.321, 419
url:
Dini, Jane. Dance: American Art, 1830-1960. Detroit Institute of Arts. New Haven, CT: Distributed by Yale University Press, 2016.
page number: Mentioned: pp.46, 49; Reproduced: p.46
url:
Hill, Constance Valis. "In the Eye of the Beholder: The Black Presence in the Art of American Dance." In Dance: American Art, 1830-1960, Jane Dini, ed., 29-49. New Haven; London: Yale University Press. 2016.
page number: Mention, p. 46, 49 Reproduced: p. 46, fig. 9
url:
Tani, Ellen Y., and Amanda Cachia. Second Sight: The Paradox of Vision in Contemporary Art. Brunswick, ME: Bowdoin College Museum of Art; New York, NY: Scala Arts & Heritage Publishers Inc., 2018.
page number: Mentioned: pp.26-27; Reproduced: p.27
url:
McCree, J. Woodrow. Washington Irving's Critique of American Culture: Sketching a Vision of World Citizenship. 2021.
page number: Reproduced: p. 154, fig. 6.1
url:
The Cleveland Museum of Art. "American Painting." Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, (no date).
page number: Mentioned and reproduced: unpaginated brochure
url:
"Exhibition at the National Academy Second Saloon." The Literary World no.18 (June 5, ?).
page number: Mentioned: p.419
url:
Berlin, Ira, and Leslie M. Harris, eds. Slavery in New York. New York, NY: The New Press, 2005.
page number: Mentioned: pp.165-166; Reproduced: p.162
url:
Kirkpatrick, Katherine, and Vivian Nicholson-Mueller. The Art of William Sidney Mount: Long Island People of Color on Canvas. Charleston, SC : The History Press, 2022.
page number: Mentioned: P. 31, 39, 73, 77, 91, 96-97; Reproduced: Plates, back cover, P. 97
url:
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