{
"data": {
"id": 169187,
"accession_number": "2011.110",
"share_license_status": "CC0",
"tombstone": "Indian Combat, 1868. Edmonia Lewis (American, c. 1844\u20131907). Marble; overall: 76.2 x 48.3 x 36.5 cm (30 x 19 x 14 3/8 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, American Painting and Sculpture Sundry Purchase Fund and Purchase from the J. H. Wade Fund, 2011.110",
"current_location": null,
"title": "Indian Combat",
"creation_date": "1868",
"creation_date_earliest": 1868,
"creation_date_latest": 1868,
"artists_tags": [
"female",
"Black American Artists"
],
"culture": [
"America"
],
"technique": "marble",
"support_materials": [],
"department": "American Painting and Sculpture",
"collection": "American - Sculpture",
"type": "Sculpture",
"measurements": "Overall: 76.2 x 48.3 x 36.5 cm (30 x 19 x 14 3/8 in.)",
"dimensions": {
"overall": {
"height": 0.762,
"height_inch": 30,
"height_inch_fraction": 0.0,
"width": 0.483,
"width_inch": 19,
"width_inch_fraction": 0.0,
"depth": 0.365,
"depth_inch": 14,
"depth_inch_fraction": 0.375
}
},
"state_of_the_work": null,
"edition_of_the_work": null,
"copyright": null,
"inscriptions": [
{
"inscription": "The base of the sculpture is inscribed: \"EDMONIA LEWIS / FECIT A ROME 1868\"\r\n",
"inscription_translation": null,
"inscription_remark": null,
"sortorder": null
}
],
"exhibitions": {
"current": [
{
"id": 441598,
"title": "Artlens Exhibition 2019",
"description": "Artlens Exhibition 2019. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer).",
"opening_date": "2019-06-11T04:00:00"
},
{
"id": 685928,
"title": "Edmonia Lewis: Said in Stone",
"description": "Edmonia Lewis: Said in Stone. Peabody Essex Museum, Salem, MA (organizer) (February 14-June 7, 2026) https://www.pem.org/exhibitions/edmonia-lewis-said-in-stone; Georgia Museum of Art, Athens, GA (August 8, 2026-January 3, 2027); North Carolina Museum of Art, Raleigh, NC (April 3-July 11, 2027).",
"opening_date": "2026-02-14T05:00:00"
}
],
"legacy": []
},
"provenance": [
{
"description": "[Unidentified antique/estate consignment shop, Newton, MA]",
"citations": [],
"footnotes": [],
"date": "1950s",
"sortorder": 1
},
{
"description": "William (1916-2006) and Betty (1926-2010) Bresnick, Weston, MA",
"citations": [],
"footnotes": null,
"date": "1950s-2010",
"sortorder": 2
},
{
"description": "[Gabriel's Auctioneers and Appraisers, Norwood, MA]",
"citations": [],
"footnotes": null,
"date": "2010",
"sortorder": 3
},
{
"description": "[Gerald Peters Gallery, New York]",
"citations": [],
"footnotes": null,
"date": "2010-2011",
"sortorder": 4
},
{
"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH",
"citations": [],
"footnotes": null,
"date": "2011",
"sortorder": 5
}
],
"find_spot": null,
"related_works": [],
"former_accession_numbers": [],
"did_you_know": "Growing up in her Ojibwe community, Lewis went by a name that translates as \"Wildfire.\"",
"description": "A spiraling composition with three intertwined figures, Indian Combat ranks as Edmonia Lewis\u2019s most dynamic and complex creation. Although her Native American subjects typically exist in multiple versions, this example appears to be unique. Of Indigenous (Ojibwe) and African American ancestry, Edmonia Lewis studied at Oberlin College and apprenticed with a sculptor in Boston before moving to Rome in 1866. Her sculptures were readily purchased by patrons on both sides of the Atlantic.",
"external_resources": {
"wikidata": [
"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60780965"
],
"internet_archive": [
"https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-2011.110-indian-combat"
]
},
"citations": [
{
"citation": "Ausherman, Maria, Masters of Shape: The Lives and Art of American Women Sculptors. (Novato, CA: Goff Books, 2022).",
"page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced, p. 71.",
"url": ""
},
{
"citation": "Wilder, Jesse Bryant, Art History for Dummies. 2nd edition. (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2022).",
"page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced, p. 272.",
"url": ""
},
{
"citation": "\"Teach to Learn,\" Cleveland Art 59 (May/June 2019).",
"page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced, p. 5.",
"url": ""
},
{
"citation": "Richmond-Moll, Jeffrey, Shawnya L. Harris, et al. Edmonia Lewis : Said in Stone. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2026.",
"page_number": "Mentioned, pp. 31-32, 103, 115, and 216. Reproduced, p. 156.",
"url": ""
},
{
"citation": "Richmond-Moll, Jeffrey, \"Edmonia Lewis: Said in Stone,\" American Art Review (February-April 2026).",
"page_number": "Reproduced, p. 76.",
"url": ""
},
{
"citation": "Huidekoper, Alfred. Glimpses of Europe in 1851 and 1867-8. Meadeville, Pa.: Printed for the Author, 1882.
Published as: Indians Wrestling",
"page_number": "Mentioned: P. 184",
"url": "https://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/30719924.html"
},
{
"citation": "Gerdts, William H. \"Celebrities of the Grand Tour: The American Sculptors in Florence and Rome.\" In Lure of Italy: American Artists and the Italian Experience, 1760-1914. Theodore E. Stebbins, ed., 66-93. Boston, MA: Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, 1992.",
"page_number": "Mentioned: P. 89, as Indians Wrestling.",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "Litt, Steven. \"Museum Acquires Rare Sculpture.\" The Plain Dealer (November 11, 2011): B2.",
"page_number": "Mentioned: P. B2",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "Cole, Mark. \"Indian Combat.\" In Treasures of the Cleveland Museum of Art. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Museum of Art London; United Kingdom: Scala Books, 2012.",
"page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 260-261",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "\"Museums.\" The Art Newspaper 21 (January 2012): 13-25.",
"page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P.25",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "Franklin, David. \"Recent Acquisitions (2005\u201411) at the Cleveland Museum of Art.\" The Burlington Magazine 154, no. 1312 (July 2012): 525-32.",
"page_number": "Reproduced: P. 530",
"url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/23232806"
},
{
"citation": "Cole, Mark and Helen Forbes-Fields. African American Art: The Cleveland Museum of Art. [Cleveland, Ohio]: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2013.",
"page_number": "reproduced: p.2; Mentioned: p.3",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "Cleveland Museum of Art. The CMA Companion: A Guide to the Cleveland Museum of Art. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2014.",
"page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: P. 49",
"url": ""
},
{
"citation": "\"Education. Teach to Learn.\" Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine 59, no. 3 (May/June 2019): 5-11.",
"page_number": "Reproduced and Mentioned: P. 5",
"url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2019-03/page/n1/mode/2up"
},
{
"citation": "Woods, Naurice Frank. Race and Racism in Nineteenth-Century Art: The Ascendency of Robert Duncanson, Edward Bannister, and Edmonia Lewis. Jackson : University Press of Mississippi, 2021.",
"page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 163-164, fig. 3.5",
"url": ""
},
{
"citation": "Ware, Zaria. Blk Art: The Audacious Legacy of Black Artists and Models in Western Art. New York, NY : Harper Design, an imprint of HarperCollinsPublishers, 2023.",
"page_number": "Reproduced: p. 171",
"url": ""
},
{
"citation": "\"Meet Your Membership Team.\u201d Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine 65, no. 1 (2025): 36-37.",
"page_number": "Reproduced: p. 36",
"url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM-2025-01"
},
{
"citation": "Richmond-Moll, Jeffrey, Shawnya L. Harris, Amy Jones Abbe, Caitlin Meehye Beach, Gloria Jane Bell, Makeda Best, et al. Edmonia Lewis : Said in Stone. Salem, Massachusetts, Athens, Georgia, Chicago: Peabody Essex Museum ; Georgia Museum of Art, University of Georgia ; in association with The University of Chicago Press, 2026.",
"page_number": "Mentioned, pp. 31-32, 103, 115, and 216. Reproduced, p. 156.",
"url": ""
},
{
"citation": "Richmond-Moll, Jeffrey. \u201cEdmonia Lewis: Said in Stone.\u201d American Art Review 212 (February-April 2026): 76-79.",
"page_number": "Mentioned and reproduced: p. 76",
"url": ""
},
{
"citation": "O'Hern, John. \u201cWhere There Is A Will.\u201d American Fine Art Magazine, n. 86 (March/April 2026): 38-43.",
"page_number": "Reproduced: p. 43",
"url": ""
}
],
"url": "https://clevelandart.org/art/2011.110",
"images": {
"annotation": null,
"web": {
"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/2011.110/2011.110_web.jpg",
"width": "740",
"height": "893",
"filesize": "247827",
"filename": "2011.110_web.jpg"
},
"print": {
"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/2011.110/2011.110_print.jpg",
"width": "2817",
"height": "3400",
"filesize": "5543744",
"filename": "2011.110_print.jpg"
},
"full": {
"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/2011.110/2011.110_full.tif",
"width": "4193",
"height": "5059",
"filesize": "63688336",
"filename": "2011.110_full.tif"
}
},
"alternate_images": [
{
"date_created": "2011-09-08T17:27:26",
"annotation": "",
"web": {
"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2011.110/2011.110_alt0_web.jpg",
"width": "719",
"height": "893",
"filesize": "249191"
},
"print": {
"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2011.110/2011.110_alt0_print.jpg",
"width": "2738",
"height": "3400",
"filesize": "5510805"
},
"full": {
"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2011.110/2011.110_alt0_full.tif",
"width": "4058",
"height": "5038",
"filesize": "61391408"
}
},
{
"date_created": "2011-09-09T12:57:58",
"annotation": "",
"web": {
"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2011.110/2011.110_alt1_web.jpg",
"width": "689",
"height": "893",
"filesize": "239493"
},
"print": {
"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2011.110/2011.110_alt1_print.jpg",
"width": "2623",
"height": "3400",
"filesize": "5237878"
},
"full": {
"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2011.110/2011.110_alt1_full.tif",
"width": "3814",
"height": "4942",
"filesize": "56602428"
}
},
{
"date_created": "2011-09-09T13:40:34",
"annotation": "",
"web": {
"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2011.110/2011.110_alt2_web.jpg",
"width": "675",
"height": "893",
"filesize": "235308"
},
"print": {
"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2011.110/2011.110_alt2_print.jpg",
"width": "2571",
"height": "3400",
"filesize": "5040763"
},
"full": {
"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2011.110/2011.110_alt2_full.tif",
"width": "3830",
"height": "5064",
"filesize": "58243912"
}
},
{
"date_created": "2011-09-09T14:19:05",
"annotation": "",
"web": {
"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2011.110/2011.110_alt3_web.jpg",
"width": "765",
"height": "893",
"filesize": "281750"
},
"print": {
"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2011.110/2011.110_alt3_print.jpg",
"width": "2912",
"height": "3400",
"filesize": "5972022"
},
"full": {
"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2011.110/2011.110_alt3_full.tif",
"width": "4024",
"height": "4698",
"filesize": "56765440"
}
},
{
"date_created": "2011-09-09T15:00:30",
"annotation": "",
"web": {
"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2011.110/2011.110_alt4_web.jpg",
"width": "715",
"height": "893",
"filesize": "239003"
},
"print": {
"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2011.110/2011.110_alt4_print.jpg",
"width": "2723",
"height": "3400",
"filesize": "5395016"
},
"full": {
"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2011.110/2011.110_alt4_full.tif",
"width": "4015",
"height": "5012",
"filesize": "60418388"
}
},
{
"date_created": "2011-09-09T15:22:19",
"annotation": "",
"web": {
"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2011.110/2011.110_alt5_web.jpg",
"width": "743",
"height": "893",
"filesize": "247580"
},
"print": {
"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2011.110/2011.110_alt5_print.jpg",
"width": "2830",
"height": "3400",
"filesize": "5579601"
},
"full": {
"url": "https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/alternate/2011.110/2011.110_alt5_full.tif",
"width": "4166",
"height": "5004",
"filesize": "62598328"
}
}
],
"creditline": "American Painting and Sculpture Sundry Purchase Fund and Purchase from the J. H. Wade Fund",
"image_credit": null,
"sketchfab_id": "7723feae34eb441fa9f74dd330b7b7d5",
"sketchfab_url": "https://sketchfab.com/models/7723feae34eb441fa9f74dd330b7b7d5",
"gallery_donor_text": null,
"athena_id": 169187,
"creators": [
{
"id": 61503,
"description": "Edmonia Lewis (American, c. 1844\u20131907)",
"extent": null,
"qualifier": null,
"role": "artist",
"biography": null,
"name_in_original_language": null,
"birth_year": "1844",
"death_year": "1907",
"use_in_caption": true,
"include_extent": false,
"weight": 1
}
],
"legal_status": "accessioned",
"accession_date": "2011-09-06T00:00:00",
"sortable_date": 1868,
"date_added_to_oa": null,
"date_text": "1868",
"collapse_artists": false,
"on_loan": false,
"recently_acquired": false,
"record_type": "object",
"conservation_statement": null,
"has_conservation_images": false,
"cover_accession_number": null,
"is_nazi_era_provenance": false,
"impression": null,
"alternate_titles": [],
"is_highlight": true,
"updated_at": "2026-05-13 07:00:51.254000"
}
}