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"share_license_status": "CC0",
"tombstone": "Lovers and beloveds: A composite of scenes from Persian, Urdu, and Sanskrit literature, c. 1735. Chitarman II (Indian, c. 1680\u2013\u0441. 1750). Gum tempera and gold on paper; painting: 41.2 x 29.6 cm (16 1/4 x 11 5/8 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Gift in honor of Madeline Neves Clapp; Gift of Mrs. Henry White Cannon by exchange; Bequest of Louise T. Cooper; Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund; From the Catherine and Ralph Benkaim Collection, 2013.345",
"current_location": null,
"title": "Lovers and beloveds: A composite of scenes from Persian, Urdu, and Sanskrit literature",
"creation_date": "c. 1735",
"creation_date_earliest": 1730,
"creation_date_latest": 1745,
"artists_tags": [
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"technique": "Gum tempera and gold on paper",
"support_materials": [],
"department": "Indian and Southeast Asian Art",
"collection": "Indian Art - Mughal",
"type": "Painting",
"measurements": "Painting: 41.2 x 29.6 cm (16 1/4 x 11 5/8 in.)",
"dimensions": {
"painting": {
"height": 0.412,
"height_inch": 16,
"height_inch_fraction": 0.25,
"width": 0.296,
"width_inch": 11,
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{
"inscription": "Persian inscriptions throughout, in nasta\u2018liq script:\nTop left: \nThe celebrated lover Ranjha; \n\nTop right, above awning:\nThe notable ladies of the city falling into a swoon having caught sight of Joseph\u2019s beauteous countenance; \n\nTop center, on pillar beneath canopy: \nThe celebrated lover Vamiq;\n\nOn another pillar, behind the woman\u2019s head:\nThe celebrated beloved \u2018Azra;\n\nUpper left, on pillar:\nKing Nala, the lover;\n\nCentral figure with halo: \nThe coming from the prison and sitting [in state] of the Lord Joseph the Prophet, with the women of the town cutting the palms of their hands and falling down unconscious;\n\nLeft of center: \n[. . . cutting palms . . . wine cups fell from their hands . . . state of wonderment . . .];\n\nCentral pavilion at left:\nSassi, the beloved\nthe lover [Punnun];\n\nBelow central figure of Joseph:\nThe stream of milk\nShirin the beloved, weeping\nThe death of Farhad, the lover;\n\nLower right, in front of bearded man:\nHafiz of Shiraz;\n\nBelow his decanter:\nThe stick of candy [referring to the woman with whom, according to popular lore, Hafiz was supposed to have fallen in love as a youth];\n\nBehind the pavilion at right:\nBride descending into a grave . . .;\n\nOn the white railing to the left:\nKhwaja Bu Ali . . .;\n\nBottom left: \nQueen Padmavati, the beloved,\nKing Ratnasena, the lover;\n\nBottom right:\nMajnun, the lover;\n\nOn page held by Majnun:\nSay, \u201cHe is Allah, who is One, \nAllah the eternal refuge.\nHe neither begets nor is born,\nNor is there to Him any equivalent.\u201d\n[Qur'an, chapter 112]",
"inscription_translation": null,
"inscription_remark": null,
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"current": [
{
"id": 203111,
"title": "Art and Stories from Mughal India",
"description": "Art and Stories from Mughal India. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (July 31-October 23, 2016).",
"opening_date": "2016-07-31T04:00:00"
}
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"legacy": [
{
"description": "India's Fabled City: The Art of Courtly Lucknow. Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles, CA (December 12, 2010-February 27, 2011); Musee Guimet, Paris, Frane (April 6-July 11, 2011).",
"opening_date": "2011-04-06T00:00:00"
}
]
},
"provenance": [
{
"description": "(Walter Randall Gallery, New York, NY, sold to Ralph Benkaim)",
"citations": [],
"footnotes": [],
"date": "?-November 1969",
"sortorder": 1
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{
"description": "Ralph Benkaim [1914-2001] and Catherine Glynn Benkaim [b. 1946], Beverly Hills, CA, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art",
"citations": [],
"footnotes": [],
"date": "November 1969-2013",
"sortorder": 2
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{
"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH",
"citations": [],
"footnotes": [],
"date": "2013-",
"sortorder": 3
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"did_you_know": "Below the bearded poet Hafiz is the woman he loved; her name was Stick of Candy.",
"description": "The figure of Joseph, identified by his halo, sits in the center near the top of this painting of heroes and heroines of ten different Persian, Urdu, and Sanskrit romances. The depicted scene occurs after Joseph has been purchased by Zulaykha in Egypt. Zulaykha, wishing to show him off to her friends and acquaintances, invites them to her home where she supplies oranges and knives. When the women see Joseph, they all are so distracted by his divine beauty that they accidentally cut their hands while peeling their oranges, but remain mesmerized by his appearance. The dramatic scene in the center is from the Persian romance of Khusrau and Shirin, in which Farhad, a stonecutter who loved Shirin, threw himself to his death from a mountaintop after hearing news of Shirin\u2019s death, falsely sent to him from his rival Khusrau. The emaciated Majnun is in the lower right corner. Every vignette has been identified with a tiny Persian inscription.",
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"citation": "Markel, Stephen, Tushara Bindu Gude, and Muzaffar Alam. India's Fabled City: The Art of Courtly Lucknow. Los Angeles: Los Angeles County Museum of Art, 2010.",
"page_number": "cat. no. 23, pp. 28",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "Mace, Sonya Rhie, Mohsen Ashtiany, Catherine Glynn, Pedro Moura Carvalho, Marcus Fraser, and Ruby Lal. Mughal Paintings: Art and Stories: the Cleveland Museum of Art. London: D Giles Limited, 2016.",
"page_number": "cat. 92, pp. 86-87",
"url": null
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