{
"data": {
"id": 310353,
"accession_number": "2019.224",
"share_license_status": "CC0",
"tombstone": "The Fourth King of Hell (\uc81c4 \uc624\uad00\uc655), late 1300s. Korea, Goryeo dynasty (918\u20131392). Hanging scroll; ink, color, and gold ink on silk; image: 63 x 45.3 cm (24 13/16 x 17 13/16 in.); overall: 136.2 x 58.9 cm (53 5/8 x 23 3/16 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art, Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund and museum purchase from various donors by exchange and Partial Gift of The Honorable Joseph P. Carroll and Roberta Carroll, M.D., 2019.224",
"current_location": null,
"title": "The Fourth King of Hell",
"title_in_original_language": "\uc81c4 \uc624\uad00\uc655",
"creation_date": "late 1300s",
"creation_date_earliest": 1375,
"creation_date_latest": 1392,
"artists_tags": [],
"culture": [
"Korea, Goryeo dynasty (918\u20131392)"
],
"technique": "Hanging scroll; ink, color, and gold ink on silk",
"support_materials": [],
"department": "Korean Art",
"collection": "ASIAN - Hanging scroll",
"type": "Painting",
"measurements": "Image: 63 x 45.3 cm (24 13/16 x 17 13/16 in.); Overall: 136.2 x 58.9 cm (53 5/8 x 23 3/16 in.)",
"dimensions": {
"image": {
"height": 0.63,
"height_inch": 24,
"height_inch_fraction": 0.8125,
"width": 0.453,
"width_inch": 17,
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},
"overall": {
"height": 1.362,
"height_inch": 53,
"height_inch_fraction": 0.625,
"width": 0.589,
"width_inch": 23,
"width_inch_fraction": 0.1875
},
"overall with knobs": {
"height": 1.362,
"height_inch": 53,
"height_inch_fraction": 0.625,
"width": 0.639,
"width_inch": 25,
"width_inch_fraction": 0.1875
},
"mounted with cord": {
"height": 1.389,
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"width": 0.639,
"width_inch": 25,
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"knob diam": {
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"depth_inch": 1,
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}
},
"state_of_the_work": null,
"edition_of_the_work": null,
"copyright": null,
"inscriptions": [],
"exhibitions": {
"current": [
{
"id": 309000,
"title": "Korean Gallery 236 Rotation",
"description": "Korean Gallery 236 Rotation. The Cleveland Museum of Art (organizer) (July 16, 2018-January 20, 2019).",
"opening_date": "2018-07-16T04:00:00"
}
],
"legacy": [
{
"description": "Metropolitan Museum of Art (1977).",
"opening_date": "1977-01-01T00:00:00"
},
{
"description": "Masterpieces of Goryeo Buddhist Paintings. National Museum of Korea, Seoul, South Korea (October 12-November 21, 2010).",
"opening_date": "2010-10-12T00:00:00"
}
]
},
"provenance": [
{
"description": "Harry G.C. Packard [1914\u20131991]",
"citations": [],
"footnotes": null,
"date": "c. 1961\u20131992",
"sortorder": 2
},
{
"description": "(Christie's, New York, NY, October 26, 1992 sale, sold to Joseph Carroll)",
"citations": [],
"footnotes": null,
"date": "October 26, 1992",
"sortorder": 3
},
{
"description": "The Honorable Joseph P. Carroll and Roberta Carroll, M.D., New York, NY, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art, by Sebastian Izzard, LLC, New York, NY",
"citations": [],
"footnotes": null,
"date": "October 26, 1992\u2013December 2, 2019",
"sortorder": 4
},
{
"description": "The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH",
"citations": [],
"footnotes": null,
"date": "2019\u2013",
"sortorder": 5
}
],
"find_spot": null,
"related_works": [],
"former_accession_numbers": [
"14.2018"
],
"did_you_know": "As the concept of salvation became increasingly more emphasized in Buddhist schools in medieval East Asia, the gruesome depiction of various hells was given an important role: to promote Buddhist ethics. In the Buddhist infernal otherworld, the Ten Kings of Hell serve as judges of the deceased to determine their fates, including the type and severity of punishment.",
"early_education_description": null,
"artlens_description": null,
"description": "Originally part of a set of ten, this hanging scroll depicts the Fourth King of Hell. Accompanied by his secretary, the king with bulging eyes is seated at the center, overseeing how well his verdict is being conducted. On the bottom, sinners are suffering in a giant cauldron filled with boiling water, constantly pierced by a guard\u2019s burning spears. Ready-made Buddhist paintings from China, created in professional workshops in the port city of Ningbo, are believed to one of the important inspirations for this hell scene.",
"external_resources": {
"wikidata": [
"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84278823"
],
"internet_archive": [
"https://archive.org/details/clevelandart-2019.224-the-fourth-king-of-h"
]
},
"citations": [
{
"citation": "The First King of Hell from the same set is in the collection of Harvard Art Museums.",
"page_number": null,
"url": "https://www.harvardartmuseums.org/art/202112"
},
{
"citation": "Mizuno Keizaburo. \"Juo-zu.\" Kokka 829 (April, 1961).",
"page_number": "pp. 152\u2013158",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "Chee-yun Kwon. \"The Ten Kings from the Former Packard Collection. Oriental Art 55, No. 2 (2005): 28\u201336.
",
"page_number": "Reproduced: p. 29, fig. 1c",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "Lippit, Yukio. \"Goryeo Buddhist Painting in an Interregional Context.\" Ars Orientalis 35 (2008): 192\u2013232.",
"page_number": null,
"url": "www.jstor.org/stable/25481912"
},
{
"citation": "Masterpieces of Goryeo Buddhist Painting [\uace0\ub824 \ubd88\ud654 \ub300\uc804 ]. Seoul: National Museum of Korea, 2010.",
"page_number": "pp. 170\u2013175",
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "Jeong, Woo-taek. \u201cThe Selection and Transformation of Chinese Buddhist painting in the Goryeo Period [\uace0\ub824\uc758 \uc911\uad6d\ubd88\ud654 \uc120\ud0dd\uacfc \ubcc0\uc6a9].\u201d Misulsa yeongu (2011): 109\u2013136.",
"page_number": null,
"url": "http://www.dbpia.co.kr/journal/articleDetail?nodeId=NODE01791591"
},
{
"citation": "Ide Seinosuke. \u201cBuddhist Paintings from the Song and the Yuan Dynasties: Visual Representations in the Paintings of Devotional Deities.\u201d The International Journal of Korean Art and Archaeology (2011): 94\u2013115.",
"page_number": null,
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "Pak, Eun-kyung \ubc15\uc740\uacbd. \u201cAbout Silk and Enshrinement Practice of Goryeo Buddhist Painting [\u9ad8\u9e97\u4f5b\u7575\uc758 \ubcc0\uc8fd: \u672c\u5730, \u7575\u5e45, \u5949\u5b89\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \u554f\u984c].\u201d Misulsa nondan \u7f8e\u8853\u53f2 \u8ad6\u58c7 (2012): 35\u201365.",
"page_number": null,
"url": "http://www.dbpia.co.kr/journal/articleDetail?nodeId=NODE01909570"
},
{
"citation": "Kim, Jung-hee. \"The Patrons and Donors of Goryeo Buddhist Paintings [\u9ad8\u9e97\u4f5b\u7575\uc758 \u767c\u9858\u8005\uc640 \u65bd\u4e3b\u8005].\u201d Kangjwa misulsa \uac15\uc88c \ubbf8\uc220\uc0ac (2012): 251\u2013284.",
"page_number": null,
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "Kwon, Cheeyun Lilian. Efficacious Underworld: The Evolution of Ten Kings Paintings in Medieval China and Korea. Honolulu: University of Hawai\u02bbi Press, 2019.",
"page_number": null,
"url": null
},
{
"citation": "McCormick, Sooa Im. \u201cAcquisitions 2019.\u201d Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine 60, no. 2 (March/April 2020): 12\u201313.",
"page_number": "Reproduced: p. 12; Mentioned: p. 13",
"url": "https://archive.org/details/CMAMM2020-02"
},
{
"citation": "Griswold, William M. \u201cRecent Acquisitions (2013-20) at the Cleveland Museum of Art.\u201d Burlington Magazine 163, no. 1414 (January 2021): 93\u2013104.",
"page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 102, no. 18; Mentioned: p. 93",
"url": ""
},
{
"citation": "McCormick, Sooa Im. \"The Past and Present of the Korean Collection in the Cleveland Museum of Art.\" In The Korean Collection of the Cleveland Museum of Art. Ch'a, Mi-rae, Kwi-suk An, Cleveland Museum of Art, \uad6d\uc678\uc18c\uc7ac\ubb38\ud654\uc7ac\uc7ac\ub2e8, and An Min-hu\u0306i, ed., 22\u201337. First edition, English ed. Overseas Korean Cultural Heritage Series, 16. Seoul, Republic of Korea: Overseas Korean Cultural Heritage Foundation, 2021.",
"page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: pp. 30\u201331, fig. 24",
"url": ""
},
{
"citation": "Park, Eunkyung. \"The Fourth King of Hell in the Cleveland Museum of Art.\" In The Korean Collection of the Cleveland Museum of Art. Ch'a, Mi-rae, Kwi-suk An, Cleveland Museum of Art, \uad6d\uc678\uc18c\uc7ac\ubb38\ud654\uc7ac\uc7ac\ub2e8, and An Min-hu\u0306i, ed., 290\u2013295. First edition, English ed. Overseas Korean Cultural Heritage Series, 16. Seoul, Republic of Korea: Overseas Korean Cultural Heritage Foundation, 2021.",
"page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: pp. 290\u2013295",
"url": ""
},
{
"citation": "Ch'a, Mi-rae, Kwi-suk An, Cleveland Museum of Art, and \uad6d\uc678\uc18c\uc7ac\ubb38\ud654\uc7ac\uc7ac\ub2e8. The Korean Collection of the Cleveland Museum of Art. Edited by An Min-hu\u0306i. First edition, English ed. Overseas Korean Cultural Heritage Series, 16. Seoul, Republic of Korea: Overseas Korean Cultural Heritage Foundation, 2021.",
"page_number": "Mentioned and Reproduced: p. 346, no. 001",
"url": ""
},
{
"citation": "McCormick, Sooa Im. \u201cThe 10 Kings of Hell: Reuniting the Former Packard Set.\u201d Cleveland Art: Cleveland Museum of Art Members Magazine 66, no. 3 (2026): 4\u20137.",
"page_number": "Reproduced: Cover, p. 18; Mentioned: pp. 4\u20135",
"url": "https://archive.org/details/cmamm-2026-03"
}
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"creditline": "Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund and museum purchase from various donors by exchange and Partial Gift of The Honorable Joseph P. Carroll and Roberta Carroll, M.D.",
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